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MAN  UAL 


OP 


THE     BOTANY 


OP 


THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES, 

INCLUDING   THE  DISTRICT  EAST   OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI   AND 
NOKTH   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA    AND    TENNESSEE, 

ARRANGED    ACCORDING    TO    THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 


BY    ASA    GRAY, 

FISHER   PROFESSOR   OF  NATURAL  HISTORY   IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 

Hfcftion. 

SECOND  ISSUE. 


WITH   TWENTY    PLATES, 

ILLUSTRATING   THE    SEDGES,    GRASSES,   FERNS,    ETC. 


NEW  YORK: 

IVISON,    PHINNEY,    BLAEEMAN,  &   CO. 

CHICAGO  :  S.  C.  GRIGGS  &  CO. 

1868. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 
IVISON,   PHINNEY,   BLAKEMAN,   &   CO., 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern  District  of 

New  York. 

BIOLOGY 

LIBRARY 

G 


UNIVERSITY  PRESS  :  WELCH,  fcicELow,  &  Co., 
CAMBRIDGE, 


IXA7V/ 

G7 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


TO 


JOHN    TORREY,   LL.D. 

ALMOST  twenty  years  have  passed  since  the  first  edition  of  this 
work  was  dedicated  to  you,  —  more  than  thirty,  since,  as  your  pupil, 
I  began  to  enjoy  the  advantage  of  being  associated  with  you  in 
botanical  pursuits,  and  in  a  lasting  friendship.  The  flow  of  time 
has  only  deepened  the  sense  of  gratitude  due  to  you  from  your 
attached  friend, 

ASA    GRAY. 

CAMBRIDGE,  May  30,  1867. 


828345 


NOTE. 

IN  the  present  issue  many  small  corrections,  typographical  and  other, 
have  been  made  throughout  the  volume,  as  well  as  more  considerable 
alterations  on  pages  479,  480,  564  ;  an  omission  of  the  proper  acknowl- 
edgment for  the  article  on  Sparganium  is  supplied  on  page  481.;  and 
additional  species,  with  a  few  more  extended  emendations,  are  given  on 
pages  679-682. 

CAMBRIDGE,  January  30,  1868. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 
EXPLANATION  OF  SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK  « 

EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATION  OF  AUTHORS'  NAMES       .  9 

PREFACE        .        .        .  .        .        .        .        .        .        .11 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS 21 

FLORA.  —  PH^ENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS  ...      33 

Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants          .        .33 

Angiospermous,  Polypetalous     ....       33 

Monopetalous        ...         202 

Apetatous          .        .        .        .403 

Gymnospermous  Plants 468 

Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants  •    .        .    475 
CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.    .        .         653 

Acrogenous  Plants  (Equisetaceae,  Ferns,  &c.)         .  653 

ADDENDA   ............  679 

INDEX 683 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES  697 


SIGNS    USED    IN    THIS    WORK. 


(D  An  annual  plant. 

(D  A  biennial  plant. 

ty  A  perennial  plant. 
?  A  mark  of  doubt. 
!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

These  signs  are,  however,  very  rarely  employed  in  this  volume. 

1°,  2',  3".  To  save  space,  the  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  for  feet ;  of  min- 
utes ('),  for  inches  ;  of  seconds  ("),  for  lines,  —  the  (English)  line  being  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  dash  -  between  two  figures,  as  "  5  - 10,"  means  from  5  to  10,  &c. 


PRINCIPAL  ABBREVIATIONS 


OF  THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS  CITED  IN  THIS  VOLUME. 


Adans. 

=  Adanson. 

Gmel.        = 

Gmelin. 

Ait. 

Alton. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

All 

Allione. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Anders. 

Andersson. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Am. 

Arnott. 

Hartm. 

Hartmann. 

Aubl. 

Aublet. 

Hoffm. 

Hoffmann. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

Hook. 

W.  J.  Hooker. 

Bartl. 

Bartling. 

Eook.f.  (filius] 

J.  D.  Hooker. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Hornem. 

Hornemann. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Ends. 

Hudson. 

Bernh. 

Bernhardi. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  & 

Bieb. 

Bieberstein. 

Jdcq. 

Jacquin.             [Kunth. 

Bigel. 

Bigelow. 

Juss. 

JUSSIEU. 

Boiss. 

Boissier. 

A.  Juss. 

Adrien  Jussieu. 

Bong. 

Bongard. 

L.  or  Linn. 

LINN^US. 

Borkh. 

Borkhausen. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Brong. 

Brongniart. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Cav. 

Cavanilles. 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

Chapm. 

Chapman. 

L'Her. 

L'Heritier. 

Chav. 

Chavannes. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Darlingt. 

Darlington. 

Lesqx. 

Lesquereux. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Lestib. 

Lestibudois. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  De  Candolle. 

Lindl 

Lindley. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Lodd. 

Loddiges. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Lour. 

Loureiro. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Mart. 

Martins. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Mich. 

Micheli. 

Dougl. 

Douglas. 

Michx. 

Michaux  (the  elder). 

Ehrh. 

Ehrh  art. 

Michx.  f. 

F.  A.  Michaux  (the 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Mitt. 

Miller.      [younger.) 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Engdm. 

Engelmann. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Fisch. 

Fischer. 

Nees, 

Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Gcertn. 

Gaertner. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

10 


PRINCIPAL    ABBREVIATIONS. 


Pav.           = 

Pavon. 

Steud.       = 

Steudel. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Suttiv. 

Sullivant. 

PluL 

Plukenet. 

Thunb. 

Thunberg. 

Plum.  - 

Plumier. 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Torr.  fr  Gr. 

Torrey  and  Gray. 

R.  Br. 

ROBERT  BROWN. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Trautv. 

Trautvetter. 

Reichenb. 

Reichenbach. 

Trev. 

Treviranus. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Tuckerm. 

Tuckerman. 

Ro&n. 

Roemer. 

Turcz. 

Turczaninow. 

Rottb. 

Rottboll. 

Vaill 

Vaillant 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

VUl. 

Villars. 

Schlecht. 

Schlechtendal. 

Wahl 

Wahlenberg. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Walp. 

Walpers. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Wangh. 

Wangenheim. 

Schw.  or  Schwein. 

Schweiijitz. 

Wedd. 

Weddell. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Ser. 

Seringe. 

With. 

Withering. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Zucc. 

Zuccarmi. 

PREFACE. 


THIS  work  is  designed  as  a  compendious  Flora  of  the  Northern 
portion  of  the  United  States,  for  the  use  of  students  and  of  practical 
botanists. 

The  first  edition  (published  in  1848)  was  hastily  prepared  to  sup- 
ply a  pressing  want.  Its  plan,  having  been  generally  approved,  has 
not  been  altered,  although  the  work  has  been  to  a  great  extent  twice 
rewritten,  and  the  geographical  range  extended.  The  second  edition, 
much  altered,  appeared  in  1856.  The  third  and  fourth  were  merely 
revised  upon  the  stereotype  plates,  and  some  pages  added,  especially 
to  the  latter. 

The  Garden  Botany,  an  Introduction  to  a  Knowledge  of  the 
Common  Cultivated  Plants,  which  was  prefixed  to  this  fourth  edition 
in  1863,  is  excluded  from  the  present  edition,  and  is  to  be  incor- 
porated into  a  simpler  and  more  elementary  work,  but  of  wider 
scope,  designed  especially  for  school  instruction,  and  for  those  inter- 
ested in  cultivation,  —  entitled  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany. 

In  the  present  edition  it  has  been  found  also  expedient  to  remand 
to  a  supplementary  volume  the  Mosses  and  Liverworts,  so  carefully 
and  generously  elaborated  for  the  previous  editions  of  this  work  by 
my  friend,  WM.  S.  SULLIVANT,  Esq.  It  is  hoped  that  the  Lichenes, 
if  not  all  the  other  orders  of  the  Lower  Cryptogamia,  may  be  added 
to  this  supplementary  volume,  so  that  our  students  may  extend 
their  studies  into  these  more  recondite  and  difficult  departments  of 
Botany.* 

*  The  following  important  aids,  moreover,  are  already  provided,  viz.  The 
Icones  Muscmitm,  or  Figures  and  Descriptions  of  most  of  those  Mosses  peculiar  to 


12  PREFACE. 

Six  plates,  illustrating  the  genera  of  the  Cyperacecz  or  Sedge 
Family,  are  now  added  to  the  eight  which  illustrate  the  Graminece 
or  Grasses,  and  the  six  which  illustrate  the  Filices  or  Ferns  and 
their  allies :  all  are  from  original  drawings  by  Mr.  Isaac  Sprague ; 
and  they  should  render  the  study  of  these  families  comparatively 
easy,  even  to  the  beginner. 

In  other  respects  the  changes  in  this  edition  are  only  in  details, 
and  such  as  the  progress  of  botanical  knowledge,  and  the  longer 
experience  of  the  author  and  his  associates  or  correspondents  in 
teaching,  have  seemed  to  render  necessary  or  advisable. 

I  am  newly  indebted  to  DR.  GEORGE  ENGELMANN,  of  St.  Louis, 
for  a  revision  of  the  account  of  Cuscuta  and  Sagittaria,  &c.,  formerly 
prepared  by  him,  and  for  the  complete  re-elaboration  of  the  genera 
Callitriche,  Euphorbia,  Pinus,  Juncus,  and  Isoetes.  I  have  also  to 
express  my  special  acknowledgments  to  my  friends,  DR.  J.  W. 
BOBBINS,  of  Uxbridge,  Massachusetts,  who  contributed  the  whole 
article  on  the  difficult  genus  Potamogeton  ;  —  to  Mr.  COE  F.  AUSTIN, 
of  Closter,  New  Jersey,  who  furnished  that  on  the  Lemnacece  ;  —  and 
to  Prof.  DANIEL  CADY  EATON,  of  Yale  College,  who  has  entirely 
re-elaborated  the  Ferns  for  the  present  edition.  The  Salicacece  and 
the  genus  Carex,  as  is  well  known,  were  contributed  to  the  first 
edition  by  my  old  friend  and  associate,  JOHN  CAREY,  Esq.,  now  of 
London.  Deprived  of  his  further  and  important  assistance,  I  have 

Eastern  North  America  which  have  not  been  heretofore  figured,  by  WM.  S.  SULLI- 
VANT,  LL.  D.  Imp.  8vo,  with  129  copper-plates. 

Musci-Boreali-Americana,  sive  Specimina  Exsiccata,  etc.  —  A  second  and  en- 
larged edition  of  the  arranged  collection  of  Mosses  of  the  United  States,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  STTLLIVANT  and  LESQUEREUX,  of  which  the  first  issue  was 
noticed  in  the  preface  to  former  editions  of  the  Manual.  The  present  edition 
comprises  536  species  or  varieties  of  Mosses,  and  is  supplied  by  Mr.  Leo  Les- 
quereux,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  for  $  35  in  gold,  or  £  7  sterling. 

Lichenes  Exsiccati,  by  Professor  EDWARD  TUCKERMAN,  of  Amherst  College; 
—  of  which  four  vols.  (small  4to)  have  already  been  issued.  A  small  volume  on 
the  Genera  of  North  American  Lichenes  is  now  in  preparation  by  the  same  author. 

Nereis  Boreali- Americana,  —  an  account  of  the  Marine  Algae  of  the  United 
States,  by  the  late  Professor  WM.  H.  HARVEY,  a  large  quarto  volume  with  fifty 
colored  plates,  —  published  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 


PREFACE.  13 

myself  revised  these  articles  as  well  as  I  could,  in  advance  of  the 
publication  of  Andersson's  work  on  the  Salicacece  in  the  forthcoming 
volume  of  De  Candolle's  Prodromus,  and  of  the  posthumous  volume 
of  the  late  Dr.  Boott's  Illustrations  of  Carex.  In  the  latter  genus, 
however,  I  have  been  essentially  aided  by  WILLIAM  BOOTT,  Esq., 
of  Boston,  and  S.  T.  OLNEY,  Esq.,  of  Providence,  who  have  made 
the  Carices  a  special  study.  To  render  due  acknowledgments  to 
the  correspondents  who  have  contributed  to  the  value  of  the  Manual 
by  the  communication  of  specimens,  notes,  and  corrections,  would 
require  me  to  enumerate  all  the  cultivators  and  numerous  amateurs 
of  botany  in  this  country.  In  special  instances  their  names  will  be 
found  scattered  throughout  the  pages  of  the  work.  The  necessity 
of  economizing  space  to  the  utmost,  so  as  to  keep  the  volume  within 
the  dimensions  of  a  manual,  alone  has  debarred  me  from  fuller 
citations  of  the  names  of  collectors  and  of  particular  stations  of  rare 
or  local  plants.  For  the  same  reason  I  have  generally  omitted 
synonymes,  except  in  case  of  some  original  or  recent  changes  in 
nomenclature. 

There  is  abundant  reason,  I  doubt  not,  for  me  to  renew  the  re- 
quest that  those  who  use  this  book  will  kindly  furnish  information 
of  all  corrections  or  additions  that  may  appear  to  be  necessary,  so 
that  it  may  be  made  more  accurate  and  complete  hereafter,  and 
maintain  the  high  character  which  it  has  earned. 

Some  explanations  are  needful  in  respect  to  details  of  typography, 
reference,  and  arrangement. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  LIMITATION,  DISTRIBUTION,  &c.  As  is  stated 
on  the  title-page,  this  work  is  intended  to  comprise  the  plants  which 
grow  spontaneously  in  the  United  States  north  of  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  and  east  of  the  Mississippi.  A  Flora  of  the  whole 
national  domain,  upon  a  similar  plan  (the  issue  of  which  I  may  now 
hope  will  not  be  delayed  many  years  longer),  would  be  much  too 
bulky  and  expensive  for  the  main  purpose  which  this  Manual  fulfils. 


14  PREFACE. 

For  its  purpose,  the  present  geographical  limitation  is,  on  the 
whole,  the  best,  —  especially  since  the  botany  of  the  States  south  of 
our  district  has  been  so  well  provided  for  by  my  friend  Dr.  Chap- 
man's Flora  of  the.  Southern  States,  issued  by  the  same  publishers. 
The  southern  boundary  here  adopted  coincides  better  than  any  other 
geographical  line  with  the  natural  division  between  the  cooler-tem- 
perate and  the  warm-temperate  vegetation  of  the  United  States; 
very  few  characteristically  Southern  plants  occurring  north  of  it, 
and  those  only  on  the  low  coast  of  Virginia,  in  the  Dismal  Swamp, 
&c.  Our  western  limit,  also,  while  it  includes  a  considerable  prairie 
vegetation,  excludes  nearly  all  the  plants  peculiar  to  the  great  West- 
ern woodless  plains,  which  approach  our  borders  in  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri. Our  northern  boundary,  being  that  pf  the  United  States, 
varies  through  about  five  degrees  of  latitude,  and  nearly  embraces 
Canada  proper  on  the  east  and  on  the  west,  so  that  nearly  all  the 
plants  of  Canada  East  on  this  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  deep  peninsula  of  Canada  West,  will  be  found  in 
this  volume.* 

I  have  here  endeavored  to  indicate,  briefly  and  generally,  the  dis- 
trict in  which  each  species  occurs,  or  in  which  it  most  abounds,  in 
the  following  manner:  1.  When  the  principal  area  of  a  species  is 
southward  rather  than  northward,  I  generally  give  first  its  northern 
limit,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  if  within  the  United  States,  and  then 
its  southern  limit  if  within  our  boundaries,  or  add  that  it  extends 
southward,  meaning  thereby  that  the  species  in  question  occurs  in 
the  States  south  of  Virginia  or  Kentucky.  Thus  Magnolia  glauca, 
p.  49,  a  prevailingly  Southern  species,  but  which  is  sparingly  found  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts,  is  recorded  as  growing  "  near  Cape  Ann 
and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast " ;  M.  acuminata,  "  W. 
New  York  to  Ohio  and  southward,"  &c.  While  in  species  of  northern 

*  For  the  geographical  statistics  of  our  botany,  see  three  articles  in  The 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  Second  Series,  Vol.  XXII.  and  Vol.  XXIII. 
1856-57. 


PREFACE.  15 

range,  the  southern  limits  are  mentioned ;  as  Anemone  Pennsylvan- 
ica,  "W.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  northwestward."  And  so 
of  Western  plants ;  e.  g.  Isopyrum  biternatum,  p.  44,  "  Ohio  to 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward";  Amorpha  canescens,  p.  130, 
"  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward."  But  this  rule  has  not 
always  been  closely  adhered  to.  2.  Where  no  habitat  or  range  is 
mentioned,  the  species  is  supposed  to  be  diffused  over  our  whole 
area,  or  nearly  so,  and  usually  beyond  it.  3.  When  the  species  is 
quite  local  or  rare,  the  special  habitat  is  given  ;  e.  g.  Vesicaria 
Shortii,  p.  7.3,  and  Alyssum  Lescurii,  p.  72  ;  Sullivantia  Ohionis, 
p.  169,  &c.  Except  in  such  cases,  or  when  the  known  geographical 
range  of  a  species  has  been  recently  extended,  the  want  of  space  has 
generally  demanded  the  omission  of  particular  stations,  which  are  so 
appropriately  given  in  local  Floras  and  in  more  detailed  works,  but 
for  which  there  is  no  room  in  a  manual  like  this. 

For  the  same  reason,  I  could  not  here  undertake  to  specify  the 
range  of  those  species  which  extend  beyond  the  geographical  limits 
of  this  work,  or  beyond  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  to  facili- 
tate the  comparison  of  our  American  flora  with  that  of  Europe,  I 
have  appended  the  mark  (Eu.)  to  those  species  which  are  indi- 
genous to  both. 

DISTINCTION  BETWEEN  INTRODUCED  AND  INDIGENOUS  SPE- 
CIES. Foreign  plants  which  have  become  denizens  of  the  soil  have 
to  be  described  along  with  the  genuine  indigenous  members  of  our 
flora;  but  the  introduced  species  are  distinguished  by  the  specific  . 
name  being  printed  in  a  different  type,  namely,  in  small  capitals,* 
while  the  names  of  the  indigenous  species  are  in  heavier,  antique 
letter. f  Moreover,  the  country  from  which  they  came  is  specified 
(mostly  Europe),  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  denizenship.  That  is, 
following  the  suggestions  of  M.  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  I  have  clas- 
sified our  introduced  plants  as  well  as  I  could  into  two  sorts,  the 

*  For  example,  under  Ranunculus,  R.  BULBOSUS,  ACRIS,  &c.,  p.  43. 
t  For  example,  R.  repens,  on  the  same  page. 


1 6  PREFACE. 

thoroughly  naturalized,  and  the  adventive  ;  the  first  comprising  those 
species  wln'ch  have  made  themselves  perfectly  at  home  in  this  coun- 
try, propagating  themselves  freely  by  seed  beyond  the  limits  of 
cultivated  grounds ;  the  second,  those  which  are  only  locally  spon- 
taneous, and  perhaps  precarious,  or  which  are  spontaneous  only  in 
cultivated  fields,  around  dwellings,  or  in  manured  soil,  and  which, 
still  directly  or  indirectly  dependent  upon  civilized  man,  would 
probably  soon  disappear  if  he  were  to  abandon  the  country.  (I 
here  rank  with  the  adventive  plants  those  weeds  of  cultivation  which 
De  Candolle  terms  plants  cultivated  without  or  against  man's  will.) 
Accordingly  the  species  naturalized  from  Europe  are  indicated,  at 
the  close  of  the  paragraph,  by  the  phrase  "  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  " :  those 
adventive,  or  less  established,  by  the  phrase  "  (Adv.  from  Eu.),"  &c. 
DISTINCTION  OF  GRADE  OF  VARIETIES.  Vain  is  the  attempt 
to  draw  an  absolute  line  between  varieties  and  species.  Yet  in  sys- 
tematic works  the  distinction  has  to  be  made  absolute,  and  each  par- 
ticular form  to  be  regarded  as  a  species  or  a  variety,  according  to 
the  botanist's  best  judgment.  Varieties,  too,  exhibit  all  degrees  of 
distinctness.  Such  as  are  marked  and  definite  enough  to  require 
names  are  distinguished  here  into  two  sorts,  according  to  their  grade : 
1.  Those  which,  I  think,  cannot  be  doubted  to  be  varieties  of  the 
species  they  are  referred  to,  have  the  name  printed  in  small  capi- 
tals.* These  varieties  make  part  of  the  common  paragraph.  2.  Those 
so  distinct  and  peculiar  that  they  have  been,  or  readily  may  be, 
taken  for  species,  and  are  some  of  them  not  unlikely  to  establish  the 
claim :  of  these  the  name  is  printed  in  the  same  type  as  that  of  the 
species ;  and  they  are  allowed  the  distinction  of  a  separate  para- 
graph,f  —  except  where  the  variety  itself  is  the  only  form  in  the 
country,  as  in  the  first  species  of  Anemone.  $ 

*  As,  for  instance,  the  three  varieties  of  Lespedeza  violacea,  p.  137,  viz.  DIVER- 
GENS,  SESSILIFOLIA,  and  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  See  also,  under  Ranunculus  Flam- 
mula,  var.  INTERMEDIUS,  p.  41. 

t  As,  Var.  reptans,  of  the  above-mentioned  species. 

t  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana,  p.  36. 


PREFACE.  17 

ACCENTUATION  OF  NAMES.  As  a  guide  to  correct  pronunciation 
of  botanical  names  (in  which  great  carelessness  prevails),  I  have 
marked  the  accented  syllable ;  and  have  also  (following  Loudon's 
convenient  mode)  indicated  what  is  called  the  long  sound  of  the 
vowel  by  the  grave  (")  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  (')  accent- 
mark. 

INDICATION  OF  PROMINENT  CHARACTERS  is  made  by  the  use 
of  Italic  type,  for  the  leading  distinctions  of  the  orders,  and  for  those 
points  in  the  specific  descriptions  by  which  two  or  more  species  of 
the  same  division  may  be  most  readily  or  surely  discriminated,  — 
the  latter  a  plan  adopted  from  Koch's  Flora  Germanica. 

The  ready  discrimination  of  the  genera  is  provided  for  by  a 
Synopsis,  in  small  type,  of  the  leading  characters  of  all  the  genera, 
when  more  than  two,  under  each  order.  In  this  the  genera  are  an- 
alytically disposed  under  their  proper  sub-orders,  tribes,  or  other  such 
natural  groups,  of  whatever  rank,  properly  characterized  ;  and  then, 
to  save  room,  all  these  subordinal  or  tribal  names  and  characters 
are  left  out  of  the  body  of  the  order,  the  genera  following  each  other 
without  a  break. 

Whenever  a  genus  comprises  several  species,  pains  have  been 
taken  to  render  important  differences  conspicuous,  and  to  abridge  the 
labor  of  analysis,  by  proper  grouping,  and  when  needed  by  a  series 
of  rightly  subordinated  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Divisions  of  the 
highest  rank,  or  Subgenera,  have  the  sectional  mark  (§)  followed  by 
the  subgeneric  name.*  Those  less  important  are  indicated  by  the  § , 
without  a  name ;  subsections  or  divisions  of  lower  grade  are  marked 
by  stars  (  *  ) ;  their  divisions,  if  any,  by  the  *- ,  and  theirs  again 
by  the  -H-  ,  &c. 

Having  in  view  the  needs  of  students  rather  than  of  learned  bot- 
anists, I  have  throughout  endeavored  to  smooth  the  beginner's  way 
by  discarding  many  an  unnecessary  technical  word  or  phrase,  and 

*  As  §  1.  ATRAGENE,  under  Clematis,  p.  35,  and  §  1.  PULSATILLA, 
under  Anemone,  p.  36. 

b 


18  PREFACE. 

by  casting  the  language  somewhat  in  a  vernacular  mould,  —  perhaps 
at  some  sacrifice  of  brevity,  but  not,  I  trust,  of  the  precision  for 
which  botanical  language  is  distinguished. 

ARRANGEMENT  OP  THE  ORDERS.  The  Natural  Orders  are  dis- 
posed in  a  series  which  nearly  corresponds,  in  a  general  way,  with 
De  Candolle's  arrangement  (varied  somewhat  more  in  this  edition, 
to  come  nearer  to  that  adopted  thus  far  in  Bentham  and  Hook- 
er's new  Genera  Plantarum),  beginning  with  the  highest  class  and 
ending  with  the  lowest ;  and  commencing  this  first  and  far  the  larg- 
est class  (of  Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants)  with  those  orders 
in  which  the  flowers  are  mostly  provided  with  double  floral  envel- 
opes, viz.  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  in  which  the  corolla 
consists  of  separate  petals  (the  Polypetalous  division)  ;  beginning 
this  series  with  those  orders  in  which  the  several  organs  of  the 
flower  are  most  distinct  and  separate  (hypogynous),  and  proceeding 
to  those  which  have  the  parts  most  combined  among  themselves  and 
consolidated  with  each  other  (perigynous  and  epigynous)  ;  then  fol- 
low those  with  the  petals  combined  into  a  monopetalous  corolla  (the 
Monopetalous  division ;  and  finally,  those  destitute  of  a  corolla  or 
destitute  of  all  floral  envelopes  (the  Apetalous  division).  The  class 
of  Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants  opens  with  orders  ex- 
hibiting one  form  of  simplified  flowers,  passes  to  those  with  the  or- 
gans most  combined  and  consolidated,  then  to  those  less  combined  by 
adnation  of  parts,  and  closes  with  other  simplified  and  reduced  forms. 
The  present  problem  in  Botany  is  to  group  the  numerous  Natural 
Orders'  in  each  class  into  natural  alliances.  But  this  has  not  yet 
been  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  available  to  the  ordinary  stu- 
dent. I  do  not  here  attempt,  therefore,  to.group  the  orders  naturally, 
but  let  them  follow  one  another  in  what  seems  to  be  on  the  whole 
a  natural  and  manageable  sequence.  And,  by  means  of  an  artificial 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS  (p.  21),  I  enable  the  student 
to  refer  readily  to  its  proper  order  any  of  our  plants,  upon  taking 
the  pains  to  ascertain  the  structure  of  its  flowers,  and  sometimes  of 


PREFACE.  19 

the  fruit,  and  following  out  a  series  of  easy  steps  in  the  analysis. 
This  key  is  founded  upon  the  most  obvious  distinctions  which  will 
well  answer  the  purpose,  and  is  so  contrived  as  to  provide  for  all  the 
exceptional  instances  and  variant  cases  I  could  think  of.  I  shall  be 
disappointed  if  the  attentive  student  is  not  able  by  it  to  refer  to  its 
proper  order  any  to  him  unknown  plant  of  the  Northern  States  of 
which  he  has  flowering  specimens  in  hand.  Referring  to  the  Order 
which  the  Key  leads  him  to,  the  student  will  find  its  most  distinctive 
.points,  —  which  he  has  chiefly  to  consider,  —  brought  together  and 
printed  in  italics  in  the  first  sentence  of  the  ordinal  description,  and 
thus  can  verify  his  results. 

The  Synopsis  which  follows  will  then  lead  him  to  the  genus,  to  be 
verified  in  turn  by  the  full  generic  description  in  its  place ;  and  the 
progress  thence  to  the  species,  when  there  are  several  to  choose 
from,  is  facilitated  by  the  arrangement  under  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions, as  already  explained. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Key  directs  the  inquirer  to  ascertain, 
first,  the  Class  of  the  plant  under  consideration,  —  which,  even  with- 
out the  seeds,  is  revealed  at  once  by  the  plan  of  the  stem,  as  seen  in 
a  cross-section,  and  usually  by  the  veining  of  the  leaves,  and  is 
commonly  confirmed  by  the  numerical  plan  of  the  flower  ;  —  then, 
if  of  the  first  class,  the  sub-class  is  at  once  determined  by  the  pistil, 
whether  of  the  ordinary  kind,  or  an  open  scale  bearing  naked  ovules. 
If  the  former,  then  the  choice  between  the  three  divisions  is  de- 
.termined  by  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  petals,  and  whether 
separate  or  united.  Each  division  is  subdivided  by  equally  obvious 
characters,  as,  p.  21,  first  the  number  of  stamens,  then,  whether  the 
calyx  is  free  from  or  connected  with  the  surface  of  the  ovary. 
And,  finally,  a  series  of  successively  subordinated  propositions, — 
each  set  more  indented  upon  the  page  than  the  preceding,  leads 
to  the  name  of  the  order  sought  for,  followed  by  the  number  of 
the  page  upon  which  that  order  is  described  in  the  body  of  the 
work. 


20  PREFACE. 

More  particular  instructions  for  the  use  of  this  book  in  the  study 
of  our  plants  are  here  superfluous ;  as  these,  as  well  as  the  needful 
preliminary  knowledge,  will  be  acquired  from  the  author's  Introduc- 
tion to  Structural  and  Systematic  Botany  (Botanical  Text-Book),  or 
from  the  simpler  First  Lessons  in  Botany,  —  one  or  the  other  of 
which  must  needs  be  previously  studied,  and  be  the  inseparable 
companion  of  The  Manual. 


ANALYTICAL    KEY 

TO  THE   ORDERS   OF  ALL  THE  PLANTS  DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  WORK. 

SERIES  I.  PHJENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  those 
producing  real  flowers  and  seeds. 

CLASS  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Steins  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith;  the  wood  forming  a  zone 
between  the  other  two,  and  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from 
year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside, 
next  the  bark.  Leaves  netted-veiiaed.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite 
cotyledons,  or  in  Subclass  II.  often  three  or  more  in  a  whorl.  Parts  of 
the  flower  mostly  in  fours  or  fives. 

SUBCLASS  I.  ANGI.O  SPERMS.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary 
which  contains  the  ovules  and  the  seeds. 

DIVISION  I.     POLYPETALOUS :  the  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ; 
the  latter  of  separate  petals. 

A*     Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the  sepals. 
1.    Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils. 

Pistils  numerous  but  cohering  over  each  other  in  a  solid  Page 

mass  on  an  elongated  receptacle.       .        .        .       MAGNOLIACE.E,  48 
Pistils  numerous,  separate,  but  concealed  in  a  hollow  receptacle. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire :  no  stipules.    .        .        .          CALYCANTHACEJE,  162 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules Rosa,  in  ROSACES,  146 

Pistils  several,  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  upper  surface 

of  a  large  top-shaped  receptacle.       Nelumbium,  in  NYMPHJEACE^E,  54 
Pistils  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed  in  the  receptacle. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  distinct.       .        ...        .      ROSACES,  146 

Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  monadelphous.     MALVACEAE,  98 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Filaments  much  shorter  than  the  anther  :  trees.       .        .    ANONACEJE,  50 
Filaments  longer  than  the  anther. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  twiners  with  alternate  leaves.    MENISPERMACE^E,  51 
Flowers  perfect :  if  climbers,  the  leaves  opposite. 
Leaves  not  peltate :  petals  deciduous.        .        .    RANUNCULACE.E,  34 
Leaves  peltate  :  petals  persistent.          Brasenia,  in  NYMPH^ACE^,  54 


22  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Pistils  more  tftafl  Oine,  or  several-lobed,  the  ovaries  united  below 

the  middle. RESEDACEJE,  76 

PLst'is  several,  their  ovaries  cohering  in  a  ring  around  an  axis, 

.    but  separating  iii  fruit. MALVACEAE,  98 

Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  the  ovary :  the  styles  or  stigmas  may  be  severaL 
Leaves  punctate  under  a  lens  with  transparent  dots.  HYPERICACE.E,  83 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  transparent  dots. 

Ovary  simple,  1 -celled,  with  one  parietal  placenta. 

Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound  or  dissected.  RANUNCULACE^E,  34 

Leaves  peltate,  simply  lobed.  Podophyllum,  in  BERBERIDACE^E,  52 
Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  a  central  placenta.  PORTULACACE.E,  97 
Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Calyx  caducous.    Juice  milky  or  colored.       .        .    PAPAVERACE.E,  58 
Calyx  deciduous,  of  4  sepals.      .        .        .        .  ,     CAPPARIDACE^E,  75 

Calyx  persistent,  of  3  or  5  sepals CISTACE^E,  80 

Ovary  compound,  several-celled. 
Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud,  and 

Persistent :  stamens  monadelphous :  anthers  1-celled.   MALVACEAE,  98 
Deciduous :  anthers  2-celled.     '  .        .  .          TILIACE^E,  103 

Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent. 

Shrubs  :  stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  petals.  CAMELLIACE^:,  103 
Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  :  ovules  many, 

On  5  placentas  in  the  axis.        .        .        .'        SARRACENIACE^J,  57 
On  the  8-24  partitions NTMPH^ACE^,  54 

2.  Calyx  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  (compound)  ovary. 

Ovary  10-30-celled :  ovules  many,  on  the  partitions :  aquatic.  NYMPH^ACE^,  54 

Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules Pomeae,  in  ROSACES,  146 

Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.          Philadelphus,  in  SAXIFRAGACE^E,  163 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.       .        .        .  STYRACACE^:,  309 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  parietal. 

Fleshy  plants  with  no  true  foliage  :  petals  many.         .         .    CACTACE^E,  184 
Rough-leaved  plants :  petals  5  or  10 LOASACE^:,  184 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  rising  from  the  base.         PORTULACACE^E,  97 

B.     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Pistils  3  -  6,  separate.   Flowers  dioecious.    Woody  vines.    MENISPERMACE^E,  51 
Pistil  only  one. 

Ovary  one-celled :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.      BERBERIDACE.E,  52 
Ovary  one-celled :  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Style  and  stigma  one :  ovules  more  than  one.        .          PRIMTJLACE^),  313 
Style  one :  stigmas  3  :  sepals  2  :  ovules  several.  PORTULACACEJE,  97 

Styles  5  :  ovule  and  seed  only  one.        .        .        .   PLUMBAGINACE^;,  312 
Ovary  2-4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete :  petals  valvate.     .         .         VITACE^;,  112 
Calyx  4-5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud  :  petals  involute.       RHAMNACE.E,  113 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  23 

C,     Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  when  of  just  the  number  of 

the  petals  then  alternate  with  them. 
1.    Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.  e.  the  ovary  wholly  superior. 

*  Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate. 
Stamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  and 

thick  stigma  common  to  the  two  ovaries.  ASCLEPIADACE^:,  394 

Stamens  unconnected,  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots RUTACE^E,  109 

Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Tree,  with  pinnate  leaves.       .        .          Ailanthus,  in  SIMARUBACE^E,  110 
Low  shrub  with  pinnate  leaves.  Zanthorhiza,  in  RANDNCULACE^:,  34 

Herbs,  not  fleshy RANTJNCDLACE.E,  34 

Herbs,  with  thick  fleshy  leaves.  ....    CKASSULACE^E,  171 

Stamens  unconnected,  inserted  on  the  calyx, 

Just  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils  (flower  symmetrical).  CRASSULACEJE,  171 
Not  just  the  number  or  twice  the  number  of  the  pistils. 

Leaves  without  stipules SAXIFRAGACEJE,  163 

Leaves  with  stipules ROSACES,  146 

*    *    Ovaries  2-5,  somewhat  united  at  the  base,  separate  above. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.      .        .        .        .        .         RUTACE^J,  109 

Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  leaves SAPINDACEJE,  116 

Terrestrial  herbs  :  the  carpels  fewer  than  the  petals.        SAXIFRAGACEJE,  163 

#  #  *  Ovaries  or  lobes  of  ovary  3  to  5,  with  a  common  style.         GERANIACE^,  105 

#  #  •%  *    Ovary  only  one,  and 

H-  Simple,  with  one  parietal  placenta.       LEGUMINOS^E,  123 
•*-  H—  Compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells,  placentce,  styles,  or  stigmas. 

Ovary  one-celled. 

Corolla  irregular :  petals  4  :  stamens  6.  ...  FUMARIACEJE,  60 
Corolla  irregular :  petals  and  stamens  5.  ...  VIOLACE^G,  76 
Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Ovule  solitary :  shrubs  or  trees :  stigmas  3.  ANACARDIACE^:,  111 

Ovules  solitary  or  few  :  herbs.      .        .    Some  anomalous  CRTJCIFER^J,  62 
Ovules  more  than  one,  in  the  centre  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 
Petals  not  inserted  on  the  calyx.       .        .        .     CARYOPHYLLACE.E,  87 
Petals  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or  tubular  calyx.  LTTHRACEJE,  182 
Ovules  several  or  many,  on  two  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  and  dark  dots.  HYPERICACEJE,  83 

Leaves  beset  with  reddish  gland-tipped  bristles.          DROSERACE.E,  82 
Leaves  neither  punctate  nor  bristly-glandular. 

Sepals  5,  very  unequal  or  only  3.          ...        CISTACE^E,  80 
Sepals  and  petals  4  :  stamens  6.  Anomalous  CRUCIFER^E,  62 

Sepals  and  petals  5  :  stamens  5  or  10. 

Ovary  and  stamens  raised  on  a  stalk.     .       PASSIFLORACE^I,  185 
Ovary  sessile SAXIFRAGACE.E,  163 


24  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 
Flowers  irregular. 
Anthers  opening  at  the  top, 

Six  or  eight  and  1-celled :  ovary  2-celled.    .        .      POLYGALACE.S:,  120 
Ten  and  2-celled :  ovary  5-celled.     .        .     Rhodora,  in  ERICACEAE,  286 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  12  and  petals  6  on  the  throat  of  a  tubu- 
lar inflated  or  gibbous  calyx.  Cuphea,  in  LTTHRACE^E,  182 
Stamens  5  -  8  or  10,  and  petals  hypogynous,  or  nearly  so. 

Ovary  3-celled. SAPINDACEJE,  116 

Ovary  5-celled.        .        .        .      Impatiens,  &c.  in  GERANIACE^E,  105 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  petals, 

Triadelphous  :  petals  5 HYPERICACE^J,  83 

Tetradynamous  (or  rarely  only  2  or  4)  :  petals  4: 

pungent  herbs CRUCIFER^;,  62 

Distinct  and  fewer  than  the  4  petals.       .        .        .        OLEACEJE,  400 
Distinct  and  more  numerous  than  the  petals.      .       SAPINDACE^,  116 
Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

Herbs :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  ETJPHORBIACE.SJ,  430 

Herbs :  flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals,  &c.     GERANIACE^S,  105 
Cells  of  the  ovary  (divided)  twice  as  many  as 

the  styles,  sepals,  &c LINAGES,  104 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  pellucid-punctate.        Ptelea,  in  RUTACE^EJ,  109 
Leaves  palmately  veined  :  fruit  2-winged.  SAPINDACE^E,  116 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  simple,  not  punctate. 
Calyx  not  minute :  pod  colored,  dehiscent : 

seeds  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  ariL  CELASTRACEJE,  1 15 

Calyx  minute  :  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe.     AQUIFOLIACE^E,  305 
Ovules  (and  usually  seeds)  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  simple  leaves.     ELATINACE.E,  86 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  compound  leaves 

(but  they  are  caducous).    Staphylea,  in  SAPINDACE^J,  116 
Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  10-toothed  tube 

or  cup  :  leaves  simple,  all  radical.  GALACINE^,  305 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.     Leaf- 
lets 3,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Oxalis  in  GERANIACE.E,  105 
Stamens  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Style  1,  undivided. ERICACEAE,  286 

Styles  2-5,  separate.          .        .        .     CARYOPHYLLACE^E,  87 
Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Styles  2  (or  3),  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit.    SAXIFRAGACEJB,  163 
Style  1 :  pod  in  the  calyx,  1-celled  at  maturity.  LYTHRACE^J,  182 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  25 

2.    Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half. 

Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs.      .        .        .  CUCURBIT  ACE^J,  186 
Not  tendril-bearing. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovuled  from  the  base.      .        .  PORTULACACE^,  97 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae.        .  SAXIFRAGACE^,  163 
Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  :  style  1.  MELASTOMACE.E,  181 
Anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 

Stamens  on  a  flat  disk  which  covers  the  ovary.  CELASTRACE^:,  115 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx, 

Eight  or  four  (rarely  five)  :  style  1.       .        .  ONAGRACE^E,  176 

Five  or  ten  :  styles  2  -  3,  distinct.       .         .  SAXIFRAGACE.-E,  163 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  10  or  5  (instead  of  many),  —  rarely  in  Crataegus,  in  ROSACES,  146 

Stamens  2  or  8  ;  style  1  :  stigma  2-4-lobed  :  herbs.  ONAGRACE^E,  176 
Stamens  4  or  8  :  aquatics  :  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4.      HALORAGE^},  174 

Stamens  8  :  styles  2  :  shrub HAMAMELACE.E,  173 

Stamens  4  :  style  and  stigma  1 :  chiefly  shrubs.  CORKAGES,  199 
Stamens  5  :  flowers  in  umbels,  or  rarely  in  heads. 

Fruit  dry,  splitting  in  two  at  maturity  :  styles  2.  UMBELLIFERJE,  187 

Fruit  berry -like  :  styles  2-5,  separate,  or  united.  ARALIACE^,  198 


DIVISION  n.    MONOPETALOUS :  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;  the 
latter  with  its  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 

A.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovary  1-celled  with  one  parietal  placenta.  .  .  .  LEGUMINOS^E,  123 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae.  Adlumia,  &c.  in  FUMARIACE.E,  60 
Ovary  1-celled  with  the  ovules  at  the  centre  or  base.  STTRACACE^E,  309 

Ovary  2-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  .  .  POLYGALACE^E,  120 
Ovary  3-many-celled. 

Stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla :  style  single.       ERICACEAE,  286 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla :  styles  5.  Oxalis,  in  GERANIACE^E,  105 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Filaments  monadelphous  :  anthers  1-celled,  kidney-shaped.  MALVACEAE,  98 
Filaments  1  -  5-adelphous  at  base :  anthers  2-celled. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary CAMELLIACE.E,  103 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary  or  with  its  base.     .      STYRACACE^E,  309 
Filaments  wholly  distinct :  calyx  free,  persistent.  .        .    EBENACE^,  307 

B.   Stamens  ( fertile  ones)  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Ovary  5-celled  :  corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside.  SAPOTACEJE,  308 

Ovary  1-celled  :  pod  several  -  many-seeded  :  style  1.  .  PRIMULACE^J,  313 
Ovary  1-celled  :  utricle  1-seeded  :  styles  5.  .  .  PLUMBAGINACE^J,  312 


26  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

C.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 
1.   Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  (inferior). 

Tendril-bearing  herbs  :  anthers  often  united.       .        .       CUCURBITACE^E,  186 
Tendrils  none. 
Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head COMPOSITE,  215 

Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate :  corolla  irregular.         LOBELIACE^E,  282 
Stamens  separate,  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so,  as 

many  as  its  lobes  :  stipules  none  :  juice  milky.  CAMPANULACE.E,  285 
Stamens  separate,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

One  to  three,  always  fewer  than  lobes  of  the  corolla.    VALERIANACE.E,  213 
Four  or  five :  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  head,  with  an  involucre  :  no  stipules.  DIPSACE^E,  215 
Flowers  if  in  heads  not  involucrate. 

Leaves  whorled  and  without  stipules.               )  BUBIACM,  208 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  and  with  stipules.  ) 
Leaves  opposite  without  stipules   (but  some- 
times with  appendages  to  the  petioles  imitat- 
ing them). CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  202 

2.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  (superior). 

#   Corolla  irregular:  stamens  (with  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  only  2. 
Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  (1-4)  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  LABIATE,  341 

Ovary  not  lobed,  the  style  from  its  apex.      .        .        .      VERBENACE.E,  339 
Ovules  numerous  or  at  least  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  1 -celled, 

"With  a  free  central  placenta :  stamens  2  :  aquatics.     LENTIBTJLACE^B,  317 
With  2  or  more,  parietal  very  many-seeded  placentae : 

stamens  4. OROBANCHACE^E,  322 

Ovary  and  fruit  more  or  less  4  -  5-celled.    Martynia,  )       BIGNONIACE.E,  320 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  2  placentas  parietal.  ' 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  placenta?  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  rarely  few,  not  on  hooks,  with  albumen.       SCROPHTJLARIACE.E,  324 
Seeds  few,  borne  on  hook-like  or  other  projections 

of  the  placentae  :  no  albumen.        .        .        .       ACANTHACEJE,  338 

*  *   Corolla  somewhat  irregular :  stamens  (with  anthers)  5. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla :  anthers  with  their  cells 

opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top.       Azalea,  in  ERICACEAE,  286 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly.     Verbascutn,  in  SCROPHULARIACE^:,  324 
Filaments  not  woolly Hyoscyamus,  in  SOLANACE^:,  380 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  27 

#  *  #    Corolla  regular. 
•i-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovaries  2,  separate ;  their 

Styles  and  stigmas  also  wholly  separate,  Dichondra,  in  CONVOLVULACE^E,  374 
Stigmas  and  sometimes  styles  united  into  one. 

Filaments  distinct :  pollen  in  ordinary  grains.    .         .     APOCYNACE^E,  392 
Filaments  monadelphous  :  pollen  in  masses.   .         .   ASCLEPIADACE^E,  394 
Ovary  one,  but  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style. 

Leaves  alternate. BORRAGINACE^E,  360 

Leaves  opposite.       .        .        .        .        .        .        Mentha,  in  LABIATE,  341 

Ovary  one  :  pod  2-lobed  or  2-horned  at  the  summit.       .        LOGANIACE^:,  391 
Ovary  one,  not  divided  nor  deeply  lobed, 
One-celled,  with  ovules  parietal  or  on  2  parietal  placentae. 
Leaves  (or  in  Menyanthes  three  leaflets)  entire.     .        GENTIANACE.E,  384 
Leaves  toothed,  lobed  or  pinnately  compound.        HYDROPHYLLACE^;,  367 
Two-  to  ten-celled. 

Leafless  parasitic  twining  plants.  Cuscuta,  in  CONVOLVULACE^:,  374 

Leaves  opposite,  their  bases  or  petioles  connected 

by  stipules  or  a  stipular  line  ....  LOGANIACE.E,  391 

Leaves  when  opposite  without  stipules. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so  :  style  1.  ERICACE^,  286 

Stamens  almost  free  from  the  corolla  :  style  none.    AQUIFOLIACE^E,  305 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 

Four  :  pod  2-celled,  circumcissile.        .        .        PLANTAGINACE.E,  310 
Four :  ovary  2  -  4-celled :  ovules  solitary.        .        VERBENACE^,  339 
Five  or  rarely  more. 

Fruit  of  two  or  four  seed-like  nutlets.         .       BORRAGINACE.E,  360" 
Fruit  a  few-seeded  pod. 

Style  3-cleft :  seeds  small.      .        .        .       POLEMONIACE.E,  370 

Style  single  or  2-cleft,  or  again  2-cleft :  seeds 

large,  only  one  or  two  in  a  cell.   .    CONVOLVULACE^E,  374 
Fruit  a  very  many-seeded  pod  or  berry. 

Styles  2.      ...        Hydrolea,  in  HYDROPHYLLAGEJE,  367 

Style  single SOLANACE.E,  380 

-»-  •*-  Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Stamens  4,  didynamous. 

Ovary  2-celled  ;  the  cells  several-seeded.        .        .        .    ACANTHACE.E,  338 

Ovary  2 -4-celled;  the  cells  1 -seeded.  .  .  .  VERBENACE^E,  339 
Stamens  only  2  with  anthers  :  ovary  4-lobed.  .  Lycopus,  in  LABIATE,  342 
Stamens  2,  rarely  3  :  ovary  2-celled. 

Low  herbs  :  corolla  scarious,  withering  on  the  pod.      PLANTAGINACEJE,  310 

Herbs  :  corolla  rotate,  or  somewhat  funnelform,  and 

slightly  irregular.   .        .        .       Veronica,  in  SCROPHULARIACE^E,  324 

Shrubs  or  trees, :  corolla  perfectly  regular. .        .  .     OLEACE^J,  400 


28  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

DIVISION  IQ.    APETALOUS :  corolla  (and  sometimes  calyx)  wanting. 

A*    Flowers  not  in  catkins. 
1.    Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules. 

Ovary  and  pod  inferior  (i.  e.  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary), 

Six-celled:  stamens  6-12 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E,  403 

Four-celled:  stamens  4 Ludwigia,  in  ONAG RACEME,  176 

One-celled,  with  parietal  placentae.    Chrysosplenium,  in  SAXIFRAGACE^E,  163 
Ovary  and  pod  wholly  naked  (there  being  no  calyx), 

Two-celled,  2-beaked  :  flowers  capitate :  tree.        .        .    HAMAMELACE^J,  173 
Two-celled,  many-ribbed :  aquatic  herb.          .        .        PODOSTEMACE^E,  429 
Ovary  and  pod  superior,  i.  e.  free  from  the  calyx, 
Five-celled  and  5-beaked,  opening  across  the  beaks,  which 

fall  off  at  maturity  :  stamens  10.  Penthorum,  in  CRASSULACE^J,  171 
Three -5-celled,  opening  round  the  middle.  Sesuvium,  in  PORTULACACE^,  97 
Three-celled  and  3-valved.  .  .  Mollugo,  in  CARYOPHYLLACEJB,  87 
Two-celled  or  one-celled  :  placentae  central. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  calyx.        LYTHRACE.E,  182 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  or  the  base  of  the  calyx, 
Alternate  with  the  5  sepals.          .        .        Glaux,  in  PRIMULACE^J,  313 
Opposite  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number.     CARYOPHYLLACE^J,  87 
One-celled,  with  one  parietal  placenta.  ) 
Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate,  simple.         }•        '        '        ^KUNCULACE^,  34 

2.    Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1  or  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  ovules. 
*   Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Leaves  with  stipules.     .        .    ROSACES,  146 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.       .         Zanthoxylum,  in  KUTACE^,  109 
Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  and  usually  colored  or  petal-like.  RANIINCULACE^EJ,  34 

Calyx  absent.   Flowers  entirely  naked,  perfect,  spiked.     SAURURACE^;,  427 

*  *    Pistil  one,  either  simple  or  compound. 

rary  partly  inferior,  the  calyx  coherent  to  its  lower  half, 

2-celled :  styles  2  :  stamens  many.        .        .        .    HAMAMELACE^J,  173 
rary  wholly  inferior  (in  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers). 

Aquatic  herbs  :  ovary  3-4  celled,  or  (Hippuris)  1 -celled.     HALORAGE^E,  174 
"Woody  plants  :  style  or  stigma  one,  entire  :  ovary  1 -celled. 

Stigma  running  down  one  side  of  the  style.         Nyssa,  in  CORNACE^:,  199 
Stigma  terminal,  with  or  without  a  style. 

Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees  :  anthers  sessile.    LORANTHACE^E,  426 
Not  parasitic  above  ground :  anthers  on  filaments.      SANTALACE^G,  425 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  29 

Ovary  really  free  from  the  calyx,  but  permanently  invested  by  its 

tube,  or  the  base  of  it,  so  as  to  seem  inferior. 

Shrubs,  with  scurfy  leaves  :  flowers  mostly  dioecious.        EL^JAONACE^J,  424 
Herbs  :  with  the  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple NYCTAGINACEJE,  404 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnate Poterium,  in  ROSACE^E,  146 

Ovary  plainly  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  sometimes  wanting. 
Stipules  (ochreae)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Tree  :  the  calyx  none  :  flowers  monoecious,  in  heads.      PLATANACE^B,  446 
Herbs  :  the  calyx  present  and  commonly  petal-like.      POLYGONACE^E,  414 
Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem,  or  none. 
Aquatic  herbs,  submersed  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled  and  dissected  :  style  single.       CERATOPHYLLACE^E,  427 
Leaves  opposite,  entire  :  styles  2  :  ovary  4-celled.  CALLHRICHACE^E,  427 
Not  aquatics,  herbs. 

Ovary  10-celled :  berry  10-seeded.  .  .  .  PHYTOLACCACEJE,  405 
Ovary  3-  (rarely  1  -  2-)  celled  :  juice  usually  milky.  EUPHOKBIACE^E,  430 
Ovary  one-celled  :  juice  not  milky. 

Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  only  one :  leaves  simple  : 

no  scarious  bracts  around  the  flowers.      .        .    URTICACEJE,  440 
Style  or  stigmas  2  or  3  :  embryo  coiled  or  curved. 
Stipules  not  scarious ;  leaves  palmately  cleft  or 

palmately  compound.  .  Cannabineae,  in  URTICACE^E,  440 
Stipules  scarious.  .  .  Illecebrese,  in  CARYOPHYLLACE.E,  87 
Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none :  stamens  inserted  high  up 

on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.      Scleranthus,  in  CARYOPHYLLACE^B,  87 
Stipules  none  :  but  flowers  with  scarious  bracts.  AMARANTACE^E,  4 1 1 
Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none      .        .     CHENOPODIACE^:,  405 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara.  Acerineae,  in  SAPINDACE^E,  11<J 

Fruit  a  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  samara  or  a  drupe.  OLEACEJE,  400 

Ovules  single  in  each  cell  of  the 

Three  -  nine-celled  ovary  :  leaves  heath-like.     .       EMPETRACEJS,  440 

Three-celled  ovary  :  leaves  broad.         .        .        .    RHAMNACE.E,  113 

One -two-celled  ovary :  styles  or  stigmas  2-cleft.        URTICACE^,  440 

One-celled  ovary :  style  and  stigma  single  and  entire. 

Anthers  opening  longitudinally     .        .        .     THYMELEACE^E,  424 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  .        .        .        LAURACE^:,  422 

IS.     Flowers  (monoecious  or  dioecious]  one  or  both  sorts  in  catkins. 
1.   Only  one  sort  of  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 

Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  catkin,  head,  or  strobile.      .        .      URTICACE^,  440 
Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered  :  sterile  ones  in  slender  catkins. 

Leaves  pinnate  :  fertile  flowers  and  fruit  naked.          .      JUGLANDACE^E,  447 
Leaves  simple  :  fertile  flowers  1  -  3  in  an  involucre  or  cup.  CUPULIFEILE,  449 


30  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

2.  Bath  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  many-seeded.        Liquidambar,  in  HAMAMELACE^E,  173 
Ovary  and  pod  1 -celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  furnished  with 

a  downy  tuft  at  one  end SALICACE^E,  461 

Ovary  1  -2-celled,  only  one  ovule  in  each  cell :  fruit  1 -seeded. 
Parasitic  on  trees  :  fruit  a  berry.          .        .        .         .    LORANTHACE^,  426 
Trees  or  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular,  in  the  fertile  flower  succulent  in  fruit.        URTICACE^,  440 
Calyx  none,  or  rudimentary  and  scale-like. 

Style  and  stigma  one,  simple  :  the  flowers  in  heads.     PLATANACEJB,  446 
Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 

Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  under  each  scale  of  the  catkin.   BETULACE^;,  458 
Fertile  flowers  single  under  each  scale :  nutlets 

naked,  waxy-coated  or  drupe-like.        .        .         .  MYRICACE^J,  457 
Fertile  flowers  in  pairs  at  each  scale,  each  in  a  mem- 
branous sac  or  with  leafy  bractlets.   Carpineffi,  in  CUPULIFER^,  449 

SUBCLASS  II.  GYMNO SPERM  JE.  Pistil  an  open  scale  or  altered 
leaf,  bearing  naked  ovules  on  its  margin  or  its  upper  surface,  or  in  Taxus 
entirely  wanting.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Eepresented  in  the  Northern  United  States  only  by  the  order  CONIFERS,  468 


CLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OR  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  with  the  wood  collected  into  separate  bundles  or  threads,  which 
are  irregularly  dispersed  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  leaving  no  dis- 
tinct pith  in  the  centre ;  not  forming  annual  layers.  (A  transverse 
slice  of  the  stem  therefore  exhibits  the  woody  threads  as  dots  scattered 
throughout  the  cellular  tissue.)  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined  (occasion- 
ally more  or  less  reticulated).  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the 
first  leaves  in  germination  alternate.  Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in 
threes,  never  in  fives. 

A*  SPADICEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  aggregated  on  a  spadix  or  fleshy  axis,  or 
sometimes  scattered,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla  (excepting  some  Aracese  and 
Naiadacese,  where,  however,  they  are  on  a  spadix),  and  also  without  glumes 
(husky  scales).  Leaves  sometimes  with  netted  veins. 

Little  floating  aquatics,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage.  LEMNACE.E,  478 

Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy NAIDACEJB,  482 

Reed-like  or  Flag-like  marsh  herbs,  with  linear  and  sessile 

nerved  leaves  :  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 

Flowers  monoecious,  and  quite  destitute  of  floral  envelopes.     TTPHACE^:,  480 
Flowers  perfect,  on  a  lateral  spadix  :  sepals  6.     Acorus, ) 

Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  distinct  >•  ARACE^J,  475 
netted-veined  blade,  petioled.  ) 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  31 

B.  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  not  collected  on  a  spadtx,  furnished  with 
floral  envelopes  (perianth)  answering  to  calyx  or  to  both  calyx  and  corolla,  either 
herbaceous  or  colored  and  petal-like. 

1.   Perianth  adherent  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular. 

Aquatics  :  ovules  and  seeds  several  or  numerous.    HYDROCHARIDACE^E,  494 
Twiners  :  ovules  and  seeds  one  or  two  in  each  cell.         DIOSCOREACE^J,  518 
Flowers  perfect :  ovules  and  seeds  usually  numerous. 

Stamens  only  one  or  two  :  flower  irregular,  gynandrous.  ORCHIDACE.E,  497 
Stamens  three. 

Anthers  introrse,  opening  transversely.        .        .      BURMANNIACE.E,  496 
Anthers  introrse  or  versatile,  opening  lengthwise.      HJBMODORACE^,  514 

Anthers  extrorse,  opening  lengthwise IRIDACE.E,  515 

Stamens  6  :  flowers  usually  on  a  scape  from  a  bulb.    AMARYLLIDACEJB,  512 

2.   Perianth  adherent  only  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary. 

Perianth  woolly  or  roughish-mealy  :  the  leaves  equitant.    H^JMODORACE^E,  514 
Perianth  smooth  :  the  leaves  grass-like.       Stenanthium,  &c.,  in  LILIACEJB,  520 

3.  Perianth  wholly  free  from  the  ovary. 

Pistils  numerous  or  few  in  a  head  or  ring.       .        .        .         ALISMACE.E,  490 
Pistil  one  :  anthers  1-celled  :  flowers  dioacious.   Tendril-bearing.  SMILACE^E,  518 
Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placenta?  mostly  3)  :  anthers  2-celled. 
Perianth  not  glumaceous  or  chaffy  :  flowers  not  in  dense  heads. 
'  Stamens  6  (in  one  Smilacina  4),  all  alike  and  perfect. 

Scurfy-leaved  epiphyte  :  seeds  hairy- tufted.    .        .   BROMELIACE.SJ,  515 
Rush-like  marsh-herbs  :  carpels  separating  closed  from  the 

axis  :  seed  without  albumen.  Triglochin,  in  ALISMACE^E,  490 

Terrestrial,  not  rush-like  :  seeds  with  albumen. 
Perianth  of  similar  divisions  or  lobes,  mostly  colored.  ~\ 
Perianth  of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals  and  3  col-  >  LILIACE^,  520 

ored  withering-persistent  petals.            Trillium  in  ) 
Perianth  of  3  persistent  green  sepals,  and  3  epheme- 
ral deliquescent  petals COMMELYNACE^E,  546 

Stamens  6,  dissimilar,  or  only  three  with  perfect  anthers. 
Perianth  of  3  herbaceous  sepals   and  3  unequal 

and  ephemeral  petals.          ....     COMMELYNACE^J,  546 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed PONTEDERIACE^E,  544 

Stamens  3,  similar.  Moss-like  aquatic.  Mayaca,  tinder  XYRIDACE^E,  547 
Perianth  wholly  glumaceous,  of  6  similar  divisions.  Rushes.  JUNCACE-E,  536 
Perianth  partly  glumaceous  or  chaff-like :  flowers  in  very 

dense  heads.    Rush-like  or  aquatic. 
Flowers  perfect :  inner  perianth  of  three  yellow  petals  : 
perfect  stamens  and  plumose  sterile  filaments  each 
3 :  pod  1-celled,  many-seeded  on  3  parietal  placentae.  XYRIDACE.E,  547 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  whitish-bearded :  sta- 
mens 4  or  3  :  pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-seeded.   ERIOCAULONACE^E,  549 


32  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

C.  GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  destitute  of  any  proper  perianth,  except 
sometimes  small  scales  or  bristles,  but  covered  by  glumes,  i.  e.  husk-like  or  scale- 
like  bracts. 

Glume  a  single  scale-like  bract  with  a  flower  in  its  axil.     .      CYPERACE,®,  550 
Glumes  in  pairs,  of  two  sorts GRASHNE^,  602 

SERIES  II.    CRYPTOGAMOUS   OR  FLOWERLESS   PLANTS  : 

those  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  in  fructification  producing  spores 
instead  of  seeds. 

CLASS  HI.    ACROGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Plants  with  a  stem  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels,  as  does  the. 
foliage  when  there  is  any  (in  the  form  of  veins). 

Fructification  of  several  spore-cases  borne  on  the  under 

side  of  the  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  of  a  terminal 

spike  or  cone.    Leaves  none,  except  a  whorl  of  teeth 

at  each  joint  of  the  stem.  .  .  .  .  EQUISETACE^E,  653 

Fructification  borne  on  the  leaves  (fronds),  commonly  on 

their  backs  or  margins FILICES,  655 

Fructification  of  spore-cases  in  the  axil  of  simple  leaves 

or  bracts. LYCOPODIACE.®,  672 

Fructification  on  the  branches  or  petioles.  .  .  HYDROPTERIDES,  677 


BOTANY 


OP   THE 


NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES. 


SERIES  I. 

PH^ENOGAMOUS  OE  FLOWEKING  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  bearing  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  which  contain  an 
embryo. 

CLASS    I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS    OB   EXOGE- 
NOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  ;  the  wood  forming 
a  layer  between  the  other  two,  increasing,  when  the  stem 
continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a 
new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  netted- 
veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons,  or 
rarely  several  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  having  their  parts 
usually  in  fives  or  fours. 

SUBCLASS  I.    ANGIOSPERM^E. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary,  which  contains  the  ovules  and 
forms  the  fruit.     Cotyledons  only  two. 
3 


34  RANUNCULACE2E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 


DIVISION  I.    POLYP^TALOUS  EX6GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  petals 
not  united  with  each  other.  (Several  genera  or  species  belonging  to 
Polypetalous  Orders  are  destitute  of  petals.) 

'•         •     ;-  ..     ,     .  -.-" 

ORDER  1.    RANUNCUL.ACEJE.     (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  woody  climbers,  rarely  undershrubs,  with  a  colorless  acrid  juice, 
polypetalous,  or  apetalous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hypogy- 
nous ;  the  sepals,  petals,  numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  (rarely  sin- 
gle) pistils  all  distinct  and  unconnected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular. 
Sepals  3-15.  Petals  3-15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few : 
anthers  short.  Fruits  either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (achenia),  or  berries. 
Seeds  anatropous  (when  solitary  and  suspended  the  rhaphe  dorsal),  with 
fleshy  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Stipules  none.  Leaves  often 
dissected,  their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base.  (A  large  family,  mostly  of 
acrid  plants,  some  of  them  acrid-narcotic  poisons.) 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Tribe  I.    CIjEMATIDEJE.    Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  with  the  edges  bent  inwards. 

Petals  none,  or  small.     Achenia  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or  hairy  styles.    Seeds 

solitary,  suspended.  —  Leaves  all  opposite. 
L  Clematis.     Climbing  by  the  leafstalks,  or  erect  herbs. 

Tribe  II.  ANEMONE  JE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none  or  very  small 
and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous  or  several.  Seed  solitary.  —  Stem-leaves  often  op- 
posite or  whorled,  forming  an  involucre. 

*  Seed  suspended.    Sepals  4  -  20. 

2.  Anemone.      Achenia  numerous,  in  a  head,  pointed  or  tailed,  not  ribbed  nor  inflated. 

Involucre  leaf-like  and  remote  from  the  flower. 

3.  Hepatica.     Achenia  several,  not  ribbed.     Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  simple 

leaves,  and  resembling  a  calyx. 

4.  Tnalictrum.    Achenia  4-10,  ribbed,  grooved,  or  inflated.     Involucre  none,  or  leaf- 

like,  and  remote  from  the  flowers. 

*  *  Seed  erect.    Sepals  3-5,  caducous. 

6.  Traut vetteria.     Achenia  inflated  and  4-angled.    Involucre  none. 
Tribe  III.     RANUNCULEJE.     Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Petals  evident,  often 
with  a  scale  or  pore  inside.    Achenia  numerous.     Seed  solitary. 

6.  Ranunculus.    Sepals  not  appendaged.    Achenia  in  a  head.    Seed  erect. 

7.  Myosurus.    Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.    Achenia  in  a  long  spike.    Seed  suspended. 
Tribe  IV.     HEL.LEBORINEJE.      Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  rarely 

persistent,  petal-like.  Petals  (nectaries  of  the  early  botanists)  tubular,  irregular,  or  2- 
lipped,  often  none.  Pods  (follicles)  few,  rarely  single,  few  -  several-seeded.  •— Leaves  all 
alternate. 

*  Flower  regular.    Pods  several-seeded.    Herbs. 

8.  Isopyrum.    Petals  none  (in  our  species).    Pods  few.    Leaves  compound. 

9.  Caltha.    Petals  none.    Pods  several.    Leaves  kidney-shaped,  undivided. 


RANUNCULACEJS.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  35 

10*  Trollins*    Petals  many,  minute  and  stamen-like,  hollowed  near  the  base.    Pods  8-15 
sessile.    Leaves  palmately  divided. 

11.  Coptis.     Petals  5-6,  small,  hollowed  at  the  apex.     Pods  3-7,  long-stalked.    Sepals 

deciduous.    Leaves  trifoliolate. 

12.  Helleborns.     Petals  8-10,  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.    Pods  several,  sessile.    Sepals  5, 

persistent,  turning  green  with  age. 

13.  Aquilegia.    Petals  5,  spur-shaped,  longer  than  the  5  deciduous  sepals.    Pods  5. 

*  #  Flower  unsymmetrical  and  irregular.    Pods  several-seeded. 

14.  Delphinium.    Upper  sepal  spurred.    Petals  4,  of  two  forms  ;  the  upper  pair  with 

long  spurs,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

15.  Aconltum.    Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  two  long-clawed  small  petals. 

*  *  *  Flower  symmetrical.    Pods  ripening  only  one  seed.    Shrubby. 

16.  ZantUorhiza.      Petals  5,  small,  2-lobed,  with  claws.      Stamens  5-10.     Flowers  in 

drooping  compound  racemes. 

Tribe  V.    COIICIFUGE^E.    Sepals  imbricated,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.    Pet- 
als small  and  flat,  or  none.     Pistils  1  -  several.     Fruit  a  2  -  several-seeded  pod  or  berry. 

•  -All  the  leaves  alternate. 

17.  Hydrastia.     Flower  solitary.     Pistils  several  in  a  head,  becoming  berries  in  fruit,  2- 

seeded.    Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Petals  none. 

18.  Acteea.    Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.    Pistil  single,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry. 

Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound.    Petals  manifest,  but  small. 

19.  Clinic  if  11  ga.    Flowers  in  long  spiked  racemes.    Pistils  1-8,  in  fruit  forming  dry  and 

several-seeded  pods.    Leaves  2  -3-ternately  compound. 

1.    CLEMATIS,    L.        VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4,  or  rarely  more,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  turned  inwards  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none,  or  small.  Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persist- 
ent styles  as  naked,  hairy,  or  plumose  tails. —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  mostly 
a  little  woody,  and  climbing  by  the  bending  or  clasping  of  the  leafstalks,  rarely 
low  and  erect.  Leaves  opposite.  (KA^an's,  a  name  of  Dioscorides  for  a  climb- 
ing plant  with  long  and  lithe  branches.^ 
§  1.  ATRAGENE,  L.  Some  of 'the  outer  filaments  enlarged  and  gradually  passing 

into  small  spatulate  petals :  peduncles  bearing  single  large  flowers :  the  thin  sepals 

widely  spreading. 

1.  C.  verticill£ris,  DC.     Woody-stemmed  climber,  almost  glabrous; 
leaves  trifoliolate,  with  slender  common  and  partial  petioles ;  leaflets  ovate  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire,  or  on  sterile  stems  1  -  3-toothed  or  lobed ; 
flower  bluish-purple,  2'  -  3'  across ;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.     ( Atragene  Amer- 
icana, Sims.)  —  Rocky  places  in  mountainous  districts,  Maine  and  Western 
New  England  to  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  northwestward :  rare.    May.  —  A 
pair  of  leaves  with  a  peduncle  between  them,  developed  in  spring  from  each  of 
the  opposite  buds,  gives  the  appearance  of  a  whorl,  whence  the  specific  name. 

§  2.    CLEMATIS  proper.     Petals  entirely  wanting. 

*  Peduncles  bearing  single  large  nodding  flowers :  calyx  leathery :  anthers  linear. 

•*—  Stem  low,  erect  and  mostly  simple :  calyx  silky  outside,  greenish. 

2.  C.  OChroletica,  Ait.    Leaves  simple  and  entire,  ovate  or  sometimes 
3-lobed,  almost  sessile,  silky  beneath ;  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose.  —  Copses, 
Long  Island,  Staten  Island  (Dr.  Allen),  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia:  rare. 
May. 


36  RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

•  H-  •»-  Stems  climbing:  leaves  pinnate :  calyx  (and foliage)  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

3.  C.  Vi6rna,  L.     (LEATHER-FLOWER,)     Calyx  ovate  and  at  length  bell- 
shaped  ;  the  purplish  sepals  very  thick  and  leathery,  tipped  with  short  recurved  points  ; 
the  long  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose;  leaflets  3-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate,  2-3-lobed  or  entire;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  Rich 
soil,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

4.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Calyxbell-shaped ;  the  dull  purplish  sepals 
with  narrow  and  slightly  margined  recurved  points ;  tails  of  the  fruit  filiform  and 
barely  pubescent ;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  much 
reticulated ;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  Illinois  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
southward.    June. 

5.  C.  cylindrica,  Sims.     Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  the  upper  half  of 
the  bluish-purple  sepals  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  wavy  thin 
margins ;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky ;  leaflets  5-9,  thin,  varying  from  oblong-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3  -  5-parted.  —  Virginia  near  Norfolk,  and  southward. 
May  -  Aug. 

*  *  Flowers  in  panicled  clusters,  polygamo-dioxious :  sepals  thin :  anthers  oblong. 

6.  C.  Virginiana,  L.     (COMMON  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.)      Smooth;  leaves 
bearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  lobed,  and  somewhat  heart-shaped 
at  the  base;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  common;  climbing 
over  shrubs.    July,  August.  —  The  axillary  peduncles  bear  clusters  of  numerous 
white  flowers  (sepals  obovate,  spreading) ;  the  fertile  succeeded  in  autumn  by  the 
conspicuous  feathery  tails  of  the  fruit. 

2.    ANEMONE,    L.        ANEMONE.    WIND-FLOWER. 

Sepals  few  or  many,  petal-like.  Petals  none,  or  in  No.  1  resembling  abortive 
stamens.  Achenia  pointed  or  tailed,  flattened,  not  ribbed.  Seed  suspended.  — 
Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves ;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  together,  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower.  (Name  from 
ni/6/zos,  the  wind,  because  the  flower  was  thought  to  open  only  when  the  wind 
blows.) 

§  1 .  PULSATtLLA,  Tourn.  Carpels  numerous  in  a  head,  with  long  and  hairy 
styles  which  in  fruit  form  feathery  tails,  as  in  Clematis  :  flower  large,  usually  with 
some  glandular  bodies  like  abortive  stamens  answering  to  petals,  but  minute  or 
indistinct. 

1.  A.  patens,  L.,  var.  Nuttalliana.  (PASQUE-FLOWER.)  Villous  with 
long  silky  hairs ;  flower  erect,  developed  before  the  leaves ;  which  are  ternately 
divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted, 
the  segments  deeply  once  or  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes ; 
lobes  of  the  involucre  like  those  of  the  leaves,  at  the  base  all  united  into  a  shal- 
low cup ;  sepals  5-7,  purplish  or  whitish  ( 1 '  -  1  £"  long),  spreading  when  in  full 
anthesis.  (A.  Nuttalliana,  DC.  Pulsatilla  Nuttalliana,  ed.  2.  P.  patens,  var. 
Wolfgangiana,  Trautv.)  — Prairies,  Illinois  (Bebb),  Wisconsin  (Lapham),  thence 
northward  and  westward.  March -April. — A  span  high.  Tail  of  carpels  2' 
long.  (Eu.  Siberia.) 


RANUNCULACE.E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  37 

§  2.    Carpels  very  numerous  in  a  dense  head,  tipped  with  short  and  nearly  naked  styles, 
thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  matted  wool  when  ripe. 

*  Low  or  slender  plants,  somewhat  pubescent,  always  simple-stemmed,  with  a  mostly 

sessile  2 -3-leaved  involucre  far  below  thejlower. 

2.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     (CAROLINA  ANEMONE.)      Stem  3'- 6'  high 
from  a  round  tuber;  root-leaves  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft;  involucre  3- 
parted,  its  wedge-shaped  divisions  3-cleft;  sepals  10-20,  oblong-linear,  purple  or 
whitish;  head  of  fruit  oblong.  —  Illinois  (0.  Everett,  J.  W.  Poivell,  M.  S.  Bebfy 
E.  Hall,  T.  J.  Hale,  &c.)  and  southward.    May.    Apparently  passes  into  the 
South  American  A.  decapetala. 

3.  A.  parviflbra,   Michx.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  A.)     Stem  3' -12'  high 
from  a  slender  rootstock ;  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divis- 
ions crenate-incised  or  lobed ;  involucre  2  -  3-leaved ;  sepals  5  or  6,  oval,  white ; 
head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Lake  Superior,  northward  and  westward.     May,  June. 

*  #  Taller,  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two  or  more  peduncles :  sepals 

5-8,  silky  or  downy  beneath  (4"  -  6"  long),  oval  or  oblong. 

4.  A.  multifida,  DC.     (MANY-CLEFT  A.)      Silky-hairy  (6' -12'  high); 
principal  involucre  2  -  3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  pe- 
duncles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves,  twice  or 
thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear ;  sepals  5-8,  obtuse,  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish ;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or  oval.  —  Rocks,  Western  Ver- 
mont and  Northern  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  &c. :  rare.    June. 

5.  A.    cylindrica,   Gray.      (LONG-FRUITED  A.)      Slender  (2°  high), 
clothed  with  silky  hairs ;  flowers  2  -  6,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  long-petioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  flower- 
stalks,  3-divided ;  their  divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle 
one  3-cleft ;  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex ;  sepals  5,  rather  obtuse,  greenish- 
white  ;  head  of  fruit  cylindrical  (!'  long).  —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  Massachusetts 
and  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  northwestward.     May.  —  Peduncles  7' -12' 
long,  all  appearing  together  from  the  same  involucre,  and  naked  throughout, 
or  sometimes  part  of  them  with  involucels,  as  in  the  next. 

6.  A.  Virginiana,   L.     (VIRGINIAN  A.)     Hairy;  principal  involucre  3- 
leaved ;  the  leaves  long-petioled,  3-parted ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  3-cleft;  peduncles  elongated,  the 
earliest  naked,  the  others  with  a  2-leaved  involucel  at  the  middle ;  sepals  5,  acute, 
greenish  (in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse) ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong.  —  Woods 
and  meadows;  common.      June -August. — Plant  2° -3°  high;  the  upright 
peduncles  6' -12'  long.     In  this  and  the  next  species  the  first  flowerstalk  is 
leafless;  but  from  the  same  involucre  soon  proceed  one  or  two  lateral  ones, 
which  are  2-leaved  at  the  middle ;  these  partial  involucres  in  turn  giving  rise  to 
similar  peduncles,  thus  producing  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  summer. 

§  3.   Carpels  fewer,  the  achenia  and  the  short  slender  styles  merely  pubescent. 

7.  A.  Pennsylvanica,  L.     (PENNSYLVANIAN  A.)     Hairy,  rather  low; 
involucres  sessile ;  the  primary  ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle,  and  soon 
a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  middle,  which 
branch  similarly  in  turn ;  their  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and 


38  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

toothed;  radical  leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft;  sepals  5,  obovate,  white  (6" -9" 
long) ;  head  of  fruit  spherical;  the  carpels  flat,  orbicular.  —  W.  New  England 
to  Illinois  and  northwestward.  June  -  Aug. 

8.  A.  nemordsa,  L.  (WIND-FLOWER.  WOOD  A.)  Low,  smoothish; 
stem  perfectly  simple,  from  a  filiform  rootstock,  slender,  leafless,  except  the  in- 
volucre of  3  long-petioled  trifoliolate  leaves,  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong, 
and  toothed  or  cut,  or  the  lateral  ones  (var.  QUINQUEFOLIA)  2-parted ;  a  simi- 
lar radical  leaf  in  sterile  plants  solitary  from  the  rootstock ;  peduncle  not  longer 
than  the  involucre :  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  out- 
side; carpels  only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak.  —  Margin  of  woods. 
April,  May.  — A  delicate  vernal  species ;  the  flower  1'  broad.  (Eu.) 

3.    HEPATICA,    Dm.        LIVER-LEAF.    HEPATICA. 

Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
calyx;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone  (of  which  this  genus  should  strictly  be  viewed 
as  only  a  section). — Leaves  all  radical,  heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and 
persistent  through  the  winter,  the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers, 
which  are  single,  on  hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the 
liver  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  H.  triloba,  Chaix.    (ROUND-LOBED  HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3  ovate 
obtuse  or  rounded  lobes ;  those  of  the  involucre  also  obtuse.  —  Woods ;  common 
eastward ;  flowering  soon  after  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.     Sepals 
6-9,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white.    Achenia  several,  in  a  small  loose  head, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.     (Eu.) 

2.  H.  acutiloba,  DC.    (SHARP-LOBED  HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3  ovate 
and  pointed  lobes,  or  sometimes  5-lobed ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acut- 
ish.  —  Woods,  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     Sepals  7-12,  pale  pur- 
ple, pink,  or  nearly  white.    Perhaps  runs  into  the  other. 

4.     THALiCTRUM,    Tourn.        MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4  or  more,  petal-like  or  greenish.  Petals  none.  Achenia  4-15, 
grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.  Seed  suspended.  —  Perennials,  with  2-3- 
jternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and  the  leaflets  stalked.  Flowers  in 
corymbs  or  panicles,  often  polygamous  or  dio3cious.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

§  1.  SYNDESMON,  Hoffm.  Between  Thalictrum  and  Anemone,  having  all 
its  stem-leaves  in  the  form  of  an  involucre  at  the  top,  and  the  stamens  shorter  than 
the  5-10  white  and  conspicuous  sepals;  but  the  stigma  depressed-truncate,  and 
the  ovoid  sessile  carpels  terete,  many-angled,  with  deep  intermediate  grooves :  flow- 
ers perfect. 

1.  T.  anemonoides,  Michx.  (RuE- ANEMONE.)  Glabrous;  stem  and 
slender  petiole  of  radical  leaf  (a  span  high)  rising  from  a  cluster  of  thickened 
tuberous  roots ;  the  latter  2  -  3-ternately  compound ;  leaflets  roundish,  somewhat 
3-lobed  at  the  end,  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petiolulate,  those  of  the  2  -  3-leaved 
1  -  2-ternate  involucre  similar ;  flowers  several  in  an  umbel ;  sepals  oval  (£'  long, 
rarely  pinkish)  not  early  deciduous.  —  Woods,  common,  flowering  in  early 


RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  39 

spring,  along  with  and  considerably  resembling  Anemone  nemorosa.    Rarely 
the  sepals  are  3-lobed  like  the  leaflets. 

§  2.    Leaves  alternate  along  the  stem:  no  involucre:  roots  fibrous :  flowers  compara- 
tively small  and  numerous,  panided:  sepals  4  or  5,  usually  falling  early. 

*  Flowers  dioecious  or  sometimes  polygamous,  in  ample  panicles :  filaments  slender : 

stigmas  elongated,  linear  or  subulate,  mostly  unilateral:  achenia  sessile  or  short- 
stipitate,  ovoid,  pointed,  strongly  several-angled  and  grooved. 

2.  T.  dioicum,  L.     (EARLY  MEADOW-RUE.)     Smooth  and  pale  or  glau- 
cous, l°-2°  high;  leaves  all  with  general,  petioles;  lea/lets  drooping,  rounded  and 
3  -  7-lobed ;  flowers  purplish  and  greenish ;  the  yellowish  anthers  linear,  mu- 
cronate,  drooping  on  fine  capillary  filaments.  —  Rocky  woods,  &c. ;   common. 
April,  May. 

3.  T.  purpur£scens,   L.     (PURPLISH  M.)      Taller  (2° -4°  high,  the 
stem  usually  purplish) ;  stem-leaves  sessile  (without  general  petiole)  or  nearly  so; 
leaflets  roundish  or  oblong  and  more  or  less  3-lobed,  thickish,  pale  and  usually 
minutely  pubescent  beneath,  the  margin  mostly  revolute  and  the  veining  con- 
spicuous; panicles  compound;  flowers  (sepals,  filaments,  &c.)  greenish  and  pur- 
plish; anthers  linear  or  oblong -linear,  mucronulate,  drooping  on  capillary  fila- 
ments which  are  manifestly  broadened  at  the  summit.     (T.  Virginianum  elatius, 
&c.,  Moris.     T.  rugbsum,  Ait.  ?     T.  pubescens,  Pursh.     T.  revolutum,  DC.)  — 
Dry  uplands  and  rocky  hills,  S.  New  England  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.   May,  June.  —  Sometimes  nearly  glabrous  throughout,  often  minutely 
pubescent,  and  in 

Var.  ceriferum,  C.  F.  Austin,  mss.,  with  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves, 
sepals,  and  mostly  the  fruit  thickly  beset  with  waxy  atoms.  Plant  often  grow- 
ing with  the  other,  and  exhaling  a  peculiar  odor. 

4.  T.  Corntlti,  L.     (TALL  M.)     Smoother  obscurely  pubescent,  4°  -  8° 
high ;  stem-leaves  sessile ;  leaflets  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  usually  thinner  and 
less  revolute  and  veiny  and  the  lobes  more  acute ;  panicles  very  compound ; 
flowers  white,  the  fertile  ones  with  some  stamens ;  anthers  not  drooping,  small,  ob- 
long, blunt,  the  white  filaments  decidedly  thickened  upwards.      (T.  rugosum, 
Pursh.,  DC.     T.  corynellum,  DC.) — Wet  meadows  and  along  rivulets,  com- 
mon, especially  eastward.     July-  Sept. 

#  *  Flowers  all  perfect,  corymbed ;  the  filaments  strongly  club-shaped  or  inflated  under 

the  small  and  short  anther :  stigma  short  and  unilateral :  achenia  long-stipitate. 

5.  T.  clavktum,  DC.      Size  and  appearance  of  No.  2,  but  leaves  only 
twice  ternate;  flowers  white  and  fewer;  achenia  5-10,  flat,  somewhat  crescent- 
shaped,  tapering  into  the  slender  stipe.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   June. 

5.    TRAUTVETTERIA,    Fischer  &  Meyer.        FALSE  BUGBANE. 

Sepals  3-5,  usually  4,  concave,  petal-like,  very  caducous.  Petals  none. 
Achenia  numerous,  in  a  head,  membranaceous,  compressed-4-angled  and  in- 
flated. Seed  erect. — A  perennial  herb,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  all  alter- 
nate, and  corymbose  white  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Trautvetter,  a  Russian 
botanist.) 


40  RANUNCULACE^E.       ( CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  palmata,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  (Cimicifuga  palmata,  Michx.)  Woods, 
along  streams,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the  mountains  :  also  sparingly  in 
Ohio  and  Illinois.  July,  Aug.  —  Root-leaves  large,  5  -  9-lobed  ;  the  lobes 
toothed  and  cut.  Stems  2°  -  3°  high. 

6.    RANUNCULUS,    L.        CROWFOOT.    BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  flat,  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.  Achenia 
numerous,  in  a  head,  mostly  flattened,  pointed;  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals  or 
perennials  :  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
yellow,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,. the  latter  often  more 
than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few  in  number.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little 
frog  ;  applied  by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  species  growing  .where  frogs 
abound.) 

§  1.  BATRACHIUM,  DC.  —  Petals  with  a  spot  or  naked  pit  at  the  base,  white, 
or  only  the  daw  yellow:  achenia  marginless,  transversely  wrinkled:  aquatic  peren- 
nials, with  the  immersed  foliage  repeatedly  dissected  (mostly  by  threes)  into  capil- 
lary divisions :  peduncles  1  -flowered. 

1.  R.  divaricatUS,  Schrank.     (STIFF  WATER-CROWFOOT.)     Leaves  all 
under  water  and  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  divisions  and  subdivisions   short, 
spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  keeping  their  form  without  collapsing  when 
withdrawn  from  the  water.     (R.  circinatus,  iSibthorp.) — Ponds  and  slow  streams, 
northward  and  westward,  much  rarer  than  the  next.    June -Aug.    (Eu.) 

2.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,  var.  trichoph^llus,  Chaix.     (COMMON  WHITE 
WATER-CROWFOOT.)     Leaves  all  under  water  and  mostly  petioled,  their  capil- 
lary divisions  and  subdivisions  rather  long  and  so/I,  usually  collapsing  more  or  less 
when  withdrawn  from  the  water.  —  Common,  especially  in  slow-flowing  waters. 
June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  heteroph#Uus,  DC.      (FLOATING  W.)      Uppermost  leaves  floating, 
rounded  and  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  wedge-shaped.     (R.  aquatilis,  Bigel,  ed.  3.)  — 
Roxbury  and  Newton,  near  Boston,  Bigelow ;  but  not  met  with  for  many  years : 
was  possibly  introduced  from  Europe,  where  this  form  is  common. 
§  2.   RANUNCULUS'  proper.     Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  (yellow). 

#  Achenia  smooth. 
•+-  Aquatic,  perennial :  immersed  leaves  flliformly  dissected,  as  in  the  preceding. 

3.  R.    multifidllS,    Pursh.       (YELLOW   WATER-CROWFOOT.)       Stems 
floating  or  immersed,  with  the  leaves  all  repeatedly  3-forked  into  long  filiform 
divisions,  or  sometimes  creeping  in  the  mud,  the  emersed  leaves  with  shorter 
and   linear  or  wedge-shaped  divisions,  or  else  kidney-shaped  and   sparingly 
lobed  or  toothed;  flower  deep  bright  yellow,  £'-!'  in  diameter;  petals  5-8, 
much  larger  than  the  calyx  ;  carpels  in  a  round  head,  pointed  with  a  straight 
beak.     (R.  lacustris,  Beck  $*  Tracy,  and  R.  Purshii,  Richards,  both  in  the  year 
1823.     R.  Gmelini,  DC.  (1818)  is  an  older  name,  belonging  to  a  small  north- 
ern form  of  the  species  ;   but  R.  multifidus,  Pursh,  is  the  oldest,  1814,  and 
apparently  free  for  use.)    E.  New  England  to  S.  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward. 
May -July.  —  Out  of  water  it  is  often  pubescent,  especially  in 


RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  41 

Var.  terrdstris,  which  differs  from  the  ordinary  emersed  forms  by  the 
stems  ascending  from  the  base  and  paniculately  several-flowered  at  the  summit, 
where  the  leaves  are  reduced  to  oblong  or  linear  bracts ;  no  immersed  dissected 
leaves.  —  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  on  muddy  banks,  Miss  Clark. 
•*-  •»-  Terrestrial  but  growing  in  very  wet  places,  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  root  peren- 
nial :  leaves  all  entire  or  barely  toothed,  all  or  else  all  but  the  lowest  lanceolate  or 
linear;  carpels  forming  a  globular  head.     (SPEARWORT.) 

4.  B.  alismaefblius,  Geyer.    (WATER  PLANTAIN  SPEARWORT.)    Stems 
hollow,  ascending  (l°-2°  high),  often  rooting  from  the  lower  joints;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblong,  mostly  denticulate  (3'  -  5'  long),  contracted 
into  a  margined  petiole  which  expands  into  a  membranaceous  clasping  base  ; 
petals  5-7,  bright  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  (3" -4"  long) ;  carpels 
flattened,  large,  pointed  with  a  long  and  straight  narrow  subulate  beak.  —  Common, 
especially  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Intermediate  in  appearance  between  R. 
Flammula  and  Lingua,  and  has  been  confounded  with  both,  but  most  resembles 
the  latter. 

5.  E-.   Flammula,  L.      (SMALLER    SPEARWORT.)     Stem  reclining  or 
ascending,  rooting  below ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  mostly  petioled  (!'-  2'  long) ;  petals  5-7,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow ;  carpels  flattish  but  turgid,  mucronate  with 
a  short  abrupt  point. —  Shore  of  L.  Ontario  and  northward  :  rare,  and  only  a 
small  form  (var.  INTERMEDIUS)  met  with  in  this  country,  a  span  high,  with 
flowers  3"  in  diameter,  passing  into 

Var.  r6ptans.  (CREEPING  S.)  Small,  slender,  the  filiform  creeping  stems 
rooting  at  all  the  joints  (3'- 6' long;  leaves  linear,  spatulate,  or  oblong  (£'-!' 
long). —  Gravelly  or  sandy  shores  and  inundated  banks  ;  very  common  north- 
ward. June -Sept.  (Eu.) 

6.  B.  oblongifblius,  Ell.     Stem  erect  or  ascending,  often  pubescent 
below,  slender  (1°  high),  diffusely  branched  above  and  many-flowered ;  leaves  ser- 
rate or  denticulate;  the  lower  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong  (£'-!£'  long) ;  the 
uppermost  linear;  flowers  3"-  5"  broad ;  petals  5,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
bright  yellow ;  stamens  numerous;  carpels  minute,  almost  globular,  tipped  with  a 
very  small  sessile  stigma.     (R.  pusillus,  var.  Torr.  fr  Gr.  Fl.     R.  Texensis, 
Engelm.)     Wet  prairies,  Salem,  Illinois,  Bebb,  and  in  S.  States.    June. 

7.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.     Stem  ascending,  weak,  loosely  branching  (6' -18' 
long) ;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate ;  the  lowest  round-ovate  or  heart- 
shaped  (I'  long),  long-petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  (!'-  1|'  long) ; 
flowers  very  small;  petals  1-5,  yellowish,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  and  the  3- 
10  stamens  ;  carpels  very  turgid,  tipped  with  a  minute  sessile  stigma.  —  Wet 
places,  S.  New  York  and  southward  along  the  coast.    June  -  Aug. 

H-  -t-  H-  Terrestrial,  with  annual  root,  spreading  by  runners,  glabrous:  leaves  all 
rounded  and  undivided  but  coarsely  crenate :  carpels  in  fruit  forming  an  oblong 
head. 

8.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.     (SEA-SIDE  CROWFOOT.)     Flowering  stems 
leafless  (3' -6' high),  1-7-flowered;   leaves  clustered  at  the  root  and  on  the 
joints  of  the  long  rooting  runners,  roundish-heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped, 


42  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

rather  fleshy,  long-petioled  ;  petals  5  -  8  ;  carpels  striate  on  the  sides.  —  Sandy 
shores,  from  New  Jersey  northward,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Illinois  and 
westward  :  also  at  salt  springs.    June  -  Aug. 
H-  H-  -t-  •«-  Terrestrial,  but  often  in  wet  places :  root  perennial :  some  or  all  of  the 

leaves  cleft  or  divided. 
*+  Root-leaves  not  divided  to  the  very  base. 

9.  R.  rhomboideilS,  Goldie.  Dwarf,  hairy ;  root-leaves  roundish  or 
rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  toothed  or  crenate ;  lowest  stem-leaves  similar 
or  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  upper  3  -  5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear ;  carpels 
orbicular  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  spherical  head  ;  petals  large,  exceeding  the  calyx. 
(Also  K.  brevicaulis  &  ovalis,  Hook.)  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and 
northward.  April,  May.  —  Stems  3'  -  6'  high,  sometimes  not  longer  than  the 
root-leaves.  Flower  deep  yellow,  as  large  as  in  No.  14. 

10.  R.   abortivus,    L.       (SMALL-FLOWERED    C.)       Glabrous  and  very 
smooth;   primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenate, 
the  succeeding  ones  often  3-lobed  or  3-parted  ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches 
3  _  5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile ;  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge- 
form,  mostly  toothed ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head,  mucronate  with  a  minute  curved 
beak;  petals  shorter  than  the  rejlexed  calyx.  —  Shady  hillsides  and  along  brooks, 
common.     April -June.  —  Stem  erect,  6' -2°  high,  at  length  branched  above, 
the  pale  yellow  flowers  very  small  in  proportion. 

Var.  micranthus.  Pubescent;  root-leaves  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped, 
some  of  them  3-parted  or  3-divided ;  divisions  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  more 
linear  and  entire;  peduncles  more  slender.  (R.  micranthus,  Nutt.)  —  Massa- 
chusetts (near  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprague),  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward. 

11.  R.  sceleratus,  L.     (CURSED  C.)     Smooth  and  glabrous  ;  root-leaves 
3-lobed,  rounded ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and  toothed, 
the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly  entire ; 
carpels  barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads ;  petals 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Wet  ditches  :  appearing  as  if  introduced.     June  - 
Aug.  —  Stem  thick  and  hollow,  1°  high.     Leaves  thickish.    Juice  acrid  and 
blistering.     Flowers  small,  pale  yellow.     (Eu.) 

12.  R.  recurvatUS,  Poir.     (HOOKED  C.)     Hirsute;  leaves  of  the  root  and 
stem  nearly  alike,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-cleft,  large ;  the  lobes  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  2  -  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head, 
flat  and  margined,  conspicuously  beaked  by  the  long  and  recurved  hooked  styles; 
petals  shorter  than  the  rejlexed  calyx,  pale.  —  Woods,  common.     May,  June.  — 
Stem  l°-2°  high. 

•»•+  +*  All  the  leaves  ternately  divided  to  the  very  base,  or  compound,  and  the  divisions 

cleft  or  cut:  acheniajlat. 
a.  Head  of  carpels  oblong:  petals  pale,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

13.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,    L.       (BRISTLY   C.)      Hirsute  with  rough 
spreading  bristly  hairs ;    stem  stout,  erect ;    divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked, 
somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and   toothed,  acute ;    carpels 
pointed  with  a  sharp  straight  beak. — Wet  places,  common.    June -Aug. — 
A  coarse  plant,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 


RANUNCULACE^J.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  43 

b.  Head  of  carpels  globular;  petals  bright  yellow,  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 

14.  R.  fascicularis,   Muhl.     (EARLY  C.)    Low,  pubescent  with  close- 
pressed  silky  hairs ;  root  a  cluster  of  thickened  fleshy  fibres  ;  radical  leaves  appear- 
ing pinnate,  the  long-stalked  terminal  division  remote  from  the  sessile  lateral 
ones,  itself  3  -  5-divided  or  parted  and  3  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear  > 
stems  ascending ;   petals  spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spreading 
calyx ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  tipped  with  a  slender  straight  or  rather  curved 
beak.  —  Rocky  hills.     April,  May.  —  Plant  5' -9'  high;    the  bright  yellow 
flower  1'  broad  :  petals  rather  distant,  the  base  scarcely  broader  than  the  scale, 
often  6  or  7. 

15.  R.  ripens,  L.      (CREEPING  C.)     Low,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous; 
stems  ascending,  and  some  of  them  forming  long  runners ;  leaves  3-divided ;  the 
divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  the  terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped  or 
ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or  parted  and  variously  cut ;   peduncles   furrowed ; 
petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  calyx ;  carpels  strongly  margined, 
pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  wet  meadows,  &c., 
May  -  Aug.  —  Extremely  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  flower  by 
upright  stems  in  spring  before  the  long  runners  are  formed.    Flowers  as  large 
as  those  of  No.  14,  or  often  larger.     (Eu.) 

16.  R.  BULB6sus,  L.      (BULBOUS  C.  BUTTERCUPS.)      Hairy;  stem  erect 
from  a  bulb-like  base ;  radical  leaves  3-divided ;  the  lateral  divisions  sessile,  the  ter- 
minal stalked  and  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed ;  peduncles  fur- 
rowed ;  petals  round,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  reflexed 
calyx ;  carpels  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  —  Fields ;  very  abundant  only  in 
E.  New  England;  rare  in  the  interior.     May -July. — A  foot  high.    Leaves 
appearing  as  if  pinnate.    Petals  often  6  or  7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla 
more  than  an  inch  broad.  '  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  R.  ACRIS,  L.     (TALL  C.  or  BUTTERCUPS.)    Hairy ;  stem  erect  (2° -3<? 
high) ;  leaves  3-divided  ;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  seg- 
ments cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes ;  peduncles  not  furrowed ; 
petals  obovate,  much  longer  than   the  spreading  calyx.  —  Fields ;    common 
eastward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  twice  the  height  of  the  preceding  ;  the  flower 
nearly  as  large,  but  not  so  deep  yellow.  —  The  Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cat- 
tle, on  account  of  their  very  acrid  or  even  blistering  juice,  which,  however, 
being  volatile,  is  dissipated  in  drying,  when  these  plants  are  cut  with  hay. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Achenia  beset  with  rough  points  or  small  prickles  :  annuals. 

18.  R.  MURICATUS,  L.     Nearly  glabrous;   lower  leaves  roundish  or  reni- 
form,  3-lobed,  coarsely  crenate ;    the  upper  3-cleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ; 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  flat,  spiny-tuberculate  on  the  sides,  strongly 
beaked,  surrounded  with  a  wide  and  sharp  smooth  margin.  —  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

19.  R.  PARVIFL6RUS,  L.     Hairy,  slender,  and  diffuse;  lower  leaves  round- 
ish-cordate, 3-cleft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut;  the  upper  3-5-parted;  petals  not 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  minutely  hispid  and  rough,  beaked,  narrowly  mar- 
gined. —  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


44  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

7.  MYOSXJBUS,    Dill.        MOUSE-TAIL. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
der claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5  -  20. 
Achenia  numerous,  somewhat  3-sided,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
spike-like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  p.vst  a  mouse,  and  ovpa,  a  tail), 
the  seed  suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulate 
root-leaves,  and  naked  1 -flowered  scapes.  Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Carpels  blunt. — Alluvial  ground,  Illinois  and 
Kentucky,  thence  south  and  west;  apparently  indigenous.  (Eu.) 

8.  ISOPi'RUM,    L.        (ENEMIOX,  Raf.) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in  the  American 
species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3-6  or  more,  pointed  with  the  styles.  Pods 
ovate  or  oblong,  2  -  several-seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately 
compound  leaves ;  the  leaflets  2  -  3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
white.  (Name  from  tcroy,  equal,  and  Trvpos,  wheat;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  none;  pistils  3 -6  (commonly 
4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded;  seeds  even.  1|. —  Moist  shady  places,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  May.  —  Fibres  of  the  root  thickened  here 
and  there  into  little  tubers.  Aspect  and  size  of  the  plant  much  as  in  Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 

9.    CALTHA,    L.        MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

Sepals  5-9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5  - 10,  with  scarcely  any  styles. 
Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  Glabrous  perennials, 
with  round  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  large,  undivided  leaves.  (Name 
from  KaXaQos,  a  goblet,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  flower-cup  or  calyx.) 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  (MARSH  MARIGOLD.)  Stem  hollow,  furrowed; 
leaves  round  or  kidney- shaped,  either  crenate  or  nearly  entire  ;  sepals  broadly 
oval  (bright  yellow).  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  common  northward.  April, 
May.  —  This  well-known  plant  is  used  as  a  pot-herb  in  spring,  when  coining 
into  flower,  under  the  name  of  COWSLIPS  ;  but  the  Cowslip  is  a  totally  dif- 
ferent plant,  namely,  a  species  of  Primrose.  The  Caltha  should  bear  with  us, 
as  in  England,  the  popular  name  of  Marsh  Marigold.  (Eu.) 

10.     TBOLLIUS,    L.         GLOBE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  numerous,  small,  1 -lipped,  the  concavity 
near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9  or  more,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials  with  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ra- 
nunculus, and  large  solitary  terminal  flowers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived 
from  the  old  German  word  troll,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

I*.  T.  laxus,  Salisb.  (SPREADING  GLOBE-FLOWER.)  Sepals  5-6, 
spreading;  petals  15-25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens. — 
Deep  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  Delaware  and  Michigan.  May. — Flowers 
twice  the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup ;  the  sepals  spreading,  so  that  the 


RANUNCULACELE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  45 

name  is  not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  European  Globe-flower  of  the  gardens, 
nor  is  the  blossom  showy,  being  pale  greenish-yellow,  or  nearly  white. 

11.    COPTIS,    Salisb.        GOLDTHREAD. 

Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  hollow 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  15-25.  Pistils  3-7,  on  slender  stalks.  Pods  diver- 
gent, membranaceous,  pointed  with  the  style,  4  -  8-seeded.  —  Low  smooth  per- 
ennials, with  ternately  divided  root-leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  on  scapes. 
(Name  from  ^OTTTOJ,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 

1.  C.  trifblia,  Salisb.  (THREE-LEAVED  GOLDTHREAD.)  Leaflets  3, 
obovate- wedge-form,  sharply  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobed  ;  scape  1 -flowered.  — 
Bogs,  abundant  northward ;  extending  south  to  Maryland  along  the  moun- 
tains. May.  —  Root  of  long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres.  Leaves  evergreen, 
shining.  Scape  naked,  slender,  3' -5' high.  (Eu.) 

12.  HELLEBORUS,    L.        HELLEBORE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8-10,  very  small,  tubu- 
lar, 2-lipped.  Pistils  3-10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many-seeded  pods. — 
Perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  ample  palmate  or  pedafe  leaves,  and 
large,  solitary,  nodding,  early  vernal  flowers.  (Name  from  eXetv,  to  injure,  and 
/3opa,  food,  from  their  well-known  poisonous  properties.) 

1.  H.  vfRiois,  L.  (GREEN  HELLEBORE.)  Root-leaves  glabrous,  pedate, 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Near  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  and 
Bucks  Co.,  Penn.,  Martindale.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

13.  AQUILEGIA,    Tourn.        COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  shprt 
spreading  lip,  produced  backwards  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  terminating  the  branches.  (Name  from  aquila,  an  eagle,  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  talons.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (WILD  COLUMBINE.)  Spurs  nearly  straight; 
stamens  and  styles  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Rocks,  common.  April  - 
June.  —  Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside  (or  rarely  all  over),  nodding,  so 
that  the  spurs  turn  upward,  but  the  stalk  becomes  upright  in  fruit.  —  More 
graceful  than  the 

A.  VULGARIS,  L.,  the  common  GARDEN  COLUMBINE,  of  Europe,  with 
hooked  spurs,  which  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  some  places. 

14.    DELPHINIUM,    Tourn.        LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  petal-like ;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Petals  4,  irregular,  the  upper  pair  continued  backwards  into  long  spurs 
which  are  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx,  the  lower  pair  with  short  claws  : 


46  RANUNCULACE.^.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

rarely  only  2  united  into  one.    Pistils  1-5,  forming  many-seeded  pods  in  fruit 

Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cut.    Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.     (Name 

from  Delphin,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not 
unlike  the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.) 

*  Perennials,  indigenous ;  pistils  3-5. 

1.  D.  exaltatum,  Ait.     (TALL  LARKSPUR.)    Leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft; 
the  divisions  narrow  wedge-form,  diverging,  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  acute ;  racemes 
wand-like,   panicled,  many-flowered;  spur  straight;  pods  3,  erect.  —  Rich  soil, 
Penn.   to  Michigan  and  southward.     July.  — Stem  2° -5°  high.    Flowers 
purplish-blue,  downy. 

2.  D.  tric6rne,  Michx.     (DWARF  L.)    Leaves  deeply  5-parted,  their  di- 
visions unequally  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  linear,  acutish ;  raceme  few-flowered,  loose; 
spur  straightish,  ascending ;  pods  strongly  diverging.  —  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     April,  May. — Koot  a  tuberous  cluster.      Stem  simple,  6' -12' 
high.    Flowers  bright  blue,  sometimes  white. 

3.  D.  aztireum,  Michx.    (AZURE  L.)     Leaves  deeply  3 -5-parted,  the 
divisions  2-3  times  cleft;  the  lobes  all  narrowly  linear;  raceme  strict;  spur  as- 
cending, usually  curved  upwards ;  pods  erect.  —  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.   May,  June.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  slender,  often  softly  pubescent.    Flow- 
ers sky-blue  or  whitish. 

#  #  Annual,  introduced:  pistil  single. 

4.  D.  CONSOLIDA,  L.     (FIELD  L.)    Leaves  dissected  into  narrow  linear 
lobes;  racemes  rather  few-flowered,  loose;  pedicels '  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
petals  all  combined  into  one  body.  —  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  escaped  from 
grain-fields  or  gardens;  and  sparingly  along  roadsides  farther  north.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

15.  ACONiTUM,  Tourn.    ACONITE.    MONKSHOOD.    WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular ;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  hel- 
met-shaped, larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting  entirely,  or 
very  minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting  of  small  spur-shaped 
bodies  raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5. 
Pods  several-seeded.  Seed-coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly. — Perennials,  with 
palmately  cleft  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles. 
(The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name,  said  to  be  derived  from  Acone,  in  Bithynia.) 

1.  A.  uncinatum,  L.     (WILD  MONKSHOOD.)     Glabrous;  stem  slender, 
erect,  but  weak  and  disposed  to  climb ;  leaves  deeply  3  -  5-lobed,  petioled ;  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed ;  flowers  blue ;  helmet  erect,  obtusely  conical, 
compressed,  slightly  pointed  or  beaked  in  front.  —  Eich  shady  soil  along  streams, 
S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    June -Aug. 

2.  A.  reclinatum,  Gray.     (TRAILING  WOLFSBANE.)     Glabrous ;  stems 
trailing  (3° -8°  long);  leaves  deeply  3-T-cle/l,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicular  in 
outline ;  the  divisions  wedge-form,  incised,  often  2  -  3-lobed ;  flowers  white,  in 
very  loose  panicles  ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated-conical,  with  a  straight  beak 
in  front.  —  Cheat  Mountain,  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    Aug. 
—  Lower  leaves  5' -6'  wide.    Flowers  9"  long,  nearly  glabrous. 


RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  47 

16.  ZANTHORHiZA,    Marshall.        SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  much  smaller  than  the 
sepals,  concave  and  obscurely  2-lobed,  raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  to  10. 
Pistils  5-15,  bearing  2  pendulous  ovules.  Pods  1 -seeded,  oblong,  the  short 
style  becoming  dorsal  in  its  growth.  —  A  low  shrubby  plant;  'the  bark  and  the 
long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  brown  purple,  in  com- 
pound drooping  racemes,  appearing,  along  with  the  1  -  2-pinnate  leaves,  from 
large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring.  (Name  compounded  of  £avdos,  yellow,  and 
pi£a,  root,) 

1.  Z.  apiifolia,  L'Her.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  Sherburne,  New  York, 
Dr.  Douglass,  and  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  southward.  —  Stems 
clustered,  1  °  -  2°  high.  Leaflets  cleft  and  toothed.  —  The  rootstocks  of  this,  and 
also  of  the  next  plant,  were  used  as  a  yellow  dye  by  the  aborigines. 

17.  HYDRASTIS,    L.        ORANGE-ROOT.    YELLOW  PUCCOON. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Pis- 
tils 12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovuled :  stigma  flat,  2-lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a 
head  of  crimson  1  -2-seeded  berries  in  fruit. — A  low  perennial  herb,  sending 
up  in  early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical 
leaf,  and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  and  terminated 
by  a  single  greenish-white  flower.  (Name  perhaps  from  t>do>p,  water,  and  8pao>, 
to  act,  alluding  to  the  active  properties  of  the  juice.) 

1.  H.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Rich  woods.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward :  rare.  —  Leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  5  -  7-lobed,  doubly 
serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  4'  -9'  wide. 

18.    ACT^EA,    L.        BANEBERRY. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-10,  small,  flat, 
spatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white  filaments. 
Pistil  single :  stigma  sessile,  depressed,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  smooth,  flattened,  and  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  with 
ample  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and 
toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
aKTrj,  the  Elder,  from  some  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.,   var.  rubra,  Michx.     (RED  BANEBERRT.)     Raceme 
ovate ;  petals  rhombic-spatulate,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  pedicels  slen- 
der; berries  cherry-red,  oval.     (A.  brachypetala,  DC.)— Rich  woods,  common, 
especially  northward.     April,  May.  —  Plant  2°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alba,  Bigel.     (WHITE  BANEBERRY.)     Taller  and  rather  smoother 
than  the  preceding ;  raceme  oblong ;  petals  slender,  mostly  truncate  at  the  end, 
appearing  to  be  transformed  stamens  ;  pedicels  thickened  in  fruit,  as  large  as  the 
peduncle  and  red,  the  globular-oval  berries  white.    (A.  spicata,  var.  alba,  Michx., 
and  ed.  2.    A.  pachypoda,  Ell.}—  Rich  woods,  flowering  a  week  or  two  later 
than  the  other,  and  more  common  westward  and  southward.  —  White  berries 
rarely  occur  with  slender  pedicels,  also  red  berries  with  thick  pedicels :  but 
these  are  perhaps  the  result  of  crossing. 


48  MAGNOLIACEvE.       (MAGNOLIA   FAMILY). 

19.    CIMICfFUGA,    L.       BUGBANE. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
transformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  as 
in  Actaea.  Pistils  1-8,  forming  dry  dehiscent  pods  in- fruit.  — Perennials,  with 
2  -  3-ternately -divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers  in  elon- 
gated wand-like  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  and  fugo,  to  drive  away; 
the  Siberian  species  being  used  as  abugbane.) 
§  1.  MACR6TYS,  Raf.  Pistil  solitary,  sometimes  2-3:  seeds  smooth,  flattened 

and  packed  horizontally  in  the  pod  in  two  rows,  as  in  Actaea :  stigma  broad 

and  flat. 

1.  C.  racem6sa,  Ell.     (BLACK  SNAKEROOT.)    Racemes  very  long ;  pods 
ovoid,  sessile.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
July.  —  Stem  3°  -  8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  rootstock ;  the  racemes  in  fruit 
becoming  l°-3°  long. 

§  2.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  Pistils  3  -  8  :  seeds  flattened  laterally,  covered  with 
chaffy  scales,  and  occupying  one  row  in  the  membranaceous  pods :  style  awl- 
shaped:  stigma  minute. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.    (AMERICAN  BUGBANE.)    Racemes  slender, 
panicled ;  ovaries  mostly  5,  glabrous ;   pods  stalked,  flattened,  veiny,  6-8- 
seeded.  —  Mountains  of  Southern  Pennsylvania  and  southward   throughout 
the  Alleghanies.     Aug. -Sept.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  more  slender  than  the 
preceding. 

Ao6Nis  AUTUMNALIS,  L.,  the  PHEASANT'S  EYE  of  Europe,  has  been  found 
growing  spontaneously  in  Western  New  York,  and  in  Kentucky. 

NIGELLA  DAMASCENA,  L.,  the  FENNEL-FLOWER,  which  offers  a  remarkable 
exception,  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as  to 
form  a  several-celled  pod,  grows  nearly  spontaneously  around  gardens. 

P,E6xiA,  the  P^EONY,  of  which  P.  OFFICINALIS  is  familiar  in  gardens,  forms 
a  sixth  tribe  of  this  order,  distinguished  by  a  leafy  persistent  calyx,  and  a 
fleshy  disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  follicular  pistils. 

ORDER  2.    MAGNOLJACE^E.    (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaf-buds  covered  by  membranous  stipules,  poly- 
petalous,  hypogynous,  polyandrous,  polygynous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla 
colored  alike,  in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  imbricated  (rarely  con- 
volute) in  the  bud.  —  Sepals  and  petals  deciduous.  Anthers  adnate. 
Pistils  many,  mostly  packed  together  and  covering  the  prolonged  re- 
ceptacle, cohering  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  fleshy 
or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous :  albumen  fleshy : 
embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed,  marked  with  minute 
transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large.  Bark  aromatic 
and  bitter.  —  There  are  only  two  Northern  genera,  Magnolia  and  Lirio- 
dendron. 


MAGNOLIACE^.       (MAGNOLIA   FAMILY.)  49 

1.    MAGNOLIA,    L.        MAGNOLIA. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  imbricated,  with  very  short  filaments,  and 
long  anthers  opening  inwards.  Pistils  aggregated  on  the  long  receptacle  and 
coherent  in  a  mass,  together  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather  woody  cone-like  red 
fruit ;  each  carpel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from  which  the  1  or  2 
berry-like  seeds  hang  by  an  extensile  thread  composed  of  unrolled  spiral  ves- 
sels. Inner  seed-coat  bony.  —  Buds  conical,  the  coverings  formed  of  the  suc- 
cessive pairs  of  stipules,  each  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next  above,  which  is 
folded  lengthwise,  and  applied  straight  against  the  side  of  the  next  stipular 
sheath,  and  so  on.  (Named  after  Magnol,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Montpellier 
in  the  17th  century.) 

*  Leaves  all  scattered  along  the  branches :  leaf-buds  silky. 

1.  M.   glatica,  L.      (SMALL  or  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA.      SWEET  BAT.) 
Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  white  beneath;  flower  globular,  white,  2'  long,  very 
fragrant ;  petals  broad ;  cone  of  fruit  small,  oblong.  —  Swamps,  from  near 
Cape  Ann  and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast ;  in  Pennsylvania  as  far 
west  as  Cumberland  Co.     June  -  Aug.  —  Shrub  4°  -  20°  high,  with  thickish 
leaves,  which  farther  south  are  evergreen,  and  sometimes  oblong-lanceolate. 

2.  M.  acuminata,  L.     (CUCUMBER-TREE.)     Leaves  oblong,  pointed,  green 
and  a '  little  pubescent  beneath ;  flower  oblong  bell-shaped,  glaucous-green  tinged 
with  yellow,  2'  long ;  cone  of  fruit  small,  cylindrical.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New 
York  to  Ohio  and  southward.     May,  June.  —  Tree  60  -  90  feet  high.    Leaves 
thin,  5'-  10'  long.     Fruit  2' -3'  long,  when  young  slightly  resembling  a  small 
cucumber,  whence  the  common  name. 

3.  M.   macroph^lla,  Michx.      (GREAT-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA.)     Leaves 
obovate-obhng,  cordate  at  the  narrowed  base,  pubescent  and  white  beneath ;  flower 
open  bell-shaped,  white,  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base,  petals  ovate,  6'  long ;  cone  of 
fruit  ovoid.  —  Rockcastle  and  Kentucky  Rivers,  S.  E.  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward.    Occasionally  planted  farther  north.    May,  June.  —  Tree  20°  -  40a  high. 
Leaves  2|°-  3£°  long. 

*  *  Leaves  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches  in  an  umbrella-like 
circle :  leaf-buds  glabrous :  flowers  white,  slightly  scented. 

4.  M.  Umbrella,  Lam.      (UMBRELLA-TREE.^)    Leaves  obovate-lanceolate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  petals  obovate-oblong,  4' -5'  long.      (M. 
tripetala,  L.)  —  York  and  Lancaster  counties,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter],  to  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky  along  the  Alleghanies.    May.  —  A  small  tree.    Leaves 
1°  -  3°  long.    Fruit  rose-color,  4'-  5'  long,  ovoid-oblong. 

5.  M.  Fraseri,  Walt.     (EAR-LEAVED  UMBRELLA-TREE.)     Leaves  oblong- 
obovate  or  spatulate,  auriculate  at  the  base,  glabrous ;    petals,  obovate-spatulate, 
with  narrow  claws,  4' long.     (M.  auriculata,  Lam.)  —  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
along  the  Alleghanies,  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Tree  30°  -  50°  high. 
Leaves  8'  - 12'  long.    Flower  more  graceful  and  cone  of  fruit  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding. 

M.  CORDATA,  Michx.,  the  YELLOW  CUCUMBER-TREE,  of  Georgia,  and  the 
M.  GRANDIFL6RA,  L.,  the  GREAT  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA,  of  the   Southern 
States  (a  noble  tree,  remarkable  for  its  deliciously  fragrant  great  flowers,  and 
4 


50  ANONACE^E.       (CUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

thick  evergreen  leaves,  which  are  shining  and  deep  green  above  and  rusty- 
colored  beneath),  are  the  only  remaining  North  American  species.  The  former 
is  hardy  as  far  north  as  Cambridge.  One  tree  of  the  latter  bears  the  winter 
and  blossoms  near  Philadelphia.  The  Umbrella-tree  attains  only  a  small  size 
in  New  England,  where  M.  macrophylla  is  precarious. ' 

2.    LIBIOD^INDRON,    L.        TULIP-TREE. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  making  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  An- 
thers linear,  opening  outwards.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  long  and  narrow, 
imbricating  and  cohering  together  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  separating  from 
each  other  and  from  the  long  and  slender  axis  in  fruit,  and  falling  away  whole, 
like  a  samara  or  key,  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base. 
Buds  flat,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  and  broad  stipules  joined  at 
their  edges,  the  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  their  apex  points 
to  the  base  of  the  bud.  (Name  from  \ipiov,  lily  or  tulip,  and  $evdpov,tree.) 

1.  L.  Tulipifera,  L.  — Eich  soil,  S.  New  England  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.  May,  June. — A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140° 
high  and  8°  -  9°  in  diameter  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  is  wrongly  called 
POPLAR.  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the 
apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow  notch.  Petals  2' 
long,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange.  Cone  of  fruit  3'  long. 

ORDER  3.    ATVONACEJE.    (CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules,  a  calyx  of  3  sepals, 
and  a  corolla  of  6  petals  in  two  rows,  valvate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  poly- 
androus.  —  Petals  thickish.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  outwards  :  fila- 
ments very  short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a 
mass,  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous,  large,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous  seed-coat,  and  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated 
albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary.  Bark,  &c.  acrid-aromatic  or  fetid.  —  A  tropical  family,  except 
one  genus  in  the  United  States,  viz. : 

1.    A  S I  M I  ]ST  A ,    Adans.        NORTH  AMERICAN  PAP  AW. 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inner. 
Stamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1-4  large  and 
oblong  pulpy  several-seeded  fruits.  Seeds  horizontal,  flat,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy 
aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ;  the  lurid 
flowers  solitary  from  the  axijs  of  last  year's  leaves.  (Name  from  Asiminier,  of 
the  French  colonists.) 

1.  A.  triloba,  Dunal.  (COMMON  PAPAW.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate-lan- 
ceolate,  pointed ;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil,  W.  New  York  and 
Perm,  to  Illinois  and  southward.  April,  May.  —  Tree  10° -20°  high;  the 


MENISPERMACEJE.       (MOONSEED    FAMILY.)  51 

young  shoots  and  expanding  leaves  clothed  with  a  rusty  down,  soon  glabrous. 
Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  l£'  wide.  Fruits  3' -4' long,  yellowish, 
sweet  and  edible  in  autumn. 

A.  PARVIFL6RA,  a  smaller-flowered  and  small-fruited  low  species,  probably 
does  not  grow  so  far  north  as  Virginia. 

ORDER  4.    MENISPERMACE^E.    (MOONSEED  FAMILY.) 

Woody  climbers,  with  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules ;  the 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hy- 
pogynous,  dioecious,  3  -  6-gynous  ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or 
long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  several. 
Ovaries  nearly  straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often  incurved 
in  fruiting,  so  that  the  seed  and  embryo  are  bent  into  a  crescent  or  ring. 
Properties  bitter-tonic  and  narcotic.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family ;  there 
are  only  three  species,  belonging  to  as  many  genera,  'in  the  United 
States. 

1.  Cocculus.    Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  each  6.     Anthers  4-celled. 

2.  Menispermum.     Stamens  12-24,  slender.    Petals  6 -8.    Anthers  4-celled. 

3.  Calycocarpum.    Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12  ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abortive. 

Petals  none.    Anthers  2-celled. 

1.    COCCULUS,    DC.        COCCULUS. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  the  two  latter  short.  Anthers  4-celled.  Pistils 
3  -  6  in  the  fertile  flowers :  style  pointed.  Drupe  and  seed  as  in  Moonseed. 
Cotyledons  narrowly  linear  and  flat.  —  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 
(An  old  name,  from  coccum,  a  berry.) 

1.  C.  Carolinus,  DC.  Minutely  pubescent;  leaves  downy  beneath, 
ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  variable  in  shape ;  flowers  greenish ; 
the  petals  in  the  sterile  ones  auriculate-inflexed  below  around  the  filaments ; 
drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  —  Elver-banks,  S.  Illinois,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  July,  Aug. 

2.    MENISPERMUM,    L.        MOONSEED. 

Sepals  4-8.  Petals  6-8,  short.  Stamens  12-20  in  the  sterile  flowers,  as 
long  as  the  sepals  :  anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  2  -  4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised 
on  a  short  common  receptacle  :  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the 
mark  of  the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovary  in  its  growth  after  flowering  being 
strongly  incurved,  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone 
(putamen)  takes  the  form  of  a  large  -crescent  or  a  ring.  The  slender  embryo 
therefore  is  horseshoe-shaped  :  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
panicles.  (Name  from  [tfjvrj,  moon,  and  o-Trep/xa,  seed.) 

1.  M.  Canad6nse,  L.  (CANADIAN  MOONSEED.)  Leaves  peltate  near 
the  edge,  3-7-angled  or  lobed.  —  Banks  of  streams;  common.  June,  July. 
Drupes  black  with  a  bloom,  ripe  in  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 


52  BERBERIDACE.E.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.) 

3.    CALYCOCARPTJM,    Nutt.        CUPSEED. 

Sepals  6.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short:  anthers 
2-celled.  Pistils  3,  spindle-shaped,  tipped  with  a  radiate  many-cleft  stigma. 
Drupe  not  incurved ;  but  the  thin  crustaceous  putamen  hollowed  out  like  a  cup 
on  one  side.  Embryo  foliaceous,  heart-shaped.  —  Flowers  greenish- white,  in 
long  racemose  panicles.  (Name  composed  of  KO.\V£,  a  cup,  and  Kapnos,  fruit, 
from  the  shape  of  the  shell.) 

1.  C.  Lydni,  Nutt.  (Menispermum  Lyoni,  Pursh.)  —  Rich  soil,  S.  Ken- 
tucky and  southward.  May;  —  Stems  climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees.  Leaves 
large,  thin,  deeply  3  -  5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Drupe 
an  inch  long,  globular,  greenish ;  the  shell  crested-toothed  on  the  edge  of  the 
cavity. 

ORDER  5.    BERBEBIDACEJE.      (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud  in 
two  or  more  rows  of  2-4  each ;  the  hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  opposite  to  them :  anthers  opening  by  2.  valves  or  lids  hinged  at 
the  top.  (Podophyllum  is  an  exception,  and  Jeffersonia  as  respects  the 
sepals  in  one  row.)  Pistil  single.  Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  none. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen. 
Embryo  small,  except  in  Berberis.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Petals  and  stamens  6.    Fruit  few-seeded. 

1.  Berberis.    Shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers  and  wood  ;  a  pair  of  glandular  spots  on  the  base  of 

each  petal.    Fruit  a  berry. 

2.  Canlopliyllum.    Herb,  with  greenish  flowers:   petals  thick,  much  shorter  than  the 

sepals.    Ovary  soon  bursting  ;  the  two  seeds  left  naked. 

3.  Dipliylleia.    Herb  with  white  flowers  ;  petals  much  longer  than  sepals.    Berry  2-4- 

seeded. 

**  Petals  6  -9.     Stamens  8 -18.    Fruit  many-seeded.    Herbs. 

4.  Jeffersonia.     Petals  and  stamens  usually  8 :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.    Pod 

opening  by  a  lid. 

5.  Podophyllum.    Petals  6-9.    Stamens  12  -18 :  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Fruit  a  large  berry. 

1.    BERBERIS,    L.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2-6  bractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  obovate,  concave, 
with  two  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  Stamens  6.  Stigma 
circular,  depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous integument.  —  Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers 
in  drooping  racemes,  sour  berries,  and  1  -  9-foliolate  leaves.  Stamens  irritable. 
(Derived  from  Berbery s,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.  VULGARIS,  L.  (COMMON  BARBERRY.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  fresh 
shoots  of  the  season,  mostly  reduced  to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines ;  from 
which  the  next  season  proceed  rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  closely 
bristly-toothed  leaves  (the  short  petiole  jointed!),  and  drooping  many-flowered 
racemes ;  petals  entire ;  berries  oblong,  scarlet.  —  Thickets  and  waste  grounds  in 


BERBERIDACE^E.       (BARBERRY    FAMILY.)  53 

E.  New  England,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild :  elsewhere  occasionally 
spontaneous.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.  (AMERICAN  BARBERRY.)  Leaves  repandly 
toothed,  the  teeth  less  bristly-pointed;  racemes  few-flowered;  petals  notched  at 
the  apex;  berries  oval  (otherwise  as  in  No.  1). — Alleghanies  of  Virginia  and 
southward  :  not  in  Canada.  June.  —  Shrub  l°-3°  high. 

2.    CAULOPHYLLUM,    Michx.        BLUE  COHOSH. 

Sepals  6,  with  3  small  bractlets  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick  and 
gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6 :  anthers 
oblong.  Pistil  gibbous :  style  short :  stigma  minute  and  unilateral :  ovary 
bursting  soon  after  flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect,  enlarging  seeds, 
and  withering  away ;  the  spherical  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  look- 
ing like  drupes ;  the  fleshy  integument  turning  blue :  albumen  of  the  texture 
of  horn.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending 
up  in  early  spring  a  simple  and  naked  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or 
panicle  of  yellowish-green  flowers,  and  a  little  below  bearing  a  large  triternately. 
compound  leaf,  without  any  common  petiole  (whence  the  name,  from  jcauXo?, 
stem,  and  (f>v\\ov,leaf;  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great  leaf ). 
Leaflets  obovate  wedge-form,  2-3-lobed. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Also  called  PAPPOOSE-ROOT.)  Ledntice 
thalictroides,  L.  —  Deep  rich  woods ;  common  westward.  April,  May.  —  Stems 
1°  -  2|°  high.  Flowers  appearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small.  A  smaller  biter- 
nate  leaf  often  at  the  base  of  the  panicle.  Whole  plant  glaucous  when  young, 
also  the  seeds,  which  are  as  large  as  peas. 

3.    DIPHYLLEIA,    Michx.        UMBRELLA-LEAF. 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6  : 
anthers  oblong.  Ovary  oblong :  style  hardly  any  :  stigma  depressed.  Ovules 
5  or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the  middle.  Berry  few-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  thick  horizontal 
rootstocks,  sending  up  each  year  either  a  huge  centrally  peltate  and  cut-lobed, 
rounded,  umbrella-like,  radical  leaf,  on  a  stout  stalk,  or  a  flowering  stem  bearing 
two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft)  alternate  leaves  which  are  peltate 
near  one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  composed 
of  fit's,  twice,  and  <£>u\Xoi',  leaf.) 

1.  D.  cym6sa,  Michx.  Wet  or  springy  places,  mountains  of  Virginia 
and  southward.  May.  —  Root-leaves  l°-2°  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  division 
5-7-lobed;  lobes  toothed.  Berries  blue. 

4.    JEFFERSONIA,    Barton.        TWIN-LEAF. 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8:  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed :  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  half-way  round  horizontally,  the  upper  part 


54  NYMPILEACEjE.       (WATER-LILY   FAMILY.) 

making  a  lid.  Seeds  many  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  with  a  fleshy 
lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  — A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  fibrous  roots, 
long-petioled  root-leaves,  parted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and  simple  naked  1- 
flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.) 

1.  3.  diph^lla,  Pers.—  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. April,  May.  — Low.  Flower  white,  1'  broad :  the  parts  rarely  in  threes 
or  fives.  —  Called  Rheumatism-root  in  some  places. 

5.    PODOPHYLLUM,    L.        MAT-APPLE.     MANDRAKE. 

Flower-bud  with  3  green  bractlets,  which  early  fall  away.  Sepals  6,  fuga- 
cious. Petals  6  or  9,  obovate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  in  the  Hima- 
layan species,  twice  as  many  in  ours :  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  opening  by 
uplifted  valves.  Ovary  ovoid :  stigma  sessile,  large,  thick,  and  undulate.  Fruit 
a  large  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  covering  the  very  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many 
rows,  each  seed  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cav- 
ity of  the  fruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrous 
roots.  Stems  2-leaved,  1 -flowered.  (Name  from  TTOUS,  afoot,  and  0uXXov,  a  leaf, 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  5  -  7-parted  leaf  to  the  foot  of  some  web- 
footed  animal.) 

1.  P.  pelt&tum,  L.  Stamens  12-18;  leaves  5-9-parted;  the  lobes  ob- 
long, rather  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Rich 
woods,  common.  May.  —  Flowerless  stems  terminated  by  a  large  round  7-9- 
lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle  like  an  umbrella.  Flowering  stems  bearing 
two  one-sided  leaves,  with  the  stalk  fixed  near  their  inner  edge ;  the  nodding 
white  flower  from  the  fork  nearly  2'  broad.  Fruit  ovoid,  l'-2'  long,  ripe  in 
July,  sweet  and  slightly  acid,  edible.  The  leaves  and  roots  are  drastic  and 
poisonous !  —  Found  occasionally  with  from  2  to  6  carpels  ! 

ORDER  6.    NYMPHJEACE^E.    (WATER-LILY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks  and  peltate  or  sometimes 
only  cordate  leaves  floating  or  emersed;  the  ovules  borne  on  the  sides  or  back 
(or  when  solitary  hanging  from  the  summit)  of  the  cells,  not  on  the  ventral 
suture;  the  embryo  enclosed  in  a  little  bag  at  the  end  of  the  albumen  next 
the  hilum,  except  in  Nelumbium,  which  has  no  albumen.  Radicle  hardly 
any :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  well-developed  plumule.  — 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Leaves  rolled  inwards  in  vernation.  Root- 
stocks  very  obscurely  exogenous  in  structure.  —  Comprises  a  few  genera, 
which  differ  so  much  in  the  flower  and  fruit,  that,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venient definition,  we  have  formerly  treated  as  separate  orders  the  follow- 
ing suborders : 

SUBORDER  I.    CABOMBEJB.     (WATER-SHIELD  FAMILY.) 

Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  sometimes  4,  hypogynous  and  persistent. 
Stamens  definite  (6-18).  Pistils  2  - 18,  free  and  distinct,  coriaceous  and 


NYMPH^EACEJS.       (WATER-LILY   FAMILY.)  55 

indehiscent,  1-3-seeded  on  the  dorsal  suture.  —  Steins  slender,  leafy, 
coated  with  mucilage.     Flowers  small. 

1.  Brasenia.    Stamens  12  - 18  :  filaments  slender.    Leaves  all  peltate. 

SUBORDER  II.    NELTJMBONE^E.     (NELUMBO  FAMILY.) 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous  in  several  rows,  passing  gradually  into  each 
other,  and  with  the  indefinitely  numerous  stamens  hypogynous  and  decid- 
uous. Pistils  several,  1-ovuled,  separately  immersed  in  the  obconical  re- 
ceptacle, which  is  much  enlarged  and  broadly  top-shaped  at  maturity,  the 
imbedded  nut-like  fruits  resembling  small  acorns.  Embryo  large ;  no  al- 
bumen.—  Petioles  and  peduncles  all  from  the  tuberous  rootstock,  the  cen- 
trally peltate  leaves  and  the  flowers  large. 

2.  Nelumbium.    Character  of  the  Suborder. 

SUBORDER  III.  NYMPH^EACEJE  PROPER.  (WATER-LILY  F.) 
Sepals  4-6,  and  petals  numerous  in  many  rows,  persistent  or  decaying 
away,  either  hypogynous  or  variously  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  com- 
pound 8  -  30-celled  ovary,  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  as  many  car- 
pels ;  the  numerous  ovules  inserted  over  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  cells, 
except  at  the  ventral  suture.  Stigmas  radiate  as  in  Poppy.  Fruit  bac- 
cate, with  a  firm  rind.  Petioles  and  peduncles  from  a  thick  rootstock. 

3.  Nymph  EC  a.    Petals  adnate  to  the  ovary,  large  •,  the  stamens  on  its  summit. 

4.  Nuphar.     Petals,  very  small  and  stamen-like,  and  stamens  inserted  under  the  ovary. 

1.    BRASENIA,    Schreber.       'WATER-SHIELD. 

Sepals  3  or  4.  Petals  3-4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12-18:  filaments  fili- 
form: anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  club-shaped  indehiscent 
pods  :  stigma  linear.  Seeds  1-2,  pendulous  on  the  dorsal  suture  !  —  Rootstock 
creeping.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating  on 
the  water.  Flowers  axillary,  small,  dull-purple.  (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  pelt£ta,  Pursh.  (Hydrope'ltis  purpurea,  Michx.) — Ponds  and  slow 
streams.  June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  entire,  2'  -  3'  across.  ( Also  a  native  of  Puget 
Sound,  Japan,  Australia,  and  Eastern  India ! 

CABOMBA,  the  other  genus  of  the  group,  occurs  from  N.  Carolina  southward. 

2.    NELTJMBITJM,    Juss.        NELUMBO.     SACRED  BEAN. 

The  only  genus  of  the  suborder.  (Nelvmbo  is  the  Ceylonese  name  of  the  East 
Indian  species,  the  pink-flowered  N.  speciosum. ) 

1.  "N.  luteum,  Willd.  (YELLOW  NELUMBO,  or  WATER  CHINQUEPIN.) 
Corolla  pale  yellow:  anthers  tipped  with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  —  Wa- 
ters of  the  Western  and  Southern  States ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States :  intro- 
duced into  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia.  Near  Woodstown  and  Sussex 
Co.,  New  Jersey.  Big  Sodus  Bay,  L.  Ontario,  and  in  the  Connecticut  near 
Lyme  ;  perhaps  introduced  there  by  the  aborigines.  June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves 
usually  raised  high  out  of  the  water,  circular  in  outline,  with  the  centre  de- 


56  NYMPHJEACE^:.       (\VATER-LILY   FAMILY.) 

pressed  or  cupped,  l°-2°  in  diameter.  Flower  5' -10'  broad.  Tubers  farina- 
ceous and  edible.  Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo  like  that  of  Nymphcea  on  a 
large  scale.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well- 
formed  young  leaves,  enclosed  in  a  delicate  stipule-like  sheath. 


3.    NYMPHS  A,    Tourn.        WATER-NYMPH.    WATER-LILY. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside,  nearly  free.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the 
innermost  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbricately  inserted  all  over  the 
surface  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  on  the  ovary,  the  outer 
with  dilated  filaments.  Ovary  18-30-celled,  the  concave  summit  tipped  with  a 
globular  projection  at  the  centre,  around  which  are  the  radiate  stigmas ;  these 
project  at  the  margin,  and  are  extended  <into  linear  and  incurved  sterile  ap- 
pendages. Fruit  depressed-globular,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed 
petals,  maturing  under  water.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers 
white,  rose-color,  or  blue,  very  showy.  (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water- 
Nymphs.) 

1.  N.  Odorata,  Ait.      (SWEET-SCENTED  WATER-LILT.)      Leaves  orbic- 
ular, cordate-cleft  at  the  base  to  the  petiole  (5' -9' wide),  the  margin  entire; 
stipules  broadly  triangular  or  almost  kidney-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  rootstock ;  flower  white,  very  sweet  scented  (often  as  much  as  5^' 
in  diameter  when  fully  expanded,  opening  early  in  the  morning,  closing  in  the 
afternoon) ;  petals  obtuse ;  aril  much  longer  than  the  distinctly  stipitate  oblong 
seeds  (these  about  l£"long;  anthers  blunt). — Ponds  and  still  or  slow-flowing 
water  :  common  eastward  and  southward.    June  -  Sept.  — Varies  with  pinkish- 
tinged  and  rarely  with  bright  pink-red  flowers  (especially  at  Barnstable,  Mass.), 
the  leaves  often  crimson  underneath,  —  and  in  size  by  gradations  into 

Var.  minor,  Sims  (N.  minor,  DC.,  &c.),  with  leaves  only  2' -5'  and  flowers 
2' -3'  broad.  —  Shallow  water,  in  cold  bogs  and  in  sandy  soil. 

2.  N.  tuberdsa,  Paine,  Cat.  PL  Oneida,  1865.     (TUBER-BEARING  W.) 
Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  mostly  larger  (8' -15'  wide)  and  more  prominently 
ribbed  than  the  last,  green  both  sides ;  rootstock  bearing  numerous  spontaneously 
detaching  often  compound  tubers ;  flower  scentless  (or  with  a  slight  odor  as  of 
apples,  white,  never  pinkish,  4£'  -  9'  in  diameter,  the  petals,  as  in  N.  alba,  pro- 
portionally broader  and  blunter  than  in  No.  1 ) ;  the  fruit  more  depressed,  and 
with  fewer  but  much  larger  (i.  e.  twice  as  broad)  globular-ovoid  seeds  which  when 
mature  are  barely  enclosed  by  the  aril,  and  not  stipitate.     (N.  alba,  Nutt.  Gen. 
N.  reniformis,  DC.  ?  scarcely  of  Walter,  which  is  very  obscure.)  — Lakes,  slow 
rivers,  &c.,  W.  New  York  (from  Oneida  Lake,  Paine)  and  near  Meadville,  Penn. 
( W.  L.  Chaffin)  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  probably  in  the  Southern  States. 
July  -  Sept. 

4 .    BT  IT  P  H  A  B ,    Smith.    YELLOW  POND-LILY.     SPATTER-DOCK. 

Sepals  5,  6,  or  sometimes  more,  colored,  or  partly  green  outside,  roundish. 
Petals  numerous,  small  and  thickish,  stamen-like  or  scale-like,  inserted  with 
the  very  numerous  and  short  stamens  on  the  receptacle  under  the  ovary,  not 


SARRACENIACE^E.       (PITCHER-PLANT   FAMILY.)  57 

surpassing  the  disk-like  8  -  24-rayed  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  ovoid,  naked,  usually 
ripening  above  water.  Aril  none. — Leaves  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base. 
Flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  produced  all  summer. 
(Nov<£ap  of  Dioscorides,  from  the  Egyptian  name.)  —  Our  various  forms  seem 
to  include  only  two  species. 

1.  N.    advena,  Ait.      (COMMON  Y.)      Sepals  6,  unequal;  petals  shorter 
than  the  stamens  and  resembling  them,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate;  stigma  12- 
24-rayed ;  ovary  and  fruit  not  contracted  into  a  narrow  neck  under  the  stigma ; 
thin  submersed  leaves  seldom  appearing ;  floating  or  emersed  and  erect  leaves 
thick,  varying  from  roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oblong  in  outline,  the  sinus 
open,  or  (var.  VARIEGA.TUM,  Engelm.,  flower  often  partly  purplish)  closed  or 
narrow.  —  Very  common,  in  still  or  stagnant  water. 

2.  N".  Itlteum,   Smith.      (SMALLER  Y.)      Sepals  5,  nearly  equal;  petals 
longer  and  dilated  upwards;  stigma  12-16-rayed;  fruit  globular,  with  a  short 
narrow  neck;  earlier  and  submersed  leaves  very  thin  and  delicate,  roundish, 
the  floating  ones  oval  and  usually  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus.  —  The  only 
specimen  seen  like  the  European  (expanded  flower  fully  2'  across)  is  from 
"  Manayunk,  7   miles  from  Philadelphia,"  in  herb.  Collins,  now  Durand.  (Eu.) 

Var.  piimilum.  (SMALL  Y.)  Flower  £' -  1'  across  when  outspread ; 
leaves  l'-5'  long.  (N.  pumilum,  Hoppe.  N.  Kalmiana,  Pursh.) — Ponds,  N. 
England  to  Penn.  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

N.  POLYSEPALUM,  Engelm.,  with  very  large  flowers  and  numerous  sepals, 
occurs  far  west 

K".  SAGITTIF6LIA,  Pursh,  of  N.  Carolina  and  southward,  has  narrow  and 
long  leaves.  Both  perhaps  run  into  No.  1. 

,     ORDER  7.    SARRACENIACE^E.     (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 

Polyandrous  and  hypogynous  bog-plants,  with  hollow  pitcher-form  or 
trumpet-shaped  leaves,  —  comprising  one  plant  in  the  mountains  of  Gui- 
ana, another  (Darlingtonia,  Torr.)  in  California,  and  the  following  genus 
in  the  Atlantic  United  States. 

1.    SARRACENIA,    Tourn.        SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER. 

Sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at  the  -base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong 
or  obovate,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
compound,  5-celled,  globose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like,  5-angled,  5-rayed,  umbrella-shaped 
body ;  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  under  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooked 
stigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae 
in  the  axis,  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  of 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  purplish  ;  the  hollow  leaves 
all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood  at  the  apex. 
Scape  naked,  1 -flowered  :  flower  nodding.  (Named  by  Tournefort  in  honor  of 
Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a  botanical 
account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 


58  PAPAVERACE^:.       (POPPY   FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  purptirea,  L.    (SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER.    PITCHER-PLANT.  HUNTS- 
MAN'S CUP.)     Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged;  the 
hood  erect,  open,  round  heart-shaped  ;  flower  deep  purple;  the  fiddle-shaped 
petals  arched  over  the  (greenish-yellow)  style.  —  Varies  rarely  with  greenish- 
yellow  flowers,  and  without  purple  veins  in  the  foliage.     (S.   heterophylla, 
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs  ;  common  from  N.  England  to  Minnesota,  N.  Illinois,  and 
southward  east  of  the  Alleghanies.    June.  —  The  curious  leaves  are  usually 
half  filled  with  water  and  drowned  insects  :  the  inner  face  of  the  hood  is  clothed 
with  stiff  bristles  pointing  downward.    Flower  globose,  nodding  on  a  scape  a 
foot  high  :  it  is  difficult  to  fancy  any  resemblance  between  its  shape  and  a  side- 
saddle, but  it  is  not  very  unlike  a  pillion. 

2.  S.  fl&va,  L.      (TRUMPETS.)     Leaves  long  (l°-3°)  and  trumpet-shaped, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood*rounded,  narrow  at  the  base ;  wing 
almost  none ;  flower  yellow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and  drooping.  —  Bogs, 
Virginia  and  southward.    April. 

ORDER  8.    PAPAVERACE^E.     (POPPY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos 
or  fours,  fugacious  sepals,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  the  ovary  1-celled  with 
2  or  more  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  falling  when  the  flower 
expands.  Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  and  often  crumpled  in  the 
bud,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  rarely  as  few  as  16,  distinct.  Fruit  a 
dry  1-celled  pod  (in  the  Poppy  imperfectly  many-celled,  in  Glaucium  2- 
celled).  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo 
at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily  albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  without  stip- 
ules. .Peduncles  mostly  1-flowered,  Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 

*  Ovary  incompletely  several -celled  by  the  projecting  placentae. 

1.  Papaver.      Stigmas  united  into  a  radiate  crown  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.     Pod 

opening  by  chinks  or  pores.    Petals  crumpled  in  the  nodding  flower-bud. 

*  *  Ovary  strictly  1-celled.    Pod  opening  by  valves,  leaving  the  2-6  filiform  parietal  placentae 

as  a  framework. 
••-  Petals  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  usually  more  or  less  crumpled  in  the  flower-bud. 

2.  Argemone.     Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placentae  4-6.     Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 

3.  Stylophorum.     Stigmas  and  placentae  3  - 4.    Style  distinct.     Pod  bristly. 

4.  Chelidonium.    Stigmas  and  placentae  2.    Pod  linear,  smooth. 

•*-  •»-  Petals  4-6  times  as  many  as  the  2  sepals,  not  crumpled  in  the  erect  flower-bud. 

5.  Saiiguiiiaria.     Stigma  2-grooved.    Placentae  2.    Petals  white. 

*  *  *  Ovary  and  elongated  pod  2-celled  by  a  spongy  partition. 

6.  Glaucium.    Stigma  2-lobed  or  2-horned.    Petals  4. 

1.    PAPAVER,    L.       POPPY. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  mostly  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4  -  20-rayed 
crown,  resting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule ;  the  latter  short  and 
turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placenta?  projecting  like  imperfect  partitions, 
opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  the  edge  of  the  stigma.  —  Herbs 


PAPAVERACEuE.       (POPPY   FAMILY.)  59 

with  a  white  juice ;  the  flower-buds  nodding.     (Derivation  obscure.) — Three 
annual  species  of  the  Old  World  are  sparingly  adventive ;  viz. : 

1.  P.  soMNfFERUM,  L.      (COMMON  POPPY.)      Smooth,  glaucous  ;   leaves 
clasping,  wavy,  incised  and  toothed  ;  pod  globose ;  corolla  mostly  white  or  pur- 
ple.—  Near  dwellings  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  DtisiUM,  L.      (SMOOTH-FRUITED  CORN-POPPY.)    Pinnatifid  leaves 
and  the  long  stalks  bristly ;  pods  dub-shaped,  smooth ;   corolla  light  scarlet.  — 
Cult,  grounds,  Westchester,  Penn.  and  southward  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.   ARGEM6NE,   L.      (ROUGH-FRUITED    C.)      Smaller,  with    finer-cut 
leaves  and  paler  flowers  than  the  last ;  pods  club-shaped  and  bristly.  —  Waste 
grounds,  near  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Dieffenbaugh.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    ABGEMONE,    L.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Petals  4-6.  Style  almost  none  :  stigmas  3  - 
6,  radiate.  Pod  oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3  -  6  valves  at  the  top.  Seeds 
crested.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with  prickly  teeth,  often  blotched  with  white.  Flower- 
buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name  from  dpye'/xa,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  for 
which  the  juice  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  MEXICANA,  L.  (MEXICAN  P.)  Flowers  yellow,  rarely  white. — 
Waste  places,  southward.  July -Oct.  (Adv.  from  trop.  Amer.) 

3.    STYLOPHOE.UM,    Nutt.        CELANDINE  POPPY. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar:  stigma  2-4-lobed. 
Pods  bristly,  2  -  4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested.  —  Peren- 
nial low  herbs,  with  stems  naked  below  and  oppositely  2-leaved,  or  sometimes 
1  -  3-leaved,  and  umbellately  1  -  few-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  flower-buds 
and  the  pods  nodding.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided.  Juice  yellow. 
(Name  from  orvAos,  style,  and  <£epo>,  1  bear,  indicating  one  of  the  distinctive 
characters.) 

1.  S.  diph^llum,  Nutt.  Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  smoothish, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  5  or  7  oblong  sinuate-lobed  divisions,  and  the  root-leaves 
often  with  a  pair  of  smaller  and  distinct  leaflets;  peduncles  equalling  the 
petioles;  flower  deep  yellow  (2;  broad) ;  stigmas  3  or  4  ;.  pod  oval.  —  Damp 
woods,  W.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  May.  —  Foliage  and  flower 
resembling  Celandine. 

4.    CHELIDONIUM,    L.        CELANDINE. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24,  Style  nearly  none :  stigma  2-lobed. 
Pod  linear,  slender,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards. Seeds  crested.  —  Perennial  herb  with  brittle  stems,  saffron-colored  acrid 
juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinnatifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low flowers  in  a  pedunculate  umbel ;  the  buds  nodding.  (Name  from  \f  AiSobv, 
the  Sivallow,  because,  according  to  Dioscorides,  it  begins  to  flower  at  the  time 
the  swallows  appear.) 


60  FUMARIACEuE.       (FUMITORY   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  M\JUS,  L.  (CELANDINE.)  Waste  grounds  near  dwellings.  May- 
Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    SANGUINARIA,    Dill.        BLOOD-ROOT. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulate-oblong,  the  inner  narrower.  Stamens 
about  24.  Style  short;  stigma  2-grooved.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  1 -celled,  2- 
valved.  Seeds  with  a  large  crest.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  thick  prostrate 
rootstocks,  surcharged  with  red-orange  acrid  juice,  sending  up  in  earliest 
spring  a  rounded  palmate-lobed  leaf,  and  a  1 -flowered  naked  scape.  Flower 
white,  handsome,  the  bud  erect,  the  petals  not  crumpled.  (Name  from  the 
color  of  the  juice.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Open  rich  woods ;  common.     April,. May. 

6.    GLAUCIUM,    Tourn.        HORN-POPPY. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Style  none:  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-horned.  Pod  very 
long  and  linear,  completely  2-celled  by  a  spongy  false  partition ;  seeds  crestless. 
—  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  saffron-colored  juice,  clasping  leaves,  and  solitary 
yellow  flowers.  (The  Greek  name,  yXavKtov,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.) 

1.  G.  LUTEUM,  Scop.  Lower  leaves  pinnatifid;  upper  ones  sinuate-lobed 
and  toothed,  cordate-clasping;  pods  rough,  (6' -10' long).  —  Waste  places  S. 
E.  New  England,  Maryland,  and  Virginia;  not  common.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  9.    FUMARIACEJE.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Delicate  smooth  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  compound  dissected  leaves,  ir- 
regular flowers,  with  4  somewhat  united  petals,  6  diadelphous  stamens,  and 
2-merous  pods  and  seeds  like  those  of  the  Poppy  Family.  —  Sepals  2,  small 
and  scale-like.  Corolla  flattened,  closed ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs ;  the 
outer  with  spreading  tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate  at 
the  base ;  the  inner  pair  narrower,  and  with  their  callous  crested  tips  united 
over  the  stigma.  Stamens  in  two  sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger 
petals,  hypogynous ;  their  filaments  often  united ;  the  middle  anther  of 
each  set  2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Pod  1 -celled,  either  1 -seeded' 
and  indeliiscent,  or  several-seeded  with  2  parietal  placentae.  —  Leaves  usu- 
ally alternate,  without  stipules.  (Slightly  bitter,  innocent  plants.) 

*  Pod  slender :  the  2  valves  separating  from  the  persistent  filiform  placentae. 

1.  Adlumia.    Corolla  heart-shaped,  persistent ;  petals  all  united.    Seeds  crestless. 

2.  Dicentra.    Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested. 

3.  Cory dalis.    Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested  or  arilled. 

*  *  Pod  fleshy,  indehiscent,  globular,  1-seeded. 

4.  Fumaria.     Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.    Seed  crestless. 

1.    ADLUMIA,    Kaf.        CLIMBING  FUMITORY. 

Petals  all  permanently  united  in  a  cordate-ovate  corolla,  becoming  spongy- 
cellular  and  persistent,  enclosing  the  small,  few-seeded  pod.  Seeds  not  crested. 


FUMARIACEJS.       (FUMITORY    FAMILY.)  61 

Stigma  2-crested.  Filaments  monadelphous  below  in  a  tube  which  is  adherent 
to  the  corolla,  diadelphous  at  the  summit.  —  A  climbing  biennial,  with  thrice- 
pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicles  of  drooping  white 
or  purplish  flowers.  (Dedicated  by  Rafinesque  to  Major  Adlum.) 

1.  A.  Cirrh6sa,  Raf. —  Wet  woods;  common  westward.  June -Oct. — 
A  handsome  vine,  with  delicate  foliage,  climbing  by  the  slender  young  leaf- 
stalks over  high  bushes ;  cultivated  for  festoons  and  bowers  in  shaded  places. 

2.    DICENTBA,    Bork.        DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES. 

Petals  slightly  cohering  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  corolla,  either  decidu- 
ous or  withering-persistent.  Stigma  2-crested  and  sometimes  2-horned.  Fila- 
ments slightly  united  in  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  — Low, 
stemless  perennials  (as  to  our  wild  species)  with  ternately  compound  and  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  racemose  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name  from 
dis,  twice,  and  Kevrpov,  a  spur;  —  accidentally  printed  DICLYTRA  in  the  first 
instance,  which  by  an  erroneous  conjecture  was  afterwards  changed  into  Di- 

ELYTRA.) 

1.  D.  Cucullaria,  DC.     (DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.)     Scape  and  slen- 
der-petioled  leaves  from  a  sort  of  granulate  bulb ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  linear ;  ra- 
ceme simple,  few-flowered  ;  corolla  with  2  divergent  spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel ; 
crest  of  the  inner  petals  .minute.  —  Rich  woods,  especially  westward.  —  A  very  deli- 
cate plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring,  from  the  cluster  of  grain-like  tubers 
crowded  together  in  the.  form  of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut  leaves  and  the  slen- 
der scape,  bearing  4-10  pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tipped  with  cream-color. 

2.  D.  Canad6nsis,  DC.    (SQUIRREL  CORN.)    Subterranean  shoots  bear- 
ing scattered  grain-like  tubers  (resembling  peas  or  grains  of  Indian  corn,  yellow) ; 
leaves  and  raceme  as  in  No.  1 ;  corolla  merely  heart-shaped,  the  spurs  very  short 
and  rounded ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine 
to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  especially  northward.     April,  May.  —  Flowers 
greenish- white  tinged  with  rose,  with  the  fragrance  of  Hyacinths. 

3.  D.  eximia,  DC.      Subterranean  shoots  scaly;  divisions  and  lobes  of 
the  leaves  broadly  oblong ;  raceme  compound,  clustered;  corolla  oblong,  2-saccate  at 
the  base ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  projecting.  —  Rocks,  W.  New  York,  rare 
( Thomas,  Sartwell),  and  Alleghanies  of  Virginia.     May  -  Aug.  —  Coarser-leaved 
than  the  others ;  scapes  6'  - 10'  high. 

3.    CORYDALIS,    Vent.        CORYDALIS. 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Style  persist- 
ent. Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested  or  arilled.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Our 
species  are  biennial,  leafy-stemmed,  and  pale  or  glaucous.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name  for  the  Fumitory.) 

1.  C.  glatica,  Pursh.     (PALE  CORTDALIS.)     Stem  upright;  racemes  pan- 
icled ;  spur  of  the  purplish  and  yellow-tipped  corolla  very  short  and  rounded ;  pods 
erect,  slender,  elongated. — Rocky  places  :  common:  6' -2°  high.     May -Aug. 

2.  C.  flavula,  Raf.     Corolla  pale-yellow,  3" -4"  long;  spur  very  short;  tips 
of  the  outer  petals  pointed,  wing-crested  on  the  back,  longer  than  the  inner;  seeds 


62  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

acutely  margined,  rugose-reticulated ;  aril  loose :  otherwise  as  in  the  next.  — 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

3.  C.  aurea,  Willd.  (GOLDEN  C.)  Stems  low  or  decumbent;  racemes 
simple;  corolla  golden-yellow,  £'  long;  slightly  decurved  spur  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  pedicel,  not  half  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  flower;  tips  of  outer  petals 
blunt,  crestless  and  naked  on  the  back,  little  longer  than  the  inner ;  pods  usually 
pendent ;  seeds  smooth  and  even,  or  sometimes  very  minutely  reticulated,  turgid, 
marginless,  partly  covered  by  the  scale-shaped  aril.  —  Rocky  places,  Vermont  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  April- July.  —  Var.  MICRA.NTHA,  Engelm., 
is  a  state  with  minute  spurless  flowers  (probably  fertilized  in  the  bud),  and 
ascending  pods,  on  very  short  pedicels.  — W.  Illinois  and  St.  Louis,  Riehl. 

(C.  MONTANA,  Engelm.,  or  perhaps  rather  C.  AUREA,  var.  OCCIDENTALS, 
Engelm.,  Missouri  to  Texas  and  westward,  differs  from  the  Eastern  C.  aurea  in 
the  often  ascending  spur  nearly  equalling  the  rest  of  the  corolla  and  longer  than 
the  pedicel,  erect  or  ascending  pods,  and  seeds  lenticular  with  acutish  margin. 

—  C.  cuRVisfLiQUA,  Engelm.,  of  Southwest,  differs  from  this  in  longer  4-an- 
gular  pods  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels,  the  acute-margined  seed  muricate! 

—  C.  CRYSTALLINA,  Engelm.,  of  Southwest,  differs  from  this  in  the  very  broad 
but  short  wing  on  tip  of  outer  petals,  short  few-seeded  pod  covered  with  crys- 
talline vesicles,  and  sharper-margined  tubercular-reticulated  seeds.) 

4.    PUMABIA,    L.        FUMITORY. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small, 
globular,  1 -seeded.  Seeds  crestless. — Branched  and  leafy-stemmed  annuals, 
with  finely  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  racemes  or 
spikes.  (Name  fromfumus,  smoke.) 

1.  F.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  FUMITORY.)  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  sharply  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  (which  is  flesh- 
color  tipped  with  crimson)  ;  fruit  slightly  notched. — Waste  places,  about 
dwellings.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  10.    CRUCIFERJE.    (MUSTARD  FAMILV.) 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  and  cruciform  tetradynamous  flowers : 
fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous, 
regular,  placed  opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  form- 
ing a  cross.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter 
(rarely  only  4  or  2).  Pod  2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched  between 
the  two  marginal  placentas,  from  which  when  ripe  the  valves  separate, 
either  much  longer  than  broad  (a  silique),  or  short  (a  silicle  or  pouch), 
sometimes  indehiscent  and  nut-like  (nucumentaceous),  or  separating  across 
into  1-seeded  joints  (lomentaceous).  Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albu- 
men, filled  by  the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved  or  folded  in  various 
ways :  i.  e.  the  cotyledons  accumbent,  viz.  their  margins  on  one  side  ap- 
plied to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of  the  seed  appears  thus  oQ ; 


CEUCIFER^:.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  63 

or  else  incumbent,  viz.  the  back  of  one  cotyledon  applied  to  the  radicle, 
thus  oQ).  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are  plane ;  but  they  may  be 
folded  upon  themselves  and  round  the  radicle,  as  in  Mustard,  where  they 
are  conduplicate,  thus  o;g).  In  Leavenworthia  alone  the  whole  embryo  is 
straight.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  corymbs  :  pedicels  rarely  bracted.  —  A  large  and  very  natural  family, 
of  pungent  or  acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  (Characters  of  genera 
taken  from  the  pods  and  seeds  ;  the  flowers  being  nearly  alike  in  all.) 
I.  SILIQUOS^E.  Pod  long,  a  silique,  opening  by  valves. 

Tribe  I.     ARABIDE.3E.     Pod  elongated  (except  in  Nasturtium).    Seeds  orbicular  or 

oval,  more  or  less  flattened.    Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane. 
*  Seeds  small  and  turgid,  seldom  half  the  breadth  of  the  turgid  pod. 

1.  Nasturtium.    Pod  terete,  linear,  oblong  or  even  globular.    Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

*  *  Seeds  flat  or  flattish,  scarcely  narrower  than  the  partition,  except  in  some  of  No.  5. 

2.  Leavenworthia.     Pod  oblong,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless.     Seeds  winged :   embryo 

straight !    Flowers  white  or  purplish,  with  a  yellowish  base.    Leaves  all  radical. 

3.  Dentaria.    Pod  flat,  lanceolate  ;  the  valves  nerveless,  opening  elastically  from  the  base. 

Seeds  wingless,  on  broad  seedstalks.     Flowers  white  or  purple.    Stem  naked  below. 

4.  Cardamiue.  .  Pod  flat,  linear  or  lanceolate ;  the  valves  nerveless,  opening  elastically. 

Seeds  wingless,  on  slender  stalks.    Flowers  white  or  purple.    Stem  leafy,  at  least  below. 

5.  Arabia.    Pod  linear,  elongated,  flat  or  flattish,  rarely  almost  terete  ;  the  valves  commonly 

with  a  prominent  midrib,  or  veiny,  not  opening  elastically.    Flowers  white,  whitish,  or 
purple.    Stems  leafy,  at  least  below. 

6.  Barbarea.    Pod  linear,  more  or  less  4-sided,  the  rigid  valves  being  keeled  by  a  promi- 

nent midrib.    Seeds  wingless.    Flowers  yellow. 

Tribe  II.     SISYMBRIE^E.     Pod  elongated.    Seeds  thickish,  mostly  oblong.    Cotyle- 
dons incumbent,  narrow,  plane. 

7.  Ery  simum.    Pod  sharply  4-angled,  linear.    Flowers  yellow. 

8.  Sisymbrium.    Pods  terete,  4  -6-angled,  or  flattish.    Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Tribe  III.    BRASSICEJE.     Pod  linear  or  oblong.     Seeds  globular.      Cotyledons  in- 
cumbent and  conduplicate,  folded  round  the  radicle. 

9.  Brassica  (including  SINAPIS).     Pod  beaked  or  pointed  beyond  the  end  of  the  valves, 

or  tipped  with  a  rigid  style,  nearly  terete,  or  4-sided.    Flowers  yellow  or  whitish. 

II.    SILICULOSJG.     Pod  short,'  a  silicle  or  pouch,  opening  by  valves. 

Tribe  IV.     ALYSSINEJE.    Pod  oval  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti- 
tion, or  globular.    Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane. 
1.  Nasturtium.    Pod  terete  or  globular  with  many  small  seeds. 

10.  Draba.    Pod  flat,  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  many-seeded. 

11.  Alyssiim.    Pod  flat,  orbicular,  2  - 4-seeded. 

12.  Vesicaria.    Pod  globular-inflated ,  4  -  several-seeded. 

Tribe  V.    CAMELINEJE.    Pod  turgid  or  somewhat  flattened  parallel  with  the  broad 
partition.    Cotyledons  incumbent,  narrow.  , 

13.  Camelina.    Pod  pear-shaped,  many-seeded  :  style  slender.    Flowers  yellow. 

14.  Snbularia.     Pod  globular,  few-seeded  :  style  none.    Flowers  white. 

Tribe  VI.     LEPIDINEJE  and  THLASPIDE^E.     Pod  short;   the  boat-shaped 
valves  conduplicate  or  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition.    Flowers  white. 

15.  Capsella.     Pod  many-seeded,  obcordate-triangular,  wingless.     Cotyledons  incumbent. 

16.  Thlaspi.     Pod  several-seeded,  obovate  or  obcordate,  winged.    Cotyledons  accumbent. 

17.  Lepidium.     Pod  2-seeded,  flat,  scale-shaped.    Cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent. 

18.  Senebiera.    Pod  2-seeded,  didymous  ;  the  valves  rugose,  separating  at  maturity  from 

the  little  partition  as  two  closed  one-seeded  nutlets.    Cotyledons  incumbent,  narrow. 


64  CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTAED  FAMILY.) 

III.   LOMENTACE2E.     Pod  articulated,  separating  across  into  joints. 

Tribe  VII.    CAKH.INEJE.    Cotyledons  plane  and  accumbent,  as  in  Tribe  1. 

19.  Cakile.    Pod  short,  2-jointed  :  the  joints  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

Tribe  VIII.     RAPHANE^E.     Cotyledons  conduplicate  and  incumbent,  as  in  Tribe  3. 

20.  Rapliaiius.     Pod  elongated,  several-seeded,  transversely  intercepted. 

1.    NASTURTIUM,    R.  Br.        WATER-CRESS. 

Pod  a  short  silique  or  a  silicle,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  globular,  terete 
or  nearly  so.  Seeds  small,  turgid,  marginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell 
(except  in  No.  2).  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with 
yellow  or  white  flowers,  and  commonly  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  usually 
glabrous.  (Name  from  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose,  alluding  to  the  effect  of 
its  pungent  qualities.) 

§  1.  Petals  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  pods  linear:  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  N.  OFFICINALE,  R.  Br.     (TRUE  WATER-CRESS.)     Stems  spreading  and 
rooting;  leaflets  3-11,  roundish  or  oblong,  nearly  entire;  pods  (6" -8"  long) 
ascending  on  slender  widely  spreading  pedicels,     ty — Brooks  and  ditches: 
escaped  from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  seldom  much  exceeding  the  calyx :  pods  linear,  oblong, 
or  even  ovoid  or  globular :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid. 

*  Perennial  from  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots:  flowers  rather  large,  bright  yellow. 

2.  N.  SYLVESTRE,  R.  Br.      (YELLOW  CRESS.)      Stems  ascending;  leaves 
pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  pods  (£'  long) 
on  slender  pedicels,  linear  and  narrow,  bringing  the  seeds  into  one  row ;  style 
very  short.  —  Wet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia:  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  N.   Sinuktum,   Nutt.      Stems  low,  diffuse;  leaves  pinnately  cleft,  the 
short  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-oblong;  pods  linear-oblong  (4" -6"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels ;  style  slender.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  westward.    June. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarefy  perennial?  with  simple  fibrous  roots :  flowers  small  or 

minute,  greenish  or  yellowish :  leaves  somewhat  lyrate. 

4.  N.  sessilifldrum,  Nutt.     Stems. erect,  rather  simple;  leaves  obtusely 
incised  or  toothed,  obovate  or  oblong ;  flowers  minute,  nearly  sessile ;  pods  elon- 
gated-oblong (5"  -  6"  long),  thick  ;  style  very  short.  —  W.  Illinois  to  Tennessee 
and  southward.    April -June. 

5.  N.  obttlSUin,  Nutt.     Stems  much  branched,  diffusely  spreading ;  leaves 
pinnately  parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed  or  repand ; 
flowers  minute,  short-pedicelled ;  pods  longer  than  the  pedicels,  varying  from  linear- 
oblong  to  short-oval ;  style  short.  —  With  No.  3  and  4. 

7.  N.  paltistre,  DC.  (MARSH  CRESS.)  Stem  erect;  leaves  pinnately 
cleft  or  parted,  or  the  upper  laciniate ;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut-toothed ;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  small  floivers  and  mostly  longer  than  the  oblong,  ellipsoid,  or 
ovoid  pods ;  style  short.  —  Wet  places  or  in  shallow  water ;  common.  June- 
Sept. — Flowers  only  l"-l£"  long.  Stems  l°-3°  high.  —  The  typical  form 
with  oblong  pods  is  rare  (W.  New  York,  Dr.  Sartwell).  Short  pods  and  hirsute 
stems  and  leaves  are  common.  Var.  HISP^DUM  (N.  hispid um,  DC.)  is  a  form, 
with  ovoid  or  globular  pods.  (Eu.) 


CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  65 

§  3.  Petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  calyx :  pods  ovoid  or  globular :  leaves  undivided, 
or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid :  root  perennial.     (Armoracia.) 

7.  N.  lactlStre,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  1,  p.  132.      (LAKE  CRESS.)      Aquatic; 
immersed  leaves  1  - 3-pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  divisions; 
emersed  leaves  oblong,  entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatifid ;  pedicels  widely  spreading ; 
pods  ovoid,  one-celled,  a  little  longer  than  the  style.     (N.  natans,  var.  Americanum, 
Gray.     Armoracia  Americana,  Arn.)  — Lakes  and  rivers,  N.  E.  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  southwestward.    July  -  Aug.  —  Near  N.  amphibium. 

8.  N.  ARMORACIA,  Fries.     (HORSERADISH.)     Root-leaves  very  large,  ob- 
long, crenate,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate ;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending;  pods  globular  (seldom  formed);  style  very  short.     ( Cochlearia  Armo- 
racia, L.)  —  Roots  large  and  long ;  — a  well-known  condiment.     Escaped  from 
cultivation  into  moist  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    LEAVENWORTHIA,    Torr.        LEAVENWORTHIA. 

Pod  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  reticu- 
late-veined. Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  wing. 
Embryo  straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  in  the  direction  which 
if  continued  would  make  the  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Little  biennial 
or  hyemal  annuals,  glabrous  and  stemless,  with  lyrate  root-leaves  and  short 
one  -  few-flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  late  M.  G.  Leavenworth.) 

1.  L.  Michauxii,  Torr.  —  On  flat  rocks  and  barrens,  S.  E.  Kentucky  and 
southwestward:  rare.  March -May.  —  Scapes  2' -4'  high.  Petals  purple, 
rose  color,  or  nearly  white,  with  a  golden  yellow  or  yellowish  base,  or  rarely 
yellow  throughout  1  (L.  aurea,  Torr.),  cuneate-obcordate  or  emarginate;  the 
flowers  rather  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 

3.    DENTAHIA,    L.        TOOTHWORT.    PEPPER-ROOT. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine,  but  broader.  Seedstalks  broad  and 
flat.  Cotyledons  petioled,  their  margins  somewhat  infolding  each  other. — 
Perennials,  with  long,  horizontal,  fleshy,  sometimes  interrupted,  scaly  or  toothed 
rootstocks,  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste ;  the  simple  stems  leafless  below,  bear- 
ing 2  or  3  petioled  compound  leaves  about  the  middle,  and  terminated  by  a 
single  corymb  or  short  raceme  of  large  white  or  purple  flowers.  (Name  from 
dens,  a  tooth.) 

1.  D.  diph^lla,  L.      Rootstock  long  and  continuous,  toothed ;  stem-leaves  2, 
similar  to  the  radical  ones,  close  together,  of  3  rhombic-ovate  coarsely  toothed 
leaflets ;  petals  white.  — Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Kentucky.     May.  —  Rootstocks 
5'  - 10'  long,  crisp,  tasting  like  Water-Cress. 

2.  D.  maxima,  Nutt.     Rootstock  interrupted,  forming  a  string  of  thick  toothed 
tubers;  stem-leaves  (2-7)  mostly  3  and  alternate;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
toothed  and  incised,  often  2-3-cleft;  petals  pink.     (D.  laciniata,  var.  <*,  Torr. 
fr  Gr.)  —  Northern  New  York  (Watertown,   Crawe;  Utica,  Paine)  to  Penn. : 
rare.     May.  —  Seldom  taller,  but  the  leaves  often  smaller,  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  D.  heteroph^lla,  Nutt.     Rootstock  a  chain  of  2  or  3  narrow-oblong  and 
obscurely  toothed  tubers;  stem-leaves  2  or  3,  alternate  (rarely  opposite),  divided  into 

5 


66  CRUCIFEILE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

3  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  somewhat  toothed  (sometimes  incised  or  2-cleft)  leaflets; 
root-leaves  of  3  rounded  or  cuneate-ovate  incised  leaflets ;  petals  purple. — Penn. 
(near  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Diffenbaugh)  and  Washington  (Bebb)  to  Kentucky  and 
southward.  April,  May. 

4.  D.  laciniata,  Muhl.     Rootstock  as  in  the  last ;  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  3- 
parted ;  the  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  cut  or  cleft  into  prominent  nar- 
row teeth,  the  lateral  ones  deeply  2-lobed ;  root-leaves  similarly  dissected;  petals 
pale  purple  or  nearly  white.  —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     April,  May. 

5.  D.  multifida,  Muhl.    More  slender  and  delicate  than  the  last ;  root- 
stock  similar ;  stem-leaves  3  or  sometimes  2,  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  finely 
2  -  3-ternately  divided,  or  the  subdivisions  parted,  into  very  narrowly  linear  lobes ; 
root-leaves  similarly  3 - 4-ternately  divided;  flowers  (4-7)  white. — Southern 
Kentucky  (doubtless)  and  southward.  —  This  appears  to  pass  into  No.  4;  and 
all  these  species  except  the  first  probably  run  together.  , 

4.    CAKDAMINE,    L.        BITTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  from  the  base ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wing- 
less ;  their  stalks  slender.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Flowers  white  or  purple. 
(A  Greek  name,  in  Dioscorides,  for  some  Cress,  from  the  cordial  or  cardiacal 
qualities.)  — Runs  into  Dentaria  on  the  one  hand,  into  Arabis  on  the  other. 
*  Root  perennial :  leaves  simple  or  3-foliolate. 

1.  C.  rhomboidea,  DC.    (SPRING  CRESS.)    Stems  upright  from  a  tuberif- 
erous  base,  simple ;  root-leaves  round  and  rather  heart-shaped ;  lower  stem-leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  somewhat  petioled,  the  upper  almost  lanceolate,  all 
somewhat  angled  or  sparingly  toothed ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  pointed  with  a 
slender  style  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  stigma  ;  seeds  round-oval.  —  Wet  mead- 
ows and  springs ;  common.     Flowers  large,  white.     April -June. 

Var.  purptirea,  Torr.  Lower  (4'  -  6'  high),  and  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves 
rounder;  flowers  rose-purple,  appearing  earlier. — Along  streams  in  rich  soil, 
W.  New  York  and  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 

2.  C.  rotundifblia,  Michx.    (MOUNTAIN  WATER-CRESS.)   Stems  branch- 
ing, weak  or  decumbent,  making  long  runners;  root  fibrous;  leaves  all  much  alike, 
roundish,  somewhat  angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  petioled,  the  lowest 
frequently  3-lobed  or  of  3  leaflets;  pods  linear-awl-shaped,  pointed  with  the 
style ;  stigma  minute ;  seeds  oval-oblong.  —  Cool  shaded  springs,  Pennsylvania 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.     May,  June.  —  Leaves  with  just  the  taste 
of  the  true  Water-Cress.     Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  C.  bellidifblia,  L.     Dwarf  (2' -3'  high),  tufted;  leaves  ovate,  entire, 
or  sometimes  3-lobed  (4"  long),  on  long  petioles ;  pods  upright,  linear ;  style 
nearly  none.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  and  Katahdin,  Maine 
(/.  W.  Qhickering).     July.  —  Flowers  1-5,  white.     Pods  1'  long,  turgid,  the 
convex  valves  1 -nerved.     (Eu.) 

'   *  *  Root  perennial :  leaves  pinnate :  flowers  showy. 

4.  C.  prat6nsis,  L.     (CUCKOOFLOWER.)     Stem  ascending  from  a  short 


CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  67 

rootstock,  simple ;  leaflets  7-13,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked ; 
of  the  upper  ones  oblong  or  linear,  entire,  or  slightly  angled-toothed ;  petals 
(white  or  rose-color)  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Wet  places  and  bogs, 
Vermont  to  New  Jersey,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.     May.     (Eu.) 
*  *  *  Root  mostly  biennial  or  annual :  leaves  pinnate :  flowers  small,  white, 

5.  C.  hirstlta,  L.  (SMALL  BITTER  CRESS.)  Beset  with  scattered  hairs, 
or  glabrous  ;  stems  (3'- 12'  high)  erect  or  ascending  from  the  spreading  cluster 
of  root-leaves ;  their  leaflets  rounded,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  oblong  or  linear 
and  often  confluent,  all  either  toothed,  angled,  or  entire ;  pods  linear,  slender, 
erect  or  ascending  in  line  with  the  pedicel ;  style  very  short  or  almost  none. 
(C.  Pennsylvanica,  MuhL  ;  usually  taller  and  more  leafy-stemmed  than  the  true 
European  C.  hirsuta,  the  stamens  always  6,  and  the  pods  less  erect.) — Wet 
places:  common.  May -July.  (Eu.) 

Var.  sylvatica  (C.  sylvatica,  Link.,  C.  Virginica,  Michx.)  grows  in  drier 
places,  is  more  slender,  and  has  pods  more  erect  than  their  ascending  or  spread- 
ing pedicels,  the  style  evident.  —  Commoner  southward.  (Eu.) 

5.    ARAB  IS,    L.        ROCK  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened ;  the  valves  plane  or  convex,  more  or  less  I -nerved  in 
the  middle,  or  longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  usually  margined  or  winged.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent.  —  Leaves  seldom  divided.  Flowers  white  or  purple.  (Name 
from  the  country,  Arabia.  See  Linn.  Phil.  Bot.  §  235.) 

§  1 .  Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  being  nearly  as  broad  as  the  partition. 
#  Low,  chiefly  biennials,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base. 

1 .  A.  Ludoviciana,  Meyer.    Nearly  glabrous,  often  annual ;  leaves  all 
pinnately  parted  into  oblong,  or  linear  few-toothed  or  entire  divisions,  those  of 
the  lower  leaves  numerous ;  flowers  small,  white ;  pods  rather  broadly  linear 
and  spreading,  flat ;  seeds  wing-margined.     (Cardamine  Ludoviciana,  Hook.)  — 
Open  grounds,  Virginia  ?  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

2.  A.  lyrata,  L.     Root  biennial ;  plant  mostly  glabrous,  except  the  lyrate- 
pinnatifid  root-leaves,  stem-leaves  scattered,  spatulate  or  linear  with  a  tapering 
base,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire  ;  petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  yellowish 
calyx ;  pods  long  and  slender,  flat,  ascending  or  spreading ;  the  seeds  margin- 
less.  —  On  rocks,  New  England  to  Kentucky  along  the  mountains,  Minnesota 
and  northward.    April  -  July.  —  Kadicle  sometimes  oblique,  or  even  dorsal. 

A.  THALIANA,  L.,  resembles  the  last,  but  the  root-leaves  are  hardly  if  at  all 
lyrate,  the  stem  more  strict,  flowers  smaller,  and  the  cotyledons  uniformly  in- 
cumbent ;  so  it  is  referred  to  Sisymbrium,  p.  70. 

3.  A.  petrsea,  Lam.     Root  perennial,  multicipital ;  leaves  sparingly  pinna- 
tifid-toothed  or  incised,  sometimes  entire ;  petals  rose-color  or  nearly  white  ;  pods 
shorter  and  less  flat  than  in  A.  lyrata :  otherwise  similar.  —  Rocks,  L.  Superior  ? 
Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont,  //.  Mann. 

4.  A.  dentata,  Torr.   &   Gray.       Roughish-pubescent,  slender  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed ;  those  of  the 
stem  numerous,  half-clasping  and  eared  at  the  base,  of  the  root  broader  and 
tapering  into  a  short  petiole;  petals  (whitish)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx, 


68  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

pods  widely  spreading,  very  slender,  short-stalked ;  style  scarcely  any ;  seeds  margin- 
less.  —  New  York  and  Illinois  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     May,  June. 

*  *  Erect  and  simple  leafy-stemmed  biennials,  with  white  or  whitish  flowers,  narrow 

but  flattened  ascending  or  erect  pods,  and  wingless  seeds. 

5.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.    Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  (1°-  2°  high); 
stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire, 
partly  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base  ;  petals  (bright  white,  4"  long)  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading ;  pods  spreading  or  ascending> 
tipped  with  a  distinct  style.  —  Central  Ohio  (rocky  banks  of  the  Scioto,  Sulli- 
vant),  Pennsylvania  (Huntingdon  Co.  to  the  Schuylkill,  Porter)  ;  also  in  E. 
Tennessee.     April,  May. 

6.  A.  hirstlta,  Scop.     Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect 
(1°  -2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  somewhat  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (greenish-white) 
small,  but  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright ;  style  scarcely 
any.  —  Rocks,  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  #  Erect  and  simple  leafy-stemmed  biennials  (l°-3°  high),  with  small  whitish 

flowers,  recurved-spreading  or  pendulous  fiat  pods  (3' -4'  long),  and  broadly 
winged  seeds,  their  stalks  adherent  to  the  partition. 

7.  A.  ISBVigata,  DC.     Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright ;  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  cut-toothed  or 
entire ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  long  and  narrow,  recurved- 
spreading  on  ascending  or  merely  spreading  pedicels.     ( This  is  also  A.  hetero- 
phylla,  Nutt.)  — Rocky  places,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    May. 

8.  A.  CanaddnsiS,  L.     (SICKLE-POD.)     Stem  upright,  smooth  above; 
stem-leaves  pubescent,  pointed  at  both  ends,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower 
toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear ;  pods  very  flat, 
scythe-shaped,  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels  (2"  wide).  —  (A.  falcata,  Michx.) 
Woods  and  ravines ;  not  rare,  especially  westward.    June  -  Aug. 

*  *  *  #  Tall  and  leafy-stemmed  biennials  or  perennials,  with  rather  showy  flowers, 

the  pink-purple  petals  long-clawed ;  anthers  sagittate  and  when  old  arcuate- 
recurved  ;  the  widely  spreading  and  rather  short  pods  nearly  terete ;  seeds  mar- 
ginless.  (!ODANTHUS,  Torr.  fr  Gray.)  —  Transition  to  Thelypodium  and 
Streptanthus. 

9.  A.  hesperidoides.     Glabrous  (1°- 3°  high),  often  branched  above; 
root-leaves  round  or  heart-shaped,  on  slender  petioles ;  stem-leaves  ovate-ob- 
long and  ovate-lanceolate  (2' -6' long),  membranaceous,  veiny,  sharply  and 
often  doubly  toothed,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  lower  into  a  winged  petiole, 
sometimes  bearing  a  pair  or  two  of  small  lateral  lobes ;  pods  on  short  diverging 
pedicels,  pointed  by  a  short  style.     (Hesperis  pinnatifida,  Michx.    lodanthus 
hesperidoides,   Torr.  fr  Gray. )  —  Alluvial  river-banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and , 
southwestward.    May,  June. 

§  2.  TURRlTIS,  Dill.  Seeds  not  so  broad  as  the  partition,  occupying  two  more  or 
less  distinct  rows  in  each  cell,  at  least  when  young :  strict  and  very  leafy-stemmed 
biennials ;  the  canline  leaves  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base.  ( Very  gla- 


CRUCIFER2E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  69 

brous  in  the  following  species,  except  the  base  of  the  stem  and  the  lower  or  tuft  of 
radical  leaves,  these  mostly  hirsute. ) 

10.  A.  perfoliata,  Lam.      (TOWER  MUSTARD.)     Tall  (2° -4°  high); 
glaucous ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  half-clasping  by  the 
sagittate  base ;  petals  yellowish-white,  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  very  narrow 
(3'  long)  and  pedicles  strictly  erect.     (Turritis  glabra,  L.) — Rocks  and  fields, 
scarce  and  perhaps  introduced  southward ;  more  common  northward.     (Eu.) 

11.  A.  Drummondii,  Gray.      Scarcely  glaucous,  l°-2°  high;  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  and  sagittate  (!'  -2'  long)  with  jiarrow  auricles, 
or  the  lowest  spatulate  ;  petals  white  or  rose-color,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
pedicels  and  flat  pods  loosely  erect,  or  ascending,  or  even  spreading ;  seeds  wing- 
margined,  when  mature  little  narrower  than  the  partition.     (Turritis  stricta, 
Graham.)  — Rocky  places,  from  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Canada  East,  to  Lewiston 
(Clinton),  Lake   Superior,   and  northwestward;   also   "  Chenango   Co.  New 
York,"  Northern  Illinois,  Vasey. — Pods  2^'  -3£'  long,  or  invar.  (T.  brachy- 
carpa,  Tver.  $-  Gray)  only  l'-2'  long. 

6  .    B  A  R  B  A  R  E  A ,    R.  Br.        WINTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided  ;  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 
—  Mostly  biennials  resembling  Nasturtium  ;  flowers  yellow.  (Anciently  called 
The  Herb  of  St.  Barbara.') 

1.  B.  VUlgaris,  R.  BR.    (COMMON  WINTER  CRESS.    YELLOW  ROCKET.) 
Smooth ;  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  division  round  and  usually  large,  the 
lateral  1-4  pairs  or  rarely  wanting  ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  cut-toothed,  or  pin- 
natifid  at  the  base ;  pods  erect  or  slightly  spreading ;  or  in  var.  STRICTA,  ap- 
pressed ;  in  var.  ARCU\TA,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels.  —  Low  grounds 
and  roadsides  :  apparently  introduced,  but  indigenous  from  L.  Superior  north- 
ward and  westward.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  PR^COX,  R.  BR.  (EARLY  WINTER  C.),  with  5-8  pairs  of  lateral  lobes 
to  the  leaves,  and  longer  pods  on  very  thick  pedicels,  —  yet  probably  only  a  vari- 
ety of  the  other,  —  somewhat  cultivated  from  New  York  southward  as  a  winter 
salad,  under  the  name  of  SCURVY-GRASS,  —  is  beginning  to  run  wild.     (Eu.) 

7.    ERYSIMUM,    L.        TREACLE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  linear,  4-sided  ;  the  valves  keeled  with  a  strong  midrib.  Seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  (often  obliquely)  incum- 
bent. Calyx  erect.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  not 
clasping.  (Name  from  f'pu'o),  to  draw  blisters.) 

1.  E.  cheiranthoides,  L.    (WORM-SEED  MUSTARD.)    Minutely  rough- 
ish,  branching,  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed ;  flowers  small ;  pods 
small  and  short  (7"-  12"  long),  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending  on  slender  di- 
vergent pedicels.  —  Banks  of  streams,  New  York,  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

2.  E.  asperum,  DC.,  var.  Arkansanum,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  WALL- 
FLOWER.)    Minutely  roughish-hoary ;    stem  simple;   leaves  lanceolate,  some- 


70  ,      CRUCIFER.E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

what  toothed;  pods  newly  erect  on  very  short  pedicels,  elongated  (3' -4'  long),  ex- 
actly 4-sided ;  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Ohio  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  Illinois,  and 
south  westward.  June,  July.  —  Plant  stout,  l°-2°  high;  the  crowded  bright 
orange-yellow  flowers  as  large  as  those  of  the  Wall-flower.  Petals  orbicular, 
on  very  slender  claws. 

8.  SISYMBB.IUM,    L.     HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  terete,  flattish,  or  4-6-sided;  the  valves  1-3-nerved.  Seeds  oblong, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers  small,  white  or 
yellow.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  plant  of  this  family.)  Ours  are 
annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  S.  OFFICINALE,  Scop.     (HEDGE  MUSTARD.)     Leaves  runcinate ;  flowers 
very  small,  pale  yellow;  pods  awl-shaped,  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  scarcely 
stalked.  —  Waste  places.     May  -  Sept.  —  An  unsightly  branched  weed,  2°  -  3° 
high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  THALI\NA,  Gaud.   (MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.)   Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  entire 
or  barely  toothed ;  flowers  white ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  slender  spreading  pedicels.     ( Arabis  Thaliana,  L. ;  the  plant  resembles  A. 
lyrata. )  —  Old  fields  and  rocks,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky.    April,  May.  — 
A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the  base.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  can^SCens,  Nutt.     (TANSY  MUSTARD.)    Leaves  2-pinnatifid,  often 
hoary  or  downy,  the  divisions  small  and  toothed*;   flowers  yellowish,  very 
small ;   pods  in  long  racemes,  oblong-club-shaped  or  oblong-linear,  shorter  than 
their  mostly  horizontal  pedicels  ;  seeds  2-ranked  in  each  cell.  —  Penn.  and  New 
York  (Lucifer  Falls,  Tompkins  Co.,  J.  W.  Chickering)  to  Lake  Superior,  thence 
southward  and  westward.     June  -  Aug. 

S.  SOPHIA,  L.,  with  slender  linear  pods  nearly  erect  on  ascending  pedicels, 
and  one-ranked  seeds  is  nat.  from  Eu.  in  Canada  East.  —  S.  INCISUM,  Engelm., 
differing  only  in  the  shorter  pods  widely  spreading  on  horizontal  pedicels,  is  wild 
beyond  the  Mississippi. 

9.  BBASSICA  (Brassica  and  Sinapis),  Tourn. 

Pod  linear  or  oblong,  nearly  terete  or  4-sided,  with  a  stout  1 -seeded  beak  or  a 
rigid  style ;  valves  1  -  5-nerved.  Seeds  globose,  one-rowed.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent, folded  around  the  radicle.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers. 
Lower  leaves  mostly  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (The  Latin  name  of  Cab- 
bage. Sinapis  is  the  Greek  Si'raTrt,  which  is  said  to  come  from  the  Celtic  nap, 
a  turnip. ) 

1.  B.  SiNApf  STRUM,  Boissier  (or  SINAPIS  ARVENSIS,  L.,  the  English  CHAR- 
LOCK), with  knotty  pods,  fully  one  third  occupied  by  a  stout  2-edged  beak 
(which  is  either  empty  or  one-seeded),  the  upper  leaves  barely  toothed,  is  a 
noxious  weed  in  grain-fields,  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  westward. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  (or  SIN\PIS)  ALBA.    (WHITE  MUSTARD.)    Pods  bristly,  ascending  on 
spreading  pedicels,  more  than  half  its  length  occupied  by  the  sword-shaped  one- 
seeded  beak;  leaves  all  pinnatifid;  seeds  pale.     (Cult,  and  adv.  from  Eu.) 


CRUCIFEILE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  71 

3.  B.  (or  SINAPIS)  NIGRA.  (BLACK  MUSTARD.)  Pods  smooth  (£'  long), 
4-cornered  (the  valves  only  1 -nerved),  erect  on  appressed  pedicels  forming 
a  slender  raceme,  tipped  with  a  stout  persistent  style  ;  seeds  dark  brown,  small- 
er and  more  pungent  than  in  the  last ;  lower  leaves  with  a  large  terminal  lohe 
and  a  few  small  lateral  ones.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  or  cultivated.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

B.  CAMPESTRIS,  L.,  in  the  form  of  the  RUTABAGA  and  the  TURNIP,  some- 
times persists  a  year  or  two  in  neglected  grounds. 

10.    DRAB  A,    L.        WHITLOW-GRASS. 

Pouch  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat ;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex ; 
the  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  margin- 
less.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Calyx  equal.  Filaments  not  toothed. — Low 
herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers;  the  pubes- 
cence often  stellate.  (Name  from  Spa/Sq,  acrid,  in  allusion  to  the  pungency  of 
the  leaves.) 

§  1.   DRABA,  DC.     Petals  not  notched  nor  cleft. 
#  Perennial  or  biennial,  leafy-stemmed :  flowers  white :  pods  twisted  when  ripe. 

1.  D.  ramosissima,  Desv.     Diffusely  much  branched  and  forming  many 
radical  tufts,  perennial  (5' -8'  high),  pubescent;  leaves  laciniate-toothed,  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  oblanceolate ;  racemes  corymbosely-branched ;  pods  hairy, 
oval-oblong  or  lanceolate  (2" -5"  long),  on  slender  spreading  pedicels,  tipped 
with  a  long  style.  —  Cliffs,  Harper's  Ferry,  Natural  Bridge,  &c.,  Virginia  to  Ken- 
tucky River,  and  southward.     April,  May. 

2.  D.  arabisans,  Michx.     Slightly  pubescent,  the  perennial  root  bearing 
rather  numerous  radical  tufts ;  flowering  stems  (6' -10' high)  erect  and  mostly 
simple;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed ; 
racemes  short,  usually  simple;  pods  glabrous,  oblong-lanceolate  (5'- 6'  long), 
acute,  on  rather  short  and  spreading  pedicels,  pointed  with  a  short  but  distinct 
style.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Vermont  and  New  York  towards  the  St.  Lawrence, 
also  Akron,  Ohio  (Clinton),  and  shores  of  L.  Huron  and  L.  Superior.    May, 
June.  —  Petals  rather  large.     Too  near  some  forms  of  the  next. 

3.  D.  incana,  L.      Hoary-pubescent,  biennial  or  somewhat  perennial,  the 
radical  tuft  seldom  branching ;  leaves  shorter,  raceme  more  strict,  petals  smaller, 
and  pods  shorter  and  blunter  than  in  the  last,  often  pubescent,  on  short  erect  pedi- 
cels; style  very  short  or  none.  — Dry  rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont, 
Tuckerman,  H.  Mann. ;  also  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial :  leafy  stems  short :  flowers  white,  or  in  No.  5  yellow :  style 
none.     (Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  hairy,  sessile.) 

4.  D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.    Low  (2' -4'  high),  minutely  pubescent ;  stems 
leafy  to  the  base  of  the  dense  at  length  elongated  raceme ;  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long or  the  lowest  ovate  (2" -4"  long),  few  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  small; 
pods  smooth,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish  (2"  long),  about  the  length  of  the  ascending  or 
spreading  pedicels.  —  Dry  hills,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  A.  H.  Curtiss,  and 
southward.     April.  —  Petals  sometimes  minute,  sometimes  none. 


72  CRUCIFEILE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

5.  D.  nemor6sa,  L.    Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
toothed ;  racemes  elongated  (4'-  8'  long  in  fruit) ;  petals  emarginate,  small ;  pods 
elliptical-oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  horizontal  or  widely-spreading  pedicels,  pubes- 
cent (D.  nemoralis,  Ehrh.),  or  smooth  (D.  lutea,  DC.).  —  Fort  Gratiot,  Michi- 
gan, and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 

6.  D.  Clineifblia,  Nutt.     Leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (l'-3'),  at  length  equal- 
ling the  naked  peduncle;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  pods 
oblong -linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Grassy  places, 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March,  April. 

7.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Small  (!'-  5'  high);  leaves  obovate,  mostly 
entire ;  peduncles  scape-like ;  petals  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  ra- 
ceme short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (£'-!'  long) ;  pods  broadly  linear,  smooth,  much 
longer  than  the  ascending  pedicels.  —  Sandy  and  waste  fields,  Rhode  Island  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     March -May. — Petals  often  wanting  in  the  later 
racemes,  especially  in  the 

Var.  micrantha  (D.  micrantha,  Nutt.),  with  minutely  rough-hairy  pods. 
With  the  other,  westward,  Bebb,  &c. 

§  2.  ER6PHILA,  DC.     Petals  2-cle/l.     (Annual  or  biennial:  flowers  white.) 

8.  D.  vdrna,  L.    (WHITLOW-GRASS.)    Small  (scapes  1'- 3' high) ;  leaves 
all  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  pods  varying  from 
round-oval   to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy 
waste  places  and  roadsides.    April,  May.  —  Not  found  north  of  Lower  Canada : 
perhaps  introduced.     (Eu.) 

11.    ALtfSSUM,    Tourn.        ALYSSUM. 

Like  Vesicaria  but  with  a  flat  pouch :  only  one  or  two  seeds  in  a  cell :  flower? 
yellow  or  white.  Filaments  often  toothed.  (Greek  name  of  a  plant  reputed 
to  check  the  hiccup,  as  the  etymology  denotes.)  They  are  plants  of  the  Old 
World,  two  adventive  species  deserving  a  mere  mention,  and  one  indigenous, 
rare  and  doubtful. 

1.  A.  MARfTiMUM,  L.   ( SWEET  ALYSSUM),   with  green  or  slightly  hoary 
linear  leaves,  honey-scented  small  white  flowers,  and  2-seeded  pods,  commonly 
cult.,  begins  to  be  spontaneous  southward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  CALYclNUM,  L.,  a  dwarf  hoary  annual,  with  linear-spatulate  leaves, 
pale  yellow  or  whitish  petals  little  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx,  and  orbicular 
sharp-margined  4-seeded  pod,  the  style  minute,  occurs  in  grass-land  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Tuckerman.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  Lesciirii.     (Vesicaria?  Lescurii,  ed.  2.)     Somewhat  pubescent, but 
green ;  stems  diffusely  ascending  from  a  biennial  root :  leaves  oblong  or  oval, 
sparingly  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  half-clasping  by  a  sagittate  base;  racemes 
elongated,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  ascending ;  filaments  inflated  at  the  base ; 
style  half  the  length  of  the  hispid  orbicular  or  broadly  ovsdflat  pod;  seeds  wing-mar- 
gined, 1-4  in  each  cell,  on  free  stalks.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  Leo 
Lesquereux.    April,  May. — Petals  golden  yellow,  rather  large.     Ambiguous 
between  this  genus  and  the  next. 


CEUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  73 

12.  VESICARIA,    Tourn.        BLADDER-POD. 

Pouch  globular  or  inflated,  with  a  broad  mostly  orbicular  partition ;  the  hem- 
ispherical or  convex  thin  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  few  or  several,  flat.  Cotyle- 
dons, accumbent.  Filaments  toothless. — Low  herbs,  pubescent  or  hoary  with 
stellate  hairs.  Flowers  mostly  yellow.  (Name  from  vesica,  a  bladder.) 

1.  V.  Sh6rtii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Minutely  hoary  all  over ;  stems  spreading 
or  decumbent  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  with 
a  tapering  base,  repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire ;  raceme  at  length  elongated, 
with  filiform  diverging  pedicels ;  petals  light  yellow  ;  style  filiform,  much  longer 
than  the  small  globose  about  4-seeded  pod ;  seeds  marginless.  —  Rocky  banks 
of  Elkhorn  Creek  near  Lexington,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  Kentucky  River  near 
Frankfort,  Lesquereux.  May,  June. 

13.  CAMELINA,     Crantz.        FALSE  FLAX. 

Pouch  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  turgid,  flattish  parallel  to  the  broad 
partition :  valves  1 -nerved.  Seeds  numerous  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 
Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  x0/101'  dwarf,  and  \ivov, 
flax.  It  has  been  fancied  to  be  a  sort  of  degenerate  flax. ) 

1.  C.  SATIVA,  Crantz.  Annual;  leaves  lanceolate  and  arrow-shaped ;  pods 
margined,  large.  A  weed  in  flax-fields,  &c.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.    SUBULARIA,    L.       AWLWORT. 

Pouch  ovoid  or  globular,  with  a  broad  partition ;  the  turgid  valves  1 -nerved. 
Seeds  several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbently  folded  transversely,  i.  e. 
the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none.  —  A 
dwarf  stemless  perennial,  aquatic ;  the  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the 
name).  Scape  naked,  few-flowered,  l'-3'  high.  Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  —  Margin  of  lakes  in  Maine,  Nuttatt,  &c.  Echo  Lake, 
Franconia,  New  Hampshire,  Tuckerman.  June,  July.  (Eu.) 

15.    CAPSELLA,    Vent.        SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. 

Pouch  obcordate-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the 
valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  incumbent. — 
Annuals  :  flowers  small,  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsula,  a  pod.) 

1.  C.  BuRSA-PAST6Ris,  Mcench.  Root-leaves  clustered,  pinnatifid  or 
toothed;  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,,  sessile.  —  Waste  places;  the  commonest 
of  weeds.  April-  Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.    THLASPI,    Tourn.        PENNTCRESS. 

Pouch  orbicular,  obovate,  or  obcordate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition, the  midrib  or  keel  of  the  boat-shaped  valves  extended  into  a  wing. 
Seeds  2  -  8  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Petals  equal.  —  Low  plants, 
with  root-leaves  undivided,  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped  and  clasping,  and  small 
white  or  purplish  flowers.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  from  6\aa>,  to  crush,  of  a 
Cress  the  seeds  of  which  were  bruised  and  used  like  Mustard.) 


74  CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

1.     T.   ARVENSE,   L.      (FIELD    P.   Or  MlTHRIDATE   MUSTARD.)      A   Smooth 

annual,  with  broadly  winged  pod  £'  in  diameter,  several-seeded,  deeply  notched 
at  top ;  style  minute.  —  Waste  places,  shore  of  Lake  Huron  and  in  Lower 
Canada ;  also  Virginia.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.    LEPIDITJM,    L.        PEPPERWORT.    PEPPERGRASS. 

Pouch  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the  valves 
boat-shaped  and  keeled.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Cotyledons 
incumbent,  or  in  No.  1  accumbent !  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish.  (Name 
from  XeTTi'Sioj/,  a  little  scale,  alluding  to  the  small  flat  pods.)  —  Ours  are  annuals 
or  biennials,  except  the  last. 

*  Leaves  all  with  a  tapering  base ;  the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire,  the  lower 
and,  often  the  middle  ones  incised  or  pinnatifid :  pods  orbicular  or  oval,  with  a 
small  notch  at  the  top:  the  style  minute  or  none:  stamens  only  2. 

1.  L.  Virginicum,  L.      (WILD   PEPPERGRASS.)      Cotyledons  accumbent 
and  seed  minutely  margined ;  pod  marginless  or  obscurely  margined  at  the  top ; 
petals  present,  except  in  some  of  the  later  flowers.  — June-  Sept.    A  common 
roadside  weed,  which  has  immigrated  from  farther  South. 

2.  L.  intermedium,  Gray.      Cotyledons  incumbent  as  in  the  following; 
pod  minutely  wing-margined  at  the  fop;  petals   sometimes  conspicuous,  rarely 
wanting;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  1.  —  Dry  places,  from  Northern  Michigan 
and  Illinois  northward  and  westward. 

3.  L.  RUDERALE,  L.    More  diffuse,  the  smaller  and  oval  pods  and  the  seeds 
marginless ;  petals  always  wanting.  —  Roadsides,  near  Boston,  Philadelphia,  &c. ; 
not  common.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Stem-leaves  with  a  sagittate  partly  clasping  base,  rather  crowded. 

4.  L.  CAMPESTRE,  L.     Minutely  soft  downy ;  leaves  arrow-shaped,  somewhat 
toothed ;  pods  ovate,  winged,  rough,  the  style  longer  than  the  narrow  notch.  — 
Old  fields,  Mass,  and  New  York  to  Virginia :   rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  L.  DRABA,  L.     Perennial,  obscurely  hoary;   leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the 
upper  with  broad  clasping  auricles  ;   flowers  corymbose  ;  pods  heart-shaped, 
wingless,  thickish,  entire,  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  style.  —  Astoria,  near  New 
York,  D.  C.  Eaton.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.    SENEBIERA,    DC.        WART-CRESS.    SWINE-CRESS. 

Pouch  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  two  cells  indehiscent, 
bnt  falling  away  at  maturity  from  the  partition  as  closed  nutlets,  strongly 
wrinkled  or  tuberculate,  1 -seeded.  Cotyledons  narrow  and  incumbently  folded 
transversely.  ,  Low  and  diffuse  or  prostrate  annuals  or  biennials,  with  minute 
whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  only  2.  (Dedicated  to  J.  Senebier,  a  distin- 
guished vegetable  physiologist. ) 

1.  S.  didyma,  Pers.  Leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted;  pods  notched  at  the 
apex,  rough-wrinkled.  (S.  pinnatifida,  DC.  Lepidium  didymum,  L.)  —  Waste 
places,  at  ports,  Philadelphia  to  Virginia,  &c. :  an  immigrant  from  farther 
South. 


CAPPARIDACEJE.       (CAPER   FAMILY.)  75 

2.  S.  CoRON6pus,  DC.  Leaves  less  divided,  with  narrower  lobes  ;  pods  not 
notched  at  the  apex,  tuberded.  Virginia,  Pursh.  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  Bobbins, 
&c.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

19.    C A KILE,    Tour.n.        SEA-ROCKET. 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  fleshy,  the  upper  joint  separating  at  maturity ; 
each  indehiscent,  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded,  or  the  lower  sometimes  seedless.  Seed 
erect  in  the  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  joint.  Cotyledons  obliquely  accum- 
bent.  —  Seaside  fleshy  annuals.  Flowers  purplish.  (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  SEA-ROCKET.)  Leaves  obovate, 
sinuate  and  toothed ;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate ;  the  upper 
ovate,  flattish  at  the  apex.  —  Coast  of  the  Northern  Spates  and  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  July  -  Sept.  —  Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh ;  the  upper 
one  4 -angled  and  appearing  more  beaked  when  dry. 

20.    RAPHANUS,    L.        RADISH. 

Pods  linear  or  oblong,  tapering  upwards,  2-jointed ;  the  lower  joint  often 
seedless  and  stalk-like;  the  upper  necklace-form  by  constriction  between  the 
seeds,  with  no  proper  partition.  Style  long.  Seeds  spherical  as  in  Cabbage, 
&c. — Annuals  or  biennials.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  from  pa,  quickly,  and 
0aiVo),  to  appear,  alluding  to  the  rapid  germination. ) 

1.    R.   RAPHANfSTRUM,  L.     (WlLD  RADISH.     JOINTED  CHARLOCK.)      Pods 

necklace-form,  long-beaked ;  leaves  lyre-shaped,  rough  ;  petals  yellow,  turning 
whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  A  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  E.  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

R.  SAiivus,  L.,  GARDEN  RADISH,  with  pink-purple  or  whitish  flowers,  and 
thick  knobby  and  pointed  pods,  with  irregular  fleshy  partitions  between  the 
seeds,  occasionally  becomes  spontaneous  for  a  year  or  two. 

ORDER  11.     CAPPARIDACE^E.     (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  with  cruciform  flowers,  but  6  or  more 
not  tetradynamous  stamens,  a  l-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placentae,  and  kid- 
ney-shaped seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Cruciferae,  but  with  no  partition  :  seeds 
similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  —  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  palmately  compound.  —  Often  with  the  acrid  or  pungent  qualities 
of  Cruciferae  (as  in  capers,  the  flower-buds  of  Capparis  spinosa)  ;  also 
commonly  bitter  and  nauseous.  Represented  within  our  limits  only  by 

1.    POLANISIA,    Raf.        POLANISIA. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  with  claws,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8  -  32,  un- 
equal. Receptacle  not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Pod  linear  or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seeded.  —  Fetid  annuals,  with  glan- 
dular or  clammy  hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes.  (Name  from  iro\vs,  many, 
and  avi<ros,  unequal,  points  in  which  the  genus  differs  in  its  stamens  from 
Cleome.) 


76  VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1 .  P.  grav&olens,  Raf.  Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets ;  stamens  about 
11,  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals  :  style  short ;  pod  slightly  stipitate.  —  Gravelly 
shores,  from  Connecticut  (near  Hartford)  and  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentucky.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  small :  calyx  and  filaments  purplish  : 
petals  yellowish- white. 

ORDER   12.    RESEDACE  JE.     (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  unsymmetrical  4  -  1-merous  small  flowers,  a  fleshy  one-sided 
hypogynous  disk  between  the  petals  and  the  (3  -  40)  stamens,  bearing  the 
latter.  Calyx  not  closed  in  the  bud.  Pod  3  -  6-lobed,  3  -  6-horned,  l-celled 
with  3-6  parietal  pla.centce,  opening  at  the  top  before  the  seeds  (which  are 
as  in  Order  11)  are  full  grown.  —  Leaves  Alternate,  with  only  glands 
for  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  —  A  small  and  un- 
important family,  of  the  Old  World,  represented  by  the  Mignonette 
(Reseda  odorata)  and  the  Dyer's  Weed. 

1.    RESEDA,    L.        MIGNONETTE.    DYER'S  ROCKET. 

Petals  4-7,  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  12-40,  on  one  side  of  the  flower. 
(Name  from  resedo,  to  calm,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

1.  B.  LUTEOLA,  L.  (DYER'S  WEED  or  WELD.)  Leaves  lanceolate; 
calyx  4-parted ;  petals  4,  greenish-yellow ;  the  upper  one  3  -  5-cleft,  the  two 
lateral  3-cleft,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire ;  pods  depressed.  —  Roadsides, 
New  York,  <fcc.  —  Plant  2°  high.  Used  for  dyeing  yellow.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER   13.    VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  somewhat  irregular  1-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  hy- 
pogynous stamens  with  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  and 
a  l-celled  3-valved  pod  with  3  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  fila- 
ments continued  beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each 
other.  Style  usually  club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one 
side.  Valves  of  the  capsule  bearing  the  several-seeded  placentae  on  their 
middle :  after  opening,  each  valve  as  it  dries  folds  together  lengthwise 
firmly,  projecting  the  seeds.  Seeds  anatropous,  rather  large,  with  a  hard 
seed-coat,  and  a  large  and  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men :  cotyledons  flat.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, nodding.  (Roots  slightly  acrid  or  emetic.)  —  Two  genera  in  the 
Northern  United  States. 

1.    SO  LEA,    Ging.,  DC.        GREEN  VIOLET. 

Sepals  not  prolonged  at  the  base.  Petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  but 
the  lower  one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than 
the  others  at  the  apex.  Stamens  completely  united  into  a  sheath  enclos- 


VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  77 

ing  the  ovary,  and  bearing  a  broad  gland  on  the  lower  side.  Style  hooked  at 
the  summit.  —  A  homely  perennial  herb,  with  stems  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3 
small  greenish- white  flowers  in  the  axils,  on  short  recurved  pedicels.  (Named 
in  honor  of  W.  Sole,  author  of  an  essay  on  the  British  Mints.) 

1.  S.  c6ncolor,  Ging.  (Viola  'concolor,  Pursh,  &c.)'  —  Woods,  New 
York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June. — Plant  l°-2°high.  Leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.  Pod  1'  long. 

2.    VIOLA,    L.        VIOLET.    HEART'S-EASE. 

Sepals  extended  into  ears  at  the  base.  Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower 
one  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  closely  surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly 
cohering  with  each  other ;  the  two  lower  ones  bearing  spurs  which  project  into 
the  spur  of  the  corolla.  Besides  these  conspicuous  blossoms,  which  appear  in 
spring,  others  are  produced  later  (especially  in  the  stemless  species),  on  shorter 
peduncles  or  on  runners,  usually  concealed  under  the  leaves ;  these  never  open 
nor  develop  petals,  but  are  fertilized  in  the  young  bud,  producing  pods  which 
are  far  more  fruitful  than  the  ordinary  blossoms.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of 
the  genus. ) 

§  1.    STEMLESS  VIOLETS  :  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  a  subterranean  rootstock, 

flowering  in  early  spring,  and  bearing  fruitful  apetalous  flowers  all  summer. 

#  Flowers  yellow :  rootstock  creeping  and  producing  summer  runners. 

1.  V.  rotundifblia,  Michx.    (ROUND-LEAVED  VIOLET.)    Leaves  round- 
ovate,  heart-shaped,  slightly  crenate;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked  with 
brown  lines;  spur  very  short.  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  south 
along  the  Alleghanies.  —  Smoothish  :  leaves  1'  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to 
3'  or  4'  in  the  summer,  then  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above. 

*  *  Flowers  white  (small,  short-spurred) ;  lower  petals  striped  with  lilac  veins  r  root- 

stock  creeping  and  producing  summer  runners  or  subterranean  filiform  branches. 
(No.  2  and  No.  4,  however  different,  seem  to  be  connected  by  No.  3.) 

2.  V.  lanceolata,  L.     (LANCE-LEAVED  VIOLET.)     Smooth;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, erect,  blunt,  tapering  into  a  long-margined  petiole,  almost  entire;  petals 
beardless.  —  Damp  soil,  Maine  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward ;   com- 
mon eastward. 

3.  V.  primulsefdlia,  L.      (PRIMROSE-LEAVED  V.)     Smooth  or  a  little 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
petals  often  acute,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sparingly  bearded.     (V.  acuta,  Bige- 
low.) — Damp  soil;  with  No.  2. 

4.  V.  blanda,  Willd.     (SWEET  WHITE  V.)     Leaves  round-heart-shaped  or 
kidney-form,  minutely  pubescent ;  petals  mostly  beardless.  —  Damp  places,  every- 
where, Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  —  Flowers  faintly  sweet-scented. 

*  *  *  Flowers  purplish  or  violet:  rootstocks  slender  and  creeping,  often  producing 

numerous  summer  runners. 

V.  ODORATA,  L.  ( SWEET  or  ENGLISH  VIOLET),  cultivated  in  gardens, 
from  Europe,  belongs  to  this  section,  and  is  becoming  sparingly  spontaneous 
in  some  places. 


78  VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

5.  V.  palfrstris,  L.     (MARSH  V.)     Smooth;  leaves  round-heart-shaped 
and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate ;  flowers  (small)  pale  lilac  with  purple  streaks, 
nearly  beardless ;  spur  very  short  and  obtuse.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

6.  V.  Selkirkii,  Pursh.,  Goldie.,  1822.    (GREAT-SPURRED  V.)    Small  and 
delicate ;  the  filiform  rootstock  fibrose-rooted,  no  runners  above  ground ;  smooth, 
except  the  round-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves,  which  are  minutely  hairy  on  the 
upper  surface  and  have  a  deep  narrowed  sinus  ;  spur  very  large,  thickened  at  the 
end,  almost  as  long  as  the  beardless  pale  violet  petals.  (V.  umbrosa,  Fries,  1828. 
V.  Kamtschatica,  Gingins,  1826.)  —  Damp  and  shady  soil,  W.  Massachusetts  to 
Chatauque  Co.,  N.  Y.  ( Clinton),  L.  Superior  (Robbins),  and  northward :  rare.  — 
Scapes  and  petioles  l'-2',  the  leaf  $'-l|'  long,  thin ;  the  spur  3"  long.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  violet  or  purple  (or  rarely  almost  white) :  rootstocks  fleshy  and  thick- 
ened or  tuberous,  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  producing  neither  runners  nor  runner- 
like  subterranean  branches. 

7.  V.  CUCUllata,  Ait.     (COMMON  BLUE  V.)     Rootstocks  thickly  dentate 
with  fleshy  teeth,  branching  and  forming  compact  masses ;  leaves  all  long-petioled 
and  upright,  heart-shaped  with  a  broad  sinus^  varying  to  kidney-shaped  and  dilated- 
triangular,  smooth,  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  sides  at  the  base  rolled  in- 
wards when  young,  obtusely  serrate;  lateral  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded; 
spur  short  and  thick;  stigma  slightly  beaked  or  beakless.  —  Low  grounds,  com- 
mon everywhere.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  shape  of  leaves  and  sepals,  and  in  the 
color  and  size  of  the  flowers,  which  are  deep  or  pale  violet-blue  or  purple,  some- 
times nearly  white,  or  variegated  with  white.     Scapes  3'-  10'  high.    Passes  by 
intermediate  forms  of  all  sorts  into 

Var.  palmata.  (HAND-LEAF  V.)  Leaves  variously  3  - 1 -cleft  or  parted,  or 
the  earlier  ones  entire  on  the  same  individual.  (V.  palmata,  L.)  —  Common, 
especially  southward. 

Var.  cordata.  Leaves  chiefly  round-heart-shaped  and  prostrate,  sometimes 
villous,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  small.  (V.  villosa  and  V.  cordata,  Walt. 
V.  sorbria,  Willd:)  —  Common  southward ;  a  variety  growing  in  drier  soil  or 
more  exposed  situations. 

8.  V.  sagittata,  Ait.     (ARROW-LEAVED  V.)     Smoothish  or  hairy ;  leaves 
on  short  and  margined,  or  the  later  often  on  long  and  naked  petioles,  varying  from 
oblong-heart-shaped  to  halberd-shaped,  arrow-shaped,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  denticu- 
late, sometimes  cut-toothed  near  the  base,  the  lateral  or  occasionally  all .  the 
(pretty  large  purple-blue)  petals  bearded  ;  spur  short  and  thick ;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  ovata,  Nutt.,  and  V.  emarginata,  Le  Conte,  are  states  of  this  variable  spe- 
cies.) —  Dry  or  moist  open  places,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward. — 
Rootstock  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  into  which  some  forms  seem  to  pass. 

9.  V.  delphinifdlia,  Nutt.     (LARKSPUR  V.)     Leaves  all  palmately  or  pe- 
dately  5  -  7  -parted,  divisions  2  -  3-cleft ;  lobes  linear ;  lateral  petals  bearded ;  stigma 
short-beaked ;  otherwise  like  the  next.  —  Rich  prairies,  Illinois  and  westward. 

10.  V.  pedata,  L.     (BIRD-FOOT  V.)     Nearly  smooth ;  rootstock  short  and 
very  thick,  erect,  not  scaly ;  leaves  all  3  -  ^-divided,  or  the  earliest  only  parted, 
the  lateral  divisions  2  -  3-parted,  all  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  sometimes  2  - 


VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  79 

3-toothed  or  cut -at  the  apex ;  petals  beardless ;.  stigma  nearly  beakless.  —  Sandy 
or  gravelly  soil,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward. — Flower  large,  1; 
broad,  pale  or  deep  lilac-purple  or  blue. 

Var.  bicolor.    A  very  handsome  variety,  with  the  two  upper  petals  deep 
violet,  and  as  it  were  velvety,  like  a  pansy,  occurs  sparingly  from  Massachusetts 
to  Maryland,  &c. 
§  2.  LEAFY-STEMMED  VIOLETS  :  all  but  the  last  perennial,  from  short  rootstocks. 

#  Leaf-bearing  from  base  to  summit,  usually  branching  and  Jlowering  all  summer: 

stipules  entire  or  barely  toothed,  notfoliaceous. 

11.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  sylv6stris,  Regel.  (Doo  V.)   Low  (3' -8'  high) ; 
stems  ascending,  mostly  simple,  from  the  base  at  length  producing  creeping 
branches ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate,  the  uppermost 
slightly  pointed ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed ;  spur  cylindrical.,  half  the 
length  of  the  light  violet  petals,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded ;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  sylvestris,  Lam.     V.  Muhlenbergii,  Torr.,  and  former  ed.)  — Damp  or  wet 
shady  places  :  common.    May -July.     (Eu.) 

12.  V.  rostrata,  Pursh.      (LONG-SPURRED  V.)     Stems  ascending  (3' -6' 
high);  leaves  roundish- heart-shaped,  serrate,  the  upper  acute;  stipules  lance- 
olate, fringed-toothed,  large ;  spur  slender  (£'  long),  longer  than  the  pale  violet  beard- 
less petals;  style  straight  and  slender ;  stigma  terminal,  beakless.  —  Shaded  hill- 
sides, Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and  southwards  in  the  Alleghanies  :  rather 
rare.    June,  July. 

13.  V.  striata,  Ait.    (PALE  V.)    Stems  angular,  ascending  (6'- 10'  high) ; 
leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  often  acute  ;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate,  large, 
strongly  fringed-toothed ;  spur  thickish,  much  shorter  than  the  cream-colored  or  white 
petals,  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  the  lower  striped  with  purplish  lines ;  stigma 
beaked.  —  Low  grounds ;  common,  especially  westward.    April  -  Oct. 

14.  V.  Canad6nsis,  L.     (CANADA  V.)     Upright  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
heart-shaped,  pointed,   serrate ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  petals  white  or 
whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  mostly  tinged  with  violet  beneath,  the  lateral 
bearded ;  spur  very  short ;  stigma  beakless.  —  Rich  woods ;  common  northward 
and  along  the  Alleghanies.    May  -  Aug. 

*  *  Simple  stems  erect,  naked  below,  2  -  ^-leaved  above :  stipules  nearly  entire :  flow- 

ers yellow,  in  spring  and  early  summer :  stigma  bearded  on  each  side. 

15.  V.  pubesc6ns,  Ait.     (DOWNY  YELLOW  V.)     Softly  pubescent  (6'- 
12'  high)  ;  leaves  very  broadly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  somewhat  pointed;  stipules 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large ;  spur  extremely  short ;  lower  petals  veined  with 
purple.  —  Woods;  common. 

•  Var.  eriocarpa,  Nutt.     More  pubescent,  stout,  1°-  2°  high;  pods  woolly. 
(V.  eriocarpa,  Schwein.}  —  Common  westward. 

Var.  scabriuscula,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smaller  and  greener,  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  stems  often  decumbent  (4'- 10'  high).  —  Rhode  Island  to  Kentucky. 

16.  V.  hastata,  Michx.     (HALBERD-LEAVED  V.)     Nearly  glabrous,  slen- 
der (4' -10'  high);  stem-leaves  halberd-shaped  or  oblong-heart-shaped,  slightly 
serrate,  acute;  stipules  ovate,  small;  spur  very  short.  —  Woods,  N.  Ohio  (near 
Painesville,  Miss  Shattuck),  mountains  of  Penn.,  and  southward :  rare. 


80  CISTACE.E.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

#  *  *  Leaf-bearing  throughout  from  an  annual,  biennial,  or  sometimes  short-lived 

perennial  root ;  the  stipules  large,  leaf-like  and  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
17.  V.  TRf  COLOR,  L.  (PANSY.  HEART'S-EASE.)  Stem  angled  and 
branched;  leaves  roundish,  or  the  upper  oval  and  the  lowest  heart-shaped, 
crenate  or  entire;  petals  variable  in  color  or  variegated  (yellow,  whitish, 
violet-blue  and  purple) ;  —  in  var.  ARVENSIS  shorter  or  little  longer  than  the 
calyx.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward:  the  variety 
seeming  like  a  native  plant.  April-  Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  14.    CIST  ACE  JE.    (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Loic  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  distinct  and  hypogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  3  -  5-valved  pod  with  as 
many  parietal  placenta?  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous 
albuminous  seeds.  —  Sepals  5 ;  the  two  external  often  small,  like  bracts, 
or  sometimes  wanting ;  the  three  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals 
3  or  5,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the  bud.  An- 
thers short,  innate,  on  slender  filaments.  Style  single  or  none.  Ovules 
few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  their  apex.  Embryo 
long  and  slender,  straightish  or  curved,  in  mealy  albumen :  cotyledons 
narrow.  —  Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite, 
and  the  upper  alternate.  (Inert  plants.  A  small  family :  mostly  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.) 

1.  Helianthemum.    Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.    Stamens  and  ovules  nu- 

merous in  the  petal-bearing  flowers. 

2.  Huilsonia.     Petals  5,  fugacious.    Stamens  9 -30.     Style  long  and  slender.    Pod  strictly 

1-celled,  2-6-seeded. 

3.  Lecliea.     Petals  3,  persistent.    Stamens  3 -12.    Style  none.    Pod  partly  3-celled,  the  im- 

perfect partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentee. 

1.    HELIANTHEMUM,    Tourn.    ROCK-ROSE. 

Petals  5,  crumbled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Style  short  or  none  in  our  species : 
stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  strictly  1-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  form  of  a 
hook  or  ring. — Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  1.  the 
primary  or  earlier  ones,  with  large  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and 
many-seeded  pods ;  2.  secondary,  or  later  ones,  which  are  much  smaller  and  in 
clusters,  with  small  petals  or  none,  3-10  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3 -few- 
seeded  pods.  The  yellow  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast  their 
petals  by  the  next  day.  (Name  from  17X10$,  the  sun,  and  avBcpov,  flower.) 

1.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  (FROST-WEED.)  Petal-bearing  flowers  soli- 
tary;  the  small  secondary  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile; 
calyx  of  the  large  flowers  hairy-pubescent ;  of  the  small  ones  hoary,  like  the 
stem  and  lower  side  of  the  lanceolate-oblong  leaves.  — A  variety  is  more  hoary, 
and  with  a  stronger  tendency  to  multiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  —  Sandy 
or  gravelly  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June  -Aug.  —  Stems 
at  first  simple.  Corolla  of  the  large  flowers  1'  wide,  producing  pods  3"  long: 


CISTACEJE.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.)  81 

pods  of  the  smaller  flowers  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head.  —  Late  in  autumn, 
crystals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  root,  whence  the  popular 
name. 

2.  H.  corymbosum,  Michx.  Flowers  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks :  calyx 
woolly.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

2.    HUDSONIA,    L.        HUDSONIA. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (lasting  but  a  day),  much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 9  -  30.  Style  long  and  slender :  stigma  minute.  Pod  oblong,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx,  strictly  1 -celled,  with  1  or- 2  seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  each 
nerve-like  placenta.  Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a  closed  hook.  —  Bushy 
heath-like  little  shrubs  (seldom  a  foot  high),  covered  all  over  with  the  small 
awl-shaped  or  scale-like  persistent  downy  leaves,  producing  numerous  (small 
but  showy)  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the  branches. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Wm.  Hudson,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  H-  ericoides,  L.    Downy  but  greenish;  leaves  slender,  awl-shaped, 
loose;  flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks. — Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  N. 
Maine  to  Virginia.     May. 

2.  H.  toment6sa,  Nutt.     Hoary  with  down;  leaves  oval  or  narrowly 
oblong,  short,  close-pressed  and  imbricated ;  flowers  sessile  (sandy  coasts  from 
Maine  to  Maryland),  —  or  short-peduncled,  the  leaves  also  narrower:  Maine 
(at  Harrison,  J.  Blake)  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minnesota. 
May,  June. 

3.    LEG  HE  A,    L.        PINWEED. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  flat  in  the  bud :  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-per- 
sistent. Stamens  3-12.  Style  scarcely  any :  stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod 
globular,  partly  3-celled ;  the  3  broad  and  thin  placentae  borne  on  imperfect 
partitions,  each  bearing  2  seeds  on  the  face  towards  the  valve :  in  our  species, 
the  placentas  curve  backwards  and  partly  enclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  straight- 
ish.  —  Homely  perennial  herbs,  with  very  small  greenish  or  purplish  flowers, 
in  summer.  (Named  in  honor  of  John  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

1.  L.  major,  Michx.     Hairy;  stem  upright  (l°-2°  high,  stout),  simple, 
producing  slender  prostrate  branches  from  the  base  ;  leaves  elliptical.,  mucronate- 
pointed,  alternate  and  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled ;  flowers  densely  crowded 
in  panicled  clusters;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  very  small  globose-triangular  pod; 
sepals,  narrower  than  its  valves.  —  Sterile  grounds  :  common,  especially  southward. 

2.  L.  thymifblia,  Pursh.     Hoary  with  oppressed  hairs,  especially  the  de- 
cumbent stout  leafy  shoots  from  the  base  ;  flowering  stems  ascending,  loosely 
branched,  with   the  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate ;  those  of  the  shoots  elliptical, 
whorled,  crowded ;  flowers  scattered  in  small  and  loose  clusters ;   pedicels  as 
long  as  the  globose  pods.  —  Sandy  coast,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
—  Scarcely  a  foot  high,  tufted,  rigid  ;  the  pods  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  L.  NovSB-Csesar^SB,  C.  F.  Austin,  ined.     Intermediate  in  appear- 
ance between  No.  1  and  the  taller  forms  of  No.  4 ;  leaves  of  the  former,  but 

6 


82  DROSERACEJE.       (SUNDEW   FAMILY.) 

smaller  (ty  long)  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  often  opposite  or  whorled  ;  flowers  in 
narrow  rather  close  panicles ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  oval  pods ;  the  two  outer 
or  bract-like  sepals  very  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the  others.  —  Open  dry  grounds, 
N.  New  Jersey  and  adjacent  part  of  New  York,  C.  F.  Austin. 

4.  L.  minor,  Lam.  Minutely  hairy;  stems  slender,  upright  or  diffuse; 
leafy  shoots  densely  tufted  at  the  base ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  loosely  racemed  on 
the  slender  branchlets ;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  oval  pods.  —  Dry  open 
soil :  common.  June-  Sept.  —  Plant  5' -15'  high,  slender,  running  into  num- 
berless variations  according  to  the  soil,  season,  and  exposure.  Pods  smaller 
than  in  No.  2. 

ORDER  15.    DROSERACE^.     (SUNDEW  FAMILY.) 

Bog-herbs,  mostly  glandular-haired,  with  regular  hypogy nous  flowers,  pen- 
tamerous  and  withering-persistent,  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  anthers 
flxed  by  their  middle  and  turned  outwards,  and  a  1-celled  pod  with  twice  as 
many  styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentce.  —  Calyx  imbricated. 
Petals  convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short  and  minute 
embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen.  —  Leaves  circinate  in  the  bud,  i.  e. 
rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as  in  Ferns.  (A  small  family,  of  no 
known  qualities,  except  a  slight  bitterness,  &c. ;  the  Sundews  impart  a 
purple  stain  to  paper.)  Only  one  genus  within  our  limits,  viz. 

1.    DUO  SERA,    L.       SUNDEW. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  are  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender,  stigmatose  above  on  the  inner  face.  Pod  3-  (rarely  5-) 
valved  ;  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  middle  for  the  whole 
length.  —  Low  perennials  or  biennials  ;  the  leaves  clothed  with  .reddish  gland- 
bearing  bristles,  in  our  species  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  base ;  the  naked  scape  bear- 
ing the  flowers  in  a  1 -sided  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at  the  un- 
developed apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sunshine) 
is  always  highest.  (The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  glutinous 
fluid,  glittering  like  dew-drops,  whence  the  name,  from  dpo<repos,  dewy.) 

1.  D.  rotundifdlia,  L.     (ROUND-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)     Leaves  orbicular, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles;  seeds  spindle-shaped,  the 
coat  loose  and  chaff-like ;  flowers  white,  the  parts  sometimes  in  sixes.  —  Peat- 
bogs, common,  especially  northward.    July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  D.  longifdlia,  L.    Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  the  long  rather 
erect  naked  petioles ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  rough  close  coat;  flowers  white.     (D. 
intermedia,  Hayne. )  —  Bogs ;  less  common.    June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  raised  on  its 
prolonged  caudex  when  growing  in  water.     (Eu.) 

3.  D.  linearis,  Goldie.     (SLENDER  SUNDEW.)    Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  the 
blade  (2'  -  3'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect  petioles  about  the  same  length ; 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfectly  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  —  Shore 
of  Lake  Superior.    July. 


HYPERICACE^:.       (ST.   JOHN's-WORT   FAMILY.)  83 

4.  D.  fllifdrmiS,  Raf.  (THREAD-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)  Leaves  very  long 
and  filiform,  erect,  with  no  distinction  between  blade  and  stalk ;  seeds  spindle- 
shaped  ;  flowers  numerous,  purple  rose-color  (£'  broad).  —  Wet  sand,  near  the 
coast,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  Aug. — 
Scapes  6' -12'  high,  and  the  singular  leaves  nearly  as  long,  from  a  bulb-like 
base  or  corm. 

DION!;A  Muscf PULA,  Ellis,  the  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP,  —  so  noted  for  the  ex- 
traordinary irritability  of  its  leaves,  closing  quickly  at  the  touch,  —  is  a  native 
of  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina.  It  differs  in 
several  respects  from  the  character  of  the  order  given  above ;  the  stamens  being 
15,  the  styles  united  into  one,  and  the  seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  pod. 

ORDER  16.    HYPERICACEJE.    (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular 
hypogynous  flowers,  the  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  and 
many  or  few  stamens  commonly  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or  bundles. 
Pod  l-celled  with  2-5  parietal  placentce,  and  as  many  styles,  or  3-  7-celled 
by  the  union  of  the  placentce  in  the  centre  :  dehiscence  mostly  septicidal. — 
Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or 
5,  mostly  deciduous.  Styles  persistent,  at  first  sometimes  united.  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  cylindrical.  — 
Plants  with  a  resinous  juice  (acrid  and  balsamic),  dotted  with  pellucid  or 
dark  glands,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  sessile.  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose. 

1.  Ascyrnm.    Sepals  4,  very  unequal.    Petals  4,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

2.  Hy pericum.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

3.  Elodes.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  equal-sided,  imbricated,  purplish.    Glands  alternating  with 

the  stamen-clusters. 

1.    ASCYRTJM,    L.        ST.  PETER'S-WORT. 

Sepals  4 ;  the  2  outer  very  broad  and  leaf-like ;  the  inner  much  smaller. 
Petals  4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous  ; 
the  filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  l-celled,  2-4- 
valved.  —  Low,  rather  shrubby,  smooth  plants,  with  pale  black-dotted  leaves, 
and  nearly  solitary  light  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some 
plant,  from  a,  without,  and  OTcupoy,  roughness.)  t 

1.  A.  Stans,  Michx.     (ST.  PETER'S-WORT.)    Stem  rather  simple,  2-edged, 
l°-2°  high,  stout;   leaves  oval  or  oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  thickish  ;  petals 
obovate;  styles  3  or  4.  —  Pine  barrens,  Long  Island  to  Penn.  and  southward. 
July,  Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  almost  sessile  :  outer  sepals  round-heart-shaped. 

2.  A.    Crux- Andreas,   L.      (ST.   ANDREW'S    CROSS.)      Low,  much 
branched  and  decumbent ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  contracted  at  the  base, 
thin  ;  petals  linear-oblong ;  styles  2,  very  short ;  pod  flat.  —  Pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Petals  scarcely  exceeding 
the  outer  sepals,  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over  them,  in  the  form  of  a 
St.  Andrew's  cross. 


84  HYPERICACE^E.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY.) 

2.    HYPERICUM,    L.        ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  somewhat  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens commonly  united  or  clustered  in  3  -  5  parcels  :  no  interposed  glands.  Pod 
1 -celled  or  3-  5-celled.  Seeds  usually  cylindrical.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  cy- 
mose  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
§  1 .  Stamens  very  numerous,  5-adelphous :  pod  5  -  7 -celled,  with  the  placentae  turned 
far  back  into  the  cells :  perennial :  Jlowers  very  large :  styles  united. 

1.  H.   pyramidatum,  Ait.      (GREAT   ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)     Branches 
2-4-angled;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping;  petals  narrowly  obovate, 
not  deciduous  until  after  they  wither ;  stigmas  capitate.  —  Banks  of  rivers  : 
rare.    New  England  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.    July. — Plant  3°- 
5°  high.    Leaves  2' -3'  long.    Petals  1'  long.    Pod  f  long,  conical. 

§  2.   Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  if  at  all  clustered :  styles  3  (No.  2  excepted), 

more  or  less  united  into  one  and  the  sepals  foliaceous,  except  in  No.  9. 

*  Bushy  shrubs,  1°  -  6°  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  pod  3  -  5-celled. 

2.  H.    Kalmiamim,   L.      (KALM'S   ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)      Branches  4- 
angled  :    branchlets  2-edged;    leaves   crowded,  glaucous,  oblanceolate   (l'-2' 
long);   flowers  few  in  a  cluster  (!'  wide);  pods  ovate,  5-celled.  —  Wet  rocks, 
Niagara  Falls  and  Northern  lakes.    Aug. 

3.  H.   prolificum,  L.      (SHRUBBY  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)    Branchlets  2- 
edged ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers 
numerous,  in  single  or  compound  clusters ;  pods  oblong,  3-ce/led.  —  New  Jersey 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Varies  greatly  in  size,  &c. 

Var.  densifldrum.  Exceedingly  branched  above,  1°  -  6°  high,  the 
branches  slender  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves;  flowers  smaller  (^'-fin 
diameter)  and  more  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes.  (H.  densiflorum, 
&  H.  galioides,  Pursh.)  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  glades  of  Kentucky, 
and  southward. 

*  #  Perennial  herbs  or  in  No.  5  and  6  a  little  woody  at  the  base :  pod  one-celled 
with  3  parietal  placenta,  or  incompletely  3  -  4-celled. 

4.  H.  adpr^ssum,  Barton.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  from  a  slightly 
woody  creeping  base  (1°  -  2°  high),  obscurely  4-angled  below  and  2-edged  above  ; 
leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  often  acute,  thin ;  cyme  leafy  at  the 
base,  few-flowered ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate ;  pods  ovoid-oblong,  partly  3  -  4-celled.  — 
Moist  places,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  southwest- 
ward.    July  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  l£'  long.     Petals  bright  yellow,  3"  -  5"  long. 

5.  H.  dolabriforme,  Vent.     Stems  branched  from  the  decumbent  base, 
woody  below  (6' -20'  high),  terete;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,  widely  spreading, 
veinless ;  cyme  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sepals  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  oblique  petals   (5" -6"  long);   pods  ovate-conical,  pointed, 
strictly  l-celled,  the  walls  very  thick  and  hard.    (H.  procumbens,  Michx.)  — Dry 
hills  and  rocks,  barrens  of  Kentucky  and  westward.    June  -  Aug. 

6.  H.  nudifldrum,  Michx.     Stems  branched,  woody  at  the  base,  sharply 
4-angled  or  almost  winged  above  (2° -4°  high)  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  obscurely  veined,  pale  (2' -2^'  long);  cyme  compound,  many-flowered, 


HYPERICACE,E.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY.)  85 

naked ;  sepals  oblong ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed,  almost  3-celled ;  seeds  slender  cy- 
lindrical, minutely  pitted. — Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. July. 

7.  H.  sphserocarpon,  Michx.     Stems  mostly  simple,  herbaceous,  with 
a  somewhat  woody  base,  angled  with  4  very  narrow  salient  lines  (1°  -  2°  high) ; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  greener  above  and  narrower  than  in  the  preceding;   the 
naked  cyme  similar ;  sepals  ovate ;  pods  depressed-globular  or  ovoid-conical,  strictly 
\-celled;  seeds  oblong,  rough-pitted.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tribu- 
taries, S.  W.  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July- Sept.  — Flowers  small. 

8.  H.  ellipticum,  Hook.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous  (1°  high),  obscurely 
4-angled ;   leaves  spreading,  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  thin ;   cyme  nearly  naked, 
rather  few-flowered;  sepals  oblong;  pods  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  purple,  1 -celled. — 
Wet  places,  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward. 
July,  Aug.  —  Petals  light  yellow*  3"  long. 

9.  H.   angulbsum,   Michx.     Stem  slender,  strict,   simple,   sharply  4- 
angled,  herbaceous  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  ascending,  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  (£'-!'  long),  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base;   cyme  com- 
pound, naked,  the  scattered  flowers  racemose  on  its  ascending  branches  ;  sepals 
herbaceous,  erect,  enclosing  the  ovoid  1 -celled  pod;  styles  3,  separate.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward.    July -Sept.  —  Petals  copper-yellow, 
4" -5"  long,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  one  side. 

§  3.   Stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  or  5  clusters :  styles  3  separate  and  usually  diverg- 
ing :  pod  3-celled :  calyx  erect :  petals  and  anthers  with  black  dots. 

10.  H.  PERFORA.TUM,  L.     (COMMON   ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)     Stem  much 
branched  and  corymbed,   somewhat  2-edged    (producing  runners  from  the 
base) ;  leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots ;  petals  (deep 
yellow)  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals;  flowers  numerous,  in 
open  leafy  cymes.  —  Fields,  &c.  June  -  Sept.  —  Too  well  known  as  a  pernicious 
weed,  which  it  is  difficult  to  extirpate.    Juice  very  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.  H.  COrymb6sum,  Muhl.      Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black 
and  pellucid  dots :  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  the  base 
either  obtuse  or  somewhat  clasping;  flowers  crowded  (small) ;  petals  pale  yelloiv, 
much  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals,  styles  not  longer  than  the  pod.  —  Damp 
places;  common.     July -Sept. — Leaves  larger  and  flowers  much  smaller  than 
in  the  last :  petals  2"  -  3"  long,  marked  with  black  lines  as  well  as  dots.  —  Too 
near  H.  maculatum,  Walt.,  of  the  South,  which  has  more  clasping  leaves  and 
very  long  and  slender  styles. 

12.  H.  grav^olens,  Buckley.    Like  the  last,  but  with  larger  leaves  and 
fewer  much  larger  bright  yellow  Jlowers,  lanceolate  acute  sepals,  and  long  erect 
styles ;  common  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Carolina,  doubtless  also  in  S.  Virginia. 
§  4.    Stamens  5  —  12,  distinct  or  in  3  clusters:  pod  (brown  purple)  \-celled,  with  3 

strictly  parietal  placentae :  styles  short,  distinct ;  petals  oblong  or  linear :  sepals 
narrow,  erect :  slender  annuals,  with  4-angular  branches  ;  flowering  all  summer. 

13.  H.    mtltilum,   L.      Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching  (6' -10' high) ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved ;  cymes  leafy ;  pods  orate- 
conical,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.     (H.  parviflorum,  Muhl.) — Low  grounds, 
everywhere.  — Flowers  2"  broad. 


86  ELATINACE^E.       (  WATER- WORT   FAMILY.) 

Var.  gymnanthum  (H.  gymnanthum,  Engdm.  $•  Gray),  is  a  form,  or  per- 
haps species,  with  strict  stem  and  branches,  or  often  unbranched,  more  clasping 
heart-shaped  stem-leaves,  and  a  naked  cyme,  the  floral  leaves  being  reduced  to 
small  awl-shaped  bracts ;  so  that  in  aspect  it  approaches  the  next.  —  Newcastle 
Co.,  Delaware,  Canby,  and  Illinois,  E.  Hall,  thence  southward. 

14.  H.  Canad^nse,  L.     Stem  strict   (6'-15'  high),  with  the  branches 
erect ;  leaves  linear,  3-nerved  at  the  base,  obtuse ;  cymes  naked ;  pods  conical-oblong, 
usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Wet,  sandy  soil :  common.     June  -  Oct.  — 
Flowers  deep  yellow,  2"  -  3"  broad  when  expanded. 

Var.  major  is  a  large  form,  l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves  l£'  long, 
3"  wide,  the  upper  acute.  —  L.  Superior,  Bobbins;  S.  New  York  and  southward. 

15.  H.  Drummbndii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stein  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect  (10'- 18' high) ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  erect, 
1-nerved  (3" -9"  long);  flowers  scattered  along   the  upper  part  of  the  leafy 
branches,  short-pedicelled ;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     (Sarothra  Drum- 
mondii,  Grev.  $•  Hook.)  —  W.  Illinois  and  southward,  in  dry  soil. 

16.  H.  Sardthra,  Michx.     (ORANGE-GRASS.    PINE-WEED.)     Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry  (4'  -  9'  high) ;  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
oppressed ;  flowers  minute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches; 
pods  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     ( Sarothra  gentianoides, 
L. )  —  Sandy  fields :  common.    June  -  Oct. 

3.    EL  ODES,    Adans.        MARSH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  erect.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  oblong,  naked,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  9  (rarely  more),  united  in  3  sets;  the  sets  separated  by  as 
many  large  orange-colored  glands.  Pod  3-celled,  oblong :  styles  distinct.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small  close  clusters  of  flesh- 
colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  (Name 
fXudrjs,  growing  in  marshes,  accidentally  changed  to  ELODEA  by  Jussieu,  who 
was  followed  by  Pursh,  &c.) 

1 .  E.  Virginica,  Nutt.     Leaves  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a  broad  base, 
oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse;  filaments  united  below  the  middle.     (Hypericum 
Virginicum,  L.)  —  Common  in  swamps.     July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  petiolata,  Pursh.     Leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  oblong:  fila- 
ments united  beyond  the  middle.  —  From  New  Jersey  south  and  westward. 

ORDER  17.    EL.ATINACEJE.     (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Little  marsh  annuals,  with  membranaceous  stipules  between  the  opposite 
dotlefts  leaves,  minute  axillary  flowers  like  Chickweeds,  but  the  pod  2-5- 
celled,  and  the  seeds  as  in  St.  John's-wort.  The  principal  genus  is 

1.    EL  A  TINE,    L.        WATER-WORT. 

Sepals  2-4,  persistent.  Petals  2-4,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely 
twice  as  many,  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-4.  Pod  2  - 
4-celled,  several  -  many-seeded,  2-4-valved  ;  the  partitions  left  attached  to  the 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  87 

axis,  or  evanescent.     Seeds  cylindrical,  straightish  or  curved.     (A  Greek  name 
for  some 'obscure  herb.) 

1.  E.  Americana,  Arnott  Dwarf  (!'  high),  creeping,  rooting  in  the 
mud,  tufted ;  leaves  obovate ;  flowers  sessile ;  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  stig- 
mas 2,  rarely  3 ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell,  rising  from  the  base.  (Peplis  Amer- 
icana, Pursh.  Crypta  minima,  Nutt.)  —  Margin  of  ponds,  &c.,  N.  Hampshire, 
to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  south  westward.  Pod  very  thin  and  delicate ;  the  seeds 
large  in  proportion,  straightish. 

ORDER  18.    CARYOPHYLJACE^E.    (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4  -  5-merous  flowers,  with 
or  without  petals ;  the  distinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the 
sepals,  either  hypogynous  or  perigynous ;  styles  2-5  (or  rarely  united  into 
one)  5  seeds  attached  to  the  base  or  the  central  column  of  the  1-celled  (rarely 
3  -  5-celled)  pod,  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled  or  curved  around  the  outside 
of  mealy  albumen,  in  Dianthus  nearly  straight.  —  Bland  herbs ;  the  stems 
usually  swollen  at  the  joints ;  uppermost  leaves  rarely  alternate.  Leaves 
often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  persistent.  Styles  stigmatic  along  the 
inside.  Seeds  amphitropous  or  campy lotropous. 

Tribe  I.  SI  LEXEME.  Sepals  united  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Petals  and  stamens  borne  on 
the  stipe  or  stalk  of  the  ovary,  the  former  with  slender  claws,  to  the  base  of  which  the  cor- 
responding filaments  often  adhere,  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Seeds  numerous.  —  Stipules  none.  Flowers  often  large  and  showy. 

*  Calyx  with  scaly  bractlets  or  small  leaves  at  the  base.  Seeds  flattened  on  the  back,  attached 
by  their  face  :  embryo  nearly  straight. 

1.  Dianthus.    Calyx  terete,  mostly  cylindrical.    Styles  2. 

*  *  Calyx  naked.    Seeds  globular  or  kidney-shaped  :  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 

2.  Saponaria.    Calyx  terete.    Styles  2. 

3.  Vaccaria.    Calyx  5-angled  and  in  fruit  5-winged.    Styles  2. 

4.  Silene.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Styles  3. 

6.   Lychnis.     Calyx  5  toothed  or  5-lobed.    Styles  5,  rarely  4. 

Trihe  II.  ALSINE^E.  Sepals  separate  to  the  base  or  nearly  so,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Petals  when  present  without  claws,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  with  the  stamens  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk  which  often  coheres  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx.  Pod  splitting  into  valves  or  teeth,  several  -  many-seeded.  Stamens  opposite 
the  sepals,  when  not  more  numerous  than  they.  —  Low  herbs.  Stipules  none. 

#  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 

6.  A  re n aria.     Petals  entire.    Styles  usually  3.     Pod  short,  splitting  into  3  or  6  valves. 

7.  Stellaria.    Petals  2-cleft  or  none.    Styles  usually  3.     Pod  short,  splitting  to  the  base. 

8.  Holosteum.     Petals  denticulate  or  notched  at  the  end.    Styles  usually  3.    Pod  open- 

ing at  the  apex  by  6  teeth.    Seeds  fixed  by  their  face. 

9.  Cerastium.    Petals  notched  at  the  end  or  2-cleft.     Styles  5  or  4  (as  many  as  the  petals). 

Pod  usually  elongated,  opening  at  the  apex  by  10  or  8  teeth.    Seeds  fixed  edgewise. 

*  *  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals :  stamens  as  many  as  they,  sometimes  twice  as  many. 
10.    Sagina.    Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  none.    Styles  4  or  5.    Pod  4  -  5-valved. 

Tribe  III.  H.LECEBREJE.  Sepals  separate  or  more  or  less  united  below.  Petals 
without  long  claws,  or  minute,  or  often  none,  inserted  under  the  sessile  ovary  or  on  the 
calyx.  Pod  1-celled  and  splitting  into  valves,  or  a  one-seeded  utricle.  —  Leaves  with  dry, 


88  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

scale-like  stipules  (except  in  Scleranthus),  the  uppermost  sometimes  alternate.    Flowers 
mostly  small. 

*  Pod  (capsule)  many-seeded.    Styles  3-5.    Petals  usually  conspicuous. 

11.  Spergularla.    Styles .3 -5.    Leaves  opposite. 

12.  Spergula.    Styles  5.    Valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Pod  (utricle)  1-seeded.    Styles  2,  often  united.    Petals  none  or  minute. 

13.  Any  cliia.    Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  5-parted  awnless  calyx.    Style  hardly  any. 

14.  Paronychia.    Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  5-parted  calyx  ;  the  sepals  bristle-pointed. 

Style  1,  two-cleft  at  the  top. 

15.  Scleraiitlius.    Stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  indurated  5-cleft  and  pointless  calyx. 

Styles  2.    Stipules  none. 

Tribe  IV.  MOLIAJGINEJE.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same 
number,  when  fewer  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  3-celled  ovary.  Partitions  of  the  pod 
persistent  on  the  valves.  Leaves  not  truly  opposite,  otherwise  as  in  Tribe  II. 

16.  Mollugo.    Petals  none.    Stamens  3 -5.    Stigmas  3.    Pod  many-seeded. 

1.    DIANTHUS,    L.        PINK.     CARNATION. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  nerved  or  striate,  5-toothed,  subtended  by  2  or  more  imbri- 
cated bractlets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1 -celled,  4-valved  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  flattish  on  the  back :  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of 
well-known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation.  (Name  from  Aids,  of  Jupiter,  and 
avQos,  flower,  i.  e.  Jove's  own  flower.)  Two  insignificant  annual  species  are 
rarely  spontaneous. 

1.  D.  ARMERIA,  L.     (DEPTFORD  PINK.)    Flowers  in  close  clusters ;  bract- 
lets  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lance-awl-form,  herbaceous,  downy,  as  long  as  the 
tube  ;  leaves  linear,  hairy ;  petals  small,  rose-color  with  white  dots,  crenate.  — 
Fields,  &c.,  Virginia  to  E.  Massachusetts.    July.  —  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  D.  PR6LIFER,    L.      (PROLIFEROUS   PINK.)      Smooth,  slender;  flowers 
clustered ;  bractlets  ovate,  dry,  concealing  the  calyx ;  leaves  few,  narrow,  linear, 
erect;  petals  small,  pink.  — Near  Philadelphia,  C.  E.  Smith.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    SAPONARIA,    L.        SOAPWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete,  nerveless,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Pod  short-stalked,  1 -celled,  or  partly  2-celled  at  the  base,  4-toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Flowers  clustered.  (Name  from  sapo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous 
juice  forming  a  lather  with  water.) 

1.  S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  SOAPWORT.  BOUNCING  BET.)  Clus- 
ters corymbed;  petals  crowned  with  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate.  —  Roadsides,  &c.  July  -  Sept.  —  A  stout  perennial, 
with  large  rose-colored  flowers,  commonly  double.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    VACCARIA,    Medik.        COW-HERB. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  ovoid-pyramidal,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  enlarged  and 
wing-angled  in  fruit.  Petals  not  crowned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  in- 
completely 4-celled  at  the  base.  —  A  smooth  annual,  with  pale  red  flowers  in 
corymbed  cymes,  and  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  (Name  from  vacca,  a  cow.) 

1.  V.  VULGA.RIS,  Host.  (Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L.)  —  Escaped  from  gardens 
and  becoming  spontaneous  in  some  places.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  89 

4.    SILENE,    L.        CATCHFLY.     CAMPION. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  10 -many-nerved,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
3,  rarely  4.  Pod  1 -celled,  sometimes  3-celled  at  least  at  the  base,  opening  by  3 
or  6  teeth  at  the  apex.  — Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.  Petals  mostly  crowned 
with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  at'oXou,  saliva,  from  the 
viscid  exudation  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many  species.  The  English  name 
Catchfly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

*  Calyx  bladderly-inflated :  perennial :  flowers  panicled,  white,  in  summer. 

1.  S.  stellata,  Ait.     (STARRY  CAMPION.)     Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;   calyx  bell-shaped ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe,  crownless. 
(Cuciibalus  stellatus,  L.) — Wooded  banks,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.  —  Stem  3°  high,  with  a  large  and  open  pyramidal  panicle.    Co- 
rolla I'  broad. 

2.  S.  nivea,  DC.    Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper-pointed;  calyx 
oblong ;  petals  wedge-form,  2-cleft,  minutely  crowned.  —  Columbia,  Pennsylvania, 
to  Ohio  and  Illinois :  rare.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high,  almost  smooth.     Flowers  few, 
larger  than  in  the  last. 

3.  S.  INFLATA,  Smith.     (BLADDER  CAMPION.)     Glaucous;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate;  calyx  globular,  much  inflated,  elegantly  veined;   petals  2-cleft, 
nearly  crownless.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  E.  New  England  to  Penn. — A  foot 
high.    Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  Calyx  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod :  flowers 
cymose  or  clustered :  perennial,  pubescent  with  viscid  hairs,  especially  the  calyx : 
petals  crowned,  red  or  rose-color. 

4.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  Michx.    (WILD  PINK.)    Stems  low  (4' -8'  high) ; 
root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  petioles; 
stem-leaves  (2  or  3  pairs)  lanceolate;  flowers  clustered,  short-stalked;  calyx  club- 
shaped  ;  petals  wedge-form,  slightly  notched  and  eroded,  pink.  —  Gravelly  places, 
E.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    April  -  June. 

5.  S.  Virginica,  L.      (FIRE  PINK.     CATCHFLY.)     Stems  slender  (1°- 
2°  high);  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate;  flowers  few  and 
loosely  cymose,  peduncled ;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  soon  obconical ;  petals  ob- 
long, 2-cleft,  deep  crimson;   the  limb  1'  long.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York 
(Dr.  Sartwell)  to  Illinois  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

6.  S.  rfcgia,  Sims.     (ROYAL  CATCHFLY.)     Stem  roughish,  erect  (3° -4° 
high);  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  numerous,  short-stalked,  in 
clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  petals  spatu- 
late-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet.  —  Prairies,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     July. 

7.  S.  rotundif61ia,  Nutt.     (ROUND-LEAVED  CATCHFLY.)     Viscid-hairy; 
stems  weak,  branched,  decumbent  (2°  long) ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly  pointed, 
the  lower  obovate ;  flowers  few,  loosely  cymose,  stalked  ;  calyx  elongated ;  pet- 
als 2-clefl  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  in  Ken-  • 
tucky.    June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large.  —  The  last  three  probably  run 
together. 


90          .  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  inflated,  except  by  the  enlarging  pod :  annuals, 
H-  Glabrous,  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  glutinous  :  flowers  pink. 

8.  S.  ARMERIA,  L.    (SWEET-WILLIAM  CATCHFLY.)    Glaucous ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate;  flowers  in  flat  cymes,  open  in  sunshine;  calyx  club-shaped;  petals 
notched,  crowned  with  awl-shaped  scales.  —  Escaped  from  gardens :  rare.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

9.  S.  antirrhlna,  L.     (SLEEPY  C.)     Stem  slender  (8' -30' high);  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  small,  paniculate;   calyx  ovoid;  petals  obcordate, 
crowned,  opening  transiently  in  sunshine.  — Dry  soil :  common  in  waste  places. 
June -Sept. 

•«-•»-  Viscid-pubescent:  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  opening  at  night,  sweet-scented. 

10.  S.  NOCTURNA,  L.     (NIGHT  C.)     Leaves  short,  the  lower  spatulate,  the 
upper  linear;  flowers  small,  alternate  in  a  l-sided spike ;  petals  2-parted. —  Intro- 
duced sparingly  in  Pennsylvania,  according  to  Schweinitz.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  S.  NOCTIFL6RA,  L.     (NIGHT-FLOWERING  C.)     Viscid-hairy,  tall  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  lower  leaves  large  and  spatulate;  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  flowers  few, 
peduncled ;  calyx-tube  elongated  (over  1'  long),  soon  ovoid,  with  awl-shaped 
teeth;  petals  rather  large,  2-parted,  crowned.  —  Cultivated  grounds.      (Nat 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  *  Dwarf,  tufted,  smooth,  perennial:  flowering  shoots  I -flowered. 

12.  S.  acatllis,  L.     (Moss  CAMPION.)     Tufted  like  a  moss  (l'-2;  high), 
leaves  linear,  crowded ;  flowers  almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  peduncle ; 
petals  purple  or  rarely  white,  notched  or  entire,  crowned.  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.    July.     (Eu.) 

5.    LYCHNIS,    Tourn.        LYCHNIS.    COCKLE. 

Styles  5,  rarely  4 ;  and  pod  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Silene.  Calyx  in  one  species  with  leaf-like  lobes.  (Ancient 
Greek  name  for  a  scarlet  or  flame-colored  species,  from  Av^i/os,  a  light  or  lamp. ) 

1.  L.    VESPERiiNA,    Sibth.      (EVENING  L.)     Biennial,  usually  dioecious, 
viscid  pubescent,  in  foliage,  &c.,  like  Silene  noctiflora ;  but  5  styles ;  calyx  much 
shorter,  the  fertile  enlarging  and  broadly  ovoid  in  fruit,  with  lance-linear  teeth ; 
flowers  white  or  pinkish,  opening  at  evening.     (L.  dioica,  L.  in  part.)  —  Cult, 
or  waste  grounds  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.    GITHAGO,    Lam.      (CORN    COCKLE.)     Annual,  clothed  with  long 
soft  appressed  hairs ;  flowers  long-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  similar  to  the  long  and 
linear  leaves,  surpassing  the  broad  and  crownless  purple-red  petals,  falling  off  in 
fruit.      (Agrostemma  Githago,  L.,  &  ed.  2.)  — A  weed  in  wheat-fields,  too 
Common,  the  black  seeds  of  Cockle  being  injurious  to  the  appearance  of  the 
flour.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    ABENAKI  A,    L.        SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  sometimes  barely  notched,  rarely  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  short, 
splitting  into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  few  -» many- 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK    FAMILY.)  91 

seeded.  —  Low,  usually  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  exstipulate  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers.  (Name  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  many  of  the  species  grow.) 
—  The  following  sections  are  hy  many  botanists  taken  for  genera,  as  they  were 
in  the  former  edition. 

§  1.   ARENARIA  proper.     Pod  splitting  wholly  or  part-way  down  into  3  or  at 
length  into  6  valves :  seeds  many,  naked  at  the  hilum. 

1.      A.     8ERPYLLIF6LIA,     L.         (THYME-LEAVED      SAND  WORT.)        Diffusely 

branched,  roughish   (2' -6'  high);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  small;    cymes  leafy; 
sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  3  -  5-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  petals  and  the  6- 
toothed  pod. — A  low  annual,  in  sandy  waste  places.     June -Aug.    ^Nat. 
from  Eu.) 
§  2.   ALSlNE,  (Tourn.)  Wahl.     Pod  splitting  to  the  base  into  3  entire  valves: 

seeds  many,  usually  rough,  naked  at  the  hilum :  flowers  solitary  and  terminal  or 

cymose:  root  in  our  species  perennial. 

*  Leaves  small,  rigid,  awl-shaped  or  bristle-shaped. 

2.  A.  squarrbsa,  Michx.      (PINE-BARREN  S.)     Densely  tufted  from  a 
deep  perpendicular  root;    leaves  closely  imbricated,  but  spreading;  awl-shaped, 
short,  channelled;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  several-flow- 
ered; sepals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.     (Alsine,  ed.  2.) — In  pure 
sand,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  along  the  coast.     May  -  July. 

3.  A.  Stricta,  Michx.     Erect,  or  usually  diffusely  spreading  from  a  small 
root,  smooth ;  leaves  slender,  between  awl-shaped  and  bristle-form,  with  many  others 
clustered  in  the  axils ;  cyme  diffuse,  naked,  many-flowered ;   sepals  pointed,  3- 
ribbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pod.     (Alsine  Michauxii,  Fend.)  — Rocks  and  dry 
wooded  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    July.  —  The  specific 
name  is  a  bad  one,  as  there  is  nothing  strict  about  the  plant. 

*  *  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  filiform-linear :  petals  retuse  or  notched. 

4.  A.  patula,  Michx.    Diffusely  branched  from  the  slender  root ;  stems 
filiform  (6'- 10'  long)  ;  branches  of  the  cyme  diverging;  peduncles  long;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3 -5-nerved.     (Alsine,  ed.  2.)  —  Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River, 
mountains  of  Western  Virginia,  and  southward. 

5.  A.  Grcenlandica,  Spreng.     (MOUNTAIN  S.)    Densely  tufted  from 
slender  roots,  smooth;  flowering  stems  filiform,  erect  (2' -4' high),  few-flow- 
ered; sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  nerveless.     (Stellaria  Groenlandica,  Retz.     Alsine,  ed. 
2.)  —  Summit  of  the  Shawangunk,  Catskill,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York,  of  all  the  higher  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward ;  alpine  or 
subalpine.     At  Bath,  Maine,  on  river-banks  near  the  sea.     June  -  Aug.  — 
Leaves  and  peduncles  3" -6"  long;  flowers  large  in  proportion. 

A.  GLABRA,  Michx.,  of  the  mountain-tops  in  Carolina,  may  occur  on  those  of 
Virginia,  and  is  perhaps  a  large  form  of  the  above. 

§  3.  MQEHRfNGIA,  L.  Parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours:  pod  as  in  §  1, 
but  the  young  ovary  3-celled:  seeds  rather  few,  smooth  and  with  a  thickish  ap- 
pendage (strophiole)  at  the  hilum:  perennials,  with  flaccid  broadish  leaves. 

6.  A.  lateriflbra,  L.      Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  (£'-!'  long) ;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3  -4-)  flowered, 


92  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

soon  becoming  lateral ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse.  —  Gravelly  shores,  &c.,  Rhode 
Island  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    May,  June.     (Eu.) 
§  4.   AMMADENIA,  Gmelin.  (Honkenya,  Ehrh.)     Pod  fleshy,  splitting  into  as 
many  voices  as  there  are  styles  (3,  rarely  4  or  5) ;  the  ovary  more  or  less  3  -  (5-) 
celled:  seeds  few,  smooth,  short-beaked  at  the  naked  hilum :  disk  under  the  ovary 
more  prominent  than  usual,  glandular,  W-lobed;  flowers  almost  sessile  in  the  axils 
of  fleshy  leaves,  sometimes  dioecious  or  polygamous :  root  perennial. 
7.   A.  peploides,  L.    Stems  (simple  or  forking  from  long  rootstocks,  6'- 
10' high)  and  ovate  partly-clasping  leaves  (8" -10"  long)  very  fleshy.     (Hon- 
kenya peploides,  Ehrh.,  ed.  2.)  —  Sands  of  the  sea-shore,  New  Jersey  to  Maine 
and  northward.    June.    (Eu.) 

7.    STELLARIA,    L.        CHICKWEED.     STARWORT. 

Sepals  4 -5.  Petals  4-5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  10, 
or  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  4  or  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled, 
opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  several  -  many-seeded. 
Seeds  naked. — Flowers  (white)  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal,  or  appearing 
lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from 
Stella,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stems  spreading,  flaccid,  marked  longitudinally  with  one  or  two  pubescent  lines : 

leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  %'  —  2^'  long. 

1.  S.  MEDIA,  Smith.      (COMMON    CHICKWEED.)     Annual  or  nearly  so; 
lower  leaves  on  hairy  petioles ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-parted;  stamens  3.- 
10.  —  Everywhere  in  damp  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ptlbera,  Michx.     (GREAT  CHICKWEED.)     Root  perennial;  leaves 
all  sessile;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  deeply  2-cleft;    stamens  10.  —  Shaded 
rocks,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward.    May. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  spreading :  wholly  glabrous  perennials,  with  sessile  and  narrow  or 

small  leaves :  stamens  usually  1 0,  perigynous. 
•*-  Scaly-bracted :  petals  2-parted,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  S.  longifblia,  Muhl.     (LONG-LEAVED   STITCHWORT.)     Stem  erect, 
weak,  often  with  rough  angles  (8' -18'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  acutish  at  both  ends, 
spreading ;  cymes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  pedunded,  many-flowered,  the  slender 
pedicels  spreading ;   petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx ;    seeds  smooth.  — 
Grassy  places  :  common,  especially  northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.    longipes,  Goldie.      (LONG-STALKED  S.)      Shining  or  somewhat 
glaucous,  very  smooth ;   leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  rather  rigid  ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered,  the  long  pedicels 
strictly  erect ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Maine  to  Wiscon- 
sin :  rare,  common  farther  north.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  uligindsa,  Murr.  .  (SWAMP  S.)    Stems  weak,  decumbent  or  diffuse, 
at  length  prolonged,  leaving  the  naked  and  usually  sessile  cymes  lateral ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  veiny ;  petals  and  ripe  pods  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  seeds  rough- 
ened.    (S.  aquatica,  Pollich.)  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Pennsylvania  (Darlington, 
&c.),  New  Hampshire  (Blake),  and  northward  in  British  America.     (Eu.) 


CAROPHYLLACEJS.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  93 

••-•»-  Leafy-bracted,  the  flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leafy  branch- 
es ;  bracts  foliaceous :  petals  2-parted,  small  or  often  none :  styles  3  -  4 :  pod  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

6.  S.  crassifdlia,  Ehrhart.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid ;  leaves  rather 
fleshy,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  or 
wanting;  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  (An  apetalous  4 - 6-androus  state  is  Sagina 
fontinalis,  Short  fr  Peter.)     Springy  places,  E.  Kentucky  (Short),  Ringwood, 
Illinois  ( Vasey),  and  northward.     April -June.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.      (NORTHERN  S.)      Stems  erect  or  spreading, 
flaccid,   many   times   forked,   at  length  resolved  into   a  leafy   cyme;   leaves 
varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong ;  petals  2-5,  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  or  oflener  none;  sepals  acute;  styles  usually  4  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Shaded  or 
wet  places,  Rhode  Island    to   Wisconsin   and   northward.       June -Aug. — 
Var.  ALPESTRIS    (S.  alpestris,  Fries,    S.  Fenzlii,  Regel)   has  the  later  flowers 
more  cymose,  and  their  bracts  small  and  partly  scarious,  also  the  seeds  ob- 
scurely reticulated  or  roughish.  —  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins.     (Eu.) 

8.  S.  humifusa,  Rottbcell.     Spreading  or  creeping ;  stems  or  branches  (2' 
high)  1-3-flowered;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  oblong  (2"  -3"  long);  petals  a  little 
longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth. — Northern  border  of  Maine  on  the  St. 
John's  (G.  L.  Goodale),  and  high  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

8.    HOIiOSTEUM,    L.        JAGGED  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens  3  - 
5,  rarely  10.  Styles  mostly  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at 
the  top  by  6  teeth.  Seeds  rough,  flattened  on  the  back,  attached  by  the  inner 
face.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers  in  an  umbel,  borne  on 
a  long  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  composed  of  6Xoy,  all,  and  oor«w,  bone,  by 
antiphrasis,  these  plants  being  soft  and  tender.) 

1.  H.  UMBELLATUM,  L.  Leaves  oblong ;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the  stem 
glandular-pubescent ;  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.  —  Hills  around  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  and  Morris  Co.,  N.  Jersey,  C.  F.  Austin.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.    CERASTITJM,    L.        MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed  or  cleft,  rarely  entire.  Stamens 
twice  as  many,  or  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them.  Pod  1-celled,  usually  elongated,  membranaceous,  opening  at  the  apex 
by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  were  styles,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rough.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  terminal  cymes.  (Name  from  Kc'pas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  pods  in  many  species.) 

§  1.  Petals  2-cleft  or  obcordate:  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives:  pods  (except  in  No.  5) 

longer  than  the  calyx,  and  usually  more  or  less  curved. 

1.  C.  VULGATUM,  L.  (MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.)  Annual,  hairy  and 
rather  clammy,  nearly  erect  (4' -9' high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate;  bracts  herba- 
ceous; flowers  (small)  in  close  clusters  at  first;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  not  longer 
than  the  acute  sepals ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Grassy  places,  eastward  and 
southward  :  not  common.  May- July.  (The  names  of  this  and  the  next  were 


94  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

transposed  by  Linnapus,  and  by  continental  botanists  ever  since.)  —  Stamens 
often  5.  —  The  var.  ?  SEMIDECANDRUM,  which  has  more  lengthened  fruit-bearing 
pedicels,  is  here  hardly  met  with.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.    visc6suM,    L.      (LARGER   M.)      Perennial;   stems  clammy-hairy, 
spreading  (6'- 15' long) ;  leaves  oblong ;  upper  bracts  scarious-margined ;  flowers 
at  first  clustered,  the  fruiting  pedicels  longer,  the  earlier  ones  mostly  much  longer 
than  the  obtuse  sepals ;  petals  equalling  the  calyx.  —  Fields  and  copses  :  common, 
perhaps  indigenous  to  the  country.     May- July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  niltans,  Raf.    Annual,  very  clammy-pubescent ;  stems  erect,  slen- 
der, grooved,  diffusely  branched  (6' -20'  high);  cyme  loose  and  open,  many- 
flowered;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  mostly 
elongated ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved  up- 
wards, thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Moist  places,  Vermont  to  Minnesota  and 
southward.      May -July.  —  Var.  BRACHYPODUM,  Engelm.,   W.   Illinois  and 
southwestward,  has  pedicels  shorter  than  the  pods. 

4.  C.  oblongifblium,  Torr.    Perennial;   stems  ascending,  villous  (6'- 
12'  high),  many -flowered ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  ovate;  peduncles  clammy- 
hairy;  petals  (2-lobed)  and  ripe  pods  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Rocky 
places,  New  York  to  N.  Virginia  and  Illinois:  rare.     May -July.  —  Stouter 
and  larger  flowered  than  the  following  species. 

5.  C.  arv6nse,  L.     (FIELD  CHICKWEED.)    Perennial;  stems  ascending 
or  erect,  tufted,  downy,  slender  (4' -8'  high),  naked  and  few -several-flowered  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  linear ;  petals  obcordate,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx  ;  pods  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     Dry  or  rocky  places,  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     May -July.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  MCENCHIA,  Ehrhart.     Petals  entire  or  merely  refuse :  the  parts  of  the  flower 
commonly  in  fours :  pod  ovate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  C.  QUATERNELLUM,  Fenzl.     Smooth  and  glaucous  annual ;  stem  simple, 
erect  (2' -4'  high),  1-2-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  petals  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  ;  stamens  4.     (Sagina  erecta,  L.    Moenchia  quaternella,  Ehrh.) 

—  Near  Baltimore,  in  dry  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

10.    SAGINA,    L.        PEARLWORT. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  often  none.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  rarely  twice  their  number.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  al- 
ternate with  them.  Pod  many-seeded,  4  -  5-valved  to  the  base ;  valves  opposite 
the  sepals.  —  Little,  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  no 
stipules,  and  small  flowers  terminating  the  stems  or  branches;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  sagina,  fattening;  of  dubious  application.) 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours,  rarely  with  some  few  inflves. 

1.  S.  procumbens,  L.     Perennial,  depressed  or  spreading  on  the  ground, 
glabrous ;  leaves  linear-thread-shaped ;  apex  of  the  peduncle  often  hooked  soon 
after  flowering ;  petals  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  sepals,  sometimes  none. 

—  Springy  places  and  damp  rocks,  coast  of  Maine  to  Pennsylvania.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  apdtala,  L.     Annual,  erect,  with  more  slender  leaves,  narrower  sepals, 
and  petals  none  or  obsolete.  —  Dry  soil,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  : 
scarce,  seemingly  native?     (Eu.) 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  95 

*  #  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives,  the  stamens  not  rarely  10. 

3.  S.  subulata,  Wimmer.    Perennial  (or  apparently  annual),  ascending; 
the  peduncles  and  calyx  with  the  margins  of  the  upper  leaves  at  first  glandular- 
pubescent;  leaves  short,  often  bristly-tipped,  not  fascicled  in  the  axils;  peduncles 
slender;  petals  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx  (S.  Elliottii,  Fend.),  —  or  in 
var.  SMITHII,  a  slender  form,  seemingly  annual,  apetalous,  at  least  in  the  later 
flowers. — Near  Philadelphia,  in  waste  ground,  and  sandy  fields,  &c.,  Somers' 
Point,  New  Jersey,  C.  E.  Smith.  —  This  form  has  the  aspect  of  No.  2.     Seeds 
minutely  roughened.     (Perhaps  nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  S.  nodbsa,  Fenzl.    Perennial,  tufted,  glabrous,  or  glandular  above; 
stems  ascending  (3'  -  5'  high ;  lower  leaves  thread-form,  the  upper  short  and 
awl-shaped,  with  minute  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  so  that  the  branchlets  appear 
knotty;  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     (Spergula  nodosa,  L.) — Wet  sandy 
soil,  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  also  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

11.    SPEBGULARIA,    Pers.        SAND-SPURREY. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  2  - 10.  Styles  and  valves  of  the  many- 
seeded  pod  3,  very  rarely  5,  when  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals !  Em- 
bryo not  coiled  into  a  complete  ring.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  on  or  near  the  sea- 
coast,  with  filiform  or  linear  somewhat  fleshy  opposite  leaves,  and  smaller  ones 
often  clustered  in  the  axils :  stipules  scaly-membranaceous  :  flowering  all  sum- 
mer. (Name  altered  from  Spergula.)  —  Genus  also  known  under  the  name  of 
Lfipf  GONUM,  Fries.  Our  species,  which  perhaps  run  together,  are  here  arranged 
in  view  of  Kindberg's  monograph,  but  with  some  reduction.  They  are  all 
annuals  and  subpereiinials. 

1.  S.  rtlbra,  Presl.,  var.  camp^stris.     Nearly  glabrous,  except  the  sum- 
mit of  the  prostrate  slender  stems,  peduncles,  and  sepals,  which  are  usually  gland- 
ular-pubescent ;  leaves  filiform ;  stipules  triangular-awl-shaped ;  pods  and  pink- 
red  corolla  small  (2"),  hardly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  seeds  rough  with  pro- 
jecting points,  semi-obovate  or  gibbous-wedge-shaped,  wingless.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly 
dry  soil,  New  England  to  Virginia  along  and  near  the  coast,  but  rarely  mari- 
time.    (Eu.) 

2.  S.  salina,  Presl.    Larger  and  more  decidedly  fleshy  than  the  preceding, 
with  ovate  stipules,  and  peduncles  rarely  longer  than  the  pod,  which  is  longer 
than  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;    petals  pale ;    seeds  obovate-rounded  and  roughened  with 
points,  wingless  or  narrow-winged.  —  Brackish  sands,  &c.,  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land to  Virginia  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  m6dia,  Presl.     Distinguished  from  the  last  mainly  by  the  smooth 
seeds,  either  winged  or  wingless ;   peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  pod, 
which  is  2"  or  3"  long,  and  a  little  exceeds  the,  calyx.     (Lepigonum  medium,  Fries. 
L.  leiospermum,  Kindberg.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  sands,  with  the  last.     (Eu.) 

Var.  macrocarpa.  (S.  macrocarpa,  Presl.  Lepigonum  marinum,  Fries.) 
Root  more  woody  and  perennial ;  pod  3£"  -  5"  long,  surpassing  the  calyx ;  seeds 
also  larger,  rounded,  broadly  winged,  or  a  few  wingless.  —  Sea-beaches,  rare 
northward.  (Eu.) 


96  ,     CARYOPHYLLACK-E.       (PINK    FAMILY.) 

12.    SPERGULA,    L.        SPURREY. 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  The  5  valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals. 
Embryo  spirally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Otherwise  as  in  Spergularia. 
(Name  from  spargo,  to  scatter,  from  the  seeds.) 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (CORN  SPURRET.)  Annual;  leaves  numerous  in  the 
whorls,  thread-shaped  (!'  -  2'  long) ;  stipules  minute;  flowers  white,  in  a  stalked 
panicled  cyme ;  seeds  rough.  —  Grain-fields.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

13.    ANYCHIA,    Michx.        FORKED  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenish. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  1-seeded, 
larger  than  the  calyx.  Radicle  turned  downwards.  —  Small,  many  times  forked 
annuals,  with  small  stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks,  produced  all  sum- 
mer. (Same  derivation  as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  dich6toma,  Michx.  Erect  or  spreading;  leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  elliptical,  somewhat  petioled.  Varies  much ;  in  woods  or  rich  soil 
being  very  smooth,  erect  (6'  - 10'  high)  and  capillary,  with  long  joints,  the  leaves 
broader  and  thinner  (5"  - 10"  long),  and  the  flowers  more  stalked  (A.  capillacea, 
Nutt.  and  Queria  Canadensis  L.)  :  in  sterile  or  parched  soil  it  is  pubescent,  low 
and  spreading,  short-jointed,  narrower-leaved,  and  the  flowers  nearly  sessile  and 
more  clustered  (A.  dichotoma,  DC.).  Common  throughout. 

14.    PARONYCHIA,    Tourn.        WHITLOW-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.     Petals  bristle-form, 
or  minute  teeth,  or  none.     Stamens  5.     Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.     Utricle  1- 
seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.     Radicle  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and  . 
silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.     (Greek  name  for  a  whitlow,  and  for  a 
plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  argyr6coma,  Nutt.     Forming  broad  tufts,  branched,  spreading; 
leaves  linear ;  flowers  densely   clustered,  surrounded  by  conspicuous  large  silvery 
bracts;  calyx  hairy,   short-awned;   petals   mere  teeth  between  the  stamens. 
U.  —  Slides  in  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  bare 
summits  above.     Alleghany  Mountains  from  Virginia  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  dich6toma,  Nutt.     Smooth,  tufted;  stems  (6' -12' high)  ascending 
from  a  rather  woody  base;  leaves  and  bracts  awl-shaped;  cymes  open,  many-times 
forked;  sepals  short-pointed;  minute  bristles  in  place  of  petals.   1J. — Rocks, 
Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  southwestward.     July -Sept. 

15.    SCLERANTHUS,    L.        KNAWEL. 

Sepals  5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cup,  enclosing  the  1-seeded  utricle. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct.  —  Homely  little  weeds,  with 
awl-shaped  leaves,  obsctire  greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  stipules.  (Name 
from  oxX^pos,  hard,  and  avBos,  flower,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  AXNUUS,  L.  Much  branched,  spreading  (3' -5' high) ;  flowers  sessile 
in  the  forks;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined.  —  Waste  places.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


PORTULACACE^.       (PURSLANE   FAMILY.)  97 

16.    M  OL  LUGO,    L.    INDIAN-CHICKWISED. 

Sepals  5,  white  inside.  Petals  none.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  and  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  or  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3. 
Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many- 
seeded  axis.  —  Low  homely  annuals,  much  branched ;  the  stipules  obsolete. 
(An  old  Latin  name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  verticill£ta,  L.  (CARPET-WEED.)  Prostrate,  forming  patches; 
leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the  1-flowered  pedicels 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbel ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Sandy  river-banks,  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  June-  Sept.  (An  immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

ORDER  19.    PORTUL-ACACE^J.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs ,  with  succulent  leaves,  an<f  regular  but  unsymmetrical  flowers  ;  viz., 
sepals  usually  fewer  than  the  petals  ;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals  when 
of  the  same  number,  but  often  indefinite :  otherwise  nearly  as  Chickweeds. 
—  Sepals  2,  rarely  3  or  5.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly 
5  -  20.  Styles  3-8,  united  below,  or  distinct,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Pod  1  -  5-celled,  with  few  or  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  stalks 
from  the  base,  or  from  a  central  placenta.  Embryo  curved  around  mealy 
albumen.  —  Insipid  and  innocent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves.  Corolla  open- 
ing only  in  sunshine,  mostly  ephemeral,  then  shrivelling. 

*  ANOMALOUS  PORTULACACE^!.    Sepals  5,  bearing  the  stamens. 

1.  Sesuvium.     Petals  none.    Stamens  5 -60.    Pod  3 -5-celled,  opening  across  by  a  lid. 

*  *  TRUE  PORTULACACE^l.    Sepals  (2)  fewer  than  the  petals  :  pod  1 -celled. 

2.  Port  ulaca.     Stamens  7  -  20,  on  the  partly  adherent  calyx.     Pod  opening  by  a  lid. 

3.  Talinum.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  hypogynous.     Pod  many-seeded. 

4.  Claytonia.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  hypogynous  petals,  and  attached  to  their  base. 

Pod3-6-seeded. 

1.    SESUVIUM,    L.        SEA  PURSLANE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5  - 
60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3-5,  separate.  Pod  3  -  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
circumscissile,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.  —  Prostrate  maritime  herbs, 
with  succulent  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers.  (An 
unexplained  name.) 

1.  S.  Portulac&strum,  L.  Root  perennial;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong, 
flattish ;  flowers  sessile  or  short-peduncled ;  stamens  many.  —  Coast  of  New 
Jersey  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

2.    PORTULACA,  ,  Tourn.        PURSLANE. 

Calyx  2-cleft ;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  5,  rarely  6, 
inserted  on  the  calyx  with  the  7-20  stamens,  fugacious.  Style  mostly  3-8- 
parted.  Pod  1 -celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  as  a  lid.  — Fleshy  annuals, 
with  mostly  scattered  leaves.  (An  old  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning. )  • 
7 


98  MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW   FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  OLERACEA,  L.  (COMMON  PURSLANE.)  Prostrate,  very  smooth; 
leaves  obovate  or  wedge-form;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  morn- 
ings);  sepals  keeled;  petals  pale  yellow;  stamens  7-12;  style  deeply  5-6- 
parted ;  flower-bud  flat  and  acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds  :  common. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  RETtiSA,  Engelm.,  closely  resembling  the  common  Purslane,  is  indigenous 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

P.  GRANDIFIX^RA,  with  terete  leaves  and  showy  flowers,  cult,  for  ornament, 
begins  to  be  spontaneous  around  gardens. 

3.    TAIiINUM,    Adans.        TAHNUM. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  ephemeral.  Stamens  10- 
30.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  3-valved, 
with  many  seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  T.  teretifdlium,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base; 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical;  peduncle  long  (3' -6')  and  naked,  bearing  an  open 
cyme  of  pink  flowers  (§'  broad);  stamens  15-20.  1J.  — Serpentine  rocks, 
Westchester,  Penn.,  Falls  of  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
June  -  Aug. 

4.    CLAYTONIA,    L.        SPRING-BEAUTY. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  free,  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adhering  to  the  short  claws  of 
the  petals.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  1 -celled,  3-valved,  3-  6-seeded. — 
Our  two  species  are  perennials,  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early  spring  from  a 
small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  pretty 
flowers.  Corolla  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening  for  more  than  one  day  ! 
(Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  Clayton,  one  of  our  earliest  botanists,  who  con- 
tributed to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the  Flora  Virginica.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (3'  -6'  long). — 
Moist  open  woods :  common,  especially  westward  and  southward. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.     Leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oval-lanceolate 
(l'-2' long). —  W.  New  Hampshire,  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the 
Alleghanies. 

ORDER  20.    MALVACEAE.    (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  the 
calyx  valvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  numerous  stamens  mona- 
delphous  in  a  column,  which  is  united  at  the  base  with  the  short  claws  of  the 
petals,  l-celled  anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  united  at  the 
base,  persistent,  often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  bractlets,  forming  a 
sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals  5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  along 
the  top.  Pistils  several,  with  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring,  or  forming  a 
several-celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen  :  embryo  curved,  the  leafy 
cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous,  innocent  plants,  with 
.  tough  bark,  and  palmately-veined  leaves.  Flowerstalks  with  a  joint, 
axillary. 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW   FAMILY.)  99 

Tribe  I.     MAI/VE.S3.     Columns  of  stamens  anther-bearing  at  the  top.     Ovaries  and 
pods  (carpels)  5-20  or  more,  closely  united  in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis,  from  which 
they  separate  after  ripening. 
*  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles  :  carpels  1-seeded,  falling  away  separately. 

1.  Althrea.    Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets. 

2.  Mai  va.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Petals  obcordate.    Carpels  rounded,  beakless. 

3.  Callirrhoe.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.     Petals  truncate.    Carpels  beaked. 

4.  Napeea.    Involucel  none.    Flowers  dioecious.    Stamens  few. 

*  *  Stigmas  terminal,  capitate  :  carpels  1  -  few-seeded,  usually  dehiscent. 
5    Mai vas  tram.    luvolucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.    Seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  ascending. 

6.  Sida.    Involucel  none.    Seed  solitary  in  the  cells,  pendulous. 

7.  Abutiloii.    Involucel  none.    Seeds  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 

8.  Modiola.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Seeds  2  in  each  ceU,  and  with  a  transverse  partition 

between  them. 

Tribe  II.  HIBISCEJE.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  for  a  considerable  part  of 
its  length,  naked  and  5-toothed  at  the  very  apex.  Pod  mostly  5-celled,  loculicidal,  leaving 
scarcely  any  axis  in  the  centre  after  opening. 

9.   Kosteletzkya.    Involucel  of  several  bractlets.    Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 
10.   Hibiscus.    Involucel  of  many  bractlets.    Pod  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.    ALTH-3EJA,    L.        MARSH-MALLOW. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6  -  9-cleft  involucel.  Otherwise  as  in  Malva.  (Name 
from  a\0o>,  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  MARSH-MALLOW.)  Stem  erect;  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  3-lobed,  velvety-downy :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  many  flowered.  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and 
New  York.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Flowers  pale  rose-color.  Perennial  root  thick, 
abounding  in  mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pates  de  Guimauve.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    MALVA,    L.        MALLOW. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  .calyx.  Petals  ob- 
cordate. Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1-seeded  and  indehiscent  round  kidney- 
shaped  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  (An 
old  Latin  name,  from  /zaXa^?/,  soft,  alluding  to  the  emollient  leaves.) 

1.  M.  ROTUNDIF6LIA,  L.     (COMMON  MALLOW.)     Stems  procumbent  from  a 
deep  biennial  root ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  on  very  long  petioles,  crenate, 
obscurely-lobed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  whitish;  carpels  pubescent, 
even.  —  Waysides  and  cultivated  grounds:  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  SYLVESTRIS,  L.      (HiGH  M.)      Biennial;  stem  erect,  branched  (2° -3° 
high)  ;  leaves  sharply  5  -  7-lobed ;  petals  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  large, 
purple  and  rose-color;  carpels  wrinkled- veiny.  —  Waysides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  CRfSFA.     (CURLED  M.)     A  tall,  erect  annual,  with  round  and  angled 
toothed  and  crisped  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flowers  crowded  in  the  axils,  —  spar- 
ingly escaped  from  old  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  MOSCH\TA,  L.    (MusK  M.)     A  low  perennial;  with  the  stem-leaves  5- 
parted,  and  the  divisions  once  or  twice  parted  or  deft  into  linear  lobes,  faintly 
musky-scented,  the  flowers  rose-color  or  white  (1^'  in  diameter)  on  short  pe- 


100  MALVACE^:.     (MALLOW  FAMILY). 

duncles  crowded  on  thr  stem  and  branches,  the  fruit  downy:  has| 
gardens  to  waysides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  M.  ALCEA,  L.,  with  the  stem-leaves  only  once  ^-parted  or  i-tajl,  the  lobes 
incised,  large  flowers  like  No.  4,  but  the  fruit  smooth,  and  bractlets  of  the 
involucel  ovate:  has  escaped  from  gardens  in  Chester  Co.,  l\nn.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

3.    CALLIRIIHOE,    Nutt.        CALLIRRHOE. 

Calyx  either  naked  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  truncate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  &c.  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightish,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1- 
seeded  cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Radicle 
pointing  downwards.  —  Flowers  perfect. 

1.  C.   triangulata,    Gray.  '   Hairy-pubescent ;    stems   nearly  erect  (2° 
high)  from  a  tuberous  root ;  leaves  triangular  or  halberd-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
rather  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate  ;  the  upper  incised  or  3  -  5-eleft ;  flowers 
panicled,  short-pedicel  led  (purple) ;  involucel  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  carpds  short- 
pointed,  crestless.      (Malva  triangulata,  Leavenworth.      M.  Houghtonii,  Torr.  $* 
Gray. )  —  Dry  prairies,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward.    JutyiJI 

2.  C.  alC8eoid.es,   Gray.      Strigose-pubescent  ;    stems  slender  (1°  high) 
from  a  perennial  root ;  lower  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped,  incised  ;  the  upper 
5  -  7-parted,  laciniate,  the  uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments  ;    flowers 
corymbose,  on  slender  peduncles  (rose-color  or  white) ;  involucel  none ;  carpels 
obtusely  beaked,  crested  and  strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.      (Sida  alcaoides, 
Michx.)  — Barren  oak-lands,  S.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

4.    NAP -33 A,    Clayt.        GLADE  MALLOW. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  Petals  entire.  Flowers  dioecious;  the 
staminate  flowers  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers;  the  fertile  with  a 
short  column  of  filaments  but  usually  no  anthers.  Styles  8-10,  stigmatic 
along  the  inside.  Fruit  depressed-globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  as  many 
kidney-shaped  1 -seeded  beakless  and  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  there  are 
styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  —  A  tall  and  roughish  perennial  herb, 
with  very  large  9  - 11 -parted  lower  leaves,  the  pointed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and 
toothed,  and  small  white  flowers  in  panicled  clustered  corymbs.  (Named  by 
Clayton  from  vairr],  a  wooded  valley  or  glade,  or,  poetically,  the  nymph  of 
the  groves.) 

1.  N.  didica,  L.  (Sida  dioica,  Cay.) — Limestone  valleys,  Penn.  and 
southward  to  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Illinois :  rare.  July. 

5.    MALVASTRUM,    Gray.        FALSE  MALLOW. 

Calyx  with  an  involucel  of  2  or  3  bractlets,  or  none.  Petals  notched  at  the 
end  or  entire.  Styles  5  or  more  :  stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  as  in  Malva,  or 
else  as  in  Sida,  but  the  solitary  kidney-shaped  seed  ascending  and  the  radicle 
pointing  downwards,  as  in  the  former.  — Flowers  perfect  (Name  altered  from 
Malva.} 


MALVACEJE.       (MALLOW   FAMILY.)  101 

1.  M.  anglistum,  Gray.     Slightly  hairy;  stem  erect  (6' -9'  high)  from 
an  annual  root ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  linear,  with  scattered  fine  callous  teeth ; 
flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate-triangu- 
lar sepals ;  bractlets  and  stipules  setaceous ;  petals  yellow,  scarcely  exceeding 

the  calyx;  carpels  5,  kidney-shaped,  with  smooth  sides,  at  length  2-valved. 

Rock  Island  in  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Engelmann,  Parry.    Aug. 

2.  M.  COCCineum,  Gray     (Sida  coccinea,   Pursh),     a  low   and  hoary 
perennial,  with  5-parted  or  pedate  leaves,  and  short  spikes  or  racemes  of 
showy  pink-red  flowers,  the  petals  very  much  longer  than  th£  daJyx,;  ,the  car- 
pels 10  or  more,  reticulated  on  the  sides  and  indehiscent  :•  .q&qcfatlg  oV  tjie 
plains  from  Iowa  and  Minnesota  westward.  .  • , 


6.    SIDA,    L.        SIDA. 


Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5  or 
more,  tipped  with  capitate  stigmas :  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many  1- 
seeded  carpels,  which  are  closed,  or  commonly  2-valved  at  the  top,  and  tardily 
separate  from  the  axis.  Seed  pendulous.  Embryo  abruptly  bent ;  the  radicle 
pointing  upwards.  — Flowers  perfect.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus. ) 

1 .  S.  Nap&a,  Cav.     A  smooth,  tall  (4°  - 10°  high)  perennial ;  leaves  5-cleft, 
the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  (white)  umbellate-corymbed,  large; 
carpels  10,  pointed.     (Napa?a  laevis  &  hermaphrodita,  L.)  —  Rocky  river-banks, 
Penn.,  York  Co.,  &c.,  Porter.     Kanawha  Co.,  Virginia,  Rev.  J.  M.  Brown. 
(Cultivated  in  old  gardens.) 

2.  S.  Ellidttii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  smooth,  erect  perennial  (l°-4°  high) ; 
leaves  linear,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  short ',  flow- 
ers (yel/ow)  rather  large;  carpels  9-10,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed,  forming  a 
depressed  fruit.  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  Virginia  and  southward.     May  -  Aug. 

3.  S.  8PIN6SA,  L.     Annual  weed,  minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (10'- 
20' high),  much  branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  rather  long- 
petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  flowers  (yellow) 
small;  carpels  5,  combined  into  an  ovate  fruit,  each  splitting  at  the  top  into  2 
beaks.  — A  little  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger  plants  gives 
the  specific  name,  but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.  —  Waste  places :  common 
southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  or  Afr.) 

7.    ABUTIIiON,     Tourn.        INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Carpels  2  -  9-seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Radicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
wards. Otherwise  as  in  Sida.  (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  A.  AvicEXSuE,  Gsertn.  (VELVET-LEAF.)  Tall  annual  (4°  high) ;  leaves 
roundish-heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  velvety ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf- 
stalks; corolla  yellow;  pods  12-15,  hairy,  beaked.  —  Waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  India.)  4 

8.    MODI  OLA,    Moench.        MODIOLA. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  10-20.  Stigmas 
capitate.  Carpels  14-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed,  and  at  length  2-valved  at  the 


102  MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

top ;  the  cavity  divided  into  two  by  a  cross  partition,  with  a  single  seed  in  each 
cell.  —  Humble,  procumbent  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut  leaves 
and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus,  the  broad 
and  depressed  fruit  resembling  in  shape  the  Koman  measure  of  that  name.) 

1.  M.  multifida,  Moench.  Hairy;  leaves  3  -  5-cleft  and  incised ;  stamens 
15-20;  fruit  hispid  at  the  top. — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

9.    KOSTELETZKYA,    Presl.        KOSTELETZKYA. 

Po-'f  'lejJMsscc?,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus. 
(Named  after  V.  F.  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

'  1'.  j£  Vtrgiuica,  Presl.  Roughish-hairy  perennial  (2°  -4°  high)  ;  leaves 
halberd-shaped  and  heart-shaped  ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  (Hibiscus  Virginicus,  L.) 
—  Marshes  on  the  coast,  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Co- 
rolla 2'  wide,  rose-color.  Column  slender. 

1O.    HIBISCUS,    L.        ROSE-MALLOW. 

Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bractlets,  5-cleft.  Col- 
umn of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles  united : 
stigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod.  Seeds  several  or  many  in 
each  cell.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  old 
Greek  and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

*  Indigenous,  tall  perennials  (4°  -  8°),  flowering  late  in  summer. 

1.  H.  MoschetltOS,  L.    (SWAMP  ROSE-MALLOW.)    Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  whitened  underneath  with  a  fine  soft  down,  glabrous 
or  slightly  downy  beneath ;  the  1 -flowered  peduncles  sometimes  united  at  the 
base  with  the  petioles ;  calyx  not  inflated ;  pod  and  seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so.  — 
Brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,  sometimes  extending  up  rivers  far  beyond 
the  influence  of  salt  water  (as  above  Harrisburg,  Penn.) :  also  Onondaga  Lake, 
N.  Y.,  and  westward,  usually  within  the  influence    of  salt  springs.  —  Corolla 
5'  -  6'  in  diameter,  light  rose-color  or  white,  with  or  without  a  crimson  eye. 

2.  H.  grandiflbrus,  Michx.     Leaves  soft-downy  loth  sides,  the  lower  broadly 
ovate  and  heart-shaped;  pod  very  hirsute;  seeds  smooth;  —  otherwise  resembling 
the  last.  —  Illinois  (Lawrence  Co.,  Fritchey)  and  southward. 

3.  H.  militaris,  Cav.    (HALBERD-LEAVED  R.)    Smooth  throughout ;  lower 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed ;  upper  leaves  halberd-form,  the  short 
lateral  lobes  spreading  at  the  base,  the  middle  one  prolonged  and  taper-pointed ; 
peduncles  slender ;  fruiting  calyx  inflated;  seeds  hairy.  —  River-banks,  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  4'  -  5'  in  diameter,  flesh-color. 

*  *  Escaped  from  gardens  or  grounds. 

4.  H.  Tni6NUM,  L.     (BLADDER  KETMIA.)     Alow,  rather  hairy  annual;  up- 
per leaves  3-partecP,  with  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle  one  much  the  longest ; 
fruiting  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  5-wing^d;  corolla  sulphur-yellow  with  a 
blackish  eye,  ephemeral ;  hence  the  name  Flower-of-an-hour.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  H.  SYRIACUS,  L.     (SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA  of  the  gardeners. )     Tall  shrub, 
smooth ;  leaves  wedge-ovate,  pointed,  cut-toothed  or  lobed ;  corolla  usually  rose- 
color.  —  Roadsides  and  copses,  Pennsylvania,  &c.     Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CAMELLIACE^E.       (CAMELLIA    FAMILY.)  103 

ORDER  21.     TILJACEJE.     (LINDEN  FAMILY.) 

Trees  (rarely  herbs) ,  \vith  the  mucilaginous  properties,  jibrous  bark, 
valvate  calyx,  $*c.,  of  the  Mallow  Family;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers 
^-celled; —  represented  in  Northern  regions  only  by  the  genus, 

1.    TILIA,    L.        LINDEN.    BASSWOOD. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous-:  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  other  (in  European  species),  or  with  the  base  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals.  Pistil  with  a 
5-celled  ovary  and  2  half-anatropous  ovules  in  each,  a  single  style,  and  a  5- 
toothed  stigma.  Fruit  a  sort  of  woody  globular  nut,  becoming  1 -celled  and  1  - 
2-seeded.  Embryo  with  a  taper  radicle,  and  a  pair  of  leaf-like  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  and  lobed  cotyledons,  which  are  a  little  folded.  —  Fine  trees,  with  soft 
and  white  wood,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  leaves  (oblique  and  often 
truncate  at  the  base),  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of  flowers,  hanging  on 
an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  leaf-like  bract.  Flowers  cream-color, 
honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

1,  T.  Americana,   L.      (BASSWOOD.)     Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  thickish. — Rich  woods,  May,  June.  —  This  familiar  tree  is  rarely 
called  Lime-tree,  oftener  White-wood,  commonly  Basswood;  the  name  (now  obso- 
lete in  England)  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  inner  bark  for  mats  and  cordage. 

Var.  pub&3Cens.  Leaves  softly  pubescent  underneath,  often  thin.  (T. 
pubescens,  Ait. )  —  Common  from  Maryland  southward  and  westward. 

2.  T.   heteroph^lla,    Vent.      (WHITE    BASSWOOD.)      Leaves   larger, 
smooth  and  bright  green  above,  silvery-whitened  with  a  fine  down  underneath. 
(T.  alba,  Michx.)  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

T.  EuROpJeA,  the  EUROPEAN  LINDEN,  which  is  planted  in  and'  near  our 
cities  as  an  ornamental  tree,  is  at  once  distinguished  from  any  native  species  by 
the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens.  This  tree  (the  Lin) 
gave  the  family  name  to  Linnceus. 

ORDER  22.     CAMELXIACE^E.  *     (CAMELLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules, 
the  regular  flowers  hypogynous  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petals  both 
imbricated  in  cestivation,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  with  each 
other  (monadelphous  or  3-  b-adelphous}  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals.  — 
Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3 -5-celled  loculicidal  pod. 
Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyle- 
dons. —  A  family  with  showy  flowers,  the  types  of  which  are  the  well- 
known  CAMELLIA  and  the  more  important  TEA  PLANT,  —  represented 
in  this  country  by  the  two  following  genera. 

*  Name  of  same  date  as  TERNSTR03MIACE.E,  and  preferable. 


104  LINAGES.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

1.    STTJAKTIA,    Catesby.        STUAKTIA. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  rarely  6,  obovate,  crenulate. 
Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Pod  5-celled.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  crus- 
taceous,  anatropous,  ascending.  Embryo  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men :  radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  with  membranaceous  decid- 
uous oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy  beneath,  and  large  short-pedun- 
cled  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.  (Named  for  John  Stuart,  Lord  Bute.) 

1.  S.  Virginica,  Cav.  Petals  5  white  (1'long);  sepals  ovate;  style  1; 
stigma  5-toothed;-  pod  globular,  blunt;  seeds  not  margined.  (S.  Malachoden- 
dron,  L. )  —  Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

S.  PENTAGYNA,  L'Her.,  with  cream-colored  flowers,  5  styles,  and  an  angled 
and  pointed  pod,  may  be  found  in  the  Alleghanies  of  Southern  Virginia. 

2.    GORDONIA,    Ellis.        LOBLOLLY  BAY. 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  5-adelphous,  one 
cluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1.  Pod  ovoid,  5-valved  ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis ;  cells  2  -  8-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous. 
Embryo  straightish,  with  a  short  radicle,  and  thin  longitudinally  plaited  cotyle- 
dons. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.  (Dedicated  by  Dr.  Garden  to  his  "old  master,  Dr.  James  Gordon  of 
Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  G.  Lasianthus,  L.  (LOBLOLLY  BAY.)  Leaves  coriaceous  and  per- 
sistent, lanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining ;  pod  pointed ;  seeds  winged  above.  Swamps  near  the  coast.  Virginia 
and  southward.  May  -  July.  —  Petals  1  £'  long. 

ORDER  23.    LJIVACE^E.     (FLAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  the  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  flow- 
ers 4  -  6-merous  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals, 
the  5  stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  an  S-W-seeded  pod,  having 
twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles.  Represented  by  the  genus, 

1.    LINUM,    L.        FLAX. 

Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  with  each 
other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  (into  which  it  splits  in  dehiscence)  and  5-celled, 
with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  ;  but  each  cell  is  partly  or  com- 
pletely divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  Avhich  projects  from  the  back  of  the 
carpel,  thus  becoming  10-celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened, 
containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  —  Herbs,  with  a  tough 
fibrous  bark,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  opposite),  with- 
out stipules,  but  often  with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  pani- 
cled  flowers.  Corolla  usually  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 
*  Indigenous  species,  glabrous,  l°-3°  high,  with  yettow  flowers,  in  summer. 

1.  L.  Virginianum,  L.  Stem  erect  from  the  base  and  with  the  corym- 
bose spreading  or  recurving  branches  terete  and  even ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 


GERANIACEJS.       (GERANIUM    FAMILY.)  105 

or  the  lower  spatula  te  and  often  opposite;  flowers  scattered,  small  (barely  3" 
long) ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,  smooth-edged  or  nearly  so,  equalling  the  depressed 
10-celled  pod;  styles  distinct.  —  Dry  woods  :  common.  —  Root  apparently  an- 
nual ;  but  the  plant  propagated  by  suckers  from  the  base  of  the  stem. 

2.  L.  striatum,  Walt.    Stems  gregarious,  erect  or  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing or  decumbent  base,  slightly  viscid,  and  with  the  mostly  racemose  short 
branches  striate  with  about  4  sharp  wing-like  angles  decurrent  from  the  leaves ; 
these  broader  than  in  the  last,  and  mostly  oblong,  usually  with  all  the  lower 
ones  opposite  ;  flowers  more  crowded ;  sepals  scarcely  equalling  the  very  small 
brownish  pod :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  1.    (L.  oppositifolium,  Engelm.)  — Wet 
or  boggy  grounds,  New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Generally  con- 
founded with  L.  Virginianum  (figured  for  it  in  Beichenb.  Ic.  Exot.),  but  well 
distinguished  by  Walter,  except  that  the  stem-leaves  are  commonly  opposite  up 
to  the  first  branch  :  here  described  from  the  indications  given  by  C.  F.  Austin. 

3.  L.  sulc&tum,  Kiddell,  1836. .  Stem  strictly  erect  from  an  annual  root, 
and  with  the  upright  or  ascending  branches  striate-angled  or  grooved ;  leaves 
linear,  acute,  or  the  upper  subulate,  rather  rigid ;  a  pair  of  dark  glands  in  place 
of  stipules :   sepals  ovate-lanceolate  and   sharp-pointed,  strongly  3-nerved  and 
(like  the  bracts)  with  rough-bristly-glandular  margins,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
ovoid-globose   incompletely  10-celled  pod ;   styles  united  almost  to  the  middle. 
(L.  Boottii,  Planchon,  1848.) — Dry  soils,  Ehode  Island  to  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.  —  Flowers  and  pods  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding.     (L.  nf GIDUM, 
Pursh.,  of  the  Western  plains,  probably  in  Minnesota,  is  dwarf,  glaucous,  and 
has  the  styles  united  almost  to  the  top.) 

*  *  Escaping  from  cultivation,  blue-flowered,  annual. 

4.  L.  usiTATfssiMUM,  L.  (COMMON  FLAX),  is  occasionally  spontaneous  in 
fields. 

ORDER  24.    GERANIACEJE.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  (chiefly  herbs)  with  perfect  and  generally  symmetrical  hypogynous 
flowers  ;  the  stamens,  counting  sterile  filaments,  as  many  or  commonly  twice 
as  many,  and  the  lobes  or  cells  (1  -few-ovuled}  of  the  ovary  as  many,  as 
the  sepals,  an  axis  of  the  dry  fruit  persisting.  —  Seeds  without  albumen, 
except  in  Oxalis.  The  flower  of  Impatiens  is  partly,  and  that  of  Tropas- 
olum  still  more  unsymmetrical.  Herbage  often  strong-scented,  but  never 
punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  —  As  a  whole  the  order,  here  recombined 
as  it  was  founded  by  Jussieu,  is  hard  to  define.  Of  late  it  has  generally 
been  broken  into  several  small  orders :  the  principal  ones  here  stand  as 
suborders,  with  only  one  or  two  genera  to  each.  —  TROP^OLUM,  the 
GARDEN  NASTURTIUM,  occupies  a  position  between  the  first  and  the* 
second  suborder. 

SUBORDER  L    GERANIEJB.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY  PROPER.) 

Flowers  5-merous  and  symmetrical;  the  persistent  sepals  imbricated 
and  the  petals  usually  convolute  in  the  bud :  5  glands  of  the  receptacle 


106  GERANIACEJE.       (GERANIUM   FAMILY.) 

alternate  with  the  petals.  Stamens  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary 
deeply  5-lobed,  the  5  two-ovuled  carpels  and  the  lower  part  of  the  long 
styles  adnate  to  a  long  and  beak-like  prolongation  of  the  receptacle, 
from  which,  when  ripe  and  dry,  the  small  and  membranaceous  pods  are 
torn  off,  and  carried  away  by  the  styles,  —  which,  as  they  separate  from 
the  beak  from  the  base  upwards,  are  elastically  recurved  or  revolute,  the 
solitary  seed  falling  out.  Embryo  filling  the  seed  (no  albumen)  ;  cotyle- 
dons folded  together  and  bent  down  on  the  short  radicle.  —  Strong- 
scented  herbs  (or  the  Pelargoniums,  which  have  somewhat  irregular 
flowers,  shrubby  plants),  with  opposite  or  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  and 
astringent  roots. 

1.  Geranium.    Stamens  with  anthers  10,  rarely.  5.    The  recurving  bases  of  the  styles  or 

tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  naked  inside. 

2.  Ei-odium.     Stamens  with  anthers  only  5.  . Tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  bearded  inside, 

often  spirally  twisted. 

SUBORDER  II.    LIMNANTIIE^E.     (LIMNANTHES  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  3-merous  or  5-merous,  completely  symmetrical  and  regular ;  the 
persistent  sepals  ovate  in  the  bud  :  glands  of  the  receptacle  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Stamens  distinct.  No  beak  or  prolongation  of  the  receptacle 
beyond  the  ovary,  which  consists  of  3  or  5  almost  distinct,  at  length  fleshy 
and  separating,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels,  united  by  a  common  style. 
Seeds  without  albumen :  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  the  short  radicle 
included  by  their  heart-shaped  bases.  —  Tender  low  annuals,  with  pinnate 
alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules.  —  Consists  of  the  pretty-flowered  Califor- 
nian  LIMNANTHES,  and  of 

3.  Floerkea.    Sepals,  minute  petals,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3 :  stamens  6. 

SUBORDER  III.    BALS  AMINES.     (BALSAM  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical,  5-merous  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistil ; 
the  sepals  and  petals  irregular,  usually  unsymmetrical  and  of  fewer  pieces, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  all  petaloid  and  deciduous,  the  larger  piece  with  an 
ample  sac  or  spur :  no  glands  :  filaments  distinct,  short.  Fruit  a  fleshy  5- 
celled  pod  or  berry :  no  albumen  :  the  straight  embryo  with  thick  cotyle- 
dons and  a  short  radicle.  —  Tender  herbs,  the  succulent  stems  gorged 
with  a  bland  watery  juice ;  the  leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate,  without 
stipules. 

4.  Impatiens.    Inner  or  lateral  petals  unequally  2-lobed.    Pod  bursting  elastically  into  5 

valves,  several-seeded. 

SUBORDER  IV.     OXALLDEJE.     (SORREL  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  5-merous,  regular  and  symmetrical,  decandrous ;  the  persistent 
sepals  imbricated  and  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud :  no  glands  alter- 
nate with  the  latter.  Stamens  often  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Fruit  a 


GERANIACE^E.       (GERANIUM   FAMILY.)  107 

5-celled  loculicidal  pod  or  a  berry.  Seeds  2  or  few  in  each  cell,  with  a 
straight  embryo  in  a  little  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  compound :  juice 
sour. 

5.   Oxalis.    Styles  5,  separate.    Pod  oblong :  the  valves  not  falling  away.    Leaflets  usually 
obcordate. 

1.     GERANIUM,    L.         CRANESBILL. 

Stamens  10  (sometimes  only  5  in  No.  2),  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5 
longer  with  glands  at  their  base  (alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  smooth 
inside  in  fruit  when  they  separate  from  the  axis.  —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles 
1-3-flowered.  (An  old  Greek  name,  from  yepavos,  a  crane;  the  long  fruit- 
bearing  beak  thought  to  resemble  the  bill  of  that  bird.) 

*  Rootstock  perennial. 

1.  G.  macillatum,  L.  (WILD  CRANESBILL.)  Stem  erect,  hairy; 
leaves  about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  and  cut  at  the  end ; 
sepals  slender-pointed;  petals  entire,  light  purple,  bearded  on  the  claw  (£' 
long).  —  Open  woods  and  fields.  April -July.  —  Leaves  somewhat  blotched 
with  whitish  as  they  grow  old. 

*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual :  flowers  small. 

2.  G.  Carolinianum,  L.      (CAROLINA  C.)      Stems  at  first  erect,  dif- 
fusely branched  from  the  base,  hairy ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft 
and  cut  into  numerous  oblong-linear  lobes  ;    peduncles  and  pedicels  short ; 
sepals  awn-pointed,  as  long  as  the  emarginate  (pale  rose-color)  petals ;  carpels 
hairy  ;    seeds   ovoid-oblong,   very  minutely   reticulated.  —  Barren   soil   and  waste 
places  :  common.     May  -  Aug.  —  Depauperate  forms,  except  by  the  seeds,  are 
hardly  distinguishable  from 

3.  G.  DISSECTUM,  L.      ( CUT-LEAVED  C.)      More  slender  and  spreading, 
with  narrower  lobes  to  the  leaves,  and  smaller  red-purple  petals  notched  at  the 
end ;  seeds  short-ovoid  or  globular,  finely  and  strongly  reticulated.  —  Waste  grounds, 
scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  G.    COLUMBINUM,    L.      (LONG-STALKED    C.)      Minutely  hairy,  with 
very  slender  decumbent  stems ;  leaves  5  -  7-parted  and  cut  into  narrow  linear 
lobes;  peduncles  and  pedicels  filiform  and  elongated;  sepals  awned,  about  equal- 
ling the  purple  petals,  enlarging  after  flowering ;  carpels  glabrous ;  seeds  nearly 
as  in  No.   3.  —  Along   the   Susquehanna,  Lancaster  Co.,   &c.,   Prof.  Porter. 
Alexandria,  Virginia,  A.  H.  Curtiss.     June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  G.  PusfLLUM,  L.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  C.)    Stems  procumbent,  slender, 
minutely   pubescent ;    leaves  rounded  kidney-form,   5  -  7-parted,   the  divisions 
wedge-shaped,  mostly  3-lobed ;  sepals  awnless,  about  as  long  as  the  (purplish) 
petals ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania :  rare.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  G.  Bobertianum,  L.      (HERB -ROBERT.)      Sparsely  hairy,  diffuse; 
strong-scented,  leaves  3-divided  or  pedately  ^-divided,  the  divisions  twice  pinna- 
tifid:  sepals  awned,  shorter  than  the  (red-purple)  petals;  pods  wrinkled ;  seeds 
smooth.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines:  common  northward.     June -Oct. 
(Eu.) 


108  GERANIACE^E.       (GERANIUM   FAMILY.) 

2.    EBODIUM,    L'Her.        STORKSBILL. 

The  5  shorter  stamens  sterile  or  wanting.  Styles  in  fruit  twisting  spirally, 
bearded  inside.  Otherwise  as  Geranium.  (Name  from  epcoStds,  a  heron.) 

I.  E.  CICUTARIUM,  L'Her.  Annual,  hairy;  stems  low,  spreading ;  leaves 
pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -  2-pinnatifid ;  peduncles  several-flowered.  —  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  &c. :  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    FLGERKEA,    Willd.        FALSE  MERMAID. 

Sepals  .3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  3, 
opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base ;  the  style  rising  in  the  centre : 
stigmas  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  roughish  fleshy  achenia.  Seed  anatropous, 
erect,  filled  by  the  large  embryo  with  its  hemispherical  fleshy  cotyledons. — A 
small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  with  minute  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  pe- 
duncles. (Named  after  Flcerke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  F.  proserpinacoides,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  W.  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April -June. — Leaflets  3-5,  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  2  -  3-cleft.  Taste  slightly  pungent. 

4.    IMPATIENS,    L.        BALSAM.    JEWEL-WEED. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  not  clearly  distinguishable.  Sepals  ap- 
parently only  4  ;  the  anterior  one,  which  is  notched  at  the  apex,  probably  con- 
sisting of  two  combined ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower 
hangs  on  its  stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal-sided 
and  2-lobed  (each  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  5,  short :  filaments 
appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  5  scales  connivent  and  united 
Over  the  stigma :  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face.  Ovary  5-celled  :  stigma 
sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  the  several 
anatropous  seeds,  5-valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  and  projecting  the 
seeds  in  bursting.  Embryo  straight :  albumen  none.  —  Leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, without  stipules,  in  our  species  ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  toothed,  petioled. 
Flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  —  the  larger  ones,  as 
described  above,  which  seldom  ripen  seeds ;  —  and  very  small  ones,  which  are 
fertilized  early  in  the  bud ;  their  floral  envelopes  never  expand,  nor  grow  to 
their  full  size,  but  are  forced  off  by  the  growing  pod  and  carried  upwards  on 
its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods  when  touched,  whence 
also  the  popular  appellation,  Touch-me-not,  or  Snap-weed.) 

1.  I.  pallida,  Nutt.     (PALE  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)     Floivers  pale-yellow,  spar- 
ingly dotted  with  brownish-red  ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spur.  —  Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in  rich 
soil ;  most  common  northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than  the 
next,  with  larger  flowers :  a  spotless  variety  in  N.  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, Miss  Lumbard. 

2.  I.  flilva,  Nutt*    (SPOTTED  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)   Flowers  orange-color,  thickly 
spotted  with  reddish-brown ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  tapering  into 
a  strongly  inflexed  spur.  —  Rills  and  shady  moist  places :  common,  especially 


RUTACE^E.       (RUE    FAMILY.)  109 

southward.  June -Sept.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high:  the  flowers  loosely  panicled 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hanging  gracefully  on  their  slender  nodding  stalks, 
the  open  mouth  of  the  cornucopias-shaped  sepal  upward.  —  A  variety  is  not  rare 
with  spotless  flowers,  which  differs  from  the  I.  Noli-tangere  of  Europe  in  the 
more  inflexed  spur  and  smaller  petals.  Spur  rarely  wanting. 

» 
5.    OX  AL  IS,    L.        WOOD-SORREL. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  their  bases  sometimes  united,  withering  after 
expansion.  Stamens  10,  usually  monadelphous  at  the  base,  alternately  shorter. 
Styles  5,  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  membranaceous,  5-celled,  more  or  less  5-lobed, 
each  cell  opening  on  the  back ;  the  valves  persistent,  being  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  axis  by  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous 
from  the  axis,  anatropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo 
large  and  straight  in  fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  sour 
watery  juice,  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  mostly  of  3  obcordate  leaflets,  which 
close  and  droop  at  nightfall.  Several  species  produce  (like  Impatiens)  small 
peculiar  flowers,  which  are  precociously  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  are  particularly 
fruitful ;  and  the  ordinary  flowers  are  often  dimorphous  or  even  trimorphous  in 
the  relative  length  of  the  stamens  and  styles.  (Name  from  6£vs,  sour.) 

*  Stemless  perennials :  leaves  and  scapes  a  rootstock  or  bulb :  leaflets  broadly  obcor- 

date: flowers  nearly  1'  broad;  cells  of  the  pod  few-seeded. 

1.  O.  Acetos611a,   L.      (COMMON   WOOD-SORREL.)     Rootstock  creeping 
and  scaly- toothed;  scope  \-flowered  (2' -5'  high);    petals  white  with  reddish 
veins,  often  notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Penn.,  L.  Superior 
and  northward :  also  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    June.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  Violacea,   L.     (VIOLET  W.)     Nearly  smooth;   bulb  scaly;  scapes 
umbellately  several-flowered  (5' -9'  high),  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  violet. — 
Rocky  places ;  most  common  southward.     May,  June. 

*  *  Stems  leafy,  branching :  peduncles  axillary :  flowers  small :  cells  several-seeded. 

3.  O.  Stricta,  L.     (YELLOW  W.)     Annual  or  perennial  by  running  sub- 
terranean shoots  ;  stems  at  first  erect ;  stipules  absent ;  peduncles  2  -  6-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  yellow  ;  pods  elongated,  erect  in  fruit.  —  Copses 
and  cultivated  grounds  :  common.    May  -  Sept.  —  Varies  greatly  in  appearance 
and  in  the  size  of  its  flowers. 

4.  O.  CORNICULATA,  L.,  if  in  this  district,  and  truly  distinct  from  0.  stricta, 
should  be  known  by  the  stipules  at  the  base  of  the  petioles.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  25.    RUT  ACE  m.    (RuE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands,  abound- 
ing with  a  pungent  or  bitter-aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  producing  hypogynous 
almost  always  regular  3  -  5-merous  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  more  numerous)  ;  the  2-5  pistils  separate  or  com- 
bined into  a  compound  ovary  of  as  many  cells,  raised  on  a' prolongation  of 
the  receptacle  (gynophore)  or  glandular  disk.  —  Embryo  large,  curved  or 


110  RUTACE^E.       (RUE   FAMILY.) 

straight,  usually  in  fleshy  albumen.  Styles  commonly  united  or  cohering, 
even  when  the  ovaries  are  distinct.  Fruit  usually  capsular.  Leaves  al- 
ternate or  opposite.  Stipules  none.  —  A  large  family,  chiefly  of  the  Old 
World  and  the  Southern  hemisphere ;  the  PROPER  RUTACEJE,  represented 
in  gardens  by  the  Rue  (Ruta  graveolens,  L.)  and  Fraxinella  (Dictdmnus 
Fraxinella,  L.)  chiefly  herbs,  but  the  rest  are  shrubs  or  trees.  — The  Au- 
KANTIE^E  or  Orange  Family,  recently  appended  to  this  order,  has  baccate 
fruit,  seeds  without  albumen,  and  stamens  sometimes  almost  indefinitely 
numerous.  —  Our  two  indigenous  genera  are 

1.  Zautlioxylum.    Flowers  dioecious :  ovaries  3-5,  separate,  forming  fleshy  pods. 

2.  Ptelea.    Flowers  polygamous :  ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  samara,  like  that  of  Elm. 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM,    Golden.        PRICKLY  ASH. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Pistils  2-5,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slightly  united. 
Pods  thick  and  fleshy,  2-valved,  1  -2-seeded.  Seed-coat  crustaceous,  black, 
smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or 
trees,  with  mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish.  (Name  from  t-avdos,  yellow,  and  £v\ov, 
wood:  therefore  more  properly  spelled  with  an  initial  X.) 

1.  Z.  Americanum,  Mill.     (NORTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.    TOOTHACHE- 
TREE.)     Leaves  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  leaflets  4-5  pairs  and  an  odd 
one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young ;  calyx  none ;  petals  5 ;  pistils  3-5,  with 
slender  styles ;  pods  short-stalked.  —  Rocky  woods  and  river-banks :  common  north- 
ward.    April,  May.  —  A  prickly  shrub,  with  yellowish-green  flowers  appearing 
before  the  leaves.    Bark,  leaves,  and  pods  very  pungent  and  aromatic. 

2.  Z.  Carolini&num,  Lam.      (SOUTHERN  P.)      Glabrous;  leaflets  3-5 
pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique,  shining  above ;  flowers 
in  a  terminal  cyme,  appearing  after  the  leaves  ;  sepals  and  petals  5  ;  pistils  3,  with 
short  styles ;  pods  sessile.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Virginia,  and  southward.    June.  — 
A  small  tree  with  very  sharp  prickles. 

2.  PTELEA,    L.        SHRUBBY  TREFOIL.    HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many.  Ovary  2-celled :  style  short :  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled 
and  2-seeded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with  3-foli- 
olate  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  here  applied  to  a  genus  with  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  trifoliata,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young.  —  Rocky 
places,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June. — A  tall  shrub.  Fruit  bit- 
ter, used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.  Odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable. 

AILANTHUS  GLANDUL^SUS,  Desf.,  called  TREE  OF  HEAVEN,  —  but  whose 
blossoms,  especially  the  staminate  ones,  are  redolent  of  anything  but  "  airs  from 


ANACARDIACEJE.       (CASHEW   FAMILY.)  Ill 

heaven,"  — is  much  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  especially  in  towns,  and  is  inclining 
to  spread  from  seed  in  Pennsylvania.  It  belongs  to  the  order  SIMARDBACE^:, 
which  differs  from  Rutaceae  in  the  absence  of  dots  in  the  leaves.  The  tree  is 
known  by  its  very  long  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets,  and  small  polygamous 
greenish  flowers  in  panicles,  the  female  producing  2-5  thin,  linear-oblong,  veiny 
samaras.  (Adv.  from  China.) 

ORDER  26.    ANACARDIACEJE.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dotless  alternate 
leaves,  and  small,  oflen  polygamous,  regular,  pentandrous  flowers,  with  a  1- 
celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary,  but  with  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Seed  without  albumen,  borne  on  a  curved  stalk  that  rises 
from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Stipules  none.  Juice  or  exhalations  often 
poisonous.  —  Represented  here  only  by  the  genus 

1.    RHUS,    L.        SUMACH. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes 
of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small  and  indehiscent,  a 
sort  of  dry  drupe.  —  Leaves  (simple  in  R.  Cdtinus,  the  Smoke-Plant  of  gardens) 
usually  compound.  Flowers  greenish- white  or  yellowish.  (The  old  Greek  and 
Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

§  1.  StlMAC,  DC.  Flowers  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle:  fruit 
globular,  clothed  with  acid  crimson  hairs ;  the  stone  smooth :  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Not  poisonous.) 

1.  R.   typhina,  L.     (STAGHORN  SUMACH.)     Branches  and  stalks  densely 
velvety -hairy ;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate, 
rarely  laciniate.  —  Hillsides.    June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -30°  high,  with  or- 
ange-colored wood*. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.     (SMOOTH  S.)     Smooth,  somewhat  glaucous ;  leaflets  11- 
31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Rocky  or  barren 
soil.    June,  July.  —  Shrub  2°  - 12°  high.    A  var.  has  laciniate  leaves. 

3.  R,.  copallina,  L.     (DWARF  S.)      Branches  and  stalks  downy;  petioles 
wing-margined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  (often  entire)  leaf- 
lets, which  are  oblique  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  above.  — 
Rocky  hills.     July.  —  Shrub  1°  -  7°  high,  with  running  roots. 

§  2.  TOXICODENDRON,  Tourn.  Flowers  polygamous,  in  loose  and  slender 
axillary  panicles :  fruit  globular,  glabrous,  whitish  or  dun-colored;  the  stone  stri- 
ate:  leaves  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliolate,  thin.  (Poisonous  to  the  touch.) 

4.  R.  venenata,  DC.     (POISON  S.  OR  DOGWOOD.)     Smooth,  or  nearly 
so;  leaflets  7-13,  obovate-oblong,  entire.     (R.  Vernix,  L.}  —  Swamps.     June. — 
Shrub  6° -18°  high.     The  most  poisonous  species  :  also  called  Poison  Elder. 

5.  R.  Toxieoctendron,  L.     (Poisox  IVY.    POISON  OAK.)     Climbing 
by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees ;  lea/lets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  mostly 
pointed,  and  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched,  sinuate,  or  cut-lobed,  —  or 
else  entire,  then  it  is  R.  radicans,  L.  —  Thickets,  low  grounds,  &c.    June. 


112  VITACE^:.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

§  3.  LOBADIUM,  Raf.  Flowers  polygamo-dicecious,  in  clustered  scaly-bracted 
spikes  like  catkins,  preceding  the  leaves :  disk  ^-parted,  large :  fruit  as  in  §  1,  but 
Jlatttsh:  leaves  8-foliolate.  (Not  poisonous.) 

6.  B,.  aromatiea,  Ait.  (FRAGRANT  S.)  Leaves  pubescent  when  young, 
thickish  when  old ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed,  the  middle 
one  wedge-shaped  at  the  base;  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Dry  rocky  soil,  from 
Vermont  westward  and  southward.  April,  May.  —  A  straggling  bush  ;  the 
crushed  leaves  sweet-scented. 

ORDER  27.    VITACE^E.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  watery  juice,  usually  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
flowers,  a  -minute  or  truncated  calyx,  its  limb  mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens 
as  many  as  the  valvate  petals  and  opposite  them  !  Berry  2-celled,  usually  4- 
seeded.  —  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Fila- 
ments slender :  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none,  and  a 
slightly  2-lobed  stigma :  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  anatropous  ovules 
from  the  base  of  each  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base 
of  the  hard  albumen,  which  is  grooved  on  one  side.  —  Stipules  deciduous. 
Leaves  palmately  veined  or  compound :  tendrils  and  flower-clusters  oppo- 
site the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish.  (Young  shoots,  foliage,  &c., 
acid.)  —  Consists  of  Vitis  and  one  or  two  nearly  allied  genera. 

1.    VITIS,    Tourn.        GRAPE. 

Calyx  very  short,  usually  with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none  at  all,  filled  with 
an  adnate  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens.  —  Flowers  in  a  com- 
pound thyrsus ;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.   (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
§  1.   VITIS  proper.     Petals  5,  cohering  at  the  top,  separating  .at  the  base,  and  so 
the  corolla  usually  falls  off  without  expanding :  5  thick  glands  or  lobes  of  the  disk 
alternating  with  the  stamens :  flowers  polygamous  or  diozcious  in  all  the  American 
species,  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of  Mignonette :  leaves  simple,  rounded  and 
heart-shaped,  ojlen  variously  and  variably  lobed. 

*  Leaves  woolly  beneath,  when  lobed  having  obtuse  or  rounded  sinuses. 

1.  V.  Labriisca,  L.      (NORTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)      Branchlets  and  young 
leaves  very  woolly ;  leaves  continuing  rusty-woolly  beneath ;  fertile  panicles  compact ; 
berries  large.  —  Moist  thickets :  common.     June.     Fruit  ripe  in  Sept.  or  Oct., 
dark  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp.     Improved  by  cultivation, 
it  has  given  rise  to  the  Isabella,  Catawba,  Concord,  and  other  varieties. 

2.  V.  aestivalis,  Michx.      (SUMMER  GRAPE.)     Young  leaves  downy  with 
loose  cobwebby  hairs  beneath,  smoothish  when  old,  green  above ;  fertile  panicles  com- 
pound, long  and  slender :  berries  small,  black  with  a  bloom.  —  Thickets  :  com- 
mon.    May,  June.  —  Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in  Oct. 

*  #  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  bright  green  both  sides,  commonly  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  either  incisely  lobed  or  undivided. 

3.  V.   COrdifblia,  Michx.      (WINTER  or  FROST  GRAPE.)     Leaves  thin, 


RHAMNACE^E.   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.)          113 

not  shining,  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed,  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed ;  panicles  compound,  large  and  loose ;  berries  small,  blue  or  black 
with  a  bloom,  very  acerb,  ripening  after  frosts.  —  Var.  RIPARIA,  has  the  leaves 
broader  and  cut-lobed.  (V.  riparia,  Michx.)  —  Thickets  and  river-banks  :  com- 
mon. May,  June.  —  Flowers  very  sweet-scented. 

4.  V.  VUlpina,  L.     (MUSCADINE  or  SOUTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)     Leaves 
shining  both  sides,  small,  rounded  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  very  coarsely  toothed 
with  broad  and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed ;  panicles  small,  densely  flowered ; 
berries  large  (£'-|'  in  diameter),  musky,  purplish  without  a  bloom,  with  a  thick 
and  tough  skin,  ripe  early  in  autumn.  —  River-banks,  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and 
southward.    May.  — Bark  of  stem  close,  not  separating  in  strips  as  in  the  other 
species.     Branchlets  minutely  warty.     This  is  the  original  of  the  Scuppernong 
Grape,  &c. 

§  2.  CtSSUS,  L.  Petals  (5  in  our  species]  expanding  before  or  when  they  fall: 
disk  thick  and  broad,  usually  4  -  5-lobed :  flowers  commonly  perfect :  tendrils 
fewer. 

5.  V.  indivisa,  Willd.     Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  truncate 
at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  acuminate,  not  lobed ;  panicle  small 
and  loose ;  style  slender ;   berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  1  -  3-seeded.  —  River- 
banks,  West  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southward.    June. 

6.  V.  bipinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Nearly  glabrous,  bushy  and  rather  up- 
right ;  leaves  twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed ;  flowers  cymose ; 
calyx  5-toothed ;  disk  very  thick,  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  berries  black,  obovate. 
—  Rich  soils,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.    AMPEL6PSIS,    Michx.        VIRGINIAN  CREEPER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  they  fall. 
Disk  none. — Leaves  digitate,  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  leaf- 
lets. Flower-clusters  cymose.  Tendrils  fixing  themselves  to  trunks  or  walls  by 
dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips.  (Name  from  «/i7reXos,  a  vine,  and  o^is, 
appearance. ) 

1.  A.  quinquef61ia,  Michx. — A  common  woody  vine,  in  low  or  rich 
grounds,  climbing  extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  its  disk- 
bearing  tendrils,  blossoming  in  July,  ripening  its  small  blackish  berries  in 
October.  Also  called  American  Ivy,  and  still  less  appropriately,  Woodbine. 
Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

ORDER  28.    RHAMNACEJE.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  leaves,  small  and  regular  flowers  (some- 
times apetalous),  with  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  accordingly  opposite  the  petals  !  Drupe  or 
pod  with  only  one  erect  seed  in  each  cell,  not  arilled.  —  Petals  folded  in- 
wards in  the  bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  along  with  the  stamens 
into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx 
and  sometimes  unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary. 
8 


114          RHAMNACE^E.   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Ovules  solitary,  anatropous.  Stigmas  2-5.  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
cotyledons,  in  sparing  fleshy  -albumen.  —  Flowers  often  polygamous,  some- 
times dioecious.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  :  stipules  small  or  obsolete. 
Branches  often  thorny.  (Slightly  bitter  and  astringent :  the  fruit  often 
mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nauseous  or  drastic.) 

*  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  Bercliemia.    Petals  sessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a 

2-celled  bony  putamen. 

2.  Kluiniiius.    Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.    Drupe  berry-like,  with  the 

2-4  separate  seed -like  nutlets  concave  on  the  back :  cotyledons  leaf-like,  revolute. 

3.  Frangula.    Petals,  &c.  as  in  No.  2.    Seed-like  nutlets  convex  on  the  back:  cotyledons 

flat,  fleshy. 

*  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

4.  Ceanothus.    Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.    Fruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.    BERCHEMIA,    Necker.        SUPPLE-JACK. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  and  roundish  tube ;  its  lobes  equalling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  fiat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oblong,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-celled  putamen.  —  Woody  high-climbing  twiners,  with  the  pinnate  veins 
of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  greenish-white  flowers  in  small 
panicles.  (Name  unexplained,  probably  personal.) 

1.  B.  voltlbilis,  DC.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
serrulate ;  style  short.  —  Damp  soils,  Virginia,  and  southward.  June.  —  As- 
cending tall  trees.  Stems  tough  and  very  lithe,  whence  the  popular  name. 

2.    RHAMNUS,    Tourn.        BUCKTHORN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  campanulate,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  small, 
short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  some- 
times none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry-like  (black),  containing -2 - 
4  separate  seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture,  which  are  grooved  on 
the  back,  as  is  the  contained  seed.  Cotyledons  foliaceous,  the  margins  revolute. 
—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  loosely  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  greenish 
polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name,  from  the  numerous  branchlets.) 

#  Lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens  4. 

1.  R.  CATHARTICUS,  L.     (COMMON  BUCKTHORN.)     Leaves  ovate,  minutely 
serrate;  fruit  3-4-seeded;  branchlets  thorny.  —  Cultivated  for  hedges;  spar- 
ingly naturalized  eastward.    May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  R.  lanceol&tus,  Pursh.    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute,  or  on  flow- 
ering shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or  minutely  downy 
beneath ;  petals  deeply  notched ;  fruit  2-seeded.    Hills  and  river-banks,  Penn. 
(Mercersburg,  Prof.  Green)  to  Illinois,  and  westward.    May.  —  Shrub  tall,  not 
thorny ;  the  yellowish-green  flowers  of  two  forms  on  distinct  plants,  both  per- 
fect :  one  with  the  short  pedicels  clustered  in  the  axils  and  with  a  short  in- 
cluded style ;  the  other  with  the  pedicels  oftener  solitary,  the  style  longer  and 
exserted. 


CELASTRACEJE.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.)  H5 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  5  :  petals  wanting. 

3.  R.  alnifolius,  L'Her.  A  low  shrub,  leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  nearly 
straight-veined  :  fruit  3-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  north- 
ward. June. 

3.    PRANGULA,    Tourn.    ALDER-BUCKTHORN. 

Seeds  not  grooved  or  concave  (but  convex)  on  the  back.  Cotyledons  plane, 
thick.  Flowers  perfect;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens  almost 
always  5.  Leaves  with  nearly  straight  parallel  veins.  Otherwise  as  in  Rham- 
nus.  (Name  from  frango,  to  break,  in  allusion  to  the  brittleness  of  the  stems.) 

1.  P.  Caroliniana,  Gray.     Thornless  shrub  or  small  tree;  leaves  (3' -5' 
long)  oblong,  obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deciduous ;  flowers  in  one 
form  umbelled,  in  another  solitary  in  the  axils,  short-peduncled ;  drupe  globose, 
3-seeded.  —  Secaucus  swamp,  New  Jersey,  Dr.  Post,  W.  H.  Leggett,  and  river- 
banks.     Virginia  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     June. 

4.    CEANOTHUS,    L.        NEW  JERSEY  TEA.    RED-ROOT. 

Calyx  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  colored  and  incurved ;  the  lower  part  with  the  thick 
disk  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals 
hooded,  spreading,  on  slender  claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  also 
elongated.  Fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  splitting  into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe'.  Seed 
as  in  Frangula.  —  Shrubby  plants ;  the  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters, 
which  are  crowded  in  dense  panicles  or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower- 
branches  :  calyx  and  pedicels  colored  like  the  petals.  (An  obscure  name  in 
Theophrastus,  probably  misspelled.) 

1.  C.  Americanus,  L.  (NEW  JERSEY  TEA.)  Leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, 3-ribbed,  serrate,  downy  beneath,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base : 
common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry  woodlands.  July.  —  Stems  l°-3°high 
from  a  dark  red  root :  branches  downy.  Flowers  in  pretty  white  clusters.  — 
The  leaves  were  used  for  tea  during  the  American  Revolution ;  and  the  manu- 
facture has  been  recently  revived  in  Pennsylvania. 

2.  C.  ovalis,  Bigelow.   Leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  finely 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  peduncles. 
—  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     May.  —  The  white 
flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1,  more  corymbed:  leaves  narrower,  smooth,  mostly 
acute  at  both  ends. 

ORDER  29.    CELiASTRACEJE.     (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers,  the  sepals  and  the 
petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  Jills  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  sometimes  covers  the  ovary.  Seeds  arilled.  —  Ovules  one 
or  few  (erect  or  pendulous)  in  each  cell,  anatropous :  styles  united  into 
one.  Fruit  2-5-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  fleshy 
albumen  :  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  Stipules  minute  and  fugacious. 
Pedicels  jointed.  —  Represented  by  two  genera. 


116  SAPINDACE.E.     (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

1.    CELASTRUS,    L.        STAFF-TREE.     SHRUBBY  BITTER-SWEET. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  glo- 
bose (orange-color  and  berry-like),  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  erect,  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.  C.  sc£ndens,  L.  (WAX- WORK.  CLIMBING  BITTER-SWEET.)  Twin- 
ing shrub;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed. — Along  streams  and 
thickets.  June.  —  The  opening  orange-colored  pods,  displaying  the  scarlet 
covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

2.    EU6NYMUS,    Tourn.        SPINDLE-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
calyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short,  inserted  on  the 
edge  or  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4  -  5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx 
and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short 
or  none.  Pod  3-5-lobed,  3-5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell, 
enclosed  in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branchlets,  opposite  serrate 
leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Derivation 
from  eu,  good,  and  ovopa,  name,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poisoning 
cattle.  Tourn.) 

1.  E.  atropurptireus,  Jacq.      (BURNING-BUSH.     WAAHOO.)      Shrub 
tall  (6° -14°  high)  and  upright;  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  pointed;  parts  of 
the  (dark-purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours;  pods  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  —  New 
York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  also  cultivated.    June.  —  Ornamental  in 
autumn,  by  its  copious  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  Americ&nus,  L.     (STRAWBERRY  BUSH.)    Shrub  low,  upright  or 
straggling  (2°  -  5°  high)  ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  thickish,  bright  green,  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple 
flowers  mostly  in  fives ;  pods  rough-warty,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe ;   the 
aril  scarlet.  — Wooded  river-banks,  S.  and  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.   June. 

Var.  obov&tus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing,  with  rooting  branches ;  flower- 
ing stems  l°-2°  high;  leaves  thin  and  dull,  obovate  or  oblong.  (E.  obovatus, 
Nutt.)  — Low  or  wet  places  :  the  commoner  form. 

ORDER  30.    SAPINDACE^E.    (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  shrubs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  mostly  unsymmetrical  and 
often  irregular  Jlowers  ;  the  4-5  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  cesti- 
vation ;  the  5-10  stamens  inserted  on  ajleshy  (perigynous  or  hypogynous) 
disk ;  a  2  -  ^-celled  and  lobed  ovary,  with  1-2  (or  rarely  more)  ovules  in 
each  cell ;  and  the  embryo  (except  Staphylea)  curved  or  convolute,  without 
albumen.  —  A  large  and  diverse  order,  the  true  Sapindaceae  principally 
tropical,  here  represented  only  by  the  Buckeyes. 


SAPINDACE^E.       (SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.)  117 

SUBORDER  I.     STAPHYLJEACEJE.    BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY. 

Flowers  (perfect)  regular  :  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovules  1-8 
in  each  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  — 
Shrubs  with  opposite  pinnately  compound  leaves,  both  stipulate  and  sti- 
pellate. 

1.  Staphylea.    Lobes  of  the  colored  calyx  and  petals  5,  erect.    Stamens  5.    Fruit  a  3-celled 

bladdery-inflated  pod. 

SUBORDER  II.  SAPINDACE^E  proper  (including  HIPPOCASTANE^E.) 

Flowers  (often  polygamous)  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular ;  the 
stamens  commonly  more  numerous  than  the  petals  or  sepals,  but  rarely 
twice  as  many.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
curved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Leaves 
alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  destitute  of  stipules,  mostly  compound. 

2.  JEsculiis.    Calyx  6-lobed.    Petals  4  or  5.    Stamens  commonly  7.    Fruit  a  leathery  pod. 

Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 

SUBORDER  in.    ACERINE^E.    MAPLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  (polygamous  or  dioecious)  small,  regular,  but  usually  unsym- 
metrical.    Petals  often  wanting.    Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  a  pair' 
of  ovules  in  each  cell.     Winged  fruits  1 -seeded.     Albumen  none.     Em- 
bryo coiled  or  folded  ;  the  cotyledons  long  and  thin.  —  Leaves  opposite, 
simple  or  compound. 

3.  Acer.    Flowers  polygamous.    Leaves  simple,  or  rarely  digitately  compound. 

4.  Negundo.    Flowers  dicecious.    Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  -  5  leaflets. 

1.    STAPHYLEA,    L.        BLADDER-NUT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  erect,  whitish.  Petals  5,  erect,  spatulate, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  thick  perigynous  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Pistil  of  3  several-ovuled  carpels, 
united  in  the  axis,  their  long  styles  lightly  cohering.  Pod  large,  membrana- 
ceous,  inflated,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  at  length  bursting  at  the  summit ;  the  cells 
containing  1-4  bony  anatropous  seeds.  Aril  none.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  scanty  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  —  Upright  shrubs,  with  opposite 
pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in  drooping  raceme- 
like  clusters,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Stipules  and  stipels  deciduous.  (Name 
from  ora</>uXj7,  a  cluster.} 

1.  S.  trif61ia,  L.  (AMERICAN  BLADDER-NUT.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate, 
pointed.  —  Thickets,  in  moist  soil.  May.  —  Shrub  10°  high,  with  greenish 
striped  branches. 

2.    JESCULTTS,    L.        HORSE-CHESTNUT.    BUCKEYE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed,  often  rather  oblique  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  Petals 
4,  sometimes  5,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.  Stamens 


118  SAPINDACE^E.       (SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.) 

7  (rarely  6  or  8)  :  filaments  long  and  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1  :  ovary 
3 -celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each,  only  one  of  which,  or  one  in  each  cell,  forms  a 
seed.  Seed  very  large,  with  a  thick  and  shining  coat,  and  a  large  and  round 
pale  scar,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  their  contiguous 
faces  more  or  less  united,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination  :  plumule  2- 
leaved :  radicle  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  digitate :  leaflets 
serrate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus  or 
dense  panicle,  often  polygamous,  the  greater  portion  with  imperfect  pistils  and 
sterile.  Pedicels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with  a  bitter  and 
narcotic  principle.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing 
tree.) 

§  1.  JESCULUS  proper.      Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  young. 

1.  .33.  HIPPOCASTANUM,  L.  (COMMON  HORSE-CHESTNUT.)  .  Corolla 
spreading,  white  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals ;  stamens  declined ; 
leaflets  7.  —  Commonly  planted.  (Adv.  from  Asia  via  Eu.) 

2.  JE.  glabra,  Willd.     (FETID  or  OHIO  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  curved, 
longer  than  the  pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals ;  leaflets  5.  —  River- 
banks,  W.  Penn.  and  Virginia  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky.     June.  —  A  large 
tree ;  the  bark  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus.    Flow- 
ers small,  not  showy. 

§  2.   PA  VIA,  Boerhaave.      Fruit  smooth :  petals  4,  conniving ;  the  2  upper  smaller 
and  longer  than  the  others,  with  a  small  and  rounded  blade  on  a  very  long  claw. 

3.  JE.  flava,  Ait.     ( SWEET  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  included  in  the  yellow 
corolla;  calyx  oblong-campanulate ;  leaflets  5,  sometimes  7,  glabrous,  or  often 
minutely  downy  underneath.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia  to  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
southward.     May.     A  large  tree  or  a  shrub. 

Var.  purpurascens.  Flowers  (both  calyx  and  corolla)  tinged  with  flesh- 
color  or  dull  purple ;  leaflets  commonly  downy  beneath.  (M.  discolor,  Pursh.) 

—  From  West  Virginia  southward  and  westward. 

4.  JE.  Pavia,  L.      (RED  BUCKEYE.)      Stamens  not  longer  than  the  co- 
rolla, which  is  bright  red,  as  well  as  the  tubular  calyx ;  leaflets  glabrous  or  soft- 
downy  beneath.  —  Fertile  valleys,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. 

—  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

3.    ACER,    Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  colored,  5-  (rarely  4  - 12-)  lobed  or  parted. 
Petals  either  none,  or  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  equal,  with  short  claws 
if  any,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  lobed  disk,  which  is  either  perigynous  or 
hypogynous.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  : 
styles  2,  long  and  slender,  united  only  below,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  From 
the  back  of  each  ovary  grows  a  wing,  converting  the  fruit  into  two  1 -seeded,  at 
length  separable  samaras  or  keys.  Seed  without  albumen.  Embryo  variously 
coiled  or  folded,  with  large  and  thin  cotyledons.  —  Trees,  or  sometimes  shrubs, 
with  opposite  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers.  Pedicels  not  jointed. 
(The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 


SAPLNDACEJE.       (SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.)  119 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves:  stamens  6-8. 

1.  A.  Pennsylvknicum,  L.      (STRIPED  MAPLE.)     Leaves  3-lobed  at 
the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate ;  the  short  lobes  taper-pointed  and 
also  serrate;  racemes  drooping,  loose;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  with  large  diverging 
wings.     (A.  striatum,  Lam.)  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June. — A  small  and 
slender  tree,  with  light-green  bark  striped  with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers 
and  fruit.     Also  called  Striped  Dogwood  and  Moose-  Wood. 

2.  A.  spicatum,  Lam.      (MOUNTAIN  M.)     Leaves  downy  underneath, 
3-  (or  slightly  5-)  lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  taper-pointed;  racemes  up- 
right, dense,  somewhat  compound ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  fruit  with  small  very 
divergent  wings.     (A.  montanum,  Ait.)  —  Moist  woods,  with  the  same  range 
as  No.  1 .     June.  —  A  tall  shrub,  forming  clumps. 

*  *  Flowers  umbeUate-corymbed,  greenish-yellow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  sacch&rimim,  Wang.    (SUGAR  or  ROCK  M.)    Leaves  3  -  5-lobed, 
with  rounded  sinuses  and  pointed  sparingly  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  either  heart- 
shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or  a  little  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buds, 
drooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels ;  calyx  hairy  at  the  apex ;  petals  none ; 
wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  slightly  diverging.  —  Rich  woods,  especially  north- 
ward and  along  the  mountains  southward.     April,  May. — A  large  and  hand- 
some tree. 

Var.  nigrum.  (BLACK  SuGAR-M.)  Leaves  scarcely  paler  beneath,  but 
often  minutely  downy,  the  lobes  wider,  the  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed. '  (A. 
nigrum,  Michx.)  —  With  the  ordinary  form, 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  separate  lateral  buds,  and  much 
preceding  the  leaves  :  stamens  3-6. 

4.  A.  dasyCcirpum,  Ehrhart.      (WHITE  or  SILVER  M.)      Leaves  very 
deeply  5-lobed  with  the  sinuses   rather  acute,  silvery-white  (and  when  young 
downy)  underneath,    the   divisions   narrow,   cut-lobed   and   toothed  ;    flowers 
(greenish-yellow)  on  short  pedicels  ;  petals  none  ;  fruit  woolly  when  young,  with 
large  divergent  wings.  —  River-banks ;  most  common  southward.and  westward. 
March- April.  — A  fine  ornamental  tree. 

5.  A.  rtlbrum,  L.     (RED  or  SWAMP  M.)     Leaves  3  -  5  lobed,  with  acute 
sinuses,  whitish  underneath ;  the  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched,  acute, 
the  middle  one  usually  longest ;  petals  linear-oblong;  flowers  (scarlet,  crimson, 
or  sometimes  yellowish)  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  but  the  smooth  fruit  on  pro- 
longed drooping  pedicels.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods.     April.  —  A  small  tree, 
with  reddish  twigs ;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  turning  bright  crim- 
son in  early  autumn. 

4.     NEGTJNDO,    Moench.        ASH-LEATED  MAPLE.    BOX-ELDER. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minute,  4  -  5-cleft.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4 -5. 
Disk  none.  —  Sterile  flowers  in  clusters  on  capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in 
drooping  racemes,  from  lateral  buds.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets. 
(Name  unmeaning.) 


120  POLYGALACEJS.       (MILKWORT    FAMILY.) 

1.  N.  aceroides,  Moench.  (Acer  Negundo,  L.)  Leaflets  smoothish 
when  old,  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed ;  fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather 
incurved  wings.  —  Eiver-banks.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
April.  — A  small  but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green  twigs,  and  very  delicate 
drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers,  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

ORDER  31.     POL.YGAL,ACE^E.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  irregular  hypogynous  flowers,  4-8  diadelphous  or  monadel- 
phous  stamens,  their  l-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top  by  a  pore  or  chink  ; 
the  fruit  a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  pod. — Represented  in  this  country  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    POL^GALA,    Tourn.        MILKWORT.      . 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which  3  (the  upper 
and  the  2  lower)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or  inner 
(called  wings)  are  much  larger,  and  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3,  hypogy- 
nous, connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower) 
one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8  :  their  filaments 
united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less  with  the 
petals,  free  above:  anthers  l-celled,  often  cup-shaped,  opening  by  a  hole  or 
broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  pen- 
dulous in  each  cell :  style  prolonged  and  curved :  stigma  various.  Fruit  a 
small,  loculicidal  2-seeded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex,  much 
flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  with,  a  caruncle,  or  va- 
riously shaped  appendage,  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and 
broad  cotyledons,  surrounded  by  a  sparing  albumen.  —  Bitter  plants  (low  -herbs 
in  temperate  regions),  with  simple  entire  often  dotted  leaves,  and  no  stipules : 
sometimes  (as  in  the  last  two  species)  bearing  concealed  flowers  next  the  ground, 
which  are  fertilized  in  the  closed  bud.  (An  old  name  composed  of  TroXvs,  much, 
and  -ydXo,  milk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  increasing  this  secretion.) 

§  1.  Biennials  or  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  ivhich  are  dis- 
posed to  turn  greenish  in  drying :  crest  of  the  keel  (lower  petal)  small :  flowering 
all  summer. 

1.  P.  Itltea,  L.    Low;  flowers  (bright  orange-yellow)  in  solitary  ovate  or  oblong 
heads  (|'  thick,)  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches ;  leaves  (!'-  2'  long)  ob- 
ovate  or  spatulate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
New  Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

2.  P.  rambsa,  Ell.     Flowers  (citron-yellow)  in  numerous  short  and  dense  spike- 
like  racemes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cyme ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  the 
lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  seeds  ovoid ;  minutely  hairy,  twice  the  length  of  the 
caruncle.     (P.  cymosa,  Poir.,  not  of  Walt.     P.  corymbosa,  Nutt.)  — Damp  pine- 
barrens,  Delaware  and  southward.     (The  allied  P.  CYM6sA,  Walt.,  which  is 
P.  graminifolia,  Poir.,  P.  attenuata,  Nutt.  and  P.  acutifolia,  Torr.  $-  Gray,  — 
known  by  its  simpler  cymes,  stem  naked  above,  narrower  leaves,  and  globu- 
lar seeds  with  no  caruncle,  —  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 


POLYGALACE^E.   (MILKWORT  FAMILY.)          121 

§  2.  Annuals,  with  all  the  leaves  alternate :  flowers  in  spikes,  heads,  or  racemes  termi- 
nating the  stem  or  branches,  purple  or  rose-color^  in  summer :  none  subterranean. 

*  Corolla  conspicuously  crested  on  the  keel:  the  claws  of  the  true  petals  united  into  a 

long  and  slender  cleft  tube  much  surpassing  the  wings. 

3.  P.  incarnata,  L.     Glaucous ;  stem  slender,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves 
minute  and  linear-awl-shaped ;  spike  cylindrical;  flowers  flesh-color;  caruncle 
longer  than  the  narrow  stalk  of  the  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward ;  rather  rare. 

*  *  Corolla  minutely  or  inconspicuously  crested ;  the  true  petals  not  longer  but  mostly 

shorter  than  the  wings :  seed  pear-shaped. 

4.  P.  sanguinea,  L.     Stem  sparingly  branched  above,  leafy  to  the  top ; 
leaves  oblong-linear;  heads  globular,  at  length  oblong,  very  dense  (4" -5"  thick), 
bright  red-purple  (rarely  paler  or  even  white) ;   pedicels  scarcely  any ;  wings 
broadly  ovate,  closely  sessile,  longer  than  the  pod ;    the  2-parted  caruncle  almost 
equalling  the  seed.  —  Sandy  and  moist  ground :  common. 

5.  P.  fastigiata,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  at  length  corymbosely  branched ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  small ;  spikes  short  and  dense  (3"  in  diameter) ;  the  small 
rose-purple  flowers  on  pedicels  of  about  the  length  of  the  pod;  wings  obovate-  or 
oval^oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  exceeding  the  pod  ;  bracts  deciduous 
with  the  flowers  or  fruits ;  caruncle  as  long  as  and  nearly  enveloping  the  stalk- 
like  base  of  the  minutely  hairy  seed.     (P.  sanguinea,  Torr.  fr  Gr.,  excl.  syn. ; 
not  of  Nutt.,  nor  L.) — Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Nuttall)  and  Delaware 
to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

6.  P.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Fl.  I, p.  670,  excl.  syn.  &  descr.)  Resembles 
the  last,  but  usually  lower ;  spikes  more  cylindrical ;  flowers  duller  or  greenish 
purple,  on  shorter  pedicels ;  the  awl-shaped  scaly  bracts  persistent  on  the  axis  after 
the  flowers  or  fruits  fall ;  seed  very  hairy,  the  caruncle  smaller.     (P.  sanguinea, 
Nutt.,  not  of  L.     P.  Mariana,  &c.,  Pluk.  t.  437.     P.  ambigua,  Torr.  fr  Gr.  FL, 
not  of  Nutt.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. —  Spike  sometimes  rather  loose. 

7.  P.  Curtissii,  n.  sp.     Slender  (9'  high) ;  leaves,  &c.,  as  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  elongated  and  loose  racemes ;  the  ascending  pedicels 
and  the  narrow  oblong  erect  wings  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  pod;  bracts  persistent, 
those  of  the  lower  and  remoter  flowers  foliaceous ;  caruncle  small,  on  one  side 
of  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  very  hairy  seed,  which  is  conspicuously  apiculate  at 
the  broader  end.  —  Near  Alexandria,  Virginia,  A.  H.  Curtiss.  —  Most  related  to 
P.  Chapmanii  of  Florida. 

§  3.  Annuals  with  at  least  the  lower  stem-leaves  whorled  in  fours,  sometimes  in  Jives : 
spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  branches ;  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Spikes  short  and  thick  (4"  -  9"  in  diameter  ;  the  axis  rough  with  the  squarrose  bracts 

persisting  after  the  fall  of  the  (middle-sized)  rose  or  greenish  purple  flowers :  crest 
of  the  keel  small. 

8.  P.  cruciata,  L.     Stems  (3'-10'  high)  almost  winged  at  the  angles, 
with  spreading  opposite  branches ;  leaves  nearly  all  in  fours,  linear  and  some- 
what spatulate  or  oblanceolate ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  wings  broadly  deltoid- 
ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  tapering  to  a  bristly  point,  or  rarely  pointless ;  caruncle 


122  POLYGALACE^E.       (MILKWORT   FAMILY.) 

nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margin  of  swamps,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward near  the  coast,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

9.  P.  brevifblia,  Nutt.    Bather  slender,  branched  above ;  leaves  scattered 
on  the  branches,  narrower;  spikes  peduncled;  wings  lanceolate-ovate,  pointless  or 
barely  mucronate.  —  Margin  of  sandy  bogs,  Rhode  Island  ( Olney),  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.     Too  near  the  last. 

*  *  Spikes  slender  (about  2"  thick),  the  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers,  which  are 
small,  greenish-white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the  keel  larger. 

10.  P.  verticillata,   L.      Slender  (6' -10'  high),  much  branched;  stem- 
leaves  all  whorled,  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear,  acute ;  spikes  peduncled, 
dense,  acute;  wings  round,  clawed;  the  2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the 
seed.  —  Dry  soil :  common. 

11.  P.  ambigua,  Nutt.     Very  slender,  loosely  branched ;  lowest  stem-leaves 
in  fours,  the  rest  scattered;  spikes  long-peduncled,  more  slender,  the  flowers  often 
purplish  and  scattered;  wings  oval;  caruncle  shorter;  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
No.  10,  —  of  which  it  is  probably  a  mere  variety. — Dry  soil,  from  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania  southward. 

§  4.  Perennial,  with  alternate  leaves  throughout,  and  white  Jlowers  in  a  solitary  close 
spike :  no  subterranean  blossoms. 

12.  P.  Senega,  L.     (SENECA   SNAKEROOT.)     Stems  several  from  thick 
and  hard  knotty  rootstocks,  simple  (6' -12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins ;  flowers  almost  sessile ;  wings  round-obovate, 
concave ;  crest  short ;  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  soil,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    May,  June. 

Var.  Iatif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Taller,  sometimes  branched ;  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  2' -4'  long,  tapering  to  each  end.  —  Maryland  to  Kentucky. 

§  5.  Biennials  and  perennials,  with  showy,  rose-purple,  conspicuously  crested  Jlowers ; 
also  bearing  colorless  and  inconspicuous  more  fertile  ones,  with  imperfect  corollas, 
fertilized  in  the  bud,  on  subterranean  branches. 

13.  P.  pol^gama,  Walt.     Stems  numerous  from  the  biennial  root,  mostly 
simple,  ascending,  very  leafy  (6'  to  9'  high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  alternate ; 
terminal  raceme  many  flowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than  the  keel ; 
stamens  8  ;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  runners  beneath  the  ground ;  lobes 
of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil ;  common 
eastward.     July. 

14.  P.  paucif61ia,  Willd.     Perennial;  flowering  stems  short  (3'  -4'  high), 
rising  from  long  and  slender  prostrate  or  subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear 
concealed  fertile  flowers  ;  lower  leaves  small  and  scale-like,  scattered  :  the  upper 
leaves  ovate,  petioled,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  powers  1  -3,  large,  pe- 
duncled ;  wings  obovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  fringe-crested 
keel ;  stamens  6 ;  caruncle  of  2  or  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than  the  seed.  — 
Woods,  in  light  soil,  especially  northward,  extending  southward  along  the  Al- 
leghanies.     May.  —  A  delicate  plant,  with  large  and  very  handsome  flowers,  9" 
long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.     Sometimes  called  Flowering  Winter- 
green,  but  more  appropriately  FRINGED  POLYGALA. 


LEGUMINOSJ2.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  123 

ORDER  32.    LEGUMINOS^.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  10  (rarely  5  and 
sometimes  many)  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  and 
a  single  simple  free  pistil,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  Seeds  mostly  without 
albumen.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.  One  of  the 
sepals  inferior  (i.  e.  next  the  bract) ;  one  of  the  petals  superior  (i.  e.  next 
the  axis  of  the  inflorescence).  —  A  very  large  order  (nearly  free  from 
noxious  qualities),  of  which  the  principal  representatives  in  northern  tem- 
perate regions  belong  to  the  first  of  the  three  suborders  it  comprises. 

SUBORDER  I.    PAPILJONACEJE.    PROPER  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequally  so.  Corolla  peri- 
gynous  (inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx),  of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very 
rarely  fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  distinctly  papilionaceous, 
i.  e.  with  the  upper  or  odd  petal,  called  the  vexillum  or  standard,  larger 
than  the  others  and  enclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward 
or  spreading ;  the  two  lateral  ones,  called  the  wings,  oblique  and  exterior 
to  the  two  lower  petals,  which  last  are  connivent  and  commonly  more  or 
less  coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  a  body  named  the  carina  or 
keel,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  keel  or  prow  of  a  boat,  and  which  usually 
encloses  the  stamens  and  pistil.  Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with 
the  corolla,  monadelphous,  diadelphous  (mostly  with  9  united  in  one  set 
in  a  tube  which  is  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  i.  e.  next  the  standard,  and  the 
tenth  or  upper  one  separate),  or  occasionally  distinct.  Ovary  1 -celled,  some- 
times 2-celled  by  an  intrusion  of  one  of  the  sutures,  or  transversely  2  - 
many-celled  by  cross-division  into  joints :  style  simple :  ovules  amphitro- 
pous,  rarely  anatropous.  Cotyledons  large,  thick  or  thickish:  radicle 
incurved.  —  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  ger- 
mination usually  opposite,  the  rest  alternate  :  leaflets  almost  always  quite 
entire.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  and  axillary,  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  or 

panicles. 

A.    Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

Tribe  I.  GENISTE.&J.  Shrubs  or  herbs,  never  climbing,  with  simple  or  palmately  com- 
pound leaves,  and  peduncles  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Stamens  monadelphoua :  an- 
thers of  two  forma.  Pod  continuous. 

1.  Lnpinns.    Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.    Keel  scythe-shaped,  pointed.    Pod  flat. 

2.  Crotalaria.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Keel  scythe-shaped,  pointed.    Pod  inflated.    Leaves  simple. 

3.  Genista.    Keel  straight,  deflexed.    Pod  usually  flat.    Leaves  simple. 

Tribe  II.  TRIFOL.IE  JE.  Herbs,  not  climbing,  with  3  -  (rarely  5  -  7-)  foliolate  leaves, 
the  veinlets  of  the  leaflets  often  running  into  minute  te"eth,  and  the  stipules  united  with  the 
base  of  the  petiole.  Peduncles  axillary.  Stamens  diadelphous  :  anthers  uniform.  Pod  small 
and  1- few-seeded,  or  coiled. 

4.  Trifolinm.    Flowers  capitate.    Pods  membranaeeous,  1  -  6-seeded.    Petals  adherent  to 

the  stamen-tube. 

5.  Melilotus.    Flowers  racemed.     Pods  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1-2-seeded. 

6.  Medicago.    Flowers  racemed  or  spifced.    Pods  curved  or  coiled,  1  -  few-seeded. 


124  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

Tribe  III.  G ALEGE^.  Herbs  or  woody  plants  (twining  only  in  No.  12),  not  tendril- 
bearing,  with  piunate  or  sometimes  palmately  compound  leaves.  Stamens  diadelphous  of 
rarely  monadelphous :  anthers  uniform  (or  the  5  alternate  ones  sometimes  smaller  in 
No.  7).  Pod  continuous,  at  least  not  transversely  jointed. 

*  PSORALIEJ2.     Glandular-dotted   shrubs  or  herbs.     Ovary  1-3  ovuled  ;   the  legume  small 

and  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded. 

7.  Psoralea.    Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  10,  more  or  less  diadelphous,  hah* of 

the  anthers  often  smaller  or  less  perfect.    Leaves  3  -  5-foliolate. 

8.  Dalea.    Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  9  or  10,  monadelphous;  the  cleft 

tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  about  its  middle.    Leaves  pinnate. 

9.  Petalostemon.    Corolla  scarcely  at  all  papilionaceous.    Stamens  5,  monadelphous; 

the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit.    Leaves  pinnate. 

10.  Amorplia.    Corolla  of  only  one  petal !    Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.    Leaves 

pinnate. 

*  *  TEPHROSIE^!.     Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.    Ovary  several  -  many-oyuled :  pod  flattened, 

several-seeded,  2-valved.    Leaves  pinnate.    Standard  large  and  broad. 

11.  Robinia.    Wings  of  the  corolla  free  from  the  keel.    Pod  flat,  thin,  margined  on  one  edge. 

Trees  or  shrubs :  leaflets  stipellate. 

12.  Wistaria.    Wings  free  from  the  keel.    Pod  tumid,  marginless.    Woody  twiners -.  leaflets 

obscurely  stipellate. 

13.  Tephrosia.    Wings  cohering  with  the  keel.    Pod  flat,  marginless.    Herbs :  leaflets  not 

Btipellate. 

*  *  *  ASTRAGALE.3E.   Chiefly  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  axillary  racemes  or  spikes.  Pod 

mostly  turgid  or  inflated.    Style  beardless.    Standard  narrow,  erect. 

14.  Astragalus.     Anthers  distinctly  2-celled.    Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  ap- 

pendage.   Pod  turgid,  with  one  or  both  the  sutures  turned  in,  sometimes  dividing  the  cell 
lengthwise  into  two. 
15    Oxy  tropis.    Keel  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  point :  otherwise  as  Astragalus. 

16.  Glycyrrhiza.    Anthers  with  the  two  cells  confluent.    Pod  short,  few-seeded,  nearly 

indehiscent,  glandular-prickly. 

Tribe  IV.  HEDYSAREJE.  Herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  1  - 3-foliolate  leaves, 
not  tendril-bearing.  Anthers  uniform,  except  in  No.  21.  Pod  (loment)  transversely  2  -  sev- 
eral-jointed, the  reticulated  1-seeded  joints  remaining  closed,  or  sometimes  reduced  to  one 

such  joint. 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets,  not  stipellate. 

17.  JEschynomene.    Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  &  5).    Calyx  2-lipped.    Pod  several- 

jointed  :  joints  square. 

18.  Hedysarum.    Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  &  1).    Calyx  5-cleft.    Pod  several- 

jointed  :  joints  roundish. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  rarely  1-foliolate. 

19.  Desmoclium.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  or  monadelphous  below.     Calyx  2-lipped. 

Pod  several-jointed.    Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete     Leaflets  stipellate. 

20.  Lespedeza.    Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.     Pod  1  -  2-jointed.    Flow- 

ers often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

21.  Stylosantb.es.    Stamens  monadelphous :  anthers  of  2  sorts.    Pod  1  -  2-jointed.     Calyx 

deciduous,  the  tube  narrow  and  stalk-like.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

Tribe  V.  VICIE^E.  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  usually  climbing,  the  common 
leafstalk  continued  into  a  tendril  or  bristle.  Peduncles  axillary.  Stamens  chiefly  diadelphous 
(9  &  1).  Pod  continuous,  2-valved,  few  -  several-seeded.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining 
under  ground  in  germination. 

22.  Vicia.    Wings  adherent  to  the  keel.    Style  filiform,  bearded  with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs 

at  the  apex. 

23.  Lathy rus.    Wings  nearly  free.    Style  somewhat  dilated  and  flattened  upwards,  bearded 

down  the  inner  face. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  125 

Tribe  VI.  PHASEOLE^E.  Twining  or  sometimes  only  trailing  plants  (herbs  in  tem- 
perate regions),  with  pinnately  3-  (rarely  1-  or  5  -  7-)  foliolate  leaves,  commonly  stipellate. 
Peduncles  or  flowers  axillary  ;  the  pedicels  usually  clustered  on  the  thickened  nodes  of 
the  raceme.  Anthers  uniform.  Pod  continuous,  not  jointed,  nor  more  than  1-celled,  except 
by  cellular  matter  sometimes  deposited  between  the  seeds,  2-valved.  Cotyledons  thick,  and 
rising  above  ground  little  changed  in  germination,  or  sometimes  becoming  foliaceous. 
*  Leaves  pinnate. 

J2.   Wistaria.    Woody  twiner  :   leaflets  9 -13.    Keel  barely  incurved,  obtuse. * 

24.  Apios.    Herbaceous  twiuer :  leaflets  5-7.    Keel  slender  and  much  incurved  or  coiled. 

*  *  Leaves  3-foliolate.    Ovules  and  seeds  several.    Flowers  not  yellow. 

25.  Pliaseolus.     Keel  strongly  incurved  or  coiled:   standard  recurved-spreading.    Style 

bearded  lengthwise. 

26.  Cent i  osema.     Calyx  short,  5-cleft.    Standard  with  a  spur  at  the  base :  keel  broad, 

merely  incurved.    Style  minutely  bearded  next  the  stigma. 

27.  Clitoria.    Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed.    Standard  erect,  spurless :  keel  scythe-shaped.  Style 

bearded  down  the  inner  face. 

28.  Amphicarpaea.    Calyx  tubular,  4  -  5-toothed.     Standard  erect :  keel  almost  straight. 

Style  beardless.    Some  nearly  apetalous  fertile  flow«rs  next  the  ground. 

29.  G.alactia.    Calyx  4-cleft,  the  upper  lobe  broadest  and  entire.    Style  beardless.    Bract 

and  bractlets  minute,  mostly  deciduous. 

*  *  *  Leaves  1  -  3-foliolate.   Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  or  two.    Flowers  yellow. 

30.  Rhynchosia.    Keel  scythe-shaped.    Calyx  4  -  6-parted.    Pod  short 

B.  Stamens  all  separate. 

Tribe  VII.    SOPHORE^  and  PODALYRIE^.    Stamens  10,  distinct;  the  co- 
rolla being  truly  papilionaceous. 

31.  Baptisia.    Calyx  4 -5-lobed.  Pod  inflated.  Herbs:  leaves  palmately  3-foliolate  or  simple. 

32.  Cladrastis.     Calyx  5-toothed.    Pod  very  flat.    Tree,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

SUBORDER  II.    C,ESAL,PINIE^E.    BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

Corolla  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  nearly  regu- 
lar, imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  inside  and  enclosed 
by  the  others.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  inserted  on  the 
calyx.  Seeds  anatropous,  often  with  albumen.  Embryo  straight. 

*  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

33.  Cercis.    Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.    Pod  flat,  wing-margined.    Leaves  simple. 

*  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

34.  Cassia.    Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.    Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate. 

*  *  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  polygamous  or  dioecious. 

35.  Gymnocladus.    Tree :  leaves  all  doubly  pinnate.    Calyx-tube  elongated,  at  its  sum- 

mit bearing  5  petals  resembling  the  calyx-lobes.    Stamens  10. 

36.  Gleditschia.    Trees  thorny:  leaves  simply  and  doubly  pinnate.     Calyx-tube  short; 

its  lobes,  petals,  and  stamens  3-5. 

SUBORDER  III.    MIMOSE2E.    MIMOSA  FAMILY. 

Flower  regular.  Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation,  often  united  into  a 
4  -  5-lobed  cup,  hypogynous,  as  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  exserted 
stamens.  Embryo  straight.  Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

37.  Desmantb-us.     Petals  distinct.    Stamens  5  or  10.    Pod  smooth.    . 

38.  Sdiranlcia.     Petals  united  below  into  a  pup.    Stamens  8  or  10.'    Pod  covered  with 

small  prickles  or  rough  projections. 


126  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

1.    LUPIN  ITS,    Tourn.        LUPINE. 

Calyx  very  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed :  keel  scythe- 
shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  entire :  anthers  alter- 
nately oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  constric- 
tions between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  Herbs,  with  palmately 
l-15-foliolate  leaves,  stipules  adnate  to  base  of  the  petiole,  and  showy  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from  Lupus,  a  wolf,  because  these  plants 
were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

1.  L.  per6nnis,  L.  (WILD  LUPINE.)  Perennial,  somewhat  hairy ;  stem 
erect  (l°-2°);  leaflets  7-11,  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  a  long  raceme;  pods 
very  hairy.  —  Sandy  soil :  common.  May,  June.  —  Flowers  showy,  purplish- 
blue,  rarely  pale. 

2.    CROTALARIA,    L.        BATTLE-BOX. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-lipped.  Standard  large,  heart-shaped :  keel  scythe- 
shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side :  5  of 
the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish.  Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  KporaAoi/,  a  rattle;  the  loose 
seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagitt&lis,  L.  Annual,  hairy  (3' -  6' high) ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  petioled ;  stipules  united  and  decurrent  on  the  stem,  so  as 
to  be  inversely  arrow-shaped ;  peduncles  few-flowered ;  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. July. 

3.  GENISTA,    L.       Wo  AD-WAXEN.    WHIN. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading:  keel  oblong,  straight, 
deflexed.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  sheath  entire  ;  5  alternate  anthers 
shorter.  Pod  mostly  flat  and  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  the  Celtic  gen,  a  bush.) 

1.  G.  TINCT6RIA,  L.  (DYER'S  GREEN-WEED.)  Low,  not  thorny,  with 
striate-angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  — 
Eastern  New  York  and  Massachusetts,  especially  Essex  Co.,  where  it  is  thor- 
oughly established  on  sterile  hills.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  TRIFOLIUM,    L.     CLOVER.     TREFOIL. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  mostly  withering  or 
persistent ;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals,  or  of  all  except  the  oblong  or  ovate 
standard,  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  stamen-tube :  keel  short  and 
obtuse.  Tenth  stamen  more  or  less  separate.  Pods  small  and  membranous, 
often  included  in  the  calyx,  1  -  6-seeded,  indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the 
sutures.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  palmately,  sometimes  pin- 
nately  3-foliolate  :  leaflets  often  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  from  tres,  three,  and.  folium,  a  leaf.) 
*  Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads:  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  withering  away  after 
flowering,  tubular  below ;  the  petals  more  or  less  coherent  with  each  other. 


LEGCMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  127 

H-  Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla :  root  annual. 

1.  T.  ARVENSE,  L.     (RABBIT-FOOT  or  STONE  CLOVER.)     Silky,  branch- 
ing (5' -10'  high);  leaflets  oblanceolate  ;   heads  becoming  very  soft-silky  and 
grayish,  oblong  or  cylindrical.  —  Old  fields,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

-•-  •«-  Calyx  scarcely  hairy  except  a  bearded  ring  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  rose- 
purple  elongated-tubular  corolla.     (Short-lived perennials :  flowers  sweet-scented.) 

2.  T.  PRATENSE,  L.     (RED  C.)    Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy ;  leaflets 
oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
pale  spot;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed;  heads  ovate,  sessile. — Fields  and  mead- 
ows ;  largely  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  T.  MEDIUM,  L.     (ZIGZAG  C.)     Stems  zigzag,  smoothish ;  lea/lets  oblong, 
entire,  and  spotless ;  heads  mostly  stalked;  flowers  deeper  purple,  otherwise  too 
like  the  last.  —  Dry  hills,  E.  Massachusetts.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  Flowers  pedicelled  in  umbel-like  round  heads  on  a  naked  peduncle,  their  short  pedi- 

cels reflexed  when  old :  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  withering-persistent  and  turn- 
ing brownish  in  fading ;  the  tubular  portion  short. 

4.  T.  refl6xum,  L.    (BUFFALO  C.)    Annual  or  biennial ;  stems  ascending, 
downy ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  finely  toothed ;  stipules  thin,  ovate ;  calyx-teeth 
hairy;  pods  3-5-seeded.  —  Western  New  York  (rare)  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. —  Heads  and  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2  :  standard  rose-red  ;  wings  and 
keel  whitish. 

5.  T.  Stolonifemm,  Muhl.     (RUNNING  BUFFALO-C.)      Smooth,  peren- 
nial; stems  with  long  runners  from  the  base;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate, 
minutely  toothed  ;  heads  loose ;  pods  2-seeded.  —  Open  woodlands  and  prairies, 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  — Flowers  white,  tinged  with  purple. 
Probably  a  variety  of  the  last 

6.  T.  ripens,  L.      (WHITE  C.)      Smooth,  perennial;  the  slender  stems 
spreading  and  creeping ;  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched,  obscurely 
toothed ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow ;  petioles  and  especially  the  peduncles  very 
long ;  heads  small  and  loose ;   calyx  much  shorter  than  the  white  corolla ;  pods 
about  4-seeded.  —  Fields  and  copses,  everywhere.    Here  probably  introduced, 
but  indigenous  northward. 

7.  T.  Carolini&num,  Michx.      (CAROLINA  C.)      Somewhat  pubescent 
small  perennial,  procumbent,  in  tufts ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate  and  slightly  notched ;. 
stipules  ovate,  foliaceous ;  heads  small  on  slender  peduncles ;  calyx-teeth  lance- 
olate nearly  equalling  the  purplish  corolla ;  standard  pointed ;  pods  4-seeded.  — 
Nat.  from  Southern  States  in  waste  grounds  below  Philadelphia  ( C.  E.  Smith) ; 
probably  wild  in  S.  Virginia.     May. 

*  *  *  Flowers  short-pedicelled  in  close  heads,  reflexed  when  old :  corolla  yellow,  per- 

sistent, turning  dry  and  chestnut-brown  with  age,  the  standard  becoming  hood- 
shaped:  annuals,  fl.  in  summer. 

7.  T.  AGR\RIUM,  L.  (YELLOW  or  Hop-C.)  Smoothish,  somewhat  up- 
right (6'- 12'  high) ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  all  three  from  the  same  point  (palmate) 
and  nearly  sessile ;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more  than  half  its 
length.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


128  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

8.  T.  PROCUMBENS,  L.  (Low  Hop-C.)  Stems  spreading  or  ascending, 
pubescent  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end;  the  lateral  at 
a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnately  3-foliolate) ;  stipules  ovate,  short. — 
Sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  New  England  to  Virginia.  Also  var.  MINUS 
(T.  minus,  Relhan),  with  smaller  heads,  the  standard  not  much  striate  with 
age.  With  the  other;  also  Kentucky,  in  cultivated  grounds.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.    MELILOTUS,     Tourn.        MELILOT.        SWEET  CLOVER. 

Flowers  much  as  in  Clover,  but  in  spiked  racemes,  small :  corolla  deciduous, 
free  from  the  stamen-tube.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  fragrant  in 
drying,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves ;  leaflets  toothed.  (Name  from  /ic'Xt, 
honey,  and  Atoros,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS,  Willd.    (YELLOW  MELILOT.)    Upright  (2° -4°  high) ; 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  corolla  yellow ;  the  petals  nearly  of  equal  length. 
—  Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.      (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.   ALBA,   Lam.      (WHITE  M.)    Leaflets  truncate;  corolla  white;  the 
standard  longer  than  the  other  petals.      (M.  leucantha,  Koch.)  —  In  similar 
places  to  the  last,  and  much  like  it.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    MEDICAGO,    L.        MEDICK. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1  -  several-seeded,  scythe-shaped,  in- 
curved, of  variously  coiled. — Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.  Stipules  often  cut. 
(MrjdiKT),  the  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came  to  the  Greeks  from  Media.) 

1.  M.   SATIVA,   L.      (LUCERNE.)      Upright,   smooth,  perennial  ;    leaflets 
obovate-oblong,   toothed ;  flowers  (purple)  racemed ;   pods   spirally  twisted.  — 
Cultivated  for  green  fodder,  rarely  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  LUPULINA,  L.     (BLACK  MEDICK.     NONESUCH.)     Procumbent,  pu- 
bescent, annual ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  toothed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  in  short 
spikes  (yellow) ;  pods  kidney-form,  1-seeded.  —  Waste  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.   MACUL\TA,  Willd.     (SPOTTED  MEDICK.)      Spreading  or  procum- 
bent annual,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot,  mi- 
nutely toothed;  peduncles  3-5-flowered;  flowers  yellow;  pods  compactly  spiral, 
of  2  or  3  turns,  compressed,  furrowed  on  the  thick  edge,  and  fringed  with  a  double 
row  of  curved  prickles.  —  Introduced  with  wool  into  waste  grounds  in  some 
places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.   DENTICULATA,  Willd.      Nearly  glabrous;   pods  loosely  spiral,  deeply 
reticulated,  and  with  a  thin  keeled  edge :  otherwise  like  the  last ;  in  similar  places, 
eastward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.    PSORALEA,    L.        PSORALEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous.  Pod  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often 
wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over 
or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  &c.)  with  glandular  dots  or  points. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  129 

Leaves  mostly  3  -  5-foliolate.  Flowers  spited  or  racemed,  white  or  mostly 
blue-purplish.  Root  sometimes  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  (Name,  \J/-o>paXeos, 
scurfy,  from  the  glands  or  dots.) 

#  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  On6brychis,  Nutt.     Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect 
(3° -5°  high) ;  tea/lets  lanceolate-ovate,  taper-pointed  (3'  long) ;  stipules  and  bracts 
awl-shaped;  racemes  elongated;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pods  rough- 
ened and  wrinkled.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  111.  and  southward.    July. 

2.  P.  stipulata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Nearly  smooth  and  glandless  ;  stems  dif- 
fuse ;  leaflets  ovate-elliptical,  reticulated  ;  stipules  ovate ;  flowers  in  heads  on  rather 
short  peduncles ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  sharp-pointed.  — Rocks,  Falls  of  the  Ohio, 
Kentucky.     June,  July. 

3.  P.  melilotoides,  Michx.      Somewhat  pubescent,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular; stems  erect  (l°-2°high),  slender;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong; 
spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled ;  stipules  awl-shaped;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  ;  pods  strongly  wrinkled  transversely.    (Also  P.  eglandulosa,  Ell.) 
—  Dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  3  -  5-foliolate. 

4.  P.  floribtinda,  Nutt.     Slender,  erect,  much  branched  and  bushy  (2°- 
4°  high),  minutely  hoary-pubescent  when  young ;  leaflets  varying  from  linear  to 
obovate-oblong  (£'-!£'  long),  glandular-dotted;  racemes  panicled;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute ;  pod  glandular.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.    June  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  2"  or  3"  long. 

5.  P.  argoph^lla,  Pursh.     Silvery  silky-white  all  over,  erect,  divergently 
branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate;  spikes  interrupted;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains,  N.  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 
June.  —  Flowers  4"  -  5"  long. 

6.  ^P.  esculenta,  Pursh.     Roughish  hairy  all  over;   stem  stout  (5' -15' 
high)  and  erect  from  a  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped  farinaceous  root ;  leaflets  5, 
obovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  long-peduncled ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla  (£'  long).  —  High 
plains,  N.  W.  Wisconsin,  Mr.  Spears,  T.  J.  Hale,  &c.,  and  westward.    June. 
The  POMME  BLANCHE,  or  POMME  DE  PRAIRIE,  of  the  Voyageurs. 

8.    DALE  A,    L.        DALEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous :  petals  all  on 
claws  :  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx :  the  keel 
and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  filaments,  which 
is  cleft  down  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular-dotted with  minute  stipules ;  the  small  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 
(Named  for  Thomas  Dale,  an  English  botanist.) 

1.  D.  alopeCUTOides,  Willd.  Erect  annual  (l°-2°  high),  glabrous, 
except  the  dense  and  cylindrical  silky-villous  spike ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many 
linear-oblong  leaflets ;  corolla  whitish.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 
July.  (Numerous  species  occur  farther  southwest.) 


130  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

9.    PETALOSTEMON,    Michx.        PRAIRIE  CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  indistinctly  papilionaceous :  petals  all  on  thread- 
shaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  similar  and  spreading,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadelphous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  5  anthers ;  the 
fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shaped  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  glandular-dotted,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  peduncled  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen,  al- 
luding to  the  peculiar  union  of  these  organs  in  this  genus.) 

1.  P.  Violaceus,  Michx.     Smoothish:  leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear;  heads 
globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old ;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than 
the  silky-hoary  calyx ;  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  to  Minnesota 
and  southward.    July. 

2.  P.  candidus,  Michx.     Smooth ;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear-ob- 
long ;  heads  oblong,  when  old  cylindrical ;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the  nearly 
glabrous  calyx ;  corolla  white.  —  With  No.  1.     July. 

3.  P.  villdsus,  Nutt.     Soft-downy  or  silky  all  over;  leaflets  13-17,  linear 
or  oblong,  small  (4"  -  5"  long) ;  spikes  cylindrical  ( 1'  -  5'  long),  short-peduncled, 
soft-villous ;  corolla  rose-color. — N.  Wisconsin  (LakePepin,  &c.  T.J.Hale)  and 
westward. 

10.    AMOBPHA,    L.       FALSE  INDIGO. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  (the  other  petals  en- 
tirely wanting !)  wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  10,  monadel- 
phous at  the  very  base,  otherwise  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
1  -  2-seeded,  roughened,  tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves ; 
the  leaflets  marked  with  minute  dots,  usually  stipellate.  Flowers  violet  O£  pur- 
ple ;  crowded  in  clustered  terminal  spikes.  (Name,  apopcfrn,  wanting  form,  from 
the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.) 

1.  A.  fruticbsa,  L.      (FALSE   INDIGO.)     Rather  pubescent  or  smoothish; 
leaflets  8 -12  pairs,  oval,  scattered;  pods  2-seeded. — River-banks  S.  Penn.  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.    June.  —  A  tall  shrub  :  very  variable. 

2.  A.  can6scens,  Nutt.     (LEAD-PLANT.)    Low  (l°-3°  high),  whitened 
with  hoary  down ;  leaflets  15-25  pairs,  elliptical,  crowded,  small,  smoothish  above 
with  age ;  pods  1 -seeded.  — Prairies  and  crevices  of  rocks,  Michigan  to  Wiscon- 
sin and  southwestward.    July.  —  Supposed  to  indicate  lead-ore. 

11.    ROBtNIA,    L.        LOCUST-TREE. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  at  length  2- 
valved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd- 
pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  son 
Vespasian  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe. ) 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  131 

1.  R.  Pseudaeacia,  L.    (COMMON  LOCUST  or  FALSE  ACACIA.)  Branches 
naked ;  racemes  slender,  loose ;  flowers  white,  fragrant ;  pod  smooth.  —  S.  Penn- 
sylvania to  S.  Illinois  and  southward.     Commonly  cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
tree,  and  for  its  valuable  timber :  naturalized  in  many  places.     June. 

2.  R.  viscbsa,  Vent.     (CLAMMY  L.)     Branchlets  and  leafstalks  clammy; 
flowers  crowded  in  oblong  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color,  nearly  inodorous ;  pod 
glandular-hispid.  —  Virginia  and  southward.     Cultivated,  like  the  last,  a  smaller 
tree.    June. 

3.  R.  hispida,  L.     (BRISTLY  L.  or  ROSE  ACACIA.)    Branchlets  and  stalks 
bristly ;  flowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous ;  pods  glandular-hispid.  — 
Varies  with  less  bristly  or  nearly  naked  branchlets ;  also  with  smaller  flowers, 
&c.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward:    commonly  cultivated.     May, 
June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high. 

12.    WISTARIA,    Nutt.       WISTAEIA. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
of  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities  at 
its  base :  keel  scythe-shaped  :  wings  doubly  auricled  at  the  base.  Stamens  di- 
adelphous.  Pod  elongated,  thickish,  knobby,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  at  length 
2-valved.  Seeds  large.  —  Woody  twiners,  climbing  high,  with  minute  stipules, 
pinnate  leaves  of  9- 13  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  with  or  without  minute  stipels, 
and  dense  racemes  of  large  and  showy  lilac-purple  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Professor  Wistar,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  W.  frut^SCens,  DC.  Downy  or  smoothish  when  old;  wings  of  the 
corolla  with  one  short  auricle  and  an  awl- shaped  one  as  long  as  the  claw.  (W. 
speciosa,  Nutt.) — Alluvial  grounds,  W.  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
May.  —  Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament,  as  is  the  still  handsomer  Chinese 
species. 

13.    TEPHROSIA,    Pers.        HOARY  PEA. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside,  turned 
back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  monadelphous 
or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved.  —  Hoary  perennial 
herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  racemed  flowers.  Leaflets 
mucronate,  veiny.  (Name  from  re^pds,  ash-colored  or  hoary.) 

1.  T.  Virginiana,  Pers.     (GOAT'S  HUE.     CATGUT.)     Silky-villous  with 
whitish  hairs  when  young ;  stem  erect  and  simple  (l°-2°  high),  leafy  to  the  top  ; 
leaflets  17-29,  linear-oblong ;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a  termi- 
nal oblong  dense  raceme  or  panicle,  yellowish-white  marked  with  purple.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.    June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough. 

2.  T.  spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Villous  with  rusty  hairs;   stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending  (2°  long),  few-leaved;  leaflets  9-15,  obovate  or 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched ;  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  interrupted  very  long- 
peduncled  spike,  reddish.  — Dry  soil,  Delaware  and  southward.    July. 

3.  T.  hispidula,  Pursh.    Hairy  with  some  long  and  rusty  or  only  minute 
and  appressed  pubescence ;  stems  slender  (9' -24' long),  divergently  branched, 


132  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

straggling ;  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  varying  to  obovate-wedge-shaped  and  oblance- 
olate;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2  -  ^-flowered ;  flowers  reddish-purple. — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

14.    ASTRAGALUS,    L.        MILK-VETCH. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow  :  standard  narrow,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed  or  spreading.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous.  Stigma  minute,  terminal.  Pod  several  -  many-seeded,  various, 
mostly  turgid,  one  or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly 
or  so  as  to  divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  Seed-stalks  slender.  Chiefly 
herbs  (ours  perennials),  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers. 
(The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  leguminous  plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone;  but 
the  connection  between  the  two  is  past  all  guess.) 
§  1.  Pod  very  thick  and  juicy  when  fresh,  not  stalked  in  the  calyx,  2-celkd,  indehiscent, 

or  tardily  separable  into  2  closed  portions :  stems  low,  decumbent  or  ascending : 

leaflets  numerous. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.      (GROUND  PLUM.)     Pale  and  minutely  ap- 
pressed-pubescent ;   leaflets   narrowly   oblong ;   flowers  in  a  short  spike-like 
raceme  :  corolla  violet-purple  ;  fruit  glabrous,  ovate-globular,  more  or  less  pointed, 
about  §'  in  diameter,  very  thick-walled,  cellular  or  corky  when  dry.     Upper  Mis- 
sissippi River,  thence  westward  and  southward.    May. 

2.  A.  Mexicanus,  A.  DC.     Smoother,  or  pubescent  with  looser  hairs, 
larger;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate,  or  oblong;  flowers  larger  (10" -12"  long); 
calyx  softly  hairy ;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  only  at  the  tip  ;  fruit  globular,  very  ob- 
tuse and  pointless,  1'  or  more  in  diameter:  otherwise  like  the  last:  the  unripe 
fruits  of  both  resemble  green  plums,  —  whence  the  popular  name,  —  and  are 
eaten,  raw  or  cooked,  by  travellers.     (A.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.)  —  Prairies  and  open 
plains,  from  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis  westward  and  southward. 

3.  A.  Platt6nsis,  Nutt.    Loosely  villous;   stipules  conspicuous;  leaflets 
oblong,  often  glabrous  above ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  short  spike  or  oblong  head, 
cream-color  often  tinged  or  tipped  with  purple ;  fruit  ovate,  pointed,  and  with  the 
calyx  villous,  —  invar.  TENNESSEENSIS  (A.  Tennesseensis,  Gray,  in  Chapm.  S. 
FL )  oblong  and  slightly  curved,  much  less  fleshy  and  thick  than  in  the  preceding. 
—  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks  of  Illinois  River  ( Vasey,  Slosson,  Bebb],  thence  south- 
ward and  westward.     May. 

§  2.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  more  or  less  thin-walled,  turgid,  not  stalked  in  the  calyx, 
completely  ^-celled  only  in  No.  4. 

4.  A.  Canad6nsis,  L.     Tall  and  erect  (l°-4°high),  somewhat  pubes- 
cent ;  leaflets  21  -  27,  oblong ;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numerous,  in  long 
and  close  spikes ;  pods  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,  small,  completely  ^-celled.  —  River- 
banks  :  common  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward.     July  -  Aug. 

5.  A.  Cobperi,  Gray.     Nearly  smooth,  erect  (l°-2°  high);  leaflets  11- 
21,  elliptical  or  oblong,  somewhat  notched  at  the  end,  minutely  hoary  under- 
neath; flowers  white,  rather  numerous  in  a  short  spike;  pods  inflated-ovoid  (al- 
most 1'  long),  thin-walled,  one-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  slightly,  the  ventral  more 
decidedly  projecting  inwards.     (Phaca  neglecta,  Torr.  fr  Gray.    Now  named  for 


LEGUMINOS^:.     (PULSE  FAMILY.)  133 

the  discoverer,  the  late  Wm.  Cooper,  there  being  already  an  A.  neglectus.)  — 
Gravelly  shores,  &c.,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     June,  July. 

6.  A.  dist6rtUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Low  and  spreading,  branched  from  the 
base,  smoothish ;  leaflets  1 1  -  23,  oblong  or  obovate ;  flowers  purplish  vc  violet, 
10-20  in  a  short  spike ;  the  standard  deeply  notched  at  the  summit ;  pods  oblong, 
turgid,  incurved  (§'  long),  coriaceous,  incompletely  2-celled.  —  Mason  Co.,  Illinois, 
Dr.  Mead.    May.     (Also  in  Arkansas  and  Texas.) 

§  3.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  thin-walled,  small,  stalked  in  the  calyx  (stipitate),  and  with 
it  more  or  less  pubescent  with  fine  blackish  hairs,  hanging  on  short  pedicels :  ra- 
ceme short,  rather  many-flowered,  long-peduncled :  leaflets  oval  or  oblong. 

7.  A.  alpinus,  L.     Smooth  or  slightly  hairy ;  stem  diffuse,  6' to  12' high; 
leaflets  13-25;  cwolla  violet-purple,  or  at  least  the  keel  tipped  with  violet  or 
blue  (5" -6"  long) ;  pods  black-hairy,  oblong,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back  and 
partly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  its  stipe  usually  rather 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Rocks  and  banks,  Northern  Vermont  (Willoughby 
Mountain',  J.   Blake)  and  Maine  (Dr.  Scammon,  G.  L.  Goodale),  and   north- 
ward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

8.  A.   Robbinsii,   Gray.     Nearly  smooth  and  erect  (1°  high),  slender; 
leaflets  7-  11 ;  corolla  white  (4"  long) ;  calyx-teeth  short;  pods  oblong,  flattish  (£' 
long),  membranaceous,  almost  glabrous,  the  base  suddenly  contracted  into  a  stipe 
about  equalling  the  calyx,  one-celled,  a  thin  membrane  slightly  projecting  from 
the  dorsal  suture.     (Phaca  Robbinsii,  Oakes. )  —  Rocky  ledges  of  Onion  River, 
at  Colchester,  Vermont,  Dr.  Bobbins  (1829) :  the  station  now  obliterated.   May. 

15.    OXTTTBOPIS,    DC.        OXYTROPIS. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  sharp  projecting  point  or  appendage  :  other- 
wise as  in  Astragalus.  Pod  often  partly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral 
suture.  —  Our  species,  and  most  others,  are  low,  nearly  acaulescent  pe^nnials, 
with  tufts  of  numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard  and  thick  root  or  rootstock, 
covered  with  scaly  adnate  stipules ;  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets ;  and  naked 
scapes  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers.  (Name  indicates  the  peculiarity 
of  the  flower,  from  o£vs,  sharp,  and  rpoTris,  keel.) 

1.  O.  campdstris,  DC.     Pubescent  or  smoothish;  leaflets  lanceolate  or 
oblong :  flowers  yellowish  or  white,  often  tinged  or  tipped  with  purple  or  violet- 
blue  ;  pods  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  of  a  thin  or  papery  texture.  —  Northern 
border  of  Maine,  on  the  St.  John's,  near  Seven  Isles,  G.  L.  Goodale,  and  north- 
ward.    July.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  Lamb^rti,  Pursh.     Silky  with  fine  appressed  hairs ;  leaflets  mostly 
linear ;  flowers  larger,  purple,  violet,  or  sometimes  white ;  pods  cartilaginous  or 
firm  coriaceous  in  texture,  strictly  erect,  cylindraceous-lanceolate  and  long-pointed, 
almost  2-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture.  —  Dry  plains,  Minnesota  and 
westward.     June. 

16.     GLYCYRRHIZA,    Tourn.        LIQUOEICB. 

Calyx  with  the  two  upper  lobes  shorter  or  partly  united.  Anther-cells  con- 
fluent at  the  apex,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong-linear,  com- 


134  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY). 

pressed,  often  curved,  clothed  with  rough  glands  or  short  prickles,  scarcely  de- 
hiscent, few-seeded.  The  flower,  &c.,  otherwise  as  in  Astragalus.  —  Long  peren- 
nial root  sweet  (whence  the  name,  from  -yXv/cus,  sweet,  and  /5i'£a,  root) ;  herbage 
glandular-viscid ;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  minute  stipules ;  flowers  in  axillary 
spikes,  white  or  bluish. 

1.  G.  Iepid6ta,  Nutt.  (WILD  LIQUORICE.)  Tall  (2° -3°  high);  leaf- 
lets 15-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate-pointed,  sprinkled  with  little  scales 
when  young,  and  with  corresponding  dots  when  old ;  spikes  peduncled,  short ; 
flowers  whitish ;  pods  oblong,  beset  with  hooked  prickles,  so  as  to  resemble  the 
fruit  of  Xanthium  on  a  smaller  scale.  —  Vicinity  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  on  the 
sands  of  the  shore,  probably  drifted  from  its  native  northwest  regions ;  but  per- 
fectly established,  G.  W.  Clinton. 

17.    -SJSCHYNOMENE,    L.        SENSITIVE  JOINT- VETCH. 

Calyx  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Standard  roundish :  keel 
boat-shaped.  Stamens  diadelphous  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flattened,  com- 
posed of  several  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  sev- 
eral pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence 
the  name,  from  ala-xvvo^fvrj,  being  ashamed). 

1.  JE.  hispida,  Willd.  Erect,  rough-bristly  annual ;  leaflets  37-51,  lin- 
ear ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  pod  stalked,  6  -  10-jointed.  —  Along  rivers,  S.  Penn. 
and  southward.  Aug.  —  Flowers  yellow,  reddish  externally. 

18.  HEDYSARTJM,    Tourn.        HEDTSARUM. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous, 5  &  1 .  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable  round- 
ish joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Perennial  herbs:  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Name  composed  of  rjdvs,  sweet,  and  apa>/ict,  smell.) 

1.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  gla- 
brous ;  stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole ;  raceme  of  many  deflexed  pur- 
ple flowers ;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel ;  joints  of  the  pod  3  or  4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  —  Mountain  above  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont,  A.  Wood,  &c.  St. 
John's  River,  Maine,  G.  L.  Goodale.  Also  northward. 

19.  DESMODIUM,    DC.        TICK-TREFOIL. 

Calyx  usually  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Standard  obovate  :  wings  adherent  to 
the  straight  or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  trans- 
verse appendage  on  each  side  of  the  latter.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  &  1,  or 
monadelphous  below.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the  lower  margin,  separating 
into  few  or  many  flat  reticulated  joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked 
hairs,  by  which  they  adhere  to  the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  — Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  1-foliolate)  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers 
(in  summer)  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or  3  from 
each  bract,  purple  or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.  Stipules  and 


LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  135 


bracts  scale-like,  often  striate.     (Name  from  Sea-pos,  a  bond  or  chain,  from  the 

connected  joints  of  the  pods.) 

§  1.  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  within  the  calyx  (stipe)  many  times  longer  than  the  slightly 
toothed  calyx  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  straiyhtish  on  the  upper  margin, 
deeply  sinuate  on  the  lower  ;  the  1-4  joints  mostly  half-obovate  and  concave  on 
the  back:  stamens  monadelphous  below:  plants  nearly  glabrous:  stems  erect  or 
ascending:  raceme  terminal,  panicled  :  stipules  bristle-form,  deciduous. 

1.  D.  nudifldrum,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  sterile  stems; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntish,  whitish  beneath  ;  raceme  elongated  on  an  ascend- 
ing mostly  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root,  2°  long.  —  Dry  woods  :  common. 

2.  D.  acuminatum,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  from 
which  arises  the  elongated  naked  raceme  or  panicle;  leaflets  round-ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  green  both  sides,  the  end  one  round  (4'  -5'  long).  —  Rich  woods. 

3.  D.  pauci£L6mm,  DC.     Leaves  scattered  along  the  low  (8'  -15'  high) 
ascending  stems;   leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath;   raceme  few- 
flowered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
southward. 

§  2.  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (stipe]  little  if  not  all  surpassing  the  deeply-cleft  calyx  : 
stems  long  and  prostrate  or  decumbent  :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 

*  Stipules  conspicuous,  ovate,  taper-pointed,  striate,  persistent  :  racemes  mostly  simple. 

4.  D.  rotundifblium,  DC.     Soft-hairy  all  over,  truly  prostrate;  leaflets 
orbicular,  or  the  odd  one  slightly  rhomboid  ;  flowers  purple  ;  pods  almost  equally 
sinuate  on  both  edges,  3  -  5-jointed  ;   the  joints  rhomboid-oval.  —  Dry  rocky 
woods  :  rather  common. 

Var.  glabratum  :  almost  glabrous,  otherwise  nearly  as  the  ordinary  form. 
(Hedysarum  humifusum,  Muhl.  in  part,  Bigel.,  &c.)  —  Mass.,  New  York,  &c. 

5.  D.  OChroleilCUm,  M.A.Curtis.   Stems  sparsely  hairy,  decumbent  ;  leaf- 
lets nearly  glabrous,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  transversely  reticulated  ^beneath, 
the  lateral  ones   smaller  or  sometimes  wanting;   racemes  much  elongated; 
corolla  whitish  ;  pods  twisted,  2  -  4-jointed,  the  large  rhomboid  joints  smooth  and 
reticulated  but  the  margins  downy.     (Perhaps  Muhlenberg's  H.  humifusum 
from  "Carolina.")  —  Woodlands,  Maryland  (  W.  M.  Canby)  and  southward. 

*  *  Stipules  smaller,  lanceolate  and  awl-shaped,  less  persistent  :  racemes  panicled. 

6.  D.  humiftlSUm,  Beck  (as  to  syn.).     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  procum- 
bent ;  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  much  smaller  than  in  the  two 
preceding  (U'-2'  long)  ;  corolla  purple;  pods  2  -4-jointed,  flat,  the  oval-rhom- 
boid joints  minutely  scabrous  throughout.     (Hedysarum  humifusum,  Muhl.  Fl. 
Lancast.  herb.,  ex  Canby.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil  (Lancaster,  Penn.,  Muhlenberg), 
Salisbury,  Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby. 

§  3.  Pod  slightly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx:  racemes  panicled. 

*  Stems  tall  (3°  -5°)  and  erect;  the  persistent  stipules  and  deciduous  bracts  large 

and  conspicuous,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  :  pods  of  4  —  7  unequal- 
sided  rhombic  joints,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  broad,  about  £'  long. 
(Flowers  rather  large.) 

7.  D.   candscens,   DC.      Stem  loosely  branched,   hairy;  leaflets  ovate, 
bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  whitish  and  reticulated  beneath,  both  sides 


136  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  f 

roughish  with  a  close  fine  pubescence ;  joints  of  the  pod  very  adhesive.  — Moist 
grounds,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  chiefly  westward.  — 
Branches  clothed  with  both  minute  and  hooked,  and  longer,  spreading,  rather 
glutinous  hairs. 

8.  D.  cuspidatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.   Very  smooth  except  the  panicle ;  stem 
straight ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  green  both  sides ;  longer  than 
the  petiole  (3'-  5') ;  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong,  smoothish.  —  Thickets  : 
common.  —  The  conspicuous  bracts  and  stipules  f '  long. 

*  *  Stems  (2° -5°  high)  erect:  stipules  as  well  as  the  bracts  mostly  deciduous,  small 

and  inconspicuous :  pods  of  3  — 5  triangular  or  half-rhombic  or  very  unequal- 
sided  rhomboidal  joints,  which  are  longer  than  broad,  %  or  less  in  length.  (Flow- 
ers middle-sized. ) 

9.  D.  l86Vigatuni,  DC.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout :  stem  straight ; 
leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath  (2' -3'  long);  panicles  minutely  rough- 
pubescent.  —  Pine  woods,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

10.  D.  viridiflbrum,  Beck.      Stem  very  downy,  rough  at  the  summit; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough  above,  whitened  with  a  soft  velvety  down 
underneath  (2' -3'  long).  —  S.  New  York  and  southward. 

11.  D.  Dill&nii,  Darlingt.     Stem  pubescent ;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate, 
commonly  bluntish,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  flnely  pubescent  (mostly  thin,  2' -3' 
long).  —  Open  woodlands  :  common. 

12.  D.  paniculatum,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  throughout;   stem  slender, 
tall ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  thin 
(3' -5'  long) ;  racemes  much  panicled.  —  Copses,  common. 

13.  D.  Strictum,  DC.     Stem  very  straight  and  slender,  simple  (2° -3° 
high),  the  upper  part  and  narrow  panicle  rough-glandular ;  leaflets  linear,  blunt, 
strongly  reticulated,  thickish,  very  smooth  (l'-2'  long,  £'  wide) ;  joints  of  the  pod 
1-3,  semi-obovate  or  very  gibbous  (only  2"  long).  —  Pine  woods  of  New 

.Jersey,  and  southward. 

#  #  *  Stipules  small  and  inconspicuous,  mostly  deciduous :  pods  of  few  roundish  or 

obliquely  oval  or  sometimes  roundish-rhomboidal  joints,  l^"-2^"  long. 
••-  Stems  erect:  bracts  before  flowering  conspicuous :  racemes  densely  flowered. 

14.  D.  Canadense,  DC.     Stem  hairy  (3°  -  6°  high) ;  leaflets  oblong-lance- 
olate, or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  numerous  straightish  veins,  much  longer 
than  the  petiole  (1^-3'  long);  flowers  showy,  larger  than  in  any  other  species 
(£'-£'  l°ng)- —  Dry,  rich  woods:  common,  especially  northward. 

15.  D.  sessilifdlium,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  pubescent  (2° -4°  high); 
leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  beneath ;  branches  of  the  panicle  long ;  flowers  small.  — 
Copses,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

-«--t-  Stems  ascending  (l°-3°  high):  bracts  small;  racemes  or  panicles  elongated 
and  loosely  flowered:  flowers  small. 

16.  D.  rigidum,  DC.     Stem  branching,  somewhat  hoary,  like  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  roughish  pubescence;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer  thd" 
the  petiole.  —  Dry  hillsides,  Mass,  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  In- 
termediate, as  it  were,  between  No.  17  and  No.  11. 


LEGUMINOS^:.     (PULSE  FAMILY.)  137 

17.  D.  Ciliare,  DC.    Stem  slender,  hairy  or  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  crowded, 
on  very  short  hairy  petioles ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  more  or  less  hairy 
on  the  margins  and  underneath  (£'-!' long). —  Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields: 
common,  especially  southward. 

18.  D.    Marilandicum,    Boott.      Nearly  smooth   throughout,   slender; 
leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the 
slender  petiole :  otherwise  resembling  the  preceding.      (D.  obtusum,  DC.)  — 
Copses :  common. 

H--«-I-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate:  racemes  loosely  flowered. 

19.  D.  lineatum,  DC.     Stem  minutely  pubescent,  striate-angled ;  leaflets 
orbicular,  smoothish  (£'-!'  long),  much  longer  than  the  petiole;  pod  scarcely 
stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland  ( W.  M.   Canby),  Virginia  and 
southward. 

20.    LESPEDEZA,    Mich.*      BUSH-CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender.    Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) : 
anthers  all  alike.    Pods  of  a  single  1 -seeded  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with 
the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or  roundish,  flat,  reticulated. — 
Perennials  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  stipellate.     Stipules  and  bracts 
minute.    Flowers  often  polygamous,  in  summer  and  autumn.     (Dedicated  to 
Lespedez,  the  Spanish  governor  of  Florida  in  the  time  of  Michaux.) 
*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  larger  (violet-purple)  perfect,  but  seldom  fruitful,  panicled 
or  clustered ;  with  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile  but  mostly  apetalous  ones  inter- 
mixed, or  in  subsessile  little  clusters. 

1.  L.  procumbens,  Michx.     Soft-downy,  except  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaves,  trailing,  slender ;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical ;  peduncles  slender,  /mostly 
simple,  few-flowered.  —  Sandy  soil :  commonest  southward.  —  The  apetalous 
fertile  flowers,  as  in  the  rest,  have  short  hooked  styles. 

2.  L.  repens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth,  except  minute  close-pressed  scattered 
hairs,  prostrate,  spreading,  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical  (£' 
long);  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered;  pods  roundish. — Dry  sandy  soil, 
S.  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Much  like  the  last. 

3.  L.  violacea,  Pers.    Stems  upright  or  spreading,  branched ;  leaflets  vary- 
ing from  oval-oblong  to  linear,  whitish-downy  beneath  with  close-pressed  pubes- 
cence; peduncles  or  dusters  few-flowered ;  pods  ovate.  —  The  principal  varieties 
are,   1.  DIVERGENS,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  and  loosely  panicled  flowers; 
this  runs  into,   2.  SESSILIFI^RA,  with  the  flowers  principally  on  peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  clustered;  and  a  more  distinct  form  is  3.  ANGUSTI- 
F6LIA,  with  closely  clustered  flowers  on  straight  branches,  crowded  leaves,  and 
narrowly  oblong  or  linear  leaflets,  which  are  often  silky.  —  Dry  copses :  com- 
mon. —  Pods  ripening  from  bcth  sorts  of  flowers. 

4.  L.  Sttivei,  Nutt.     Stems  upright-spreading,  bushy,  downy;  leaflets  oval 
or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole,  silky  or  white- woolly  beneath  (and  some- 
times above) ;  clusters  many-flowered,  crowded;  pods  ovate,  downy.  —  Dry  hills, 
and  sand,  Plymouth,  Mass,  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  and  southward.  — Appear- 
ing intermediate  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 


138  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PDLSE   FAMILY.) 

#  #  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads :  corolla  whitish  or  cream- 
•  color  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  downy  calyx : 
stems  upright,  wand-like  (2° -4°  high). 

5.  L.  hirta,  Ell.     Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  petioles  slender;  leaflets 
roundish  or  oval,  hairy ;  spikes  cylindrical,  rather  loose ;  pods  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     (L.  polystachia,  Michx.)  —  Dry  hillsides. 

6.  L.  capitata,  Michx.     Peduncles  and  petioles  short ;  stems  rigid,  woolly ; 
leaflets  elliptical  or  oblong,  thickish,  reticulated  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky 
beneath ;  spikes  or  heads  short ;  pods  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Varies 
greatly,  most  of  all  in  var.  ANGUSTir6LiA  :  slender;  leaflets  linear;  peduncles 
sometimes  elongated.  —  Dry  and  sandy  soil ;  the  narrow  variety  only  found 
near  the  coast  and  southward. 

,      21.    STYLOSAJ^THES,    Swartz.        PENCIL-FLOWER. 

Calyx  early  deciduous ;  the  tube  slender  and  stalk-like ;  the  limb  unequally 
4-5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  more  distinct.  Corolla  and  monadelphous  stamens 
inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube :  standard  orbicular :  keel  incurved. 
Anthers  10,  the  5  longer  ones  fixed  near  their  base,  and  the  5  alternate  shorter 
ones  fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  filiform,  its  upper  part  falling  off  after  flower- 
ing, the  lower  part  incurved  or  hooked,  and  persistent  on  the  apex  of  the  1  - 
2-jointed  small  and  short  reticulated  pod,  the  lower  joint  when  present  empty 
and  stalk-like.  —  Low  perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with  wiry  stems, 
pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  sheathing  stipules  united  to  the  petiole,  no 
stipels,  and  small,  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  short  spikes.  (Name 
composed  of  oru'Xos,  a  column,  and  avdos,  a  flower,  from  the  stalk-like 
calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Tufted  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  straight- 
veined  ;  heads  or  clusters  small  and  few-flowered.  —  Pine  barrens,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.  July  -  Oct. 

22.    VICIA,    Tourn.        VETCH.    TAKE. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter,  or  the  lowest 
longer.  "Wings  of  the  corolla  adhering  to  the  middle  of  the  keel.  Stamens 
more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  &  1 ) ;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  oblique.  Style  fili- 
form, hairy  all  round  or  only  on  the  back  at  the  apex.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  2  - 
several-seeded.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination.  —  Herbs,  mostly  climbing  more  or  less  by  the  tendril 
at  the  end  of  the  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  half-sagittate.  Flowers  or  pedun- 
cles axillary.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Annual :  flowers  1-2  in  the  axils,  nearly  sessile,  large,  violet-purple. 

1.  V.  SATIVA,  L.  (COMMON  VETCH  or  TARE.)  Somewhat  pubescent; 
stem  simple ;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  notched 
and  mucronate  at  the  apex ;  pod  linear,  several -seeded.  —  Cultivated  fields  and 
waste  places ;  both  the  common  form  and  the  var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA,  which  has 
longer  and  narrow  leaflets.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


LEGUMINOSJE.     (PULSE  FAMILY.)  139 

*  *  Annual,  slender:  peduncles  elongated:  flowers  small.     (Species  of  Ervum,  L.) 

2.  V.  TETRASPERMA,  L.    Peduncles  1  - 2-flowered ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  unequal ;  corolla  whitish ;  pods  narrowly  oblong,  4- 
seeded,  smooth.  —  Waste  or  open  places,  near  the  coast.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  HiRStfTA,  Koch.     Peduncles  3  -  6-flowered ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  trun- 
cate ;  calyx-teeth  equal ;  corolla  bluish ;  pods  oblong,  2-seeded,  hairy.  —  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial:  peduncles  elongated;  calyx-teeth  unequal:  pod  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  Cracca,    L.     Downy-pubescent ;    leaflets  20  -  24,  oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  mucronate ;  peduncles  densely  many-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward :  rather 
rare.    July. — Flowers  blue,  turning  purple,  6"  long,  one-sided  in  the  spike, 
reflexed.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Nearly  smooth;  leaflets  8-24,  oblong,  obtuse, 
scarcely  mucronate ;  peduncles  loosely  flowered ;  calyx-teeth  very  short.  —  River- 
banks,  &c.     May.  —  Flowers  small,  more  scattered  than  in  the  preceding, 
whitish,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue. 

6.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.      Glabrous;  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate- 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  many-veined;  peduncles  4-8-flowered. —  Moist  soil,  New 
York  to  Kentucky  and  northward.     June.  —Flowers  purplish,  8"  long. 

23.    LATHYRUS,    L.        VETCHLING.    EVERLASTING  PEA. 

Style  flattish,  dilated  and  flattish  (not  grooved)  above,  hairy  along  the  inner 
side  (next  the  free  stamen).  Sheath  of  the  filaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the 
apex.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia.  (Adtfvpoy,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theo- 
phrastus. )  —  Our  species  are  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants. 

1.  L.   maritimus,    Bigelow.      (BEACH   PEA.)     Stem  stout  (1°  high) ; 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  crowded,  oval  or  obovate ;   stipules  broadly  halberd-sJiaped, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  6-10-flowered.  —  Sea-coast,  from  New 
Jersey  northward,  and   shore  of  the  Great  Lakes.     June -Aug.  —  Flowers 
large,  purple.    Leaflets  very  veiny,  as  also  in  the  other  species.    (Eu.) 

2.  L.  ven6sus,  Muhl.     Stem  climbing  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaflets  5-7  pairs, 
scattered,  oblong-ovate,  often  downy  beneath ;  stipules  very  small  and  usually  slen- 
der, half  arrow-shaped,  rarely  larger  and  broader ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  corolla 
purple.  —  Shady  banks,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     June. 

3.  L.  OChroleUGUS,  Hook.      Stem  slender  (l°-3°  high);  leaflets  3-4 
pairs,  ovate  or  oval,  smooth,  glaucous,  thin  ;  stipules  half  heart-shaped,  about  half 
as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  7- 10-flowered;  corolla  yellowish-white,  smaller 
than  in  the  last.  —  Hillsides,  W.  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.     July. 

4.  L.  pallistris,  L.     (MARSH  VETCHLING.)  Stem  slender  (1°- 2°  high), 
often  winged-margined ;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  lanceolate,  linear,  or  narrowly  ob- 
long, mucronate-pointed ;   stipules  small,  lanceolate,  half  arrow-shaped,  sharp- 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;    peduncles  3  -  5-flowered  ;    corolla  blue-purple.  —  Moist 
places,  N.  England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

Var.  myrtifblius.     Taller,  climbing  2°  -  4°  high ;  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate- 


140  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

elliptical ;  upper  stipules  much  larger :  corolla  pale  purple.  (L.  myrtifolius, 
Muhl.)  —  W.  New  England  to  Virginia  and  northward,  July.  —  Ordinarily 
appears  quite  distinct  from  L.  palustris  ;  but  intermediate  specimens  occur. 

5.  L.  PRATENSIS,  L.  Low  and  straggling ;  leaflets  a  single  pair,  narrow- 
lanceolate  ;  stipules  large ;  peduncles  several-flowered ;  corolla  yellow.  —  Spon- 
taneous and  abundant  along  the  Connecticut  at  West  Springfield,  Mass., 
A.  P.  Foster.  July.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

24.    API  OS,    Boerhaave.     GROUND-NUT.    WILD  BEAN. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  upper 
very  short,  the  lower  one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed :  the  long 
scythe-shaped  keel  strongly  incurved,  at  length  coiled.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved,  linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.  —  A 
perennial  herb  (with  some  milky  juice  !),  bearing  edible  tubers  on  underground 
shoots,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes.  Leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 
scurely stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often  branching  racemes. 
(Name  from  airiov,  a  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

1.  A.  tuberbsa,  Mcench.  (Glycine  Apios,  L.) — Low  grounds ;  common. 
Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  brown  purple,  or  chocolate-color,  violet-scented. 

25.    PHASEOLUS,    L.        KIDNEY  BEAN. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  two  upper  teeth  often  higher  united.  Keel  of 
the  corolla,  with  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled  or  curved  into 
a  ring.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  bearded  along  the  upper  side :  stigma 
oblique  or  lateral.  Pod  linear  or  scythe-shaped,  several  -  many-seeded,  tipped 
with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  rising  out 
of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination.  —  Twining  or  prostrate  herbs, 
with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers  often  clustered  on  the 
knotty  joints  of  the  raceme,  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  (The  ancient 
name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.) 

*  Pods  scymetar-shaped :  racemes  long  and  loose,  panicled. 

1.  P.  perdnnis,  Walt.     (WILD  BEAN.)    Stem  climbing  high  from  a  per- 
ennial root;   leaflets  roundish-ovate,  short-pointed;   pods  drooping,  strongly 
curved,  4-5-seeded.  —  Copses,  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Flow- 
ers purple,  handsome,  but  small. 

*  *  Pods  long  and  straight,  linear,  rather  terete :  flowers  few  in  a  short  clustered  and 
long-peduncled  raceme.     (Strophdstyles,  Ell.) 

2.  P.  diversifdlius,  Pers.     Annual;   stem  prostrate,  spreading,  rough- 
hairy  ;  leaflets  ovate-3-lobed,  or  angled  towards  the  base,  or  some  of  them  oblong- 
ovate  and  entire  ;  peduncles  at  length  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves.  —  Sandy 
fields  and  banks,   coast  of  Massachusetts    and  along  the   Great  Lakes   to 
Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  greenish-white,  tinged  with  red  or  purple. 
Pod  thickish. 

3.  P.  h^lvolus,  L.    Perennial,  hairy  ;  stems  diffuse,  slender  ;  leaflets  ovate 
or  oblong,  entire  or  obscurely  angled ;  peduncles  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  leaves. 
—  Sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  — More  slender  than 
the  last :  pods  narrower  :  flowers  as  large  and  similar. 


LEGUMINOS.E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  141 

*  *  Pods  straight  and  linear,  fiat :  peduncles  short,  1  -few-flowered  at  the  summit : 

flowers  small :  keel  less  incurved. 

4.  P.  paucifibrus,  Benth.  Annual ;  stems  diffuse,  but  twining,  slender, 
pubescent ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong  to  linear. 
(P.  leiospermus,  Torr.  $-  Gr.)  —  River-banks,  Illinois  (Mead)  and  southwest- 
ward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  3"  long,  purple.  Pod  1'  long,  pubescent. 

26.    CENTBOSEMA,    DC.        SPURRED  BUTTERFLY-PEA. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft.  Corolla,  &c.  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but  the  spreading 
standard  with  a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  back  near  the  base  :  keel  broad. 
Style  bearded  at  the  apex  around  the  terminal  stigma.  Pod  long  and  linear, 
flat,  pointed  with  the  awl-  shaped  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges, 
the  valves  marked  with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin.  —  Twining 
perennials,  with  3-folidlate  stipellate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers.  Stipules, 
bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  the  latter  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Name  from 
/teVrpoi/,  a  spur,  and  o-^/xa,  the  standard. ) 

1.  C.  Virginianum,  Benth.  Bather  rough  with  minute  hairs;  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  very  veiny,  shining ;  pedun- 
cles 1  -4-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped.  —  Sandy  woods,  from  Mary- 
land southward.  July.  —  Corolla  1 '  long,  violet.  Pods  straight,  4y  -  5'  long. 

27.    CLITOBIA,    L.        BUTTERFLY-PEA. 

Cajyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
erect,  rounded,  notched  at  the  top,  not  spurred  on  the  back :  keel  small,  shorter 
than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Style  bearded 
down  the  inner  face.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattish,  knotty,  several-seeded,  pointed 
with  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Erect  or  twining  perennials,  with  mostly  pinnately 
3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  very  large  flowers.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered : 
bractlets  opposite,  striate.  (Derivation  recondite.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate; 
stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped  ;  peduncles  short,  1  -  3-flowered.  —  Dry  banks, 
E.  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Low,  ascending  or  twining ; 
the  showy  pale-blue  flowers  2'  long. 

28.    AMPHICABPJ3A,    Ell.        HOG  PEA-NUT. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds ;  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches  perfect,  but 
seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  creeping  branches  with  the 
corolla  none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Calyx  about 
equally  4-  (rarely  5-)  toothed :  bractlets  none  or  minute.  Keel  and  wing-petals 
similar,  almost  straight ;  the  standard  partly  folded  round  them.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous.  Style  beardless.  Pods  of  the  upper  flowers,  when  formed,  somewhat 
scymetar-^haped,  3  -  4-seeded ;  of  the  lower  ones  commonly  subterranean,  obo- 
vate  or  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  ripening  usually  but  one  large  seed. — Low  and 
slender  perennials;  the  twining  stems  clothed  with  brownish  hairs.  Leaves 
pinnately  3-foliolate  :  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  stipellate.  Flowers  small,  in  clus- 


142  LEGUMINOS^.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

tered  or  compound  racemes,  purplish.  Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly  clasp- 
ing, striate,  as  well  as  the  stipules.  (Name  from  dpty,  both,  and  Kapnos,  fruit, 
in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  pods.) 

1.  A.  mon6ica,  Nutt.  Kacemes  nodding;  bracts  each  supporting  2  or 
more  flowers,  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  subterranean  pods  hairy.  —  Rich  wood- 
lands. Aug.,  Sept. 

29.    GALACTIA,    P.Browne.        MILK-PEA. 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  the  lobes  acute,  the  upper  one  broadest,  entire.  Keel  scarcely 
incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so.  Style  beardless.  Pod  linear,  flat, 
several-seeded  (some  few  of  them  rarely  partly  subterranean  and  fleshy  or  de- 
formed).—  Low,  mostly  prostrate  or  twining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usually 
3,  stipellate.  Flowers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish  ;  in 
summer.  (Name  from  yaXa,  -O.KTOS,  milk;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a 
milky  juice,  which  is  unlikely.) 

1 .  G.  glabella,  Michx.     Stems  nearly  smooth,  prostrate ;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath ;  racemes  short,  4  -  8-flowered ; 
pods  somewhat  hairy.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to 
Virginia  and  southward. — Flowers  large  for  the  genus,  rose-purple. 

2.  G.  mollis,  Michx.      Stems   (decumbent  and  somewhat  twining)  and 
leaves  beneath  soft-downy  and  hoary ;  leaflets  oval ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  pods 
very  downy.  —  S.  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  southward.    July. 

30.     BHYWCHOSIA,    Lour.,  DC.        RHYNCHOSIA. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  deeply  4-5-parted.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  or  in- 
curved at  the  apex.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  only  2.  Pod  1  -  2-seeded, 
short  and  flat,  2-valved.  —  Usually  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  pinnatelv 
3-foliolate,  or  with  a  single  leaflet,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  racemose  or 
clustered.  (Name  from  pvvx*os,  a  beak,  from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

1.  E..  toment6sa,  Torr.  &Gray.  More  or  less  downy ;  leaflets  roundish ; 
racemes  short  or  capitate ;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  4-parted,  the 
upper  lobe  2-cleft ;  pod  oblong.  —  Very  variable :  or  perhaps  the  following  are 
distinct  species. 

Var.  monoph^lla,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Dwarf  and  upright  (3'  -  6'  high) ; 
leaves  mostly  of  one  round  leaflet  1'  -  2'  wide.  (R.  renifdrmis,  DC.}  —  Virginia 
and  southward,  in  dry  sandy  soil.  —  Flowers  earlier  than  the  following. 

Var.  VOltlbilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing  and  twining,  less  downy ;  leaflets 
3,  roundish ;  racemes  few-flowered,  almost  sessile  in  the  axils.  (R.  diffdrmis, 
DC.)  —  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

Var.  er6cta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Upright  (l°-2°  high),  soft-downy;  leaflets 
3,  oval  or  oblong.  (R.  erecta,  DC.)  — Maryland  and  southward. 

31.    BAPTISIA,    Vent.        FALSE  INDIGO. 

Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed : 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.  Stamens  10,  distinct. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  143 

Pod  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  oblong,  inflated,  pointed,  many- 
seeded. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely  simple)  leaves, 
which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  racemed  flowers.  (Named  from  /3a7rri£a>, 
to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of  some  species,  which  yield  a  poor  indigo. ) 

1.  B.  tinctbria,  R.  Br.     (WILD  INDIGO.)     Smooth  and  slender  (2° -3° 
high),  rather  glaucous;  leaves  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  rounded   wedge-obovate 
(I'  long) ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduou» ;  racemes  few-flowered,  terminat- 
ing the  bushy  branches ;  pods  oval-globose,  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the  calyx.  — 
Sandy  dry  soil :  common.    June- Aug. —  Corolla  yellow,  £'  long. 

2.  B.  australis,  R.  Br.     (BLUE  FALSE-INDIGO.)     Smooth,  tall  and  stout 
(4° -5°);  leaflets  oblong- wedge-form,  obtuse;  stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  rather  persistent ;  raceme  elongated  (1°  -  2°)  and  many-flowered,  erect ;  bracts 
deciduous ;  stalk  of  the  oval-oblong  pods  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — Alluvial  soil, 
from  Pennsylvania  westward  and  southward  :  often  cultivated.    June.  —  Flow- 
ers 1' long,  indigo-blue.    Pods  2' -  3;  long. 

3.  B.  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth ;  stems,  leaves,  and  racemes  as  in 
the  foregoing ;  stipules  early  deciduous ;  pods  oval-oblong,  raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward. 
July.  —  Flowers  white ;  the  standard  short.     Pods  2'  long. 

4.  B.  alba,  R.  Br.     Smooth  (l°-3°  high)  ;  the  branches  slender  and  widely 
spreading;  petioles  slender ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous;  leaflets  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate ;  racemes  slender  on  a  long  naked  peduncle ;  pods  linear- 
oblong  (!'-!£'  long),  short-stalked. — Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     May, 
June.  —  Flowers  white,  6"  -  9{'  long. 

5.  B.  leucophsea,  Nutt.     Hairy,  low  (1°  high),  with  divergent  branches; 
leaves  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  spatulate  ;  stipules  and 
bracts  large  and  leafy,  persistent ;  racemes  long,  reclined ;  flowers  on  elongated  pedi- 
cels ;  pods  ovoid,  hoary.  —  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     April,  May. 
—  Raceme  often  1°,  pedicels  l'-2',  the  cream-colored  corolla  1',  in  length. 

32.    CLADBASTIS,    Raf.        YELLOW-WOOD. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexed :  the  distinct  keel-petals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct:  filaments  slender,  incurved 
above.  Pod  short-stalked  above  the  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  —  A  small  and  handsome  tree,  with  yellow  wood, 
smooth  bark,  nearly  smooth  pinnate  leaves  of  7-  11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets,  and 
ample  panicled  racemes  (10" -20"  long)  of  showy  white  flowers  drooping  from 
the  end  of  the  branches.  Stipules  obsolete.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow,  and 
enclosing  the  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year.  Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.  (Name 
of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  C.  tinctbria,  Raf.  (Virgflia  lutea,  Michx.f.)  Rich  hillsides,  E.  Ken- 
tucky and  southward  along  the  western  base  of  the  Alleghanies.  May,  June. 

33.     CERCIS,    L.         RED-BUD.    JUDAS-TREE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  :  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  enclosed  by  them  in  the  bud :  the  keel-petals  larger  and  not 


144  LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

united.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded,  the 
upper  suture  with  a  winged  margin.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with  rounded- 
heart-shaped  simple  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel- 
like  clusters  along  the  branches  of  the  last  or  preceding  years,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental  Judas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (RED-BUD.)  Leaves  pointed ;  pods  nearly  sessile 
above  the  calyx.  —  Rich  soil,  New  York  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 
March  -  May.  —  A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated :  the  blossoms  smaller 
than  in  the  European  species. 

34.    CASSIA,    L.        SENNA. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  little  unequal,  spreading. 
Stamens  5-10,  unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading:  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of  obscure  derivation.) 

*  Leaflets  large:  stipules  deciduous :  the  3  upper  anthers  deformed  and  imperfect: 

flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the  upper  ones  panided :  herbage  glabrous. 

1.  C.  Marilandica,  L.     (WiLD  SENNA.)     Leaflets  6  -9  pairs,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  obtuse;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the  base;  pods  linear, 
slightly  curved,  flat,  at  first  hairy  (2'  -4') ;  root  perennial.  —  Alluvial  soil.  July. 
—  Stem  3°  -4°  high.    Leaves  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  ofiicinal  Senna. 

2.  C.  OCCIDENTA.LIS,  L.     Leaflets 4-6 pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  an  ovate 
gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  pods  long-linear  (5'  long)  with  a  tumid  border, 
glabrous.  —  Virginia  and  southward.    Aug.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

3.  C.  Obtusif61ia,  L.     Leaflets  3  or  rarely  2  pairs,  obovate,  obtuse,  with  an 
elongated  gland  between  those  of  the  lower  pairs  or  lowest  pair ;  pods  slender, 
6'  long,  curved;  root  annual.  — Banks  of  the  Ohio  Biver,  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey), 
S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch :  stipules  striate,  persistent :  a  cup- 

shaped  gland  beneath  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets:  anthers  all  perfect:  flowers  in 
small  clusters  above  the  axils:  pods  flat:  root  annual. 

4.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.     (PARTRIDGE  PEA.)      Leaflets   10-15  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base;  flowers  (large)  on  slender  pedicels;  anthers  10, 
elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple)     style  slender.  —  Sandy 
fields:  common,  especially  southward.    Aug.  —  Stems  spreading,  1°  long :  2 
or  3  of  the  showy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base. 

5.  C.  nictitans,  L.     (WILD  SENSITIVE-PLANT.)    Leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
oblong-linear ;  flowers  (very  small)  on  very  short  pedicels;  anthers  5,  nearly  equal; 
style  short.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  England,  near  the  coast,  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Sept. 

35.     GYMNOCLADUS,    Lam.        KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE. 

Flowers  dio3cious  or  polygamous,  regular.     Calyx  elongated-tubular  below, 
5-cleft.     Petals  5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.    Sta- 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  145 

mens  10,  distinct,  short,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  hard, 
pulpy  inside,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flattish.  —  A  tall  large  tree,  with  rough 
bark,  stout  branchlets,  not  thorny,  and  large  unequally  twice-pinnate  leaves; 
the  leaflets  standing  vertically.  —  Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name 
from  yvp.vos,  naked,  and  K\ddos,  a  branch,  alluding  to  the  stout  branches  desti- 
tute of  spray.) 

1.  G.  Canad6nsis,  Lam.  Rich  woods,  along  rivers,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southwestward.  June.  —  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
tree :  timber  valuable.  Leaves  2°  -  3°  long,  with  several  large  partial  leafstalks 
bearing  7 -13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaflets.  Pod 
6'- 10'  long,  2'  broad ;  the  seeds  over  £'  across.  Stipules  wanting. 

36.    GLEDITSCHIA,    L.       HONEY-LOCUST. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  short,  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  equalling  them,  the  2  lower  sometimes  united.  Sta- 
mens 3-10,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  flat, 
1  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  once  or  twice  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes.  Thorns  above 
the  axils.  (Named  in  honor  of  J.  G.  Gleditsch,  a  botanist  contemporary  with 
Linnaeus.) 

1.  G.  triacanthos,  L.     (THREE-THORNED  ACACIA,  or  HONEY-LOCUST.) 
Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  compound ;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  ser- 
rate; pods  linear,  elongated  (1°-  l£°  long),  often  twisted,  filled  with  sweet  pulp 
between  the  seeds.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwest- 
ward.    June.  —  Common  in  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  for  hedges. 

2.  G.  monosp6rma,  Walt.    (WATER-LOCUST.)     Thorns  slender,  mostly 
simple;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong;  pods  oval,  l-seeded,  pulpless.  —  Swamps,  Illinois 
and  southwestward.    July.  —  A  small  tree. 

37.    DESMANTHUS,    Willd.        DESMANTHUS. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed. 
Petals  5,  distinct.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat 
coriaceous,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves 
of  numerous  small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  setaceous 
stipules,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish-white  flowers. 
(Name  composed  of  6Voyia,  a  bond,  and  avdos,  flower.) 

1.  D.  brach^lobus,  Benth.  Nearly  glabrous  perennial,  erect  (l°-4° 
high) ;  partial  petioles  6-15  pairs ;  leaflets  20-30  pairs ;  stamens  5  ;  pods  ob- 
long or  lanfteolate,  curved,  scarcely  1'  long,  2  -  6-seeded.  (Darlingtonia  brachy- 
loba  &  glandulosa,  DC.) — Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  Illinois  and  southwest- 
ward. 

38.     SCHRANKIA,    Willd.        SENSITIVE  BRIAR. 

Flowers  polygamous,  regular.     Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.     Petals  united  into 
a  funnel-form  5-cleft  corolla.     Stamens  10-12,  distinct,  or  the  filaments  united        * 
at  the  base.    Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-prickly,  several-seeded,  4-valved,  i.  e. 
10 


146  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

the  two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin.  —  Pe- 
rennial herbs,  nearly  related  to  the  true  Sensitive  Plants  (Mimosa) ;  the  procum- 
bent stems  and  petioles  prickly,  with  twice-pinnate  sensitive  leaves  of  many 
small  leaflets,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads  of  small  rose-colored 
flowers.  (Named  for  F.  P.  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.   uncin£ta,   Willd.      Prickles  hooked;  partial  petioles  4-6  pairs; 
leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath ;  pods  oblong-linear,  nearly 
terete,  short-pointed,  densely  prickly  (2'  long).  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia, 
Illinois  ?  and  southward.    June  -  Aug. 

2.  S.  angUSt&ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Leaflets  oblong-linear,  scarcely  veined;  pods 
slender,  taper-pointed,  sparingly  prickly  (about  4'  long).  —  With  the  preceding. 

ORDER  33.    ROSACE M.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  regular  flowers,  numerous  (rarely  few)  distinct  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  calyx,  and  1  -  many  pistils,  which  are  quite  distinct,  or  (in  the 
Pear  tribe)  united  and,  combined  with  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  (anatropous) 
1  —few  in  each  ovary,  almost  always  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight, 
with  large  and  thick  cotyledons.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  these  some- 
times caducous,  rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  3  -  4  - 
8  sepals  (the  odd  one  superior),  united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double 
by  a  row  of  bractlets  outside.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  want- 
ing), mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  —  A 
large  and  important  order,  almost  destitute  of  noxious  qualities,  and  pro- 
ducing the  most  valuable  fruits.  Very  intimately  connected  with  Legu- 
minosaB  on  one  hand,  and  with  Saxifragaceae  on  the  other. 

SUBORDER  I.    AMYGDAI^E^.     (ALMOND  FAMILY.) 

Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  (usually)  solitary  ovary,  deciduous.  Style 
terminal  or  nearly  so.  Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fruit),  1 -seeded,  or  rarely  2- 
seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  bark  exuding  gum,  and 
the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  yielding  the  peculiar  flavor  of  prussic  acid. 
Stipules  free,  often  deciduous. 

1.  Primus.    Flowers  perfect.    Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  5.    Stone  of  the  drupe  bony. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSACEJE  PROPER. 

• 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovaries  (but  sometimes  enclosing  them  in  its  tube), 
mostly  persistent  with  the  fruit.  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct,  occasionally 
single.  Stipules  commonly  united  with  the  petiole. 

Tribe  I.     SPIRJEEJE.     Pistils  mostly  5  and  forming  follicles  in  fruit -.  styles  terminal. 
Calyx  without  bractlets.     Seeds  not  rarely  with  some  albumen  ! 

2.  Splrrea.     Calyx  5-cleft,  short.    Petals  obovate,  equal,  chiefly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  Gilleuia.    Calyx  elongated,  5-toothed.    Petals  slender,  unequal,  convolute  in  the  bud. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  147 


Tribe  II.  POTERIE^}.  Pistils  1-4,  one-ovuled,  becoming  achenia,  and  enclosed  in 
the  urn-shaped  tube  of  the  dry  persistent  calyx,  which  is  constricted  or  nearly  closed  at  the 
throat.  Petals  often  wanting. 

4.  Poterium.   Petals  none.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  4,  petal-like.  Style  terminal :  stigma  tufted. 

5.  Alchemilla.     Petals  none.     Stamens  and  pistils  1  - 4 :  style  lateral. 

6.  Agrimoiiia.    Petals  5.    Stamens  12  - 15.    Pistils  2 :  style  terminal. 

Tribe  III.  DRYADEJE.  Pistils  numerous,  rarely  few  or  single,  one-ovuled,  becoming 
dry  achenia ;  the  calyx  open,  not  fleshy  in  fruit.  Petals  present,  usually  conspicuous. 

7.  Dry  a  a.     Petals  and  calyx-lobes  8  or  9.     Stamens  and  carpels  numerous :    persistent 

styles  becoming  long  plumose  tails  in  fruit. 

8.  Geum.     Petals  and  calyx-lobes  5,  the  latter  usually  with  5  alternating  small  bractlets. 

Stamens  and  carpels  numerous :  persistent  styles  becoming  long  plumose  or  hairy,  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed,  tails.  Radicle  inferior. 

9.  Waldsteinia.    Petals  and  calyx-lobes  5  ;  no  bractlets.    Stamens  numerous.    Achenia 

2-6:  styles  deciduous  from  the  base.    Radicle  inferior. 

10.  Sibbaldia.    Petals  minute :  stamens  and  achenia  5  - 10 :  otherwise  same  as  Potentilla. 

11.  Potentilla.     Petals  5  (rarely  4),  conspicuous.    Calyx-lobes  as  many,  and  also  with  an 

alternating  set  of  accessory  lobes  or  bractlets.  Stamens  and  achenia  numerous  5  the 
latter  heaped  on  a  dry  receptacle.  Styles  commonly  more  or  less  lateral,  deciduous  or 
not  enlarging  hi  fruit  Radicle  superior. 

12.  Fragaria.     Flower  as  in  Potentilla.    Receptacle  much  enlarged  and  pulpy  in  fruit 
Tribe    IV.    RUBEJE.    Pistils  numerous  or  several,  2-ovuled,  becoming  berry-like  or 

drupelets  in  fruit ;  the  5-cleft  calyx  not  bracteolate,  open,  persistent  or  withering  beneath 
the  fruit.    Petals  conspicuous. 

13.  Dalibarda.    Carpels  5  - 10,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  almost  dry. 

14.  Rubus.    Carpels  numerous,  heaped  on  the  receptacle. 

Tribe  V.  ROSE^E.  Pistils  numerous,  one-ovuled,  becoming  achenia,  contained  in  the 
urn-shaped  or  globular  and  almost  closed  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx,  or  hip :  no  bractlete. 
Petals  conspicuous. 

15.  Rosa.    Character  of  the  Tribe. 

SUBORDER  III.  POlflE^E.  (PEAR  FAMILY.) 

Calyx-tube  thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit,  including  and  combined  with  the 
2-5  ovaries  (forming  &  pome}.     Stipules  free. 

#  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  as  many  as  the  styles  (2  -  5),  each  2-  (rarely  several-)  ovuled. 

16.  Crataegus.     Pome  drupe-like,  with  1  -  5  bony  stones  or  kernels.    Usually  thorny. 

17.  Pyrus.     Pome  containing  2-6  papery  or  cartilaginous  carpels. 

*  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles,  each  1-ovuled. 

18.  Amelanchier.    Pome  usually  of  5  carpels  •,  each  becomes  incompletely  2-celled  by  a 

projection  from  its  back  :  otherwise  as  Pyrus. 

1.     PR  UNITS,    Tourn.        PLUM,    CHERRY,    &c. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped  or  tubular-obconical,  decidu- 
ous after  flowering.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  15-20.     Ovary  solitary, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules.     Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  stone.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  mostly  edible  fruit.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 
§  1.    PRUNUS  &  C&RASUS,  Tourn.     Drupe  smooth,  and  the  stone  smooth  or 
somewhat  rugged :  flowers  (usually  white]  from  separate  lateral  scaly  buds  in 
early  spring,  preceding  or  coetaneous  with  the  leaves ;  the  pedicels  few  or  several 
in  simple  umbel-like  clusters.  —  The  PLUMS  of  the  Old  World  have  the  leaves 


148  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

convolute  in  the  bud,  the  fruit  with  a  bloom ;  its  stone  oblong,  flattened  or  flattish 
and  acute  at  both  ends :  but  our  wild  Plums  are  like  CHERRIES  in  having  the 
leaves  folded  before  expansion,  little  or  no  bloom,  and  some  of  them  in  the  thicker 
or  globular  stone,  thus  confounding  the  distinctions. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marshall.     (WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM.)    Leaves 
ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  very 
veiny,  glabrous  when  mature ;  fruit  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  roundish-oval,  yel- 
low, orange,  or  red,  £'  -  §'  in  diameter,  with  the  turgid  stone  more  or  less  acute 
on  both  margins,  or  in  cultivated  states  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  the  flattened 
stone  with  broader  margins  :  pleasant-tasted,  but  with  a  tough  and  acerb  skin. 
—  Woodlands  and  river-banks  :  common.  — Tree  thorny,  8° -20°  high. 

2.  P.  maritima,  Wang.      (BEACH  PLUM.)     Low  and  straggling  (2°- 
5°) ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  finely  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent ;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson  with  a  bloom  (£'- 1'  in  diameter) ; 
the  stone  very  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely  grooved  on  the 
other.    (P.  littoralis,  Bigelow.)  —  Varies,  when  at  some  distance  from  the  coast, 
with  the  leaves  smoother  and  thinner,  and  the  fruit  smaller.     (P.  pygmaea, 
Willd.)  —  Sea-beach  and  the  vicinity,  Maine  to  Virginia;  the  variety,  New 
Jersey  and  southward. 

3.  P.  Chicasa,   Michx.      (CHICKASAW  PLUM.)      Stem  scarcely  thorny 
(8' -15'  high)  ;  leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous;   fruit  globular, 
red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom  (£'-§'  in  diameter) ;  the  ovoid  stone  almost  as 
thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely  grooved.  —  Mary- 
land to  Illinois  (probably  not  indigenous)  and  southwestward. 

4.  P.  SPINOSA,  L.      (SLOE.     BLACK   THORN.)     Branches  thorny;   leaves 
obovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  at  length  glabrous ;  pedicels  gla- 
brous ;  fruit  small,  globular,  black  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  turgid,  acute  on  one 
edge.  —  Var.  INSIT^TIA  (BULLACE-PLUM),  is  less  spiny,  the  pedicels  and  lower 
side  of  the  leaves  pubescent.     (P.  insititia,  L.)  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places, 
New  England,  to  Penn.,  &c.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  P.  ptimila,  L.     (DWARF  CHERRY.)     Smooth,  depressed,  and  trailing 
(6'  — 18'  high) ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  toothed  near 
the  apex,  pale  underneath ;  flowers  2-4  together ;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red,  without 
bloom ;  stone  ovoid,  marginless,  of  the  size  of  a  large  pea.  —  Rocks  or  sandy 
banks,  Massachusetts  northward  to  Wisconsin,  ana  south  to  Virginia  along  the 
mountains. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.    (WiLD  RED  CHERRY.)    Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides ;  flowers 
many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  pedicels ;  fruit  globose,  light  red,  very  small,  with 
thin  and   sour  flesh ;    stone  globular.  —  Rocky  woods  :   common,  especially 
northward.     May.  —  Tree  20°  -  30°  high,  with  light  red-brown  bark. 

§  2.  PADUS,  Mill.  (CHERRY.)  Drupe  small,  globose,  without  bloom',  the  stone 
turgid-ovate,  marginless :  flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches,  therefore 
appearing  after  the  leaves,  late  in  spring. 

7.  P.  Virginiana,  L.     (CHOKE-CHERRY.)     Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate, 
abruptly  pointed,  very  sharply  (often  doubly)  serrate  with  slender  teeth,  thin ;  racemes 


ROSACE^E.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  149 

short  and  close ;  petals  roundish ;  fruit  red  turning  to  dark  crimson ;  stone 
smooth.  —  River-banks  :  common,  especially  northward.  May.  —  A  tall  shrub, 
seldom  a  tree,  with  grayish  bark ;  the  fruit  very  austere  and  astringent  till  per- 
fectly ripe.  (P.  obovata,  Bigelow.  P.  serotina,  of  several  authors. ) 

8.  P.  ser6tina,  Ehrhart.  (WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  and  callous  teeth,  thickish, 
shining  above ;  racemes  elongated ;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  purplish-black.  — 
Woods  :  common.  June.  —  A  fine  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  branches, 
furnishing  valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet-maker  :  also  abounding  eastward  as  a 
shrub.  Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor. 

2.    SPI11.2EA,    L.        MEADOW-SWEET. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  persistent.  Petals  '5,  obovate,  equal,  imbricated  in  the 
bud  (except  in  No.  6).  Stamens  10-50.  Pods  (follicles)  2-12,  several-  (2- 
15-)  seeded.  —  Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  sometimes  dioecious  :  rarely  the  parts 
are  4  instead  of  5.  (Name  probably  from  airfipda),  to  wind,  alluding  to  the  fit- 
ness of  the  plants  to  be  formed  into  garlands.) 

§  1.  PHYSOCARPOS,  Camb.  (NEILLIA,  Don.)  Shrubs  with  simple  pal- 
mately-lobed  leaves  and  umbel-like  corymbs :  pods  inflated  and  diverging  when 
grown,  2  —  ^-seeded :  seeds  pretty  large,  roundish,  bitter,  with  a  thick  crustaceous 
seed-coat,  and  rather  copious  albumen  ! 

1.  S.  opulifblia,  L.    (NINE-BARK.)    Leaves  roundish,  somewhat  3-lobed 
and  heart-shaped ;  pods  2-5.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  especially  westward.   June. 

—  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high,  with  long  recurved  branches,  and  white  flowers,  suc- 
ceeded by  membranaceous  purplish  pods :  the  old  bark  loose  and  separating  in 
numerous  thin  layers. 

§  2.  SPIRAEA  proper.  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves ;  the  stipules  obsolete :  pods 
(mostly  5)  not  inflated,  several-seeded:  seeds  mostly  linear  and  with  a  thin  or 
loose  coat  and  no  albumen,  in  this  and  the  following  sections. 

2.  S.  corymbbsa,  Raf.     Nearly  smooth  (l°-2°  high);   leaves  oval  or 
ovate,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex;  corymbs  large,  flat,  several  times  compound; 
flowers  white.  —  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.    June. 

—  A  form  of  S.  betulaefolia,  Pallas. 

3.  S.  salicifblia,  L.     (COMMON  MEADOW-SWEET.)     Nearly  smooth  (2° - 
3°  high) ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate ;  flowers  in  a  crowded 
panicle,  white  or  flesh-color  ;  pods  smooth.  —  Wet  or  low  grounds  :  also  culti- 
vated.    July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  tomentbsa,  L.     (HARDBACK.     STEEPLE-BUSH.)     Stems  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 
crowded  in  a  dense  panicle ;  pods  woolly.  —  Low  grounds  :  commonest  in  New 
England.     July.  —  Flowers  rose-color,  rarely  white. 

§  3.   ULMARIA,  Moench.     Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  panickd 
cymose  flowers:  cglyx  reflexed :  pods  5  -8  in  number,  1  -  2-seeded. 

5.  S.  lobata,  Murr.    ( QUEEN  OF  THE  PRAIRIE.)    Glabrous  (2°  -  8°  high) ; 
leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7  -  9-parted,  the 
lobes  incised  and  toothed ;  stipules  kidney-form ;  panicle  compound-clustered, 


150  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

on  a  long  naked  peduncle. — Meadows  and  Prairies,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  Kentucky.  June.  —  Flowers  deep  peach-blossom  color,  handsome, 
the  petals  and  sepals  often  in  fours  !  .  The  bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of 
Sweet  Birch. 

§  4.   ARtlNCUS,  Seringe.      Perennial  herbs,  with  dioecious  whitish  flowers,-  in 
many  slender  spikes  disposed  in  a  long  compound  panicle:  leaves  thrice-pinnate: 
stipules  obsolete:  pods  3-5,  several-seeded:  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 
6.   S.  Aruncus,  L.    (GOAT'S-BEARD.)    Smooth,  tall ;  leaflets  thin,  lance- 
olate-oblong, or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  serrate.  —  Rich  woods,  Catskill  and  Alleghany  Mountains  and  westward. 
Near  Baltimore,  P.  V.  Leroy.    June.     (Eu.) 

3.    GILLENIAi    Moench.        INDIAN  PHYSIC. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed;  teeth  erect. 
Petals  5,  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx ; 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  5,  included,  at  first 
lightly  cohering  with  each  other,  2-4-seeded.  Seeds  ascending,  with  a  close 
coriaceous  coat,  and  some  albumen.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  almost  sessile  3-fo- 
liolate  leaves;  the  thin  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  incised.  Flowers  loosely 
paniculate-corymbed,  pale  rose-color  or  white.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure  Ger- 
man botanist  or  physician,  A.  Gille,  or  Gillenius.) 

1.  G.  trifoliata,  Moench.      (BOWMAN'S  ROOT.)     Leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pointed,  cut-serrate ;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire.  —  Rich  woods,  from  W. 
New  York  southward,  and  sparingly  in  the  Western  States.     July. 

2.  G.   Stipulacea,  Nutt.      (AMERICAN   IPECAC,)      Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised ;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised.  —  From  W.  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.    June. 

4.    POTERIUM,    L.   (including    SANGUISORBA.)        BURNET. 

Calyx  with  a  top-shaped  tube,  constricted  at  the  throat,  persistent ;  the  4 
broad  petal-like  spreading  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with  flaccid  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Pistils  1  -3  : 
the  slender  terminal  style  tipped  with  a  tufted  or  brush-like  stigma.  Achenium 
(commonly  solitary)  enclosed  in  the  4-angled  dry  and  thickish  closed  calyx- 
tube.  Seed  suspended.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  unequally  pinnate 
leaves,  stipules  coherent  with  the  petiole,  and  small,  often  polygamous  or  di- 
oecious flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  spike  at  the  summit  of  a  long  and 
naked  peduncle,  each  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate.  (Name  Trorrjptov,  a  drinking- 
cup,  the  foliage  of  Burnet  having  been  used  in  the  preparation  of  some  medici- 
nal drink.) 

1.  P.  Canad6nse.  (CANADIAN  BURNET.)  Stamens  4,  long-exserted, 
club-shaped,  white,  as  is  the  whole  of  the  elongated  and  cylindrical  spike ;  stem 
3°  -  6°  high,  leaflets  numerous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  ob- 
tuse, heart-shaped  at  the  base,  as  if  stipellate ;  stipules  serrate.  ( Sanguisorba 
Canadensis,  L.,  and  former  edition.)  — Bogs  and  wet  meadows;  chiefly  north- 
ward. Aug.  -  Oct. 


BOSACE^E.       (ROSE   FAMILY.)  151 

5.    ALCHEMIIiLA,     Tourn.        LADY'S  MANTLE. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  limb  4-parted  with  as 
many  alternate  accessory  lobes  outside.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils 
1  -  4 ;  the  slender  style  arising  from  near  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  achenia  in- 
cluded in  the  tuBe  of  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed 
or  compound  leaves,  and  small  corymbed  greenish  flowers.  (From  Alkemelyeh, 
the  Arabic  name. ) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (PARSLEY  PIERT.)  Small  annual  (3' -8'  high), 
leafy  ;  leaves  3-parted,  with  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  2  -  3-cleft,  pubescent ;  flow- 
ers sessile  in  the  axils.  — Eastern  and  Central  Virginia.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  ALphfA,  L.,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  on  the  Green  and  White  Moun- 
tains, New  England :  but  there  is  most  probably  some  mistake  about  it. 

6.    AGBIMONIA,    Tourn.        AGRIMONY. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  beset  with  hooked  bristles 
above,  indurated  in  fruit  and  enclosing  the  2  achenia ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  closed 
after  flowering.  Petals  5.  Stamens  12-15.  Styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended. 
— Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  slen- 
der spiked  racemes :  bracts  3-cleft.  (Name  a  corruption  of  Argemonia,  of  the 
same  derivation  as  Argemone,  p.  59.) 

1.  A.  Eupatbria,  L.     (COMMON  AGRIMONY.)    Leaflets  5-7  with  minute 
ones  intermixed,  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Borders  of  woods :  common.    July  -  Sept.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  parviflbra,  Ait.      (SMALL-FLOWERED  A.)    leaflets  crowded,  II- 
19,  with  smaller  ones  intermixed,  lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  regularly  cut-serrate, 
as  well  as  the  stipules ;  petals  small.  —Woods  and  glades,  S.  New  York  ( C.  F. 
Austin)  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    July. 

7.    DRYAS,    L.        DRYAS. 

Calyx  open,  flattish,  8  -  9-parted.  Petals  8-9,  large.  Otherwise  like  Geum 
'§  Sieversia. — Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed 
leaves,  and  solitary  large  flowers.  (Name  from  Dryades,  the  nymphs  of  the 
Oaks,  the  foliage  of  the  original  species  resembling  oak-leaves  in  miniature.) 

1.  D.  integrif61ia,  Vahl.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
with  revolute  margins,  nearly  entire,  white-downy  beneath,  flowers  white. — 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Prof.  Peck,  according  to  Pursh ;  not  since 
met  with :  but  it  grows  in  Lower  Canada.  (Eu.) 

8.    GEUM,    L.       AVENS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  5-cleft,  usually  with  5  small  bractlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  numerous,  heaped  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pin- 
nate or  lyrate  leaves.  (Name  from  yeu'w,  to  give  an  agreeable  flavor,  the  roots 
being  rather  aromatic.) 


152  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

§  1 .  GEUM  proper.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle ;  the  lower  portion 
persistent,  naked,  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  deflexed  and  mostly  somewhat  hairy 
upper  joint  falls  away:  head  of  fruit  sessile  in  the  calyx:  calyx-lobes  reflexed. 
(Flowers  somewhat  panicled  at  the  summit  of  a  leafy  stem:  achenia  in  our 
species  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below,  more  or  less  bristly  at  the  top  or  along  the  base 
of  the  style.) 
*  Petals  white  or  pale  greenish-yellow,  small,  spatulate  or  oblong :  stipules  small. 

1.  G.  album,  Gmelin.     Smoothish  or  so/lly  pubescent ;  stem  slender  (2°  high) ; 
root-leaves  of  3-5  leaflets,  or  simple  and  rounded,  with  a  few  minute  leaflets  on 
the  petiole  below ;  those  of  the  stem  3-divided  or  lobed,  or  only  toothed ;  petals 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  densely  bristly-hirsute.  —  Bor- 
ders of  woods,  &c. :  common.     May  -  Aug.  —  Too  near  the  European  G.  urba- 
num ;  probably  a  white  or  whitish-flowered  form  of  it. 

2.  G.  Virgini£num,  L.     Bristly-hairy,  especially  the  stout  stem  ;•  lower  and 
root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,  the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  incised ; 
petals  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  glabrous  or 
nearly  so. — Borders  of  woods  and  low  grounds:  common.    June  -  Aug.  ~ 
Heads  of  fruit  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  on  stouter  hirsute  peduncles. 

*  #  Petals  golden-yellow,  conspicuous,  broadly  obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx:  stipules 
larger  and  all  deeply  cut. 

3.  G.  macroph^llum,  Willd.     Bristly-hairy,  stout  (1°-  3°  high);  root- 
leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large  and 
round-heart-shaped;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  terminal 
roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  nearly 
naked.  —  Around  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  also  North- 
ern Michigan,  Illinois,  and  northwestward.    June.     (Eu.) 

4.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.     Somewhat  hairy  (3° -5°  high);  root-leaves  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  the  leaflets  wedge-obovate ;  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  3  -  5,  rhom- 
bic-ovate or  oblong,  acute ;  receptacle  of  fruit  downy.  —  Moist  meadows :  common, 
especially  northward.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  STYLIPUS,  Raf.     Styles  smooth:  head  of  fruit  conspicuously  stalked  in  the 
calyx:  bractlets  of  the  calyx  none:  otherwise  nearly  as  §  1. 

5.  G.  v6rnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Somewhat  pubescent ;  stems  ascending,  few- 
leaved,  slender ;  root-leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed,  or  some  of  them 
pinnate,  with  the  lobes  cut ;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  recep- 
tacle smooth.     (Stylipus  vernus,  Raf.)  —  Thickets,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Ken- 
tucky.    April  -  June. 

§  3.  CARYOPHYLlATA,  Tourn.     Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  up- 
per joint  plumose:  flowers  large:  calyx  erect  or  spreading:  petals  erect. 

6.  G.  rivale,  L.     (WATER,  or  PURPLE  AVENS.)     Stems  nearly  simple, 
several-flowered  (2°  high) ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate ;  those 
of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed ;  petals  dilated-obovate,  retuse,  contracted 
into  a  claw,  purplish-orange ;  head  of  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Bogs  and  wet 
meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    May.  —  Blos- 
soms nodding,  but  the  feathery  fruiting  heads  upright.     Calyx  brown-purple. 
(Eu.) 


'  ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  153 

§4.  SIEVERSIA,  Willd.  Style  not  jointed,  wkdly  persistent  and  straight :  head 
of  fruit  sessile :  flowers  large :  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  (Flowering  stems  simple, 
and  bearing  only  bracts  or  small  leaves.) 

7.  G.    triflbrum,    Pursh.     Low,   softly-hairy;  root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate ;  the  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong-wedge-form,  deeply 
cut-toothed ;  flowers  '3  or  more  on  long  peduncles ;  bractlets  linear,  longer  than  the 
purple  calyx,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals:  styles  very  long  (2'),  strongly 
plumose  in  fruit  —  Rocks,  N.  New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin 
and  westward :  rare.    April -June. 

8.  G.  radiatum,  Michx.    Hirsutely  hairy  or  smoothish  {root-leaves  rounded- 
kidney-shaped,  radiate-veined  (2'  -  5'  broad),  doubly  or  irregularly  cut-toothed  and 
obscurely  5  -  7-lobed,  also  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long  petiole ;  stems 
(8' -18'  high)  1-5-flowered;   bractlets  minute;  petals  yellow,  round-obovate  and 
more  or  less  obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx  (£'  long),  spreading;  styles  naked 
except  the  base.     (High  mountains  of  Carolina.) 

Var.  P6ckii.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stalks  and  veins  of  the  leaves  sparsely 
hirsute.  (G.  Peckii,  Pursh.) — Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.  July  -  Sept. 

9.    WALDSTEINIA,    Willd.        (COMAROPSIS,  DC.) 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  decid- 
uous bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Achenia  2-6,  minutely  hairy  ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous  from  the 
base  by  a  joint.  Seed  erect.  — Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  3-5- 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted  scapes.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Francis  von  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  (BARREN  STRAWBERRY.)  Low;  leaflets 
3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed ;  scapes  several-flowered ;  petals  longer  than 
the  calyx.  (Dalibarda  fragarioides,  Michx.)  —  Wooded  hillsides,  common  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  June. 

10.    SIBBALDIA,    L.        SIBBALDIA. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear-oblong,  minute.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the  margin  of  the  woolly  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  5-10:  styles  lateral.  —  Low  and 
depressed  mountain  perennials,  — in  fact  only  reduced  Potentillas.  (Dedicated 
to  Dr.  Robert  Sibbald,  Prof,  at  Edinburgh  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  prociimbens,  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped, 3-toothed  at  the  apex; 
petals  yellow. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  northward.  (Eu.) 

11.     POTENTILLA,    L.        CINQUE-FOIL.    FIVE-FINGER. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-cleft.  Petals  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  many, 
collected  in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle  :  styles  lat- 
eral or  terminal,  deciduous.  Radicle  superior.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with 


154  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

compound  leaves,  and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers  :  their  parts  rarely  in  fours. 
(Name  a  kind  of  diminutive  from  potens,  powerful,  alluding  to  the  reputed  medi- 
cinal power,  of  which  in  fact  these  plants  possess  very  little,  being  merely  mild 
astringents,  like  the  rest  of  the  tribe.) 

§  1 .  Style  terminal,  or  attached  above  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  achenia  glabrous. 

#  Annuals  or  biennials :  petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  exceeding  the  calyx :  receptacle 

globular,  ovoid,  or  even  oblong  in  fruit. 

1.  P.  Norvegica,  L.     Hairy,  erect,  branched  above;  leaves  palmately  3- 
foliolale;    leaflets  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed. — Fields:   common,  especially 
northward.    A  homely  weed.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.    paradoxa,    Nutt.       Somewhat  pubescent,  spreading  or  decumbent, 
branched;  leaves  pinnate;   leaflets  5-9,  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed;  achenia 
with  a  thick  appendage  at  the  base.  —  Banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 
Shore  of  L.  Ontario,  J.  A.  Paine ;  probably  an  immigrant  from  the  West. 

#  *  Perennial  herbs :  petals  yellow,  commonly  longer  than  the  calyx. 
i—  Low :  leaves  palmate,  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

3.  P.   frigida,    Vffl.      Dwarf  (l'-3'  high),  tufted,  vittous  when  young, 
stems  or  scapes  mostly  1 -flowered;  leaflets  3,  broadly  wedge-obovate,  deeply  cut  into 
5-7  oblong  approximate  teeth.     (P.  Robbinsiana,  OaTces.)  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  (Bobbins,  Tuckennan,  &c.).    July. 

—  Less  villous  with  age  and  smaller-flowered  than  P.  frigida  of  the  Alps,  but 
agreeing  closer  with  it  than  with  P.  minima,  which  probably  is  only  another 
form  of  the  same  species.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  Canadensis,  L.     (COMMON  CINQUE-FOIL  or  FIVE-FINGER.)    Low 
or  dwarf,  silky -hairy ;  stems  decumbent,  prostrate,  or  at  length  creeping  ;  peduncles 
axillary,  1 -flowered;  leaflets  5,  obovate-wedge-form,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex. 

—  Dry  soil.     April -July:  producing  summer  runners  (P.  sarmentosa,  Muhl.). 
Var.  simplex,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Less  hairy  and  greener,  larger,  the  ascending 

stems  (l°-2°  long,  seldom  if  ever  creeping)  from  a  thicker  and  harder  caudex: 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  sometimes  almost  glabrous.  (P.  simplex,  Michx.)  — 
Meadows  or  moister  soil.  May-  Sept.  —  Usually  appearing  distinct. 

5.  P.  argentea,  L.     (SILVERY  CINQUE-FOIL.)     Stems  ascending, panicu- 
lately  branched  at  the  summit,  many-flowered,  white-woolly ;  leaflets  5,  wedge-oblong, 
almost  pinnatifid,  entire  towards  the  base,  with  revolute  margins,  green  above, 
white  with  silvery  wool  beneath.  — Dry  barren  fields,  &c.    June-  Sept.     (Eu.) 

•»-  H-  Leaves  pinnate,  of  3  -  9  leaflets. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvania,  L.     Stems  erect  (5'- 1 8'  high),  hairy  or  woolly ; 
cymose  at  the  summit,  many-flowered ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid, 
silky  or  downy  with  white  hairs,  especially  beneath,  the  upper  ones  larger  and 
crowded;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Pennsylvania'?  New  Hamp- 
shire (Isle  of  Shoals,  Robbins),  Maine  (Cape  Elizabeth,  C.  J.  Sprague),  N.  Wis- 
consin, and  northwestward.     July -Aug. 

§  2.  Style  deeply  lateral :  petals  yellow  or  white,  deciduous. 
*  Achenia  glabrous:  style  thickened  upwards:  receptacle  conical,  in  fruit. 

7.  P.  arguta,  Pursh.    S tern  erect  and  stout  (1°- 4°  high,)  brownish-hairy, 
clammy  above ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  -  9  oval  or  ovate  cut-serrate  leaflets,  downy 


EOSACE^E.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  155 

underneath ;  flowers  cymose-clustered ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish ;  disk  thick  and 
glandular.  —  Rocky  hills  :  common  northward  and  westward.    July. 

*  *  Achenia  (at  least  below)  and  the  convex  receptacle  villous. 

8.  P.  Anserina,  L.     (SILVER- WEED.)     Herbaceous,  creeping  with  slender 
runners;  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate;  leaflets  9-  19,  with  minute  pairs  interposed, 
oblong,  pinnatifid-serrate,  mostly  green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silvery-white 
with  silky  down  underneath;  stipules  many-cleft;  flowers  solitary  (yellow),  on  long 
scape-like  peduncles. — Brackish  marshes,  river-banks,  &c.,  New  England  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  fruticbsa,  L.    (SHRUBBY  CINQUE-FOIL.)    Stem  erect,  shrubby  (2° - 
4°  high),  very  much  branched;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  closely  crowded, 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  silky,  especially  beneath;   stipules  scale-like ;  flowers 
numerous  (yellow),  terminating  the  branchlets.  —  Wet  grounds:  common  north- 
wards.   June- Sept.     (Eu.) 

10.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.    (THREE-TOOTHED  C.)    Stenofelow  (4'- 6' high), 
rather  woody  at  the  base,  tufted,  ascending,  cymosely  several-flowered ;  leaves 
palmate ;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  coarsely  3-toothed  at  the 
apex ;  petals  white;  achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy.  —  Coast  of  New  England, 
from  Cape  Cod,  and  mountain-tops  from  the  Alleghanies,  northward :  also 
shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes.    June. 

§3.  /Styles  moderately  lateral:  petals  (shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-lanceolate)  and 
JUaments  more  or  less  persistent :  disk  thick  and  hairy :  achenia  glabrous :  recep- 
tacle hairy,  convex,  at  length  large  and  spongy.  (Comarum,  L.) 

11.  P.  palustris,    Scop.      (MARSH    FIVE-FINGER.)      Stems  ascending 
from  a  creeping  perennial  base  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5  -  7  lanceolate 
or  oblong  crowded  serrate  leaflets,  whitish  beneath ;  flowers  somewhat  cymose ; 
calyx  (!'  broad)  dark  purple  inside ;  petals  purple.     (Comarum  palustre,  L.)  — 
Cool  bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward.    June  -  Aug.    (Eu.) 

12.    FRAGARIA,    Tourn.        STRAWBERRY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Potentilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in  fruit 
much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pulpy  and  scarlet,  bearing  the  minute  dry 
achenia  scattered  over  its  surface. —  Stemless  perennials,  with  runners,  and  with 
white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes.  Leaves  radical :  leaflets  3,  obovate-wedge-form, 
coarsely  serrate.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petioles,  which  with  the 
scapes  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.)  — Flowering 
in  spring.  (The  species  are  indiscriminately  called  WILD  STRAWBERRY.) 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Ehrhart.  Achenia  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  fruiting 
receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck ;  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flower- 
ing and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructified ;  kajlets 
of  a  flrm  or  coriaceous  texture.  (F.  Canadensis,  Michx.)  —  Moist  or  rich  wood- 
lands, fields,  &c.— In  the  true  F.  Virginiana,  the  hairs  of  the  scapes,  and  es- 
pecially of  the  pedicels,  are  silky  and  oppressed.  It  is  the  original  of  the  Vir- 
ginian Scarlet  strawberries. 

Var.  Illino6nsis  (F.   Grayana,  Vilmorin,  F.  Illinoensis  &  F.  lowensis, 


156  ROS^CE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Prince)  is  a  coarser  or  larger  plant,  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  the  flowers  more 
inclined  to  be  polygamo-dicecious,  the  villous  hairs  of  the  scape  and  pedicels 
widely  spreading,  as  in  F.  elatior  and  F.  collina,  which  it  seems  to  represent  in 
this  country.  —  Common  in  richer  soil,  from  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  be- 
yond the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  supposed  original  of  Hovey's  Seedling,  Bos- 
ton Pine,  and  other  cultivated  varieties. 

2.  F.  v6sca,  L.     Aclienia  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemispherical 
fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits) ;  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  reflexed ; 
hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  appressed ;  leaflets 
thin,  even  the  upper  face  strongly  marked  by  the  veins.  —  Fields  and  rocky 
places  :  common;  certainly  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  INDICA,  L.  (or  Duchesnea  fragarioides,  Smith),  —  which  differs  from 
the  true  Strawberries  in  having  leafy  runners,  a  calyx  with  incised  leafy  bract- 
lets  larger  than  the  sepals,  yellow  petals,  and  insipid  fruit,  —  has  sparingly  estab- 
lished itself  in  copses  around  Philadelphia  (Charles  E.  Smith,  &c.),  and  in  the 
Southern  States.     (Adv.  from  Ind.) 

13.    DALIBARDA,    L.        DALIBARDA. 

Calyx  deeply  5  -  6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  5-  10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed- 
like  drupes  :  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and 
densely  tufted  stems  or  roots tocks,  and  roundish-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves  on 
slender  petioles.  Flowers  1  or  2,  white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Thomas  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist  of  the  time  of  Linnaeus.) 

1.  D.  r&pens,  L.  Downy;  sepals  spreading  in  the  flower,  converging  and 
enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks  :  common  northward.  June  -  Aug.  — 
In  aspect  and  foliage  resembling  a  stemless  Violet. 

14.    BUB  TJS,    Tourn.        BRAMBLE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Achenia  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle,  becoming 
small  drupes  :  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (The  Roman 
name,  kindred  with  ruber,  red.) 
§  1.  RASPBERRY.  Fruit,  or  collective  mass  of  drupes,  falling  off"  whole  from  the 

dry  receptacle  when  ripe,  or  of  few  grains  which  fall  separately. 
*  Leaves  simple  :  flowers  large:  prickles  none:  fruit  and  receptacle  flat  and  broad. 

1.  K.  odor&tus,  L.     (PURPLE  FLOWERING-RASPBERRY.)     Stem  shrubby 
(3° -5°  high);  branches,  stalks,  and  calyx  bristly  with  glandular  clammy  hairs; 
leaves  3  -  5-lobed,  the  lobes  pointed  and  minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  pro- 
longed ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  tipped  with  a  long  narrow  ap- 
pendage; petals  rounded,  purple  rose-color;  fruit  reddish.  —  Dells,  &c. :  common 
northward.     June -Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  2'  broad. 

2.  R.  Nutk&nus,    Mocino.      (WHITE  F.)     Glandular,  scarcely  bristly; 
leaves  almost  equally  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed  ;  peduncles  few-flowered ;  petals 
oval,  white.     (R.  parviflbrus,  Nutt.)  —  Upper  Michigan,  and  westward. 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  157 

3.  R.  Chamsemdrus,  L.     (CLOUD-BERRY.)     Herbaceous,  low,  dioecious; 
stem  simple,  2-3-leaveJ,  l-flowered ;  leaves  roundish-kidney-form,  somewhat  5- 
lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled ;  calyx-lobes  pointless ;  petals  obovate,  white ;  fniit  of 
few  grains,  amber-color.  —  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  at  the  limit  of 
trees :  also  on  the  coast  at  Lubeck,  Maine,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Leajlets  (pinnately)  3  —  5 :  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
•»-  Stems  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly :  fruit  of  few  separate  grains. 

4.  R.  triflbrus,  Richardson.     (DWARF  RASPBERRY.)     Stems  ascending 
(6' -12'  high)  or  trailing;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth ;  peduncle 
1  -  3-flowered.  —  Wooded  hillsides,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.    June.  —  Sepals  and  petals  often  6  or  7. 

•<-  •<—  Stems  biennial  and  woody,  prickly :  receptacle  oblong :  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  strigbsus,  Michx.     (WILD  RED  RASPBERRY.)     Stems  upright,  and 
with  the  stalks,  &c.  beset  with,  stiff"  straight  bristles  (or  a  few  becoming  weak 
hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  glaucous;   leaflets  3-5, 
oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  underneath;  the  lateral  ones 
sessile  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  light  red.  —  Thickets  and  hills :  com- 
mon everywhere,  especially  northward.    June,  July.  —  Fruit  ripening  all  sum- 
mer, more  tender  than  that  of  the  Garden  or  European  Raspberry  (R.  IDJEUS), 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  R.    OCCidentalis,   L.       (BLACK    RASPBERRY.       THIMBLEBERRY.) 
Glaucous  all  over ;  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  &c.,  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened- 
downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
sepals  ;  fruit  purple-black  (rarely  a  whitish  variety),  ripe  early  in  July.  —  Very- 
common  northward,  especially  where  ground  has  been  burned  over. 

§  2.  BLACKBERRY.  Fruit,  or  collective  drupes,  not  separating  from  the  juicy 
prolonged  receptacle,  mostly  ovate  or  oblong,  blackish. 

1.  R.  vil!6sus,  Ait.  (COMMON  or  HIGH  BLACKBERRY.)  Shrubby  (1°- 
6°  high),  furrowed,  upright  or  reclining,  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles;  branch- 
lets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  serrate;  the  terminal  ones  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked ;  flowers  racemed,  numerous,  bracts  short ; 
sepals  linear-pointed,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate-oblong  spreading  petals.  — 
Var.  1 .  FROND6sus  :  smoother  and  much  less  glandular ;  flowers  more  corym- 
'bose,  with  leafy  bracts  ;  petals  roundish.  Var.  2-.  HUMirtrsus  :  trailing,  smaller ; 
peduncles  few-flowered.  — Borders  of  thickets,  &c. :  common.  May,  June  :  the 
pleasant  large  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Plant  very  variable  in  size,  aspect, 
and  shape  of  the  fruit ;  —  the  varieties  connecting  with 

8.  R.  Canad^nsis,  L.  (Low  BLACKBERRY.  DEWBERRY.)  Shrubby, 
extensively  trailing,  slightly  prickly ;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5-7),  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  pointed,  thin,  nearly  smooth,  sharply  cut-serrate ;  flowers  ra- 
cemed, with  leaf-like  bracts.  (R.  trivialis,  Pursh,  BigeL,  fyc. ;  not  of  Michx.}  — 
Rocky  hills  and  copses :  common.  May ;  ripening  its  excellent  fruit  earlier 
than  No.  7. 


158  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

9.  R.  hispidus,  L.      (RUNNING  SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.)     Stems  slender, 
scarcely  woody,  extensively  procumbent,  beset  with  small  reflexed  prickles ;  leaflets  3 
(or  rarely  pedately  5),  smooth,  thickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
serrate,  entire  towards  the  base ;  peduncles  leafless,  several-flowered,  often  bristly ; 
flowers  small.     (R.  obovalis,  Michx.     R.  sempervirens  and  R.  setosus,  Bigelow.} 
—  Low  woods :  common  northward.    June.  —  Flowering  shoots  short,  ascend- 
ing ;  sterile  ones  forming  long  runners.    Fruit  of  few  grains,  red  or  purple,  sour. 

10.  R.  cuneifblius,  Pursh.     (SAND   BLACKBERRY.)    Shrubby  (l°-3° 
high),  upright,  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles  ;  branchlets  and  lower  surface  of 
the  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  leaflets  3  -  5,  wedge-obovate,  thickish,  serrate  above ; 
peduncles  2  -4-flowered ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York,  Penn.  and 
southward.    May  -  July ;  ripening  its  well-flavored  black  fruit  in  August. 

11.  R.  trivialis,  Michx.     (Low  BTTSH-BLACKBERRY.)     Shrubby,  procum- 
bent, bristly  and  prickly ;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate ;  peduncles  1  -3-flowered; 
petals  large.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     March  -  May. 

15.    ROSA,    Tourn.        ROSE.  • 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate,  inserted,  with  the  many  stamens,  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  within  bears  the  numerous 
pistils  below.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achenia  in  fruit.  —  Shrubby  and. 
prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole :  stalks, 
foliage,  &c.  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Styles  cohering  in  a  protruding  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

1.  R.  setigera,  Michx.     (CLIMBING  or  PRAIRIE  ROSE.)    Stems  climbing, 
armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  flowers 
corymbed ;  sepals  pointed ;   petals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  white ;   fruit 
(hip)  globular.  — Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets,  W.  New  York  (indigenous?) 
to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward :  also  cultivated.    July. —  The  only  Ameri- 
can climbing  rose,  or  with  united  protruding  styles :  strong  shoots  growing 
10° -20°  in  a  season. 

*  *  Styles  separate,  included  in  the  calyx-tube :  petals  rose-color. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.     (SWAMP  ROSE.)     Stems  tall  (4° -7°  high),  armed 
toith  stout  hooked  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical,  often  acute,  dull 
above  and  pale  beneath ;  stipules  narrow ;  flowers  numerous,  in  corymbs ;  peduncles 
and  calyx  (with  leaf-like  appendages)  glandular-bristly;  fruit  (hip)  depressed- 
globular,  somewhat  bristly.  —  Low  grounds  :  common.    June  -  Sept. 

3.  R.  Ihcida,  Ehrhart.      (DWARF  WILD-ROSE.)      Stems  (l°-2°high), 
armed  with  unequal  bristly  prickles,  which  are  mostly  deciduous,  the  stouter  per- 
sistent ones  nearly  straight,  slender ;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceo/ate, 
shining  above,  sharply  serrate  ;  stipules  broad ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  and  with 
the  appendaged  calyx-lobes  glandular-bristly ;  fruit  depressed-globular,  smooth 
when  ripe.  —  Common  in  dry  soil,  or  along  the  borders  of  swamps.      May- 
July.  —  R.  mtida,  Willd.,  is  a  smooth  and  narrow-leaved  form. 


ROSACE^E.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  159 

4.  R.    blanda,  Ait.      (EARLY  WiLr>RosE.)      Nearly  unarmed,  or  with 
scattered  straight  deciduous  prickles  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  pale  on' both  sides  and  minutely  downy  or  hoary  beneath,  serrate;  stipules 
large ;  flowers  1—3,  the  peduncles  and  calyx-tube  smooth  and  glaucous ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, crowned  with  the  persistent  erect  and  connivent  entire  calyx-lobes. — 
Rocks  and  banks,  Vermont  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.    May, 
June.  —  Petals  light  rose-color. 

5.  R.  RUBIGIN6SA,  L.     ( SWEET-BRIER.)     Climbing  high;  prickles  numer- 
ous, the  larger  ones  strong  and  hooked,  the  smaller  awl-shaped ;  leaflets  doubly  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base  ;  downy  and  clothed  with  fragrant  russet  glands  beneath;  fruit 
pear-shaped  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  mostly  persistent  calyx-lobes.  —  Roadsides 
and  thickets.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  R.  MICRANTHA,  Smith.     (SMALLER-FL.  S.)     Prickles  uniform  and  hooked ; 
fruit  elliptical  and  ovate ;  calyx-lobes  deciduous ;  flowers  smaller :  otherwise  as  the 
last :  a  mere  variety  of  it.  —  E.  New  England  to  Virginia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.    CRATJEGUS,    L.        HAWTHORN.    WHITE  THORN. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  tne  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  many, 
or  only  10-5.  Styles  1-5.  Pome  drupe-like,  containing  1-5  bony  1-seeded 
stones.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lobed  leaves, 
and  white  (rarely  rose-colored)  blossoms.  (Name  from  (cparos,  strength,  on  ac- 
count of  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

*  Corymbs  many-Jlowered. 

•t-  Fruit  very  small,  depressed-globose  (not  larger  than  peas],  bright  red:  flowers 
small :  calyx-teeth  short  and  broad:  styles  5  :  plants  glabrous  (except  No.  1 )  and 
glandless. 

1.  C.  PYRACANTHA,  Pers.     (EVERGREEN  THORN.)    Leaves  evergreen,  shin- 
ing (!'  long),  oblong  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  crenulate;  the  short  petioles  and 
young  branchlets  pubescent ;  corymbs  small.  —  Shrub,  spontaneous  at  Wash- 
ington, and  near  Philadelphia,  Zsaac  Martindale.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.    spathulata,   Michx.     Leaves  thickish,  shining,  but  deciduous,  spatu- 
late  or  oblanceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  crenate  above,  rarely  cut-lobed, 
nearly  sessile.  —  Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  10°  - 15°  high. 

3.  C.  cordata,  Ait.      (WASHINGTON   THORN.)     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular,  mostly  truncate  or  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  a  slender 
petiole,  variously  3  -  5-cleft  or  cut,  serrate.  —  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
June.  — Trunk  15° -25°  high. 

•*-•*-  Fruit  small  (k1  —  J'  long),  ovoid,  deep  red:  flowers  rather  large :  styles  1-3. 

4.  C.  OXTACANTHA,  L.     (ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.)    Smooth ;  leaves  obovate, 
cut-lobed  and  toothed,  wedge-form  at  the  base ;  calyx  not  glandular.    May.  — 
More  or  less  spontaneous  as  well  as  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  C.  apiifolia,  Michx.     Softly  pubescent  when  young ;  leaves  roundish, 
with  a  broad  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base,  pinnately  5-7 '-cleft,  the 
crowded  divisions  cut-lobed  and  sharply  serrate ;  petioles  slender ;  calyx-lobes 
glandular-toothed,  slender.  —  Virginia  and  southward.    March,  April. 


160  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

•*-  •*-  •*-  Fruit  large  (£'-§'  long),  red:  flowers  large:  styles  and  stones  of  the  fruit 
even  in  the  same  species  1-3  (when  the  fruit  is  ovoid  or  pear-shaped),  or  4-5 
(when  the  fruit  is  globular) :  stipules,  calyx-teeth,  bracts,  frc.  often  beset  with 


6.  C.  COCCinea,  L.     (SCARLET-FRUITED  THORN.)     Glabrous  throughout; 
leaves  thin,  roundish-ovate,  sharply  toothed  and  cut,  or  somewhat  cut-lobed, 
usually  abrupt  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  flowers  white,  often  with  a  rosy 
tinge   (I'  broad) ;  fruit  bright  coral-red,  ovoid   (£'  broad),  scarcely  edible. — 
Thickets  and  rocky  banks  :  common.    May.  —  A  low  tree. 

7.  C.  tomentdsa,  L.      (BLACK  or  PEAR  THORN.)     Downy  or  vittous- 
pubescent  at  least  when  young  on  the  peduncles,  calyx,  and  lower  side  of  the 
leaves ;  leaves  thickish,  rather  large,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply  toothed  and 
often  cut,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  somewhat  margined  petiole,  the 
upper  surface  more  or  less  furrowed  along  the  veins;  flowers  large  (often  1, 
broad),  white  ;  fruit  scarlet  or  orange,  large  (§'-!'  broad),  globular  or  somewhat 
pear-shaped,  edible.  —  Thickets  :  common.    May,  June.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  low 
tree,  of  many  varieties,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  marked. 

Var.  pyrifblia.  Leaves  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  soon 
glabrous,  smooth  above,  and  shining  often  slightly  cut-lobed ;  fruit  large,  bright- 
colored,  sparingly  dotted,  of  a  pleasant  flavor.  (C.  pyrifolia,  Ait.) 

Var.  punctata.  Leaves  rather  small,  mostly  wedge-obovate,  with  a  longer 
tapering  and  entire  base,  unequally  toothed  above,  rarely  cut,  villous-pubescent 
when  young,  smooth  but  dull  when  old,  the  numerous  veins  more  strongly  im- 
pressed on  the  upper  surface  and  prominent  underneath ;  fruit  globose,  usually 
dull  red  and  yellowish  with  whitish  dots.  (C.  punctata,  Jacq.) 

Var.  m611is.  Leaves  rounded,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  soft- downy  both  sides,  or  at  least  beneath,  very  sharply  doubly-toothed 
and  cut;  fruit  often  downy,  dull  red.  (C.  subvillosa,  Schrader.  C.  coccinea, 
var.  ?  mollis.  Torr.  $*  Gray.)  —  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southwestward. 

8.  C.  Crus-galli,   L.      (COCKSPUR   THORN.)      Glabrous;  leaves  thick, 
shining  above,  wedge-obovate  and  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole, 
serrate  above  the  middle;  fruit  globular,  bright-red  (J'  broad).  —  Thickets. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -20°  high,  with  firm  dark-green  leaves  very  shining 
above,  and  slender  thorns  often  2'  long.     This  is  our  best  species  for  hedges. 

*  Corymbs  simple,  few-  (1  -  6-)  flowered :  calyx,  bracts,  frc.  glandular. 

9.  C.  flava,  Ait.     (SUMMER  HAW.)     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous; 
leaves  wedge-obovate  or  rhombic-obovate,  narrowed  into  a  glandular  petiole,  unequally 
toothed  and  somewhat  cut  above  the  middle,  rather  thin,  the  teeth  glandular;  styles 
4  -  5 ;  fruit  somewhat  pear-shaped,  yellowish,  greenish,  or  reddish  (£'  -  §'  broad). 
—  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Tree  15° -20°  high,  with 
rather  large  flowers,  2  -  6  in  a  corymb. 

Var.  pubdscens.  Downy  or  villous-pubescent  when  young  ;  leaves  thick- 
ish, usually  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  summit.  (C.  elliptica,  Ait.  C.  glandu- 
losa,  Michx.  C.  Virginica,  Lodd. )  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

10.  C.  parvifdlia,  Ait.     (DWARF  THORN.)    Downy ;  leaves  thick,  obovate- 
spatulate,  crenate-toothed  (£'  - 1£'  long),  almost  sessile,  the  upper  surface  at  length 


ROSACES.  (ROSE  FAMILY.)  161 

shining ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  -  3  together  on  very  short  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  as 
long  as  the  petals ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  globular  or  pear-shaped,  yellowish.  —  Sandy 
soil,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

17.    PYRUS,    L.        PEAR.    APPLE. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  roundish  or  obovate.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Styles  2  -  5.  Pome  fleshy  or  berry-like ;  the  2  -  5  carpels  or 
cells  of  a  papery  or  cartilaginous  texture,  2-seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
handsome  flowers  in  corymbed  cymes.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree.) 

§  1.  MALUS,  Tourn.     (APPLE.)     Leaves  simple:  cymes  simple  and  umbel-like: 
pome  fleshy,  globular,  sunk  in  at  the  attachment  of  the  stalk. 

1.  P.  COronaria,  L.      (AMERICAN   CRAB-APPLE.)     Leaves  ovate,  often 
rather  heart-shaped,  cut-serrate  or  lobed,  soon  glabrous  ;  styles  woolly  and  united  at 
the  base.  —  Glades,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May.  —  Tree 
20'  high,  with  large,  rose-colored,  fragrant  blossoms,  few  in  the  corymb,  and 
fragrant,  greenish  fruit. 

2.  P.  angustifblia,  Ait.     (NARROW-LEAVED  C.)     Leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, often  acute  at  the  base,  mostly  toothed,  glabrous  ;  styles  distinct.  —  Glades, 
from  Pennsylvania  southward.    April.  —  Perhaps  a  variety  of  No.  1. 

§  2.  ADEN6RHACHIS,  DC.     Leaves  simple,  the  mid-rib  glandular  along  the  up- 
per side :  cymes  compound :  styles  united  at  the  base :  fruit  berry-like,  small. 

3.  P.  arbutifdlia,  L.    (CHOKE-BERRY.)    Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  finely 
serrate ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  when  ripe  globular.  —  Var.  1 .  ERYTHROC ARPA, 
has  the  cyme  and  leaves  beneath  woolly,  and  red  or  purple  fruit.     Var.  2.  ME- 
LANOCARPA,  is  nearly  smooth,  with  black  fruit. — Damp  thickets:  common. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  - 1 0°  high.    Flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  purple. 

§  3.  S6RBUS,  Tourn.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  rather  numerous  leaflets:  cymes 
compound :  styles  separate :  pome  berry-like,  small. 

4.  P.  Americana,  DC.     (AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN-ASH.)     Nearly  glabrous 
or  soon  becoming  so ;  leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate,  taper -pointed,  sharply  serrate  with 
pointed  teeth,  bright  green ;  cymes  large  and  flat ;  berries  globose,  not  larger 
than  peas ;  leaf-buds  pointed,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glutinous.  —  Swamps  and 
mountain-woods,  Maine  to  Penn.  and  Michigan,  and  southward  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  Alleghanies.     June.     (P.  microcarpa,  DC.)  —  Tree  or  tall  shrub, 
with  leaflets  rather  shining  above  and  scarcely  pale  underneath,  the  rhachis  and 
petiole  reddish  and  elongated :  prized  in  cultivation  for  the  autumnal  clusters 
of  bright-red  berries. 

5.  P.  sambucif61ia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.      Leaflets  oblong,  oval,  or  lance- 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  serrate  (mostly  doubly)  with  more 
spreading  teeth,  often  pale  beneath ;  cymes  smaller  ;  flowers  and  berries  larger, 
the  latter  (4"  broad)  when  young  ov6"id,  at  length  globose ;  leaf-buds  sparingly 
hairy:  otherwise  nearly  as  the  preceding.     (Sorbus  aucuparia,  var.  /3.  Michx.) 
—  Along  the  northern  frontiers  of  the  United  States,  northward  and  westward 
to  the  Pacific,  &c.    Perhaps  passes  into  No.  4  :  it  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  it, 
and  nearly  connects  it  with 

11 


162       CALYCANTHACE^.   (CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

P.  AucupARiA,  Gasrtn.,  the  EUROPEAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH  or  ROWAN-TREE, 
the  one  more  commonly  planted  in  grounds :  it  has  paler,  oblong,  and  obtuse 
leaflets,  their  lower  surface  downy,  larger  globose  berries,  and  blunter  and 
tomentose  leaf-buds. 

18.     AMELANCHIER,    Medic.        JUNE-BERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles 
5,  united  below.  Ovary  5-celled,  each  cell  2-ovuled ;  but  a  projection  grows 
from  the  back  of  each,  and  forms  a  false  partition ;  the  berry-like  pome  thus 
10-celled,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell  (when  all  ripen) :  partitions  cartilaginous. 

—  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves,  and  white  flowers 
in  racemes.     (Amdancier  is  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris  in  Savoy.) 

1.  A.  Canad6nsis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (SHAD-BUSH.  SERVICE-BERRY.) 
Calyx-lobes  triangular-lance-form ;  fruit  globular,  purplish,  edible  (sweet,  ripe 
in  June).  —  Along  streams,  &c.  :  common,  especially  northward.  April,  May. 

—  Varies  exceedingly ;  the  leading  forms  are,  — 

Var.  Botryapium. ;  a  tree  10°  -  30°  high,  nearly  or  soon  glabrous ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped  to  the  base,  pointed,  very  sharply  serrate ; 
flowers  in  long  drooping  racemes ;  the  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  (Pyrus  Botryapiurfi,  Willd.) 

Var.  oblongifdlia ;  a  smaller  tree  or  shrub  ;  leaves  oblong,  beneath,  like 
the  branchlets  white  downy  when  young ;  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 

Var.  rotundifblia ;  with  broader  leaves  and  smaller  petals  than  in  the  first 
variety  ;  racemes  6  -  10-flowered. 

Var.  alnifblia ;  shrub,  with  the  roundish  leaves  blunt  or  notched  at  both 
ends,  serrate  towards  the  summit ;  racemes  dense  and  many-flowered.  —  Chiefly 
in  the  Western  States  and  westward. 

Var.  oligocarpa;  shrub,  with  thin  and  smooth  narrowly  oblong  leaves, 
and  2-4-flowered  racemes,  the  broader  petals  scarcely  thrice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Cold  and  deep  mountain  swamps,  northward. 

ORDER  34.     CAL,YCAIVTHACE^E.     (CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals  and  petals  similar 
and  indefinite,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrorse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute  : 
the  fruit  like  a  rose-hip.  Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.     CALYCANTHUS,     L.         CAROLINA    ALLSPICE.      SWEET- 
SCENTED  SHRUB. 

Calyx  of  many  sepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cup  (with 
some  leaf-like  bractlets  growing  from  it) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
like  the  petals  ;  which  are  similar,  in  mart y  rows,  thickish,  inserted  on  the  top 
of  the  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  just  within  the  petals, 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  Pistils  several  or 
many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face,  resembling 
those  of  the  Hose;  but  the  enlarged  hip  dry  when  ripe,  enclosing  the  achenia. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  163 

—  The  lurid  purple  flowers  terminating  the  leafy  branches.     Bark  and  foliage 
aromatic ;  the  crushed  flowers  exhaling  more  or  less  the  fragrance  of  strawber- 
ries.    (Name  composed  of  /ca\v£,  a  cup  or  calyx,  and  avQos,  flower,  from  the 
closed  cup  which  contains  the  pistils.) 

1.  C.  fl6ridus,   L.      Leaves  oval,  soft-downy  underneath. — Virginia1?  and 
southward,  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil.     Common  in  gardens.     April -Aug. 

2.  C.  ISBVig&tUS,  Willd.   Leaves  oblong,  thin,  either  blunt  or  taper-pointed, 
bright  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides^or  rather  pale  beneath ;  flow- 
ers smaller.  —  Mountains  of  Franklin  Co.,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter),  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies.     May  -  Aug. 

3.  C.  glailCUS,  Willd.     Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  conspicu- 
ously taper-pointed,  glaucous-white  beneath,  roughish  above,  glabrous,  large  (4'  -  7' 
long) ;  probably  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  —  Virginia  ?  near  the  mountains 
and  southward..    May -Aug. 

ORDER  35.    SAXIFRAGACEJE.     (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect,  distinguishable  from  Rosaceae  by  hav- 
ing copious  albumen  in  the  seeds,  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves,  and 
usually  no  stipules  when  the  leaves  are  alternate  ;  the  stamens  mostly  definite, 
and  the  carpels  commonly  fewer  than  the  sepals,  either  separate  or  partly 
so,  or  all  combined  into  one  compound  pistil.  Calyx  either  free  or  adher- 
ent, usually  persistent  or  withering  away.  Stamens  and  petals  almost  al- 
ways inserted  on  the  calyx.  Ovules  anatropous.  —  A  large  family,  to 
which  Parnassia,  formerly  associated  with  Drosera,  is  commonly  referred, 

—  now  made  to  include  Eibes  also. 

Tribe  I.  GROSSULARIEJE.  Shrubs,  with  alternate  and  palmately  veined  and  lobed 
leaves :  stipules  none  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the 
one-celled  ovary,  which  has  2  parietal  placentae  and  forms  a  many-seeded  berry.  Seed-coat 
externally  gelatinous.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  hard  albumen. 

1.  Ribes.     Character  of  the  tribe.     Stamens  and  small  petals  5. 

Tribe  II.  ESCAL.L.O1VIEJE.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  and  simple  pinnately 
veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 

2.  Itea.    Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  septicidal  pod. 
Tribe  III.     IIYDR  ANGIE^E.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  and  no 

stipules.    Ovary  2  -  5-celled  ;  the  calyx  coherent  at  least  with  its  base.    Fruit  (in  the  fol- 
lowing) a  many -seeded  pod . 

3.  Hydrangea.    Lobes  of  the  calyx  minute  in  complete  flowers.    Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Stamens  8  or  10. 

4.  Pb.iladelph.us.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  conspicuous  5  the  former  valvate,  the 

latter  convolute  in  the  bud.     Stamens  20  -  40. 

Tribe  IV.  SAXIFRAGES.  Herbs,  without  stipules,  except  perhaps  a  membranous 
dilatation  of  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Petals  imbricated  or  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Fruit 
dry,  capsular  or  follicular. 

*  A  cluster  of  sterile  or  gland-tipped  filaments  at  the  base  of  each  petal.    Stigmas  3  or  4,  situ- 
ated directly  over  as  many  parietal  placentae  ! 

5.   Parnassia.     Sepals,  petals,  and  proper  stamens  5.    Peduncle  a  scape  or  scape-like,  1- 
flowered.  « 


164  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  No  sterile  stamens  or  bodies  resembling  them. 
*-  Pod  2-3-celled  and  2-  3-beaked,  or  of  as  many  distinct  follicles. 

6.  Astilbe.    Flowers  polygamous.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  small  petals.    Seeds  few. 

Leaves  decompound. 

7.  Saxifraga.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    Seeds  numerous, 

with  a  close  coat. 

8.  Boykinia.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  which  are  convolute 

in  the  bud  and  deciduous.     Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Seed-coat  close. 

9.  Sullivantia.    Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  5.    Calyx  nearly  free.    Seeds  wing-margined. 

•*-  —  Pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae. 
++  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  5. 

10.  Hencliera.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below.    Petals  small,  entire. 

•t-t-  -M-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  8  or  10. 

11.  Mitella.     Calyx  partly  cohering  with  the  depressed  ovary.    Petals  small,  pinnatifld. 

12.  Tiarella.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.    Petals  entire. 

13.  Clirysospleuium.     Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.    Petals  none. 

1.    BIBES,    L.        CURRANT.     GOOSEBERRY. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  often  colored ;  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placenta  and  2  distinct  or  united  styles.  Berry 
crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx ;  the  surface  of  the  numerous 
seeds  swelling  into  a  gelatinous  outer  coat  investing  a  crustaceous  one.  Em- 
bryo minute  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen.  —  Low,  sometimes  prickly  shrubs, 
with  alternate  and  palmately-lobed  leaves,  which  are  plaited  in  the  bud  (except 
in  one  species),  often  clustered  in  the  axils ;  the  small  flowers  from  the  same 
clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds.  (An  Arabic  name,  properly  belonging 
to  a  species  of  Rheum.  Grossularia  was  the  proper  name  to  have  been  adopted 
for  the  genus.) 

§  1.  GROSSULARIA,  Tourn,  (GOOSEBERRY.)  Stems  mostly  bearing  thorns 
at  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  or  clusters  of  leaves,  and  often  with  scattered  bristly 
prickles:  berries  prickly  or  smooth.  (Our  species  are  indiscriminately  called 
WILD  GOOSEBERRY:  the  flowers  greenish.) 

*  Peduncles  1  -  3-Jlowered :  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed. 

1.  B.  Cynosbati,  L.     Leaves  pubescent ;  peduncles  slender,  2  -  3-flowered ; 
stamens  and  undivided  styty  not  longer  than  the  broad  calyx.  —  Rocky  woods :  com- 
mon, especially  northward.     May.  —  Spines  small  or  obsolete.      Berry  large, 
armed  with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

2.  B.  hirt^llum,  Michx.    Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  beneath ;  peduncles 
very  short,  1  -  2-flowered,  deflexed ;  stamens  and  2-cleJl  style  scarcely  longer  than  the 
bell-shaped  calyx ;  fruit  smooth,  small,  purple,  sweet.  —  Moist  grounds,  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois,  common.     May.  —  Stems  either  smooth  or  prickly,  and  with 
very  short  thorns,  or  none.  —  This  yields  the  commonest  smooth  gooseberry  of 
New  England,  &c.,  and  usually  passes  for  R.  triflorum,  Willd.,  which  name  be- 
longs to  the  next. 

3.  B.  rotundif61ium,  Michx.     Leaves  smooth  or  downy ;  peduncles  slen- 
der, 1  -  3-flowered ;  stamens  and  2-parted  style  slender,  longer  than  the  narrow  cylin- 
drical calyx ;  fruit  smooth,  pleasant.  —  Rocks,  W.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  Virginia,  &c.    June. 


SAXIFRAGACE^:.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  165 

*  #  Racemes  4  -  9-flowered,  slender,  nodding. 

4.  R.  lacustre,  Poir.     Young  stems  clothed  with  bristly  prickles,  and 
with  weak  thorns ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  lobes  deeply  cut ; 
calyx  broad  and  flat ;  stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  petals ;  fruit  bristly 
(small,  unpleasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps,  New  England  to  Wisconsin 
and  northward ;  south  to  Pennsylvania.    June. 

§  2.  RIBESIA,   Berl.     (CURRANT.)     Stems  neither  prickly  nor  thorny:  flowers 
(greenish)  in  racemes:  berries  never  prickly. 

5.  R.  prostratum,  L'Her.     (FETID  CURRANT.)    Stems  reclined ;  leaves 
deeply  heart-shaped,  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate ; 
racemes  erect,  slender ;  calyx  flattish ;  pedicels  and  the  (pale  red)  fruit  glandular- 
bristly.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  from  N.  England  and  Penn.  northward. 
May.  —  The  bruised  plant  and  berries  exhale  an  unpleasant  odor. 

6.  R.  fl6ridum,  L.     (WILD  BLACK   CURRANT.)      Leaves  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots,  slightly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3  -  5-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  racemes 
drooping,  downy ;  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  smooth ; 
fruit  round-ovoid,  black,   smooth.  —  Woods  :   common.      May.  —  Much  like  the 

Black  Currant  of  the  gardens,  which  the  berries  resemble  in  smell  and  flavor. 
Flowers  large,  whitish. 

7.  R.  rtlbrum,  L.      (RED  CURRANT.)      Stems  straggling  or  reclined; 
leaves   somewhat    heart-shaped,  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  serrate,   downy  beneath 
when  young  ;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from  the  leaf-buds,  drooping ;  calyx 
flat  (green  or  purplish) ;  fruit  globose,  smooth,  red ;  on  our  wild  plant  apt  to  turn 
upwards  in  the  drooping  raceme :  the  veins  of  the  leaves  are  whitish  beneath 
(whence  the  name  R.  albinervium,  Michx.)  :  but  apparently  not  distinct  from 
the  garden  Red  Currant  of  the  Old  World.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  woods,  New 
Hampshire  to  Minnesota  and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

R.  AUREUM,  Pursh,  the  BUFFALO  or  MISSOURI  CURRANT,  remarkable 
for  the  spicy  fragrance  of  its  yellow  blossoms*in  early  spring,  is  widely  culti- 
vated for  ornament.  Its  leaves  are  convolute  (instead  of  plaited)  in  the  bud. 

2.    ITEA,    L.        ITEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5,  lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Pod  oblong,  2-grooved, 
2-celled,  tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septicidal)  when  mature, 
several-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaves,  without  stip- 
ules, and  small  white  flowers  in  simple  racemes.  (Greek  name  of  the  Willow.) 

1.  I.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  pointed,  minutely  ser- 
rate ;  seeds  oval,  flattish,  with  a  crustaceous  coat.  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.  June. 

3.    HYDRANGEA,    Gronov.        HYDRANGEA. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8  -  10,  slender.  Pod 
crowned  with  the  2  diverging  stvles,  2-celled  below,  many-seeded,  opening  by  a 
hole  between  the  styles.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  no  stipules, 


166  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

and  numerous  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  The  marginal  flowers  are  usually 
sterile  and  radiant,  consisting  merely  of  a  membranaceous  and  colored  flat  and 
dilated  calyx,  and  showy.  (Name  from  t>5a>p,  water,  and  oyyos,  a  vase.) 

1.  H.  arbor^scens,  L.  (WILD  HYDRANGEA'.)  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ; 
leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  green  both  sides ;  cymes  flat. 
—  Rocky  banks,  N.  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  July.  —  Flowers  often 
all  fertile,  rarely  all  radiant,  like  the  Garden  Hydrangea. 

4.    PHILAD^LPHUS,    L.        MOCK  GRANGE  or  SYRINGA. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4  -  5-parted,  spread- 
ing; persistent,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  20  -  40.  Styles  3-5,  united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top. 
Stigmas  oblong  or  linear.  Pod  3  -  5-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  as  many 
pieces.  Seeds  very  numerous,  on  thick  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis,  pen- 
dulous, with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs, 
with  opposite  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  cymose-clustered 
showy  white  flowers.  ( An  ancient  name,  applied  by  Linnaaus  to  this  genus  for 
no  obvious  reason.) 

1.  P.  inoddrus,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed, 
entire  or  with  some  spreading  teeth ;  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the 
diverging  branches,  pure  white,  scentless ;  calyx-lobes  acute,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  tube.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

Var.  grandifl6rus.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  flowers  larger  ;  calyx-lobes 
longer  and  taper-pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  mountains. 
May  -  July.  — A  tall  shrub,  with  long  and  recurved  branches  :  often  cultivated. 
P.  CORON\RIUS,  L.,  the  common  MOCK  ORANGE  or  SYRINGA  of  the  gar- 
dens, with  cream-colored,  odorous  flowers,  in  full  clusters,  the  crushed  foliage 
with  the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers,  —  has  sometimes  escaped  from  grounds. 

5.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS. 

Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  and  sometimes 
also  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  persistent.  Petals  5,  veiny,  spreading,  at  length 
deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud :  a  cluster  of  somewhat  united  gland-tipped 
sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each.  Proper  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
petals  :  filaments  persistent :  anthers  opening  inwards.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with 
4  projecting  parietal  placentae  :  stigmas  4,  sessile,  directly  over  the  placentae. 
Pod  4-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  placentas  on  their  middle.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, anatropous,  with  a  thick  wing-like  seed-coat  and  little  if  any  albumen. 
Embryo  straight :  cotyledons  very  short.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the 
leaves  entire  and  chiefly  radical,  and  the  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long 
naked  stems.  Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  (Named  from 
Mount  Parnassus  :  called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides. )  In  former 
edition  placed  between  Droseraceae  and  Hypericacea?. 

1.  P.  parvifl6ra,  DC.  Petals  sessile,  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile 
filaments  about  5  in  each  set,  slender ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  at  the  base. 
—  N.  W.  shore  of  L.  Michigan  (White-Fish  Bay,  Wisconsin,  Henry  Gillman), 


SAXIFRAGACE^.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  167 

and  westward.    July.  —  More  slender  than  the  next,  and  the  flower  only  half 
the  size. 

2.  P.  palllstris,  L.      Petals  sessile;   rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few- 
veined  ;  sterile  filaments  9-15  in  each  set,  slender  ;  leaves  heart-shaped.  —  Shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.   Aug.  —  Stalks  3'-  10'  high.    Flower  nearly 
1' broad.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  Caroliniana,  Michx.     Petals  sessile,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  many-veined ;  sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set,  stout,  distinct  almost  to 
the  base.  —  Wet  banks,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially 
along  the  mountains.     July -Sept.  —  Leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  rounded,  often 
heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  on  the  stalk,  and  that  low  down  and  clasping. 
Stalk  9'  -  2°  high.    Flower  1 '  - 1  £'  broad. 

4.  P.  asarifblia,  Vent.     Petals  abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw  at  the  base ; 
sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-shaped :  otherwise  as  in  the 
foregoing.  —  High  Alleghanies  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.    ASTILBE,    Don.        FALSE  GOATSBEARD. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  small.  Petals  4-5, 
spatulate,  small,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Ovary  2-celled,  almost 
free,  many-ovuled :  styles  2,  short.  Pod  2-celled,  separating  into  2  follicles, 
each  ripening  few  seeds.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin,  tapering  at  each  end.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  ternately-compound  ample  leaves,  cut-lobed 
and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  a  privative  and 
oriA/377,  a  bright  surface,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining. ) 

1.  A.   decandra,   Don.      Somewhat  pubescent;   leaflets  mostly  heart- 
shaped;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers;  stamens  10.  —  Kich 
woods,  Alleghanies  of  S.  W.  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Plant  imitating 
Spiraea  Aruncus,  but  coarser,  3°  -  5°  high. 

7.    SAXtFRAGA,    L.        SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  either  free  from  or  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft  or 
parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  commonly  deciduous.  Stamens 
10.  Styles  2.'  Pod  2-beaked,  2-celled,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks ;  or 
sometimes  2  almost  separate  follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat.  — 
Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  the  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of  the  stem  mostly 
alternate.  (Name  from  saxum,  a  rock,  and  frango,  to  break ;  many  species 
rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 

*  Stems  prostrate,  in  tufts,  leafy:  leaves  opposite :  calyx  free  from  the  pod. 
1.    S.    oppositifblia,   L.      (MOUNTAIN    SAXIFRAGE.)      Leaves  fleshy, 
ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches  (l"-2"  long) ;  flowers 
solitary,  large ;  petals  purple,  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  5-cleft-calyx.  — 
Rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 
*  *  Stems  ascending,  leafy :  stem-leaves  alternate :  calyx  coherent  below  with  the  pod. 

2.  S.   rivularis,L.     (ALPINE   BROOK-S.)      Small;   stems   weak,   3-5- 
flowered  ;  lower  leaves  rounded,  3  -  5-lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  lance- 


168  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

olate ;  petals  white,  orate.  —  Alpine  region  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hamp- 
shire (Oakes,  &c.)  :  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  aizoides,  L.      (YELLOW    MOCNTAIN-S.)      Low  (3' -5'  high),  in 
tufts,  with  few  or  several  corymbose  flowers;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire, fleshy, 
distantly  spinulose-ciliate  ;  petals  yellow,  spotted  with  orange,  oblong.  —  Willoughby 
Mountain,  Vermont ;  near  Oneida  Lake,  New  York ;  N.  Michigan  ;  and  north- 
ward.   June.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  tricuspidata,  Retz.     Stems   tufted   (4' -8'  high),  naked  above; 
flowers  corymbose ;  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  3  rigid  sharp  teeth  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  petals  obovate-oblong,  yellow.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

#  #  #  Leaves  clustered  at  the  root :  scape  many-flowered,  erect,  clammy-pubescent. 
H-  Petals  all  alike. 

5.  S.  Aiz6on,  Jacq.     Leaves  persistent,  thick,  spatulate,  with  white  cartilagi- 
nous toothed  margins ;  calyx  partly  adherent ;  petals  obovate,  cream-color,  often 
spotted  at  the  base.  —  Moist  rocks,  Upper  Michigan  and  Wisconsin ;  Willoughby 
Mountain,  Vermont  (Mr.  Blake),  and  northward.  —  Scape  5'- 10'  high.    (Eu.) 

6.  S.  Virgini6nsis,  Michx.      (EARLY  S.)      Low   (4' -9'  high);   leaves 
obovate  or  oval-spatulate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate-toothed,  thickish ; 
flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme,  which  is  at  length  open  and  loosely  panicled ;  lobes 
of  the  nearly  free  calyx  erect,  not  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  (white)  petals; 
pods  2,  united  merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish.  —  Exposed  rocks  :  com- 
mon, especially  northward.    April  -  June. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  L.      (SWAMP  S.)      Large  (l°-2°  high)  ;  leaves 
oblanceolate,  obscurely  toothed  (4'  -  8'  long),  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  and 
broad  petiole ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clustered ;  lobes  of  the 
nearly  free  calyx  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceolate  (greenish)  small 
petals ;  fllaments  awl-shaped :  pods  at  length  divergent.  —  Bogs  :    common,  es- 
pecially northward.     May,  June.  —  A  homely  species. 

8.  S.  er6sa,  Pursh.     (LETTUCE  S.)     Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 
sharply  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  (8' -12'  long)  ;  scape  slender 
(l°-3°high);  panicle  elongated,  loosely  flowered;  pedicels  slender ;  calyx  re- 
flexed,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  (white)  petals  ;  filaments  club- 
shaped;  pods  2,  nearly  separate,  diverging. — Cold  mountain  brooks,  Penn- 
sylvania (near  Bethlehem,  Mr.  Wolfe),  and  throughout  the  Alleghanies,  south- 
ward.   June. 

•t—  •*—  Petals  unequal,  with  claws,  white,  all  or  some  of  them  with  a  pair  of  yellow 
spots  near  the  base :  leaves  oblong,  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate ;  calyx  free  and 


9.  S.  Ieucanthemif61ia,  Lapeyrouse,  Michx.     Leaves  coarsely  toothed 
or  cut,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  scapes  (5' -18'  high)  bearing  one  or  more  leaves 
or  leafy  bracts  and  a  loose,  spreading  corymbose  or  paniculate  cyme ;  petals 
lanceolate ;  the  3  larger  ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  and  a  pair  of  spots ;  the  2 
smaller  with  a  tapering  base  and  no  spots.  —  Salt  Pond  Mountain,  Virginia 
( Wm.  M.  Canby),  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 

10.  S.  Stellaris,  L.,  var.  comdsa,  Willd.     Leaves  wedge-shaped,  more 
or  less  toothed  ;  scape  (4'  -  5'  high)  bearing  a  small  contracted  panicle ;  many 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.)  169 

or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves ;  petals  all  lanceo- 
late and  tapering  into  the  claw.  — Mount  Katahdin,  Maine  (Rev.  J.  Blake)  and 
high  northward.  (Eu.) 

8.    BOYKINIA,    Nutt.        BOYKINIA. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  2-celled  and  2-beaked  pod.  Sta- 
mens 5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals,  these  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Otherwise  as  in  Saxifraga.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  5-7- 
lobed  or  cut  petioled  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Dr.  Boykin  of  Georgia.) 

1.  B.  aconitifblia,  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (6' -20' high);  leaves  deeply 
5  -  7-lobed.  —  Mountains  of  S.  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 

9.    SULLIVANTIA,    Torr.  &  Gray.        SCLLIVANTIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  cohering  below  only  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  entire,  acutish,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks :  the 
seeds  wing-margined,  imbricated  upwards.  —  A  low  and  reclined-spreading  per- 
ennial herb,  with  rounded  and  cut-toothed,  or  slightly  lobed  smooth  leaves,  on 
slender  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle, 
.raised  on  a  nearly  leafless  slender  scape  (6' -12' long).  Peduncles  and  calyx 
glandular :  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  bryolo- 
gist  who  discovered  the  only  species.) 

1.  S.  Ohibnis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Gray,  CUoris Bor.-Am.,  pi  6.)— Limestone 
cliffs,  Highland  County,  Ohio,  Sullivant ;  Wisconsin  River,  Lapham.  June. 

10.    HEITCHERA,    L.        ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  the  tube  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Pet- 
als 5,  spatulate,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock ;  those  on  the  scapes,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  (Named  in  honor  of  John  Henry  Heucher,  a  German  botanist  of 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.) 

*  Flowers  small,  loosely  panicled :  stamens  and  styles  exserted :  calyx  regular. 

1.  H.  villdsa,  Michx.     Scapes  (l°-3°high),  petioles,  and  veins  of  the 
acutely  7-9-lobed  leaves  beneath  villous  with  rusty  hairs;  calyx  l£"  long  ;  petals 
spatulate-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  soon-  twisted. — Rocks,  Maryland, 
Kentucky  and  southward,  in  and  near  the  mountains.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

2.  H.  Americana,  L.      (COMMON  ALUM-BOOT.)     Scapes  (2° -3°  high), 
&c.  glandular  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  hairs ;  leaves  roundish,  with 
short  rounded  lobes  and  crenate  teeth ;  calyx  broad,  2"  long,  the  spatulate  petals 
not  longer  than  its  lobes.  —  Rocky  woodlands,   Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.     June. 


170  SAXIFRAGACE^:.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.) 

*  #  Flowers  larger:  calyx  (3" -4" long)  more  or  less  oblique:  stamens  short:  panicle 
very  narrow :  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  -  9-lobed. 

3.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.     Hispid  or  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs  (oc- 
casionally almost  glabrous),  scarcely  glandular ;  stamens  soon  exserted,  longer  than 
the  spatulate  petals.     (H.  Richardson ii,  R.  Br.)  — Mountains  of  Virginia.    Also 
Illinois  (Dr.  Mead)  and  northwestward.     May- July.  — Scapes  2° -4°  high. 

4.  H.  pubdscens,  Pursh.      Scape  (l°-3°  high)  and  petioles  granular- 
pubescent  or  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous  ;  stamens  shorter  than 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  spatulate  petals.  —  Rich  woods,  Lancaster,  Penn.  to 
Virginia  and  Kentucky,  along  the  mountains.    June,  July. 

11.     MI  TELL  A,    Tourn.    MITRE-WORT.    BISHOP'S-CAP. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  slender, 
pinuatifid.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Pod  short,  2-beaked, 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  or  rather  basal  several-seeded  placentae,  2-valved  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round 
heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  runners,  on  slender  petioles ; 
those  on  the  scapes,  opposite,  if  any.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme 
or  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  /niVpa,  a  mitre  or  cap,  alluding  to  the  form 
of  the  young  pod.) 

1  •  M.  diph^lla,  L.  Hairy,  leaves  heart-shaped,  acute,  somewhat  3-5- 
lobed,  toothed,  those  on  the  many-Jlowered-scape  2,  opposite,  nearly  sessile.  —  Hill- 
sides in  rich  woods :  commo'n,  especially  westward  and  northward.  May.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  6'  -  8'  long. 

2.  M.  liuda,  L.  Small  and  slender ;  leaves  rounded  or  kidney-form,  deeply 
and  doubly  crenate ;  scape  usually  leafless,  few-flowered,  very  slender  (4' -6' 
high).  (M.  cordifolia,  Lam.  M.  prostrata,  Michx.) — Deep  moist  woods  in 
moss,  Maine  to  Penn.,  III.,  and  northward.  May  -  July.  —  A  delicate  little 
plant,  sending  forth  runners  in  summer.  Blossoms  greenish. 

12.    TJARELLA,    L.        FALSE  MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
entire.  Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2.  Pod  membranaceous,  1-celled, 
2-valved ;  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal  placenta, 
globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials  :  flowers  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  from 
Tiapu,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  pistil,  which  is  like 
that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Mitre-wort  properly  belongs.) 

1.  T.  cordifblia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners  heart- 
shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath ;  scape 
leafless  (5' -12'  high);  raceme  simple;  petals  oblong.  —  Rich  rocky  woods: 
common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  April,  May. 

13.    CHRYSOSPLENIXJM,     Tourn.        GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  blunt  lobes  4-5,  yellow  within. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk. 


CRASSULACE^E.       (ORPINE    FAMILY.)  171 

Styles  2.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaped  or  2-lobed,  flattened,  very  short,  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentae,  2-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  —  Low  and  small 
smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  leafy-cymed 
flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  xputroy,  golden,  and  <nr\r]v,  the  spleen,  probably 
from  some  reputed  medicinal  qualities.) 

1.  C.  Americ&num,  Schwein.  Stems  slender,  spreading  and  forking; 
leaves  principally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obscurely  cre- 
nate-lobed ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile  (greenish  tinged  with 
yellower  purple.)  —  Cold  wet  places:  common  northward.  April,  May. 

ORDER  36.     CRASSUJLACEJE.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers :  viz.  the  petals  and 
pistils  equalling  the  sepals  in  number  (3  -  20),  and  the  stamens  the  same  or 
double  their  number,  —  technically  different  from  Saxifrageae  only  in  this 
complete  symmetry,  and  in  the  carpels  being  quite  distinct  from  each 
other,  but  even  this  does  not  hold  in  two  N.  American  genera.  Also,  in- 
stead of  a  perigynous  disk,  there  are  usually  little  scales  on  the  receptacle, 
one  behind  each  carpel.  Fruit  dry  and  dehiscent;  the  pods  (follicles) 
opening  down  the  ventral  suture,  many-  rarely  few-seeded.  —  Stipules 
none.  Flowers  usually  cymose,  small.  Leaves  mostly  sessile,  in  Pentho- 
rum  not  at  all  fleshy. 

*  Not  succulent :  the  carpels  united,  forming  a  5-celled  pod.    Transition  to  the  Saxifrage  Family. 

1.  Penthorum.     Sepals  5.     Petals  none.    Stamens  10.    Pod  5-beaked,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Leaves,  &c.,  thick  and  succulent.    Carpels  distinct. 

2.  Tillsea.    Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.    Seeds  few  or  many. 

3.  Sedum.    Sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  5.    Stamens  10-8.    Seeds  many. 

1.    PENTHORUM,    Gronov.        DITCH  STONE-CROP. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united  below,  forming 
a  5-angled,  5-horned,  and  5-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  falling  off  of  the 
beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  (not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of 
the  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Name  from  TrcVre, 
Jive,  and  opos,  a  rule  or  mode,  probably  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  —  Open  wet 
places,  everywhere.  July  -  Oct.  —  Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  sixes  or  sevens. 

2.    TILLJEA,    L.        TILLJSA. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.  Pods  2  -  many-seeded.  —  Very 
small  tufted  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Michael  Angelo  Tilli,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  Simplex,  Nutt.  Rooting  at  the  base  (l'-2'  high);  leaves  linear- 
oblong  ;  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile ;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish- 
white)  petals  and  the  narrow  8-10-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the 
base  qf  each.  (T.  ascendens,  Eaton.)  —  Muddy  river-banks,  Nantucket  to  Ma- 
ryland. July -Sept. 


172  CRASSULACE^E.       (ORPINE   FAMILY.) 

3.     SEBUM,     Tourn.     STONE-CROP.     ORPINE. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Pods  many-seeded ;  a  little  scale 
at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  smooth,  and  thick-leaved  herbs,  with 
the  flowers  cymose  or  one-sided.  Petals  almost  always  narrow  and  acute  or 
pointed.  (Name  from  sedeo,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the  manner  in  which  these  plants 
fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 

*  Flowers  perfect  and  sessile,  as  it  were  spiked  along  one  side  of  spreading  flowering 

branches  or  of  the  divisions  of  a  scorpioid  cyme,  the  first  or  central  flower  mostly 
5-merous  and  10-androus,  the  others  often  4-merous  and  8-androus. 

1.  S.  ACRE,  L.     (Mossr  STONE-CROP.)     Spreading  on  the  ground,  moss- 
like;  leaves  very  small,  alternate,  almost  imbricated  on  the  branches,  ovate, 
very  thick ;  petals  yellow.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  rocky  roadsides,  &c. 
July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  pulch^llum,  Michx.     Stems  ascending  or  trailing  (4' -12' high) ; 
leaves  terete,  linear-filiform,  much  crowded ;  spikes  of  the  cyme  several,  densely 
flowered ;  petals  rose-purple.  —  Virginia  to  S.  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward ; 
also  cultivated  in  gardens.     July. 

3.  S.  N6vii,  Gray.     Stems  spreading,  simple  (3' -5' high) ;  leaves  all  alter- 
nate, those  of  the  sterile  shoots  wedge-obovate  or  spatulate,  on  flowering  stems  lin- 
ear-spatulate  and  flattish ;  cyme  about  3-spiked,  densely  flowered ;  petals  white, 
more  pointed  than  in  the  next ;  the  flowering  3  or  4  weeks  later ;  leaves  and 
blossoms  smaller.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  (Salt  Pond  Mountain,  W.  M.  Can- 
by]  to  Alabama  (R.  D.  Nevius). 

4.  S.  tern&tum,  Michx.     Stems  spreading  (3'  -6'  high);  leaves  fiat;  the 
lower  whorled  in  threes,  wedge-obovate,  the  upper  scattered,  oblong  ;  cyme  3-spiked, 
leafy ;  petals  white.  —  Rocky  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward :  common 
in  gardens.     May,  June. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  terminal  naked  and  regular  cyme  or  cluster,  more  or  less  peduncled: 

leaves  fiat,  obovate  or  oblong,  mostly  alternate. 

H-  Flowers  perfect,  5-merous,  10-androus. 

5.  S.  telephioides,  Michx.     Stems  ascending  (6' -12'  high),  stout,  leafy 
to  the  top;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed;  cyme  small; 
petals  flesh-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  style. 
—  Dry  rocks,  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Maryland  southward,  and  sparingly 
in  New  Jersey  ?  W.  New  York  ?  and  Indiana.     June.  —  Too  near  the  next. 

6.  S.  TELEPHIUM,  L.      (GARDEN   ORPINE  or  LIVE-FOR-EVER.)      Stems 
erect  (2°  high),  stout ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  toothed ;  cymes  compound ;  petals 
purple,  oblong-lanceolate ;  pods  abruptly  pointed  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks  and 
banks,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  places.     July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

-»-  -t-  Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  4-merous  and  8-androus. 

7.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.     (ROSEROOT.)     Stems  erect  (5' -10' high) ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding ;  flowers  in  a  close  cyme,  greenish- 
yellow,  or  the  fertile  turning  purplish. — Pennsylvania,  on  cliffs  of -Delaware 
River,  below  Easton  !     (Professors  Porter  $*  Green) ;  Quoddy  Head,  Maine  (Prof. 
Verrill),  and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 


HAMAMELACE^E.       (WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY.)  173 

ORDER  37.    HAMAMEL.ACEJE.     (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules;  flow- 
ers in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  calyx  cohering 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  which  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  forms 
a  2-beaked,  2-celled  woody  pod,  opening  at  the  summit,  with  a  single  bony  seed 
in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  two  of  them  ripening.  —  Petals  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  narrow,  valvate,  or  involute  in  the  bud,  or  often  none  at  all. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  half  of  them  sterile  and  changed 
into  scales,  or  numerous.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  sparing  albumen :  cotyledons  broad  and  flat. 

Tribe  I.     HAM  AMELEJE.     Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  or  calyx  and  corolla,  and  a 
single  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell. 

1.  Hamamelis.     Petals  4,  strap-shaped.    Stamens  and  scales  each  4,  short. 

2.  Pothergilla.    Petals  none.    Stamens  about  24,  long :  filaments  thickened  upwards. 

Tribe  II.     BALS  AMIPLU^E.     Flowers  naked,  with  barely  rudiments  of  a  calyx,  and 
no  corolla,  crowded  into  catkin-like  heads.    Ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

3.  Liquidambar.     Monoecious  or  polygamous.    Stamens  very  numerous.    Pods  consoli- 

dated by  their  bases  in  a  dense  head. 

1.    HAMAMELIS,    L.        WITCH-HAZEL. 

Flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  by  a  scale-like 
3-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-parted,  and  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  its  base.  Pet- 
als 4,  strap-shaped,  long  and  narrow,  spirally  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8, 
very  short ;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther-bearing,  the  others  imperfect 
and  scale-like.  Styles  2,  short.  Pod  opening  loculicidally  from  the  top ;  the 
outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  encloses  the  single  large  and  bony 
seed  in  each  cell,  but  soon  bursts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  shrubs,  with 
straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow,  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  (From  a/xa, 
like  to,  and  pr]\is,  an  apple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or  some 
other  tree  resembling  the  Apple,  which  the-  Witch-Hazel  does  not.) 

1.  U.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  somewhat 
downy  when  young. —Damp  woods:  blossoming  late  in  autumn,  when  the 
leaves  are  falling,  and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer. 

2.    POTHEBGf  LLA,    L.  f.        FOTHERGILLA. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  catkin-like  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped, 
the  summit  truncate,  slightly  5  -  7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike :  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  S*tyles  2,  slender.  Pod  cohering  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  2-lobed,  2-celled,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  — A  low 
shrub ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at  the 
summit ;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  each  partly  covered  by 
a  scale-like  bract.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  John  Fothergill.) 

1.  P.  alnif61ia.  L.  f.  — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward.  April, 
May. 


174  HALORAGE^E.       (WATEK-MILFOIL    FAMILY.) 

3.    LIQUIDAMBAB,    L.        SWEET-GUM  TKEE. 

Flowers  usually  monoecious,  in  globular  heads  or  catkins ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked :  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales:  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  many  2-celled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  cohering 
together  and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  pods 
opening  between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the  inner 
side.  Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  wing-angled 
seed-coat.  —  Catkins  racemed,  nodding,  in  the  bud  enclosed  by  a  4-leaved  decid- 
uous involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  liquidus,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic  ambar, 
amber;  in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  which  exudes  from  the 
tree.) 

1.  L.  Styraciflua,  L.  (SWEET  GUM.  BILSTED.)  Leaves  rounded, 
deeply  5-7-lobed,  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed. — 
Moist  woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  April.  —  A  large 
and  beautiful  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  the  gray  bark  commonly  with 
corky  ridges  on  the  branchlets.  Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep 
crimson  in  autumn.  The  woody  pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  re- 
sembling sawdust. 

ORDER  38.    HAL-ORAGE^E.    (WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  (at  least  in  northern  countries),  with  the  incon- 
spicuous symmetrical  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts,  calyx-tube 
coherent  with  the  ovary,  which  consists  of  2-4  more  or  less  united  carpels 
(or  in  Hippuris  of  only  one  carpel),  the  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  distinct. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  very  short  in  fertile  flowers.  Petals  small 
or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1  -  4-celled,  with  a  single 
anatropous  seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  minute.  —  Formerly  attached  as  a  sub- 
order to  Onagraceae,  but  now  deemed  quite  distinct. 

1.  My  riophyllum.     Flowers  montecious  or  polygamous,  the  parts  in  fours,  with  or  without 

petals.    Stamens  4  or  8.    Immersed  leaves  pinnately  dissected. 

2.  Proserpinaca.    Flowers  perfect,  the  parts  in  threes.     Petals  none.    Immersed  leaves 

pinnately  dissected. 

3.  Hippuris.    Flowers  usually  perfect.    Petals  none.     Stamen,  style,  and  cell  of  the  ovary 

only  one.    Leaves  entire. 

1.    MYRIOPH^LLUM,     Vaill.        WATER-MILFOIL. 

Flowers  mono3cious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted, 
of  the  fertile  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4- 
celled,  deeply  4-lobed :  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorled ;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  divis- 
ions. Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  usually  above  water  in 
summer ;  the  uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  pvpios,  a  thousand,  and  </>vX- 
\ov,  a  leaf,  i.  e.  Milfoil.) 


HALORAGE^E.       ( WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILY.)  175 

*  Stamens  8  :  petals  deciduous:  carpels  even:  leaves  whorled  in  threes  or  fours. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.     Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
\h&  floral  ones  or  bracts;  these  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiefly  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  which  thus  form  an  interrupted  spike.  —  Deep  water:  common.    (Eu.). 

2.  M.  verticillatum,  L.     Floral  leaves  much  longer  than  t/te  flowers,  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid:  otherwise  nearly  as  No.  1.  — Ponds,  &c.  northward.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels   1  -  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the 

back:  leaves  whorled  in  fours  and  Jives,  the  lower  with  capillary  divisions. 

3.  M.  heteroph^llum,  Michx.     Stem  stout ;  floral  leaves  ovate  and  lance- 
olate, thick,  crowded,  sharply  serrate,  the  lowest  pinnatifid ;  fruit  obscurely  rough- 
ened. —  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

4.  M.  scabratum,  Michx.     Stem  rather  slender ;  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted  with  few  capillary  divisions ;  floral  leaves  linear  (rarely  scattered),  pectinate- 
toothed  or  cut-serrate:  carpels  strongly  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  from  S.  New  England  and  Ohio  southward. 

*  *  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  even  on  the  back:  leaves  chiefly 

scattered,  or  wanting  Qn  the  flowering  stems. 

5.  M.  ambiguum,  Nutt.     Immersed  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  about  10 
very  delicate  capillary  divisions ;  the  emerging  ones  pectinate,  or  the  upper  floral 
linear  and  sparingly  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  mostly  perfect',  fruit  (minute) 
smooth.  —  Var.  1.  NATANS :  stems  floating,  prolonged.    Var.  2.  CAPILLA.CEUM  : 
stems  floating,  long  and  very  slender ;  leaves  all  immersed  and  capillary.     Var. 
3.  LiM6suM :  small,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  all  linear,  incised,  toothed,  or 
entire. —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
southward,  near  the  coast. 

6.  M.  tenelllim,  Bigelow.     Flowering  stems  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like, 
(3' -10'  high),  erect,  simple;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted;  bracts 
small,  entire ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious;  fruit  smooth.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  N. 
New  York,  New  England,  and  northward. 

2.    PROSERPINACA,     L.        MERMAID-WEED. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut- 
like. —  Low,  perennial  herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  the  base  (whence  the 
name,  from  proserpo,  to  creep),  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils,  Eolitary  or  3-4  together,  in  summer. 

1.  P.  pallistris,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  lower  pectinate 
when  under  water ;  fruit  sharply  angled.  —  Wet  swamps  :  not  rare. 

2.  P.  pectinacea,  Lam.     Leaves  all  pectinate,   the  divisions  linear-awl- 
shaped  ;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast. 

9.    HIPPUBIS,    L.    MARE'S.TAIL. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen  one, 
inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx.  Style  single,  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down 
one  side,  received  in  the  groove  between  the  lobes  of  the  large  anther.  Fruit 


176  ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

nut-like,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  simple  entire  leaves  in 
whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  in  summer.  (Name  from  ITTTTOS, 
a  horse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail.) 

.  1.  H.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or  12,  linear,  acute.  — Ponds 
and  springs,  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northward  :  rare.  Stems  simple,  1°- 
2°  high.  Flowers  very  inconspicuous.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  39.    ONAGRACE.12.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  4-merous  (sometimes  2-3-  or  5  -  Q-merous)  perfect  and  sym- 
metrical flowers ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  cohering  with  the  2-4-celled  ovary, 
its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  obsolete  ;  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting;  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or 
calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Style  single,  slen- 
der :  stigma  2  -  4-lobed  or  capitate.  Pollen  grains  often  connected  by  cob- 
webby threads.  Seeds  anatropous,  small,  without  albumen. 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos. 

1.  Circrca.    Petals  2,  obcordate  or  2-lobed.     Stamens  2.    Fruit  1  -  2-seeded,  bristly. 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flowers  in  fours  or  more. 
•«-  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  mostly  becoming  1-celled,  1-4-seeded. 

2.  Gaura.    Petals  4.    Stamens  8  and  with  the  long  style  turned  downwards. 

•*-  •*-  Fruit  a  many -seeded  pod,  usually  loculicidal. 

3.  Epilobium.     Stamens  8.     Petals  4.     Seeds  with  a  large  downy  tuft  at  the  apex. 

4.  fEuotliera.     Stamens  8  and  petals  4  on  the  prolonged  calyx-tube.     Seeds  naked. 

5.  Ju§sirca.    Stamens  8 -12.    Petals  4 -6.    Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

6.  Ludwlgia.    Stamens  4.     Petals  4  or  more.     Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

1 .    CIRC  .33  A ,     Tourn.        ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous ; 
lobes  2,  reflexed.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  2.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent, small  and  bur-like,  bristly  with  hooked  hairs,  1-2-celled:  cells  1-seeded. 
—  Low  and  inconspicuous  perennials,  in  cool  or  damp  woods,  with  opposite  thin 
leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  racemes,  produced  in 
summer.  (Named  from  Circe,  the  enchantress.) 

1.  C.  Llltetiana,  L.     Taller  (1°-  2°  high);  leaves  ovate,  slightly  toothed ; 
bracts  none;  hairs  of  the  roundish  2-celled  fruit  bristly.  —  Very  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.     Low  (3' -8'  high),  smooth  and  weak,-  leaves  heart-shaped, 
thin,  shining,  coarsely  toothed;  bracts  minute;  hairs  of  the  obovate-oblong  \-celled 
fruit  soft  and  slender. — Deep  woods  ;  common  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.    GAURA,    L.        GAURA. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  is  also  the  long  style.  A  small  scale-like  ap- 
pendage before  the  base  of  each  filament.  Stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  a 
ring  or  cup-like  border.  Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3  -  4-ribbed  or  angled,  inde- 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  177 

hisccnt  or  nearly  so,  usually  becoming  1-celled  and  1  -4-seeded.     Seeds  naked. 

—  Leaves  alternate,  sessile.    Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddish 
in  fading,  in  wand-like  spikes  or  racemes  ;  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that 
the  name,  from  yavpos,  superb,  does  not  seem  appropriate). 

1.  G.  biennis,  L.     Soft-hairy  or  downy  (3° -8°  high);  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  denticulate ;  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  ribbed,  downy.  — 
Dry  banks,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward :  common.    Aug. 

2.  G.  filipes,  Spach.     Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves 
limar,  mostly  toothed,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slen- 
der, naked  ;  fruit  obovate-club-shaped,  4-angled  at  the  summit,  slender  pedicelled. 

—  Open  places,  Virginia  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug. 

3.    EPILOBIUM,    L.        WILLOW-HEKB. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous.  Pet- 
als 4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  short.  Pod  linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft 
of  long  hairs  at  the  end.  —  Perennials,  with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet, 
purple,  or  white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  CTTI  Xo/3oO  lav,  viz. 
a  violet  on  a  pod.) 

*  Flowers  large  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme :  petals  widely  spreading,  on  claws,  entire: 

stamens  and  style  turned  downwards :  stigma  of  4  long  lobes :  leaves  scattered. 

1.  E.  angustifdlium,  L.     (GREAT  WILLOW-HERB.)     Stem  simple,  tall 
(4° -7°) ;  leaves  lanceolate.  — Low  grounds,  especially  in  newly  cleared  land  : 
common  northward.  —  Flowers  pink-purple,  very  showy.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  rather  large,  regular :  petals  obcordate :  stamens  and  style  erect :  stigma 

of  4  long  linear  lobes :  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

2.  E.  HiRstiTUM,  L.      Soft-hairy,  branching  (3° -5°  high);    leaves  lance- 
oblong,  serrulate  ;  flowers  in  the  upper  axils  or  in  a  leafy  short  raceme ;  petals 
rose-purple,  6"  long.  —  Spontaneous  in  waste  grounds,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
( T.  A.  Greene)  and  Roxbury  (D.  Murray) ;  and  in  a  ravine  near  Albany,  New 
York  (C.  H.  Peck).'    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  small,  corymbed  or  panicled:  petals  (mostly  notched  at  the  end),  sta- 

mens, and  style  erect :  stigma  club-shaped,  nearly  entire :  lower  leaves  opposite, 
entire  or  denticulate. 

3.  E.  alpinum,  L.      Low  (2' -6'  high),  nearly  glabrous;  stems  ascending 
from  a  stoloniferous  base,  simple ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly 
entire,  on  short  petioles  ;  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud ;  petals 
purple ;  pods  long,  glabrous.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

Var.  majus,  Wahl.  Taller  ;  upper  leaves  more  or  less  acute  and  toothed, 
pod  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent.  (E.  alsinifolium,  Vill.  E.  origanifolium, 
Lam.)  — With  the  typical  form :  also  upper  Wisconsin  and  Michigan.  (Eu.) 

4.  E.  paltistre,    L.,  var.  lineare.      Erect  and  slender  (l°-2°  high), 
branched  above,  minutely  hoary -pubescent ;  stem  roundish ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  nearly  entire  ;  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding  ;  petals  purplish  or 
white;   pods  hoary.      (E.  lineare,  M uhl.     E.  squamatum,  Nutt.)  —  Bogs,  N. 

12 


178  ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward.  There  is  also  a  small  an  simple 
1  -few-flowered  form  (4' -9'  high),  less  hoary  or  nearly  glabrous,  with  shorter 
leaves  (E.  oliganthum,  Michx.),  found  in  N.  New  York,  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  northward.  This  is  E.  nutans,  Sommerf.  &  E.  lineare, 
Fries,  but  the  pods  are  usually  a  little  hoary.  (Eu.) 

5.  E.  m611e,  Torr.     Soft-downy  all  over,  strictly  erect  (1°-  2£°  high),  at 
length  branching;  leaves  crowded;  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  blunt,  mostly  peti- 
oled;  petals  rose-color,  notched  (2"  -3"  long). — Bogs,  Rhofle  Island  and 
Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Sept. 

6.  E.  color  atum,  Muhl.      Glabrous  or  nearly  so;    stem  roundish,  not 
angled,  much  branched  (1°  -3°  high),  many-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  often  petioled,  not  at  all  decurrent,  thin,  usually  pur- 
ple-veined; flower-buds  erect;  petals  purplish,  2-cleft  at  the  summit  (l|"-2" 
long).  —  Wet  places  :  common.     July  -  Sept. 

4.    (ENOTHERA,    L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  4,  reflexed. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  mostly  linear  and  versatile.  Pod  4-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  naked. — Leaves  alternate.  (Name  from  olvos,  wine,  and 
6fjpa,  a  hunt  or  eager  pursuit,  given  to  some  plant  the  roots  of  which  were  eaten 
to  provoke  a  relish  for  wine.) 
§  1.  Tube  of  the  calyx  filiform  or  cylindrical  and  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary : 

stamens  nearly  equal :  anthers  linear :  stigma  of  4  JUifortn  or  linear  divergent 

lobes. 
#  Annuals  or  biennials :  flowers  nocturnal,  odorous,  yellow,  withering  the  next  day  : 

pods  fusiform  or  cylindrical,  closely  sessile. 

1.  (E.  biennis,  L.  (COMMON  EVENING-PRIMROSE.)  Erect,  mostly 
hairy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
rather  leafy  spike ;  calyx -tube  much  prolonged ;  petals  inversely  heart-shaped 
(light  yellow) ;  pods  oblong,  somewhat  tapering  above.  —  Varies  greatly ;  as 
Var.  1.  MURICATA,  with  rough-bristly  stem  and  pods,  and  petals  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens.  Var.  2.  GRANDIFI^RA,  with  larger  and  more  showy  petals. 
Var.  3.  PARVIFL6RA,  with  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.  Var.  4. 
CRUCIATA,  with  singularly  small  and  narrow  linear-oblong  petals,  shorter  than 
the  stamens,  and  smooth  pods.  Var.  5.  OAKESIANA  (CE.  Oakesiana,  Bobbins), 
with  a  minute  and  wholly  appressed  pubescence,  or  almost  glabrous  :  otherwise 
as  Var.  3.  — Fields  and  waste  places  :  very  common.  June-  Sept. 

2.  CE.  rhombip6tala,  Nutt.     Petals  rhombic-ovate,  acute ;  calyx-tube  very 
slender,  extended  an  inch  longer  than  the  short  cylindrical  ovary :  otherwise 
resembling  a  smoothish  or  rather  hoary  narrow-leaved  state  of  No.  1 .  —  Sandy 
soil,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     July -Sept. 

3.  (E.  sinuata,  L.    Hairy,  low,  ascending,  or  at  length  procumbent ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  often  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled  ;  flow- 
ers (small)  axillary;  petals  not  longer  than  the  stamens  (pale yellow,  rose-color 
in  fading);  pods  cylindrical,  elongated.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  and  south- 
ward, principally  a  dwarf  state.    June. 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  179 

#  *  Biennials  or  perennials :  flowers  diurnal  (opening  in  sunshine),  yellow :  pods  dub- 
shaped,  with  4  strong  or  winged  angles  and  4  intermediate  ribs. 

4.  CE.  glauca,   Michx.     Very  glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  pods  obo void-oblong,  4-wingtd,  almost  sessile ;  root  perennial.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May -July.  —  Leaves  broader 
and  flowers  larger  than  in  the  next. 

5.  CE.  fruticdsa,  L.   '(SUNDROPS.)      Hairy  or  nearly  smooth  (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  raceme  corymbed,  naked  below ;  petals  broadly 
obcordate,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ;  pods  oblong-club-shaped,  4- 
winged,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  root  perennial.  —  Open  places,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  l£'  broad. 

6.  CE.  riparia,    Nutt.     Scarcely  pubescent ;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elon- 
gated, tapering  below  and  somewhat  stalked ;  flowers  (large)  in  a  rather  leafy  at 
length  elongated  raceme ;  petals  slightly  obcordate ;  pods  oblong-club-shaped,  slen- 
der-pediceUed,  scarcely  4-winged;  root  biennial.  —  River-banks  and  swamps,  Qua- 
ker Bridge,  New  Jersey,  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

7.  CE.  linearis,  Michx.    Slender,  minutely  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  linear ; 
flowers  (rather  large)  somewhat  corymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  pods  ob- 
ovate,  hoary,  scarcely  4-winged  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a  slender  pedicel.  —  Mon- 
tauk  Point,  Long  Island,  to  Virginia  and  southward.    June,  July.  —  Plant  1° 
high,  bushy-branched  :  flowers  1 '  wide. 

8.  (E.  chrysantha,  Michx.     Slender,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, rather  blunt ;  flowers  crowded  or  at  first  corymbed ;  petals  obovate,  notched 
at  the  end  (orange-yellow),  longer  than  the  stamens  :  pods  all  pedicelled,  oblong-club- 
shaped,  scarcely  wing-angled;  root  biennial?  —  Banks,  Oswego,  New  York,  to 
Wisconsin  and  northward.     July.  —  Stem  12'- 15'  high ;  flowers  larger  than  in 
No.  9,  from  which  it  may  not  be  distinct. 

9.  CE.  pumila,    L.     Almost  smooth,  small ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse ;  flowers  in  a  loose  and  prolonged  leafy  raceme ;  petals  obcordate 
(pale  yellow),  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens ;  pods  almost  sessile,  oblong-club- 
shaped,  strongly  wing-angled ;  root  perennial  or  biennial  ?  —  Dry  fields  :  com- 
mon northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    June.  — Stems  mostly 
simple,  5' -12'  high :  the  corolla  £'  broad. 

§  2.  Tube  of  the  calyx  funnel-form,  strongly  4-nerved,  and  shorter  than  the  cylindrical 
ovary,  its  lobes  keeled  with  the  midrib:  filaments  opposite  the  petals  shorter:  an- 
thers oblong,  versatile :  stigma  disk-shaped,  almost  entire :  flowers  opening  in  sun- 
shine or  daylight. 

10.  CE.  serrulata,  Nutt.     Stems  low,  slightly  woody  at  the  base ;  leaves 
lance-linear,  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  sharply  serrulate  or  toothed ;  flow- 
ers axillary  mostly  small ;  petals  yellow,  obovate,  wavy-crenulate,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens ;  pods  cylindrical,  puberulent.  —  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Wis- 
consin (Lesquereux,  T.  J  Hale],  and  westward. 

5.    JUSSIJEA,    L.        JUSSIJSA. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4-6, 
herbaceous  and  persistent.     Petals  4-9.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 


180  ONAGRACE^E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

Pod  4  -  6-celled,  usually  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  very  numerous. 
—  Herbs  (ours  glabrous  perennials),  with  mostly  entire  and  alternate  leaves, 
and  axillary  yellow  flowers,  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  the 
founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany,  as  further  developed  by  his  illustrious 
nephew.) 

1.  J.  deciirrens,   DC.     Stem  erect  (l°-2°  high),  branching,  winged  by 
the  decurrent  lanceolate  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  4,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  pod  oblong- 
club-shaped,  wing-angled.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  J.  ripens,  L.     Stem  creeping,  or  floating  and  rooting;  leaves  oblong,  ta- 
pering into  a  slender  petiole;  flowers  large,  long-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  and 
obovate  petals  5;  pod  cylindrical,  with  a  tapering  base.  —  In  water,  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.    Also  nat.  near  Philadelphia. 

6.    LUDWIGIA,    L.        FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx- tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4,  usually  persist- 
ent. Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Pod  short  or  cylindrical, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked,  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  axillary  (rarely 
capitate)  flowers,  produced  through  summer  and  autumn.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Christian  G.  Ludwig,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Lin- 
naeus.) 

#  Leaves  all  alternate,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

•»-  Flowers  pedunded  in  the  upper  axils,  with  conspicuous  yellow  petals  (4"  -  8"  long), 
equalling  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

1.  L.  alternifblia,  L.     (SEED-BOX.)      Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched 
(3°  high);  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends ;  pods  cubical,  rounded 
at  the  base,  wing -angled.  —  Swamps  :  common,  especially  near  the  coast.  —  Pods 
opening  first  by  a  hole  where  the  style  falls  off,  afterwards  splitting  in  pieces. 

2.  L.  hirt611a,  Raf.     Hairy  all  over;  stems  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  both  ends ;  pods  nearly  as  in  the  last, 
but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.  —  Fascicled  roots  often  tuberous-thickened. 

•t—  •*-  Flowers  small,  sessile  (solitary  or  sometimes  clustered  or  crowded)  in  the  axils, 
with  very  small  greenish  petals  (in  No.  5)  or  mostly  none:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate 
or  linear  on  the  erect  stems  (l°-3°  high)  and  numerous  branches;  but  prostrate 
or  creeping  sterile  shoots  or  stolons  are  often  produced  from  the  base  of  the  stem, 
these  are  thickly  beset  with  shorter  obocate  or  spatulate  leaves.  ( Our  species  gla- 
brous, except  No.  3.) 

3.  L.  sphserocarpa,  Ell.     Minutely  pubescent,  especially  the  calyx,  or 
nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base ;  those 
of  the  runners  obovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base  and  glandular-denticulate ; 
bractlets  minute,  obsolete,  or  none ;  pods  globular  or  depressed  (sometimes  acute  at  the 
base),  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  (less  than  2"  long).  —  Water  or  wet 
swamps,  E.  Mass.,  S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn.,  and  southward.  —  Bark 
of  lower  part  of  the  stem  often  spongy-thickened. 

4.  L.  polycarpa,  Short  &  Peter.    Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends ;  those  of  the  runners  oblong-spatulate,  acute,  entire ;  bractlets  linear- 


MELASTOMACE^E.       (MELASTOMA   FAMILY.)  181 

awl-shaped,  and  conspicuous  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  somewhat  top-shaped  pod, 
which  is  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward. 

5.  L.  linearis,  Walt.     Slender,  mostly  low ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  those 
of  the  short  runners  obovate ;  minute  petals  usually  present ;  bractlets  minute  at 
the  base  of  the  elongated  top-shaped  4 -sided  pod,  which  is  3"  long  and  much  longer 
than  the  calyx-lobes.  — Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

6.  L.    cylindrica,    Ell.      Much  branched;  leaves  oblong-  or  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  much  tapering  at  the  base,  or  even  petioled;  bractlets  very  minute  at 
the  base  of  the  cylindrical  pod,  which  is  3"  long,  and  several  times  exceeds  the 
calyx-lobes.  —  Mound  City,  S.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasey,  and  southward. 

*  *  Leaves  all  opposite:  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

7.  L.  pallistris,  Ell.     (WATER  PURSLANE.)     Smooth:  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  petals  none,  or  small  and  reddish  when  the 
plant  grows  out  of  water ;  calyx-lobes  very  short ;  pods  oblong,  4-sided,  not  ta- 
pering at  the  base,  sessile  in  the  axils  (2"  long).     (Isnardia  palustris,  L.)  — 
Ditches :  common.     (Eu.) 

8.  L.  arcuata,  Walt.     Smooth,  small  and  creeping ;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
nearly  sessile;  flowers  solitary,  long-peduncled ;  petals  yellow,  exceeding  the 
calyx  (3"  long)  ;    pods  oblong-clubrshaped,   somewhat  curved   (£'  long).  — 
Swamps,  Eastern  Virginia  and  southward. 

ORDER  40.    HIEL,ASTO]IIACEjE.     (MELASTOMA  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  opposite  3  -  7-ribbed  leaves,  and  definite  stamens,  the  anthers 
opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  ;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Evening-Primrose 
Family.  —  All  tropical,  except  the  genus 

1.    RHEXlA,    L.        DEER-GRASS.    MEADOW-BEAUTF. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  and  continued  above 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique,  in- 
serted, along  with  the  8  stamens,  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers 
long,  1-celled,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  1  :  stigma  1.  Pod  invested  by  the 
permanent  calyx,  4-celled,  with  4  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  from  the 
central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  — Low  perennial 
herbs,  often  bristly,  with  sessile  3  -  5-nerved  and  bristle-edged  leaves,  and  large 
showy  cymose  flowers-;  in  summer;  the  petals  falling  early.  (Name  from  pr)£is, 
a  rupture,  applied  to  this  genus  for  no  obvious  reason. ) 

#  Anthers  linear,  curbed,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of  the 
filament  above  its  base :  flowers  cymose,  peduncled. 

1.  R.  Virginica,    L.     Stem  square,  with  wing-like   angles;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  bright  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  R.  Mariana,  L.    Stems  cylindrical ,- leaves  linear-oblong,  narrowed  below; 
petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 


182  LYTHRACE^E.       (LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Anthers  oblong,  straight,  without  any  spur :  flowers  few,  sessile. 
3.    R.    cili6sa,    Michx.      Stem  square,  glabrous;   leaves  broadly  ovate, 
ciliate  with  long  bristles ;  calyx  glabrous.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 

ORDER  41.    I<YTHRACEJE»    (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  enclosing 
but  free  from  the  1  -  ^-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  pod,  and 
bearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat ;  the  latter 
lower  down.  Style  1 :  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  —  Flowers  axillary 
or  whorled,  rarely  irregular,  perfect,  sometimes  dimorphous  or  even  tri- 
morphous,  those  on  different  plants  with  filaments  and  style  reciprocally 
longer  and  shorter.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Pod  often  1-celled  by 
the  early  breaking  away  of  the  thin  partitions  :  placentas  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

*  Flowers  regular,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A mmaniiia.     Calyx  short,  4-angled,  not  striate.    Petals  4,  or  none.    Stamens  4, rarely  2. 

2.  Ly  tli  rum.    Calyx  tubular-cylindrical,  striate.    Petals  5-7.     Stamens  5 -14. 

3.  JVesfea.     Calyx  short-campanulate  or  hemispherical.    Stamens  10  - 14,  exserted. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  -.  petals  unequal. 

4.  Cuphea.     Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  the  base.    Stamens  12. 

1.    AMMANNIA,    Houston.        AMMANNIA. 

Calyx  globular  or  bell-shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  usually  with  a  little  horn- 
shaped  appendage  at  each  sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4,  rarely  2,  short.  Pod  globular,  2  -  4-celled. 
—  Low  and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small 
greenish  flowers  in  their  axils,  produced  all  summer.  (Named  after  Paul 
Ammann,  a  German  botanist  anterior  to  Linnaeus.) 

§  1.   Calyx  with  manifest  tooth-like  or  horn-shaped  appendages  at  the  sinuses:  pod  4- 
celfed :  plants  of  low  or  wet  ground ;  ours  are  annuals. 

1.  A.  humilis,  Michx.     Leaves  tapering  at  the  base  or  into  a  short  petiole, 
linear-oblanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate  ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile  ;   style  very  short.  —  Massachusetts   to  Michigan, 
Illinois  and  southward. 

2.  A.   latifdlia,  L.      Leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2'  -3'  long),  with  a   broad 
aurided  sessile  base;   style  sometimes  very  short,  sometimes  slender.  —  Ohio, 
Illinois,  and  southward.      Ship-yards,  Philadelphia,  an  immigrant  from  the 
south,  C.  F.  Parker. 

§  2.    HYP.OBRYCHIA,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Appendages  at  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx 
mere  callous  points  or  none :  petals  none :  pod  2-celled. 

3.  A.   Nuttallii,   Gray.      Submersed  aquatic,  or  sometimes  terrestrial, 
rooting  in  the  mud  ;  leaves  linear,  when  immersed  elongated,  thin,  and  closely 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  when  out  of  water  shorter  and  contracted  at  the  base ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  sessile,  small ;  calyx  with  broad  triangular 
lobes ;  style  very  short.     (Peplis  diandra,  Nutt.,  but  stamens  usually  4.    Hypo- 


LYTHRACE^.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.)  183 

brichia  Nuttallii,  M.  A.  Curtis.) — Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  (T.  J.  Hale), 
Illinois  (Buckley,  Vasey,  Hall,  &c.),  and  southward.  —  When  in  deep  water  the 
stems  are  l°-3°  long,  very  leafy,  the  flowers  and  pods  not  larger  than  a  pin's 
head  :  when  terrestrial  2'  -  6'  long,  larger-flowered{  resembling  depauperate 
specimens  of  No.  1,  with  obsolete  projections  at  the  sinuses. 

2.    LY THRUM,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  5  -  7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  5-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  in- 
serted low  down  on  the  calyx,  commonly  nearly  equal.  Pod  oblong,  2-celled. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  opposite  or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  purple 
(rarely  white)  flowers ;  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  \v0pov,  blood;  per- 
haps from  the  crimson  blossoms  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5  -  7  :  flowers  small,  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves :  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 


1.  L.  Hyssopifblia,  L.     Low  annual  (6'- 10' high),  pale;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  flowers ;  petals   (pale-purple)  5-6.  — 
Marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and  New  Jersey.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.   alatum,   Pursh.      Tall  and  wand-like  perennial ;   branches  with 
margined  angles ;  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  not  longer  than  the 
flowers;  petals  (deep  purple)  6.  —  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

3.  L.  lineare,  L.     Stem  slender  and  tall  (3° -4°  high),  bushy  at  the  top, 
two  of  the  angles  margined ;  leaves  linear,  short,  chiefly  opposite,  obtuse,  or  the 
upper  acute  and  scarcely  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  calyx  obscurely  striate ;  petals 
(whitish)  6. —  Brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

*  *  Stamens  12,  twice  the  number  of  the  petals,  6  longer  and  6  shorter :  flowers  large, 
crowded  and  whorled,  in  an  interrupted  wand-like  spike. 

4.  L.  Salicaria,  L.     (SPIKED  LOOSESTRIFE.)    Leaves  lanceolate,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes.  —  Wet  meadows,  Eastern  New 
England,  and  Orange  County,  New  York :  also  cultivated.  —  Plant  more  or  less 
downy,  tall:  flowers  large,  purple,  trimorphous,  as  to  respective  length  of  style 
and  filaments  in  3  different  kinds  of  individuals. 

3 .    "N  E  S  JE  A ,    Commerson,  Juss.        SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  5-7  erect  teeth,  and 
as  many  longer  and  spreading  horn-like  processes  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10-14,  exserted,  of  two  lengths.  Pod  globose,  3-5-celled. — Peren- 
nial herbs  or  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  ax- 
illary flowers  (these  probably  dimorphous  or  trimorphous). 

1.  K".  verticillata,  H.  B.  K.  Smooth  or  downy;  stems  recurved  (2°- 
8°  long),  4-6-sided  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  or  whorled,  the 
upper  with  clustered  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  5,  wedge- 
lanceolate,  rose-purple  [^  long) ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them  shorter.  (Decodon 
verticillatum,  Gmelin.).  —  Swampy  grounds  :  common  eastward.  July -Sept. 


184  CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

4.    CUPHEA,    Jacq.        CUPHEA. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  somewhat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base  on  the  upper  side,  6-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  as  many  little 
processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  approxi- 
mate in  2  sets,  included,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next 
the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
few-seeded,  early  ruptured  through  one  side.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose, 
stalked.  (Name  from  KV(J)OS,  gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx*  &c.) 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  (CLAMMY  CUPHEA.)  Annual,  very  viscid- 
hairy,  branching :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple. 
— -Dry  fields,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Seeds  flat, 
borne  on  one  side  of  the  placenta,  which  is  early  forced  out  the  ruptured  pod. 

ORDER  42.    L.OASACEJE.    (LOASA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  rough  or  stinging  pubescence,  no  stipules,  the  calyx-tube  ad- 
herent to  a  1-celled  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae ;  —  represented  here 
only  by  the  genus 

1.    MENTZIILIA,    Plumier.        (BART6xiA,  Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  in- 
definite, rarely  few,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles 
3,  more  or  less  united  into  one :  stigmas  terminal,  minute.  Pod  at  length'  dry 
and  opening  irregularly,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  anatropous,  with  little 
albumen.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  terminal,'  solitary  or  cy- 
' mose-clustered.  (Dedicated  to  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  M.  oligospdrma,  Nutt.  Rough  and  adhesive  (l°-3°  high),  much 
branched,  the  brittle  branches  spreading ;  leaves  ovate  and  oblong,  cutrtoothed 
or  angled;  flowers  yellow  (7"- 10"  broad),  opening  in  sunshine;  petals  wedge- 
oblong,  pointed ;  stamens  20  or  more :  filaments  filiform :  pod  small,  about  9- 
seeded. — Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois,  and  on  the  western  plains; — where  M. 
ORNATA  and  M.  NUDA,  with  large  white  flowers,  are  showy  representatives  of 
the  genus. 

ORDER  43.    CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

Fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  lea/less  plants,  of  peculiar  aspect,  globular, 
or  columnar  and  many-angled,  or  flattened  and  jointed,  usually  with  prickles. 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous,  with  long 
and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or  cup  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1 :  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  berry,  with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  on  several  parietal 
placentae.  —  Represented  east  of  the  Mississippi  only  by  the  genus 


PASSIFLORACE^E.       (PASSION-FLOWER   FAMILY.)  185 

1.    OPTJNTIA,     Tourn.        PRICKLY  PEAR.     INDIAN  FIG. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the 
inner  roundish.  Berry  often  prickly.  Seeds  flat  and  margined.  Embryo 
coiled  around  albumen  :  cotyledons  large,  foliaceous  in  germination.  —  Stem 
composed  of  joints,  bearing  very  small  awl-shaped  and  usually  deciduous  leaves 
arranged  in  a  spiral  order,  with  clusters  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  spines  also 
in  their  axils.  Flowers  in  our  species  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  for  more  than 
one  day.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  originally  belonging  to  some  different 
plant.) 

1.  O.  VUlg£ris,  Mill.     (Cactus  Opuntia,  L.)    Low,  prostrate  or  spreading, 
pale,  with  flat  and  broadly  obovate  joints ;  the  minute  leaves  ovate-subulate  and 
oppressed;  the  axils  bristly,  rarely  with  a  few  small  spines;  flowers  sulphur-yel- 
low ;  berry  nearly  smooth,  pulpy,  eatable.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  from 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  southward,  usually  near  the  coast.    June. 

2.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Engelm.    'Joints  (deep  green)  and  flowers  larger  than 
in  the  preceding,  the  latter  often  with  a  red  centre,  and  with  more  numerous 
(10-12)  petals;  leaves  spreading,  longer  and  narrower  (3" -4") ;  axils  some  of 
them  bearing  a  few  small  spines  and  a  single  strong  one  (9" -12"  long). — 
Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  westward.    June. 

3.  O.  Missourtensis,  DC.     Prostrate;  the  joints  broadly  obovate  and 
flat  (2' -4'  long),  tuberculate;  leaves  minute;  axils  armed  with  a  tuft  of  straw- 
colored  bristles  and  5-10  slender  radiating  spines  (l'-2'  long);  flowers  light 
yellow ;  berry  dry,  prickly.  —  Borders  of  Wisconsin  and  westward.     May  -  July. 

ORDER  44.     PASSIFL.ORACEJE.     (PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  perfect  flowers,  5  mona- 
delplious  stamens,  and  a  stalked  l-celled  ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  with  3  or 
4  parietal  placentce,  and  as  many  club-shaped  styles; — represented  by  the 
typical  genus 

1.    PASSIFLORA,    L.        PASSION-FLOWER. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  cup,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
usually  colored  like  the  petals,  at  least  within ;  the  throat  crowned  with  a  double 
or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5 :  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above : 
anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many-seeded;  the  ana- 
tropous  albuminous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed-coat  brittle, 
grooved.  —  Leaves  alternate,  generally  palmately  lobed,  with  stipules.  Pedun- 
cles axillary,  jointed.  Ours  are  perennial  herbs.  (Name,  from  passio,  passion, 
and  flos,  a  flower,  given  by  the  early  missionaries  in  South  America  to  these 
blossoms,  in  which  they  fancied  a  representation  of  the  implements  of  the  cru- 
cifixion. ) 

1.  P.  lutea,  L.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
lobes  entire;  petioles  glandless;  flowers  greenish -yellow  (!'  broad). — Damp 
thickets,  S.  Penn.  to  111.  and  southward.  July -Sept.  —  Fruit  £'  in  diameter. 


186  CUCURBITACE^E.       (GOURD    FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  incarnelta,  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  leaves  3-cleft ;  the  lobes  serrate ;  peti- 
ole bearing  2  glands ;  flower  large  (2'  broad),  nearly  white,  with  a  triple  purple 
and  flesh-colored  crown ;  involucre  3-leaved.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward.  May  -  July.  —  Fruit  of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  oval,  called 
Mai/pops. 

ORDER  45.     CUCURBIT  ACE  2B.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Mostly  succulent  kerbs  with  tendrils,  dioecious  or  monoecious  (often  mono- 
petalous')  flowers,  the  calyx-tube  cohering  with  the  1  -  3-celled  ovary,  and  the 
5  or  usually  2^  stamens  (i.  e.  one  with  a  one-celled  and  2  with  two-celled 
anthers)  commonly  united  by  their  often  tortuous  anthers,  and  sometimes  also 
by  the  filaments.  Fruit  (pepo)  fleshy,  or  sometimes  membranaceous.  — 
Limb  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  usually  more  or  less  combined.  .Stigmas  2 
or  3.  Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Cotyledons 
leaf-like.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  veined.  —  Mostly  a  trop- 
ical or  subtropical  order ;  represented  in  cultivation  by  the  GOURD  (LA- 

GEXARIA  VULGARIS),  PUMPKIN  and  SQUASH  (species  of  CUCURBITA), 
MUSKMELON  (CtCUMIS  MfiLO),  CUCUMBER  (C.  SATIVUS),  and  WA- 
TERMELON (CITRULLUS  VULGARIS)  ;  while  as  wild  plants,  there  are  only 
the  three  following :  — 

1.  Sicyos.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  5-lobed.    Fruit  prickly,  indebis- 

cent,  1-celled,  1 -seeded. 

2.  Et-h  inocystis.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  6-parted.    Pod  prickly, 

2-celled,  4-seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 

3.  Melothria.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  somewhat  campanulate,  5-cleft.    Berry  smooth, 

many-seeded. 

1.     SlCYOS,     L.         ONE-SEEDED  STAR-CUCUMBER. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flattish  co- 
rolla. Anthers  cohering  in  a  mass.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule :  style  slender :  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovate,  dry  and  indehiscent,  filled  by  the 
single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  are  readily  detached.  — 
Climbing  annuals,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  small  whitish  flowers  ;  the  sterile  and 
fertile  mostly  from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in  a  capitate 
cluster,  long-peduncled.  (Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  angul&tus,  L.  Leaves  roundish  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed, 
the  lobes  pointed ;  plant  clammy-hairy.  —  River-banks ;  and  a  weed  in  damp 
yards.  July  -  Sept. 

2.    ECHINOCYSTIS,    Torr.  &  Gray.        WILD  BALSAM-APPLE. 

Flowers  monoacious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect 
ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  broad.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry,  clothed  with 
weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  the  inner  part  fibrous- 
netted.  Seeds  large,  with  a  thickish  hard  coat.  Tall  climbing  plants,  nearly 
smooth,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  and  very  numerous  small  greenish- 


UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  187 

white  flowers;  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  often  1°  long,  the  fruitful  in 
small  clusters  or  'solitary,  from  the  same  axils.  (Name  composed  of  e'^ii/os, 
a  hedgehog,  and  KVCTTIS,  a  bladder,  from  the  prickly  covering  of  the  at  length 
bladdery  fruit.) 

1.  E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Root  annual;  leaves  deeply  and  sharply  5- 
lobed ;  fruit  oval  (2' long) ;  seeds  flat,  dark-colored.  (Sicyos  lobatus,  M\ ichx. 
Momdrdica  echinata,  Muhl. )  —  Rich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky  :  also  cult,  for  arbors.  July  -  Oct. 

3.     MELOTHRIA,    L.        MELOTHRIA. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulate,  the  corolla  5- 
lobed ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  cam- 
panulate.  Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Berry  small,  pulpy,  filled  with  many 
flat  and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered 
from  MqXo>0poi/,  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  p6ndula,  L.  Slender,  from  a  perennial  root,  climbing;  leaves 
small,  roundish  and  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed,  roughish ;  sterile  flowers 
few  in  small  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary,  greenish  or  yellowish ;  berry  oval, 
green.  —  Copses,  Virginia  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

ORDER  46.    UMBEL,L,IFERJE.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels  (or  rarely  in  heads),  the  calyx  entirely 
adhering  to  the  2-celled  and  2-ovuled  ovary,  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2 
styles.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
obsolete,  or  a  mere  5-toothed  border.  Petals  either  imbricated  in  the  bud 
or  valvate  with  the  point  inflexed.  The  two  carpels  (called  mericarps) 
cohering  by  their  inner  face  (the  commissure),  when  ripe  separating  from 
each  other  and  usually  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolon- 
gation of  the  axis  (carpophore')  :  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5 
primary  ribs,  and  often  with  5  intermediate  (secondary)  ones  ;  in  the  inter- 
stices or  intervals  between  them  are  commonly  lodged  the  oil-tubes  (vittce), 
which  are  longitudinal  canals  in  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containing 
aromatic  oil.  (These  are  best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fruit.)  Seed 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  hard  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  com- 
pound, the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathing  at  the  base :  rarely  with  true 
stipules.  Umbels  usually  compound  ;  when  the  secondary  ones  are  termed 
umbellets :  each  often  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  bracts  (that  under  the 
umbel  is  the  involucre;  that  of  the  umbellet,  involucel).  —  In  many  the 
flowers  are  dichogamous,  i.  e.  the  styles  are  protruded  from  the  bud  some 
time  before  the  anthers  develop,  —  an  arrangement  for  cross-fertilization. 
—  A  large  family,  some  of  the  plants  innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with 
very  poisonous  (acrid-narcotic)  properties ;  the  flowers  much  alike  in  all, 


188  UMBELLIFERwE.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

—  therefore  to  be  studied  by  their  fruits,  inflorescence,  &c.,  which  likewise 
exhibit  comparatively  small  diversity.  The  family  is  therefore  difficult 
for  the  young  student. 

I.   Inner  face  of  each  seed  flat  or  nearly  so  (not  hollowed  out). 

*  Umbels  or  heads  simple  or  irregularly  compound,  sometimes  proliferous  (i.  e.  one  from  the 
summit  of  another). 

1.  Hydrocotyle.    Fruit  smooth,  orbicular  or  shield-shaped,  flattened  laterally.    Leaves- 

with  an  orbicular  or  roundish  blade. 

2.  Crantzia.     Fruit  smooth,  globular,  corky.    Leaves  are  thread-shaped  or  awl-shaped 

petioles,  with  no  true  blade. 

3.  Sanicula.    Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  globular.    Flowers  polygamous,  capitate 

in  the  umbellets. 

4.  Eryngium.    Fruit  clothed  with  appressed  scales  or  tubercles,  top-shaped.    Flowers 

perfect,  in  dense  heads. 

*  *  Umbels  compound  and  perfect ;  i.  e.  its  rays  regularly  bearing  umbellets. 
*-  Fruit  beset  with  bristly  prickles,  not  flat. 

5.  D aucus.    Fruit  beset  with  weak  prickles  in  single  rows  on  the  ribs. 

*-  •*-  Fruit  smooth,  strongly  flattened  on  th&  back,  and  single-winged  or  margined  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  2  carpels  (next  to  the  commissure). 

6.  Polyteenia,    Fruit  surrounded  with  a  broad  and  tumid  corky  margin  thicker  than  the 

fruit  itself,  which  is  nearly  ribless  on  the  back. 

7.  Heracleum.     Fruit  broadly  wing-margined :  the  carpels  minutely  5-ribbed  on  the  back  : 

lateral  ribs  close  to  the  margin.     Flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  radiant. 

8.  Pastinaca.     Fruit  wing-margined  :  ribs  of  the  carpels  as  in  No.  7.    Flowers  yellow,  the 

marginal  ones  perfect,  not  radiant. 

9.  Archemora.     Fruit  broadly  winged  :  the  5  ribs  on  the  back  equidistant  j  the  2  lateral 

ones  close  to  the  wing.    Flowers  white.    Leaves  pinnate  or  3-foliolate. 

10.  Tiedemannia.    Fruit  winged,  much  as  in  No.  9.    Leaves  simple,  long  and  cylindrical, 

hollow,  with  some  cross  partitions. 

*-  *-  •*-  Fruit  smooth,  flat  or  flattish  on  the  back,  and  double-winged  or  margined  at  the  edge, 
each  carpel  also  3-ribbed  or  sometimes  3-winged  on  the  back. 

11.  Angelica.     Carpels  with  3  slender  ribs  on  the  back  ;  a  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval. 

Seed  not  loose. 

12.  Archangelica.     Carpels  with  3  rather  stout  ribs  on  the  back,  and  2-3  or  more  oil- 

tubes  in  each  interval  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

13.  Conioselinum.     Carpels  with  3  wings  on  the  back  narrower  than  those  of  the  margins. 

*-  H-  *-  H-  Fruit  smooth,  not  flattened  either  way,  or  only  slightly  so,  the  cross-section  nearly 
orbicular  or  quadrate  ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  wings  or  strong  ribs. 

14.  JEtlinsa.     Fruit  ovate-globose  :  carpels  with  5  sharply  keeled  ridges,  and  with  single 

oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 

15.  Ligusticiim.    Fruit  elliptical :  carpels  with  5  sharp  almost  winged  ridges,  and  with 

several  oil-tubes  in  each  interval. 

16.  Thaspium.    Fruit  elliptical  or  ovoid:  carpels  5-winged  or  5-ribbed,  and  with  single 

oil-tubes  in  each  interval.     Flowers  yellow  or  dark  purple. 

«-  -K-  *_  +-  +-  Fruit  smooth,  flattened  laterally  or  contracted  at  the  sides,  wingless. 

17.  Ztzia.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  oval,  somewhat  twin :  the  carpels  narrowly  6-ribbed :  oil- 

tubes  3  in  each  interval.    Leaves  compound. 

18.  Bupleurum.     Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  ovoid-oblong:  the  carpels  somewhat  5-ribbed. 

Leaves  all  simple. 

19.  Discopleura.    Flowers  white.     Fruit  ovoid  :  the  lateral  ribs  united  with  a  thick  corky 

margin.    Leaves  cut  into  capillary  divisions. 


UMBELLIFER^:.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  189 

20.  Cicuta.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  subglobose,  twin :  the  carpels  strongly  and  equally  5- 

ribbed.    Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate. 

21.  Slum.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  ovate  or  globular :  the  carpels  5-ribbed.    Leaves  all  simply 

pinnate. 

22.  Cry  ptotreuia.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  oblong.    Leaves  3-parted.    Umbel  irregular. 

II.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  out  lengthwise,  or  the  margins  invo- 
lute, so  that  the  cross-section  is  semilunar.     (Umbels  compound.) 

23.  C'luvrophy  Hum.     Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  narrowed  or  beaked  at  the  apex. 

24.  Osmorrhiza.    Fruit  linear-club-shaped,  tapering  below  :  ribs  bristly. 

25.  Coninm.    Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides  :  ribs  prominent,  wavy. 

26.  Eulophus.    Fruit  ovoid,  somewhat  twin,  nearly  destitute  of  ribs. 

III.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  in  the  middle,  or  curved  inwards  at 
the  top  and  bottom,  so  that  the  section  lengthwise  is  semilunar. 

27.  Erigenia.    Fruit  twin  :  carpels  nearly  kidney-form.    Umbellets  few-flowered. 

1.    HYDROCOTYLE,    Tourn.        WATER  PENNYWORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or  shield-shaped; 
the  carpels  5-ribbed,  two  of  the  ribs  enlarged  and  often  forming  a  thickened 
margin :  oil-tubes  none.  —  Low,  mostly  smooth,  marsh  or  aquatic  perennials, 
with  slender  creeping  stems,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kidney-form  leaves, 
with  scale-like  stipules.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters, 
which  are  either  single  or  proliferous,  appearing  all  summer.  (Name  from 
vdap,  water,  and  KorvXr),  a  fiat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of  several  species  being 
somewhat  cup-shaped.) 

*  Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles :  pedicels  short  or  none :  leaves  not  peltate. 

1.  H.  repanda,  Pers.    Petioles  (2'-9/long)  and  peduncles  (l'-2'long) 
clustered  "on  the  creeping  stems  or  runners ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped  with  a  shal- 
low open  sinus,  repand-toothed,  thickish ;  flowers  2  -  4  in  a  head  or  cluster,  with 
a  conspicuous  2-leaved  involucre ;   ripe  fruit  ribbed,  reticulated  between  the 
ribs.  —  Maryland  ( W.  M.  Cariby)  and  southward.  —  Probably  a  variety  of 
H.  Asiatica,  L. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.   -Petioles  (2' - 9' long)  and  peduncles  (£'-!' 
long,  in  fruit  reflexed)  from  long  commonly  floating  creeping  stems ;  leaves  or- 
bicular or  kidney-form,  3  -  1 -cleft,  the  lobes  broad  and  crenate ;  flowers  5  - 10  in  a 
capitate  umbel;  fruit  smooth,  scarcely  ribbed.  — Pennsylvania  to  Virginia,  and 
southward. 

3.  H.  Americana,  L.     Stems  filiform,  branching,  spreading  and  creeping ; 
leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  crenate-lobed  and  the  lobes  crenate,  thin,  very  smooth  and 
shining,  short-petioled ;  the  few-flowered  umbels  of  minute  flowers  in  their  axils 
almost  sessile.  —  Shady  damp  places  :  common  northward. 

*  *  Peduncles  scape-like,  as  long  as  the  slender  petioles,  all  from  slender  runners  or 

rootstocks  creeping  in  the  mud:  leaves  orbicular,  centrally  peltate,  simply  or  doubly 
crenate :  fruit  sharp-margined. 

4.  H.  umbellata,  L.      Umbel  many-flowered  and  simple  or  sometimes 
proliferous  (2  or  3,  above  one  another) ;  pedicels  slender  l£"-3"  long);  fruit 


190  TJMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

notched  at  base  and  apex.  —  Massachusetts  on  the  coast,  to  Penn.  (on  the  Juni- 
ata  River,  Prof.  Porter),  and  southward.  — Petioles  and  peduncles  3' -8"  high : 
leaves  1'- 2' wide. 

Var.  ?  ambigua.  Umbels  3  -  4 ;  pedicels  only  once  or  twice  the  length  of 
the  fruit.  —  Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby.  Intermediate  between  H.  umbellata  and 
H.  vulgaris  :  differs  from  the  next  by  the  distinctly  pedicelled  fruit. 

5.  H.  interriipta,  Muhl.  Umbels  or  rather  little  heads  few-flowered, 
proliferous  and  forming  an  interrupted  spike ;  pedicels  scarcely  any,  the  broadly 
margined  fruit  acutish  at  the  base.  —  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward, 
along  the  coast.  —  Usually  smaller  than  No.  4. 

2.    CBANTZIA,    Nutt.        CRANTZIA. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose ;  the  carpels  corky,  5-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube 
in  each  interval. — Minute  perennials,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud,  like 
Hydrocotyle,  but  with  fleshy  and  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped  petioles,  in 
place  of  leaves,  marked  with  cross  divisions.  Umbels  few-flowered,  simple. 
Flowers  white.  (Named  for  Prof.  Henry  John  Crantz,  an  Austrian  botanist  of 
the  18th  century.) 

1.  C.  lineata,  Nutt.  Leaves  somewhat  club-shaped,  very  obtuse  (l'-2' 
long) ;  lateral  ribs  of  the  fruit  projecting,  forming  a  corky  margin. — Brackish 
marshes,  from  Massachusetts  southward  along  the  coast.  July. 

3.    SANICTJIiA,    Tourn.        SANICLE.    BLACK  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  each  with  5  oil-tubes. 
—  Perennial  rather  tall  herbs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  parted  leaves,  those  from 
the  root  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  compound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or 
yellowish)  capitate  in  the  umbellets,  perfect,  and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed. 
Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  (Name  from  sano,  to  heal. ) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.    Leaves  3-5-  (the  upper  only  3-)  parted;  sterile 
flowers  few,  scarcely  pedicelled,  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones  ;  styles  shorter  than  the 
prickles  of  the  fruit.  —  Copses.     June -Aug. — Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  thin 
leaves ;  their  divisions  wedge-obovate  or  oblong,  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the 
lateral  mostly  2-lobed.    Fruits  few  in  each  umbellet. 

2.  S.  Marilandica,  L.     Leaves  all  5-7-parted;  sterile  flowers  numerous, 
on  slender  pedicels,  about  the  length  of  the  fertile ;  styles  elongated  and  conspicuous, 
recurved.  —  Woods  and  copses :  common.  —  Stem  2°  -3°  high  ;  the  leaves  more 
rigid  and  with  narrower  divisions  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  cartilaginous 
teeth.    Fruits  several  in  each  umbellet. 

4.    ERTTNGIUM,    Tourn.        ERTNGO. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  top-shaped,  covered 
with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and  scarcely  any  oil-tubes.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  coriaceous,  toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white 
bracted  flowers  closely  sessile  in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides, 
of  uncertain  origin.) 


UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  191 

1.  E.  yuccsefblium,  Michx.  (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER.  BUTTON  SNAKE- 
ROOT.)     Leaves  linear,  taper-pointed,  rigid,  grass-like,  nerved,  bristly-fringed;  leaf- 
lets of  the  involucre  mostly  entire  and  shorter  than  the  heads ;  root  perennial. 
(E.  aquaticum,  L.,  in  part,  but  never  aquatic.)  — Dry  or  damp  pine-barrens  or 
prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  Virginianum,  Lam.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  with  hooked 
or  somewhat  spiny  teeth,  veiny ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  cleft  or  spiny-toothed, 
longer  than  the  cymose  whitish  or  bluish  heads ;  root  biennial.  —  Swamps,  New 
Jersey  and  southward  near  the  coast.    July. 

5.    DAITCUS,    Tourn.        CARROT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong;  the  carpels 
scarcely  flattened  on  the  back,  with  5  primary  slender  bristly 'ribs,  two  of  them 
on  the  inner  face,  also  with  4  equal  and  more  or  less  winged  secondary  ones, 
each  bearing  a  single  row  of  slender  bristly  prickles  :  an  oil-tube  under  each  of 
these  ribs.  —  Biennials,  with  finely  2-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  cleft  invo- 
lucres, and  concave  umbels,  dense  in  fruit.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

1 .  D.  CAR6TA,  L.  (  COMMON  CARROT.  )  Stem  bristly ;  involucre  pinnati- 
fid, equalling  the  umbel.  —  Spontaneous  in  old  fields.  July -Sept.  —  Flowers 
white  or  cream-color,  the  central  one  of  each  umbellet  abortive  and  dark-purple. 
Umbel  in  fruit  dense  and  concave,  resembling  a  bird's  nest.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  POLYTJENIA,    DC.        POLTT^NIA. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  with  an  entire  broad  and  thick  corky 
margin,  the1  impressed  back  very  obscurely  ribbed :  oil-tubes  2  in  each  interval, 
and  many  in  the  corky  margin.  —  A  smooth  herb  (2° -3°  high),  resembling  a 
Parsnip,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft,  no  invo- 
lucres, brfstly  involucels,  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  TroXus,  many, 
and  raivia,  ajillet,  alluding  to  the  numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  —  Barrens,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and Southwestward. 
May. 

7.  HERACLETJM,    L.        COW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  the  oil-tubes  shorter  than  the 
carpels  (reaching  from  the  summit  to  the  middle).  Petals  (white)  inversely 
heart-shaped,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant,  appearing 
2-cleft.  —  Stout  perennials,  with  broad  sheathing  petioles  and  large  flat  umbels. 
Involucre  deciduous  :  involucels  many-leaved.  (Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved;  leaves  1  - 2-ternately 
compound ;  leaflets  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  fruit  obovate  or  orbicular.  —  Moist 
rich  ground  :  most  common  northward.  June.  —  A  very  large,  strong-scented 
plant,  4°  -  8°  high,  in  some  places  wrongly  called  Masterwort. 

8.    PASTINACA,    Tourn.       PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  a  thin  single-winged  margin ;  the 
carpels  minutely  5-ribbed ;  three  of  the  ribs  equidistant  on  the  back,  the  lateral 


192  UMBELLIFER^:.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

ones  distant  from  them  and  near  the  margin :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  of  the 
length  of  the  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  roundish,  entire ;  none  of  the  flowers  radiant. 
—  Chiefly  biennials,  with  spindle-shaped  roots,  and  pinnately-compound  leaves. 
Involucre  and  involucels  small  or  none.  (The  Latin  name,  frompastus,  food.) 
1.  P.  SATIVA,  L.  (COMMON  PARSNIP.)  Stem  grooved,  smooth;  leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  cut-toothed,  somewhat  shining  above.  —  Fields,  &c. 
July.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.    ABCHBMORA,    DC.        COWBANE. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  broad  single-winged  margin,  oval,  flattish  j 
the  carpels  with  5  obtuse  and  approximated  equidistant  ribs  on  the  convex  back : 
oil-tubes  one  in  each  interval,  and  4  -  6  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennials, 
with  rather  rigid  leaves  of  3  -  9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets.  Involucre  nearly 
none :  involucels  of  numerous  small  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Name  applied 
to  this  poisonous  umbelliferous  plant  in  fanciful  allusion  to  Archemorus,  who  is 
said  to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.  DC.) 

1.  A.  rigida,  DC.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  3-9,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  or,  in  Var.  AMBfouA, 
linear,  long  and  narrow.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  Jersey  and  W.  New  York  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

10.    TIEDEMANNIA,    DC.        FALSE  WATER-DROPWORT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  single-winged  margin,  obovate,  flattish ;  the 
carpels  with  5  equidistant  slender  ribs  on  the  convex  back :  oil-tubes  one  in  each 
interval,  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  smooth  and  erect  aquatic  'herb,  with  a 
hollow  stem  (2° -6°  high),  and  cylindrical  pointed  and  hollow  petioles  (the 
cavity  divided  by  cross  partitions)  in  place  of  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels 
of  few  subulate  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  anat- 
omist the  late  Prof.  Tiedemann,  of  Heidelberg. ) 

1.   T.  teretifblia,  DC.   'Virginia  (Harper's  Ferry)  and  southward.    Aug. 

11.    ANGELICA,    L.        ANGELICA. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened,  with  a  double-winged  margin  at  the 
commissure ;  i.  e.  the  lateral  rib  of  each  oval  carpel  expanded  into  a  wing ;  their 
flattish  backs  each  strongly  3-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  and  2  -  4  on 
the  inner  face.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  —  Stout  perennial  herbs,  more 
or  less  aromatic,  with  first  ternately,  then  once  or  twice  pinnately  or  ternately 
divided  leaves,  toothed  and  cut  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  large  terminal  umbels, 
scanty  or  no  involucre,  and  small  many-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white  or 
greenish.  Petioles  membranaceous  at  the  base.  (Named  angelic  from  its  cor- 
dial and  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the 
divisions  quinate ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed ;  involucels  of  small  subulate  leaflets  ;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad.  — 
Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  (Prof.  Porter),  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  Aug. 


UMBELLIFER.E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  193 

12.    ARCHANG^ILICA,    Hoffm.        ARCHANGELICA. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Seed  becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp,  coated  with  numer- 
ous oil-tubes  which  adhere  to  its  surface.  Otherwise  as  in  Angelica,  from  which 
the  species  have  been  separated,  with  hardly  sufficient  reason. 

1.  A.  hirsuta,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Woolly  or  downy  at  the  top  (2°  -5°  high), 
rather  slender;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided;    leaflets  thickish, 
ovate-oblong,  often  blunt,  serrate ;  involucels  as  long  as  the  umbellets ;  pedun- 
cles and  fruit  downy,  broadly  winged.     (Angelica  triquinata,  Nutt.}  —  Dry  open 
woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward.     July.  — Flowers  white. 

2.  A.  atropurp urea,  Hoffm.     (GREAT  ANGELICA.)    Smooth ;  stem  dark 
purple,  very  stout  (4° -6°  high),  hollow;  leaves  2 - 3-ternately  compound;  the 
leaflets  pinnate,  5-7,  sharply  cut  serrate,  acute,  pale  beneath ;  petioles  much 
inflated ;   involucels  very  short ;  fruit  smooth,  winged.      (Angelica  triquinata, 
Michx.}  — Low  river-banks,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Flowers  greenish-white.     Plant  strong-scented. 

3.  A.  Gmelini,  DC.     Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit  (l°-3°  high) ; 
leaves  2  -  3-ternately  divided ;  the  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate,  glabrous ;  in- 
volucels about  as  long  as  the  umbellets  ;  fruit  oblong  with  5  thick  and  corky  wing- 
like  ribs  to  each  carpel,  the  marginal  ones  little  broader  than  the  others.     (A.  pere- 
grina,  Nutt.,  &  ed.  2.)  —  Rocky  coast  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  northward. 
July.  —  Flowers  greenish-white.     Plant  little  aromatic.    Fruit  so  thick  and  so 
equally  ribbed,  rather  than  winged,  that  it  might  be  taken  for  a  Ligusticum. 

13.    CONIOSELINUM,    Fischer.        HEMLOCK-PARSLEY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval :  the  carpels  convex -flattish  and  narrowly 
3-winged  on  the  back,  and  each  more  broadly  winged  at  the  margins  :  oil-tubes 
in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp,  1  -  3  in  each  of  the  intervals,  and  several  on 
the  inner  face.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  finely  2  -  3-pinnately  compound  thin 
leaves,  inflated  petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  leaflets  of 
the  involucels  awl-shaped.  (Name  compounded  of  Conium,  the  Hemlock,  and 
Selinum,  Milk-Parsley,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  two  genera.) 

1.  C.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Leaflets  pinnatifid ;  fruit  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  Swamps,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward  through 
the  Alleghanies.  Aug.  —  Herbage  resembling  the  Poison  Hemlock. 

14.    JETHUSA,     L.        FOOL'S  PARSLEY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose;  the  carpels  each  with  5  thick 
sharply-keeled  ridges:  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Annual,  poisonous 
herbs,  with  2 -3-ternately  compound  and  many-cleft  leaves,  the  divisions  pin- 
nate, and  white  flowers.  (Name  from  aWio,  to  burn,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

1.  JE.  CYNA.PIUM,  L.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  wedge-lanceolate ;  involucre 
none :  involucels  3-leaved,  long  and  narrow.  —  About  cultivated  grounds,  New 
England  to  Penn.  July.  — A  fetid,  poisonous  herb,  with  much  the  aspect  of 
Poison  Hemlock,  but  with  dark-green  foliage,  long  hanging  involucels,  and 
unspotted  stem.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
13 


194  UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

15.    LIGTJSTICUM,    L.        LOVAGE. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  minute.  Fruit  elliptical,  round  on  the  cross-section,  or 
slightly  flattened  on  the  sides;  the  carpels  each  with  5  sharp  and  projecting  or 
narrowly  winged  ridges :  intervals  and  inner  face  with  many  oil-tubes.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  aromatic  roots  and  fruit,  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  white 
flowers.  (Named  from  the  country  Liguria,  where  the  officinal  Lovage  of  the 
gardens,  L.  Levisticum,  abounds.) 

1.  L.  Sc6ticum,  L.     (SCOTCH  LOVAGE.)     Very  smooth ;  stem  (2°  high), 
simple ;  leaves  2-ternate ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut ;  leaflets 
of  the  involucre  and  involucels  linear ;  calyx-teeth  distinct ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong. 
—  Salt  marshes,  from  Rhode  Island  northward.    Aug.  —  (Eu.) 

2.  L.  actaeifdlium,  Michx.    (NONDO.   ANGELICO.)    Smooth ;  stem  (39  - 
6°  high)  branched  above ;  the  numerous  umbels  forming  a  loose  and  naked 
somewhat  whorled  panicle,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  barren ;  leaves  3-ternate  ;  leaf- 
lets broadly  ovate,  equally  serrate,  the  end  ones  often  3-parted ;  calyx-teeth  mi- 
nute ;  ribs  of  the  short  fruit  wing-like.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward  along  the  mountains.    July,  Aug.  —  Root  large,  with  the  strong 
aromatic  odor  and  taste  of  Angelica.     (Michaux's  habitat,  "Banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,"  is  probably  a  mistake.) 

16.    THASPIUM,    Nutt.        MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  short.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  flattish  or 
contracted  at  the  sides  (the  cross-section  of  each  seed  orbicular  and  somewhat 
angled  or  5-angular) ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  strong  and  equal  ribs  or  wings, 
the  lateral  ones  marginal:  oil-tubes  single  in  each  interval.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  1  -2-ternately  divided  leaves  (or  the  root-leaves  simple),  umbels  with  no 
involucre,  minute  few-leaved  involucels,  and  yellow  or  sometimes  dark-purple 
flowers.  (Name  a  play  upon  Thapsia,  a  genus  so  called  from  the  isMnd  of  Thap- 
sus.)  I  include  in  this  genus  Zizia,  Koch,  —  because  the  same  species  has  fruit 
either  ribbed  or  winged,  — and  retain  the  name  of  Zizia  for  Z.  integerrima,  DC. 
*  Stems  loosely  branched,  2°  — 5°  high,  mostly  pubescent  on  the  joints:  calyx  short  but 
manifest :  corolla  light  yellow :  leaves  all  ternately  compound. 

1.  T.  barbin6de,  Nutt.     Leaves  1- 3-ternate;    leaflets  ovate  or  lance-ovate 
and  acute,  mostly  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  above  deeply  cut-serrate,  often  2  -3-cleft 
or  parted,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked  (l'-2'  long) ;  fruit  oblong,  6-10-winged 
(3"  long),  some  of  the  dorsal  wings  often  narrow  or  obsolete.  —  River-banks, 
W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  T.  pinnatifidum,  Gray.     Branchlets,  umbels,  &c.  roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves  1  -  3-ternate  ;  leaflets  1  -  2-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong ;  fruit  oblong, 
narrowly  8-W-winged  (!£'  long),  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous.     (Zizia  pin- 
natifida,  Buckley.     Thaspium  Walter!,  Shuttlew.,  excl.  syn.  Walt.)  — Barrens  of 
Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

#  *  Stems  somewhat  branched ;  the  whole  plant  glabrous :  calyx-teeth  obscure. 

3.  T.  atireum,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  1  -  2-teryately  divided  or  parted  (or  rarely 
some  of  the  root-leaves  simple  and  heart-shaped) ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  oblong- 


UMBELLIFEILE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  195 

lanceolate,  very  sharply  cut-serrate,  with  a  wedge-shaped  entire  base  ;  flowers  deep 
yellow ;  fruit  oblong-oval,  with  10  winged  ridges.  —  Moist  river-banks,  &c.  June. 

Var.  apterum.  Fruit  with  strong  and  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
(Smyrnium  aureum,  L.  Zizia  aurea,  Koch.)  —  With  the  winged  form. 

4.  T.  trifoliatum.  Root-leaves  or  some  of  them  round  and  heart-shaped; 
stem-leaves  simply  ternate  or  quinate,  or  3-parted;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  roundish,  mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  toothed; 
flowers  deep  yellow ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  with  10  winged  ridges.  —  Rocky  thickets, 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  rare  eastward.  June. 

Var.  atropurpiireum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Petals  deep  dark-purple.  (Thap- 
sia  trifoliata,  L.  Smyrnium  cordatum,  Walt.  Thaspium  atropurpureum, 
Nutt.) —  From  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

Var.  apterum.  Petals  yellow  :  fruit  with  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
(Zizia,  cordata,  Koch,  Torr.)  With  the  preceding  form. 

17.    ZIZIA,    DC.  partly.     (ZiziA  §  T^N^DIA,  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  contracted  at  the  junction  of  the 
carpels  so  as  to  become  twin,  the  cross-section  of  each  seed  nearly  orbicular : 
carpels  somewhat  fleshy  when  fresh,  with  5  slender  ribs  (which  are  more  con- 
spicuous when  dry)  :  oil-tubes  3  in  each  interval  and  4  on  the  inner  face.  — A 
perennial  smooth  and  glaucous  slender  herb  (2° -3°  high),  with  2  - 3-ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  with  entire  margins  ;  umbels  with  long  and  slen- 
der rays,  no  involucre,  and  hardly  any  involucels.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named 
for  /.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhenish  botanist.) 

1.   Z.  integerrima,  DC.  —  Rocky  hillsides  :  not  rare.    May,  June. 

18.    BUPIiEURUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGH-WAX. 

Calyx-teelh  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  flattened  laterally  or  somewhat 
twin,  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  with  or  without  oil-tubes..  Plants  with  simple  entire 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  /Sous,  an  ox,  and  TrAevpdy,  a  rib.) 

1.  B.  ROTUNDIFOLIUM,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  perfoliate ;  involucre  none;  in- 
volucels of  5  ovate  leaflets. —  Fields,  New  York  to  Virginia:  rare.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

19.    DISCOPLEUBA,    DC.        MOCK  BISHOP-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  awl-shaped.  'Fruit  ovoid  ;  the  carpels  each  with  3  strong  ribs  on 
the  back,  and  2  broad  lateral  ones  united  with  a  thickened  corky  margin  :  in- 
tervals with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Smooth  and  slender  branched  annuals,  with  the 
leaves  finely  dissected  into  bristle-form  divisions,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre 
and  involucels  conspicuous.  (Name  from  SIOTCOJ,  a  disk,  and  n\evp6v,  a  rib.) 

1.  D.  capillacea,  DC.     Umbel  few-rayed ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  3  -  5- 
cleft;  involucels  longer  than  the  umbellets  ;  fruit  ovate  in  outline.  —  Brackish 
swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July  -  Oct. 

Var.  ?  COStata,  DC.  Larger;  rays  and  divisions  of  the  involucre  numer- 
ous ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  stronger.  —  S.  Illinois  ( Vasey)  and  southwestward. 

2.  D.  Wuttallii,  DC.    Umbel  many-rayed ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  entire 
and  shorter ;  fruit  globular.  —  Wet  prairies,  Kentucky  and  southward, 


196  UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

2O.    ClCUTA,    L.        WATER-HEMLOCK. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  subglobose,  a  little  contracted  at  the  sides, 
the  carpels  with  5  flattish  and  strong  ribs :  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Marsh  perennials,  very  poisonous,  smooth,  with  thrice  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  veins  of  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaflets  terminating  in 
the  notches.  Involucre  few-leaved  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  white ; 
in  summer.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.  maculata,  L.     (SPOTTED  COWBANE.    MUSQUASH  ROOT.    BEA- 
VER-Poiso\.)      Stem   streaked   with  purple,   stout ;    leaflets  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,   sometimes   lobed,   pointed.  —  Swamps  :    common.      Aug.  — 
Plant  3'  -  6°  high,  coarse ;  the  root  a  deadly  poison. 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  L.    Leaflets  linear,  remotely  toothed  or  cut-lobed  ;  upper 
axils  bearing  clustered  bulblets.  —  Swamps  :  common  northward :  seldom  fruiting. 

21.    SIUM,    L.        WATER-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  none.  Fruit  oblong,  ovate  or  globular,  flattish  or  con- 
tracted at  the  sides ;  the  carpels  with  5  mostly  strong  ribs  :  intervals  with  1  - 
•  several  oil-tubes.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials,  smooth,  poisonous,  with  sharp- 
angled  or  grooved  stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  and  serrate  or  incised  leaflets, 
or  the  immersed  leaves  more  compound.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers 
white;  in  summer.  (Name  supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic  siu,  water.) 
*  Pericarp  thin  between  the  strong  projecting  ribs :  lateral  ribs  marginal. 

1.  S.  lineare,  Michx.   Tall  (2°  -4°);  leaflets  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  very  sharply  serrate  ;  calyx-teeth  none  or 
obsolete  ;  fruit  globular,  with  corky  and  very  salient  ribs,  or  rather  wings ;  oil-tubes 
1  -3  in  the  very  narrow  intervals.     (S.  cicutaefolium,  Gmelin,  of  Siberia  is  prob- 
ably the  same,  and  if  so,  the  older  name.)  —  In  water  or  wet  places  :  common. 

S.  LATirdLiUM,  L.,  of  Europe  (for  which  broad-leaved  forms  m  our  plant 
have  been  mistaken),  if  ever  found  in  this  country,  will  be  known  by  its  blunt 
or  less  tapering  leaves,  slender  calyx-teeth,  and  much  less  projecting  or  wing- 
like  ribs  to  the  more  oval  fruit. 

2.  S.  Cars6nii,  Durand,  ined.    Smaller  (1°-  2°  high),  branched  ;  leaflets 
3-7,  thin,  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate ;  calyx-teeth 
none  or  obsolete ;  fruit  ovoid-globnlar,  with  strong  filiform  ribs,  the  broad  inter- 
vals with  1-3  conspicuous  oil-tubes.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams,  or  in  flowing 
water  (when  the  submersed  or  floating  leaflets  are  very  thin,  sometimes  reduced 
to  the  terminal  one,  ovate  or  oblong,  and  usually  laciniate-toothed  or  dissected : 
in  this  state  it  was  doubtfully  referred  to  Helosciadium  nodiflorum,  Koch,  in 
addend,  to  ed.  2). — Pennsylvania,  around  the  Pocono  Mountain,  Prof.  Traitt 
Green,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter,  Dr.  Carson.     Connecticut,  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton. 

*  #    Ribs  inconspicuous  or  confluent  in  the  thick  texture  of  the  pericarp,  concealing 

the  numerous  oil-tubes,  the  lateral  ones  not  quite  marginal.     (Be'rula,  Koch.) 

2.     S.  angustifblium,   L.     Low  (9' -20'  high);  leaflets  varying  from 

oblong  to  linear,  mostly  cut-toothed  and  cleft  or  even  pinnatifid  ;  peduncles 

short ;  fruit  ovate ;  calyx-teeth  scarcely  any.  —  Wet  places,  Massachusetts  (M. 

A.  Cuitis  in  herb  Durand),  Michigan,  Illinois  (Dr.  lrasey),  and  westward.     (Eu.) 


UMBELLIFEILE.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  197 

22.  CRYPTOT.SJNIA,    DC.        HONEWORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  contracted  at  the  sides;  the  carpels 
equally  and  obtusely  5-ribbed  :  oil-tubes  very  slender,  one  in  each  interval  and 
one  under  each  rib.  Seed  slightly  concave^on  the  inner  face.  —  A  perennial 
smooth  herb,  with  thin  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  umbels  and  umbellets  with  very 
unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  and  few-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
composed  of  icpvirros,  hidden,  and  raii/ia,  a  fillet,  from  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  Canad6nsis,  DC.  —  Thickets:  common.  June  -Sept.  —  Plant 
2°  high.  Leaflets  large,  ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  ones  lobed. 

23.  CH^ROPHYLLUM,    L.        CHERVIL. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  pointed  or  short-beaked,  con- 
tracted at  the  sides  ;  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  at  least  at  the  apex  :  inner  face  of 
the  seed  deeply  grooved  lengthwise  :  intervals  usually  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Chiefly  annuals  or  biennials  :  leaves  ternately  decompound  ;  the  leaflets  lobed 
or  toothed  :  involucre  scarcely  any  :  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  chiefly 
white.  (Name  from  xaipa,  to  gladden,  and  c^uAXoi/,  a  leaf,  alluding  to  the 
agreeable  aromatic  odor  of  the  foliage.  ) 

1.  C.  proCTimbens,  Lam.     Stems  slender  (6'  -18'),  spreading,  a  little 
hairy  ;  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  leaflets  obtuse,  oblong  ;  umbels  few-rayed  (sessile 
or  peduncled)  ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  with  conspicuous  narrow  ribs,  not  beaked. 
—  Moist  copses,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  C.  SATIVUM,  Lam.     (GARDEN  CHERVIL.)     Taller;  lobes  of  the  leaves 
ovate  and  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  oblong-linear,  ribless,  but  tapering  into  a  ribbed  beak 
shorter  than   the  seed.      (Anthriscus  Cerefolium,  Hoffm.)  —  Rarely  seen  in 
gardens  (as  a  sweet  herb),  but  thoroughTy^s^hlaiieous  in  fields  and  copses  near 
Lancaster,  Penn.,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


24.    OSMORRHIZA,    Raf.        SWEET  CICELY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  angled,  tapering  downwards  into 
a  stalk-like  base,  contracted  at  the  sides,  crowned  with  the  styles  ;  the  carpels 
with  sharp  upwardly  bristly  ribs  :  inner  face  of  the  nearly  terete  seed  with  a 
deep  longitudinal  channel  :  oil-tubes  none.  —  Perennials,  with  thick  sweet-aro- 
matic roots,  and  large  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  ovate, 
pinnatifid-toothed.  Involucre  and  involucels  few-Jeaved.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
from  0071,77,  a  scent,  and  pifa,  a  root,  from  the  anise-like  flavor  of  the  latter.) 

1.  O.  longistylis,  DC.      (SJIOOTHER    SWEET  CICELY.)     Styles  slender, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  leaflets  sparingly  pubescent  or  smooth  when  old,  short- 
pointed,  cut-toothed,  sometimes  lobed.  —  Rich  moist  woods  :  commonest  north- 
ward.    May,  June.  —  Plant  3°  high,  branching  :  stem  reddish. 

2.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.    (HAIRY  SWEET  CICELY.)    Styles  conical  and  not 
longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary;  fruit  somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit;  leaf- 
lets downy-hairy,  taper-pointed,  pinnatifid-cut.  —  Common  :  root  less  sweet. 

25.    CONIUM,    L.        POISON  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  the  carpels  with  5 
prominent  wavy  ribs,  and  no  oil-tubes  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  with  a  deep  nar* 


198  ARALIACE^.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

row  longitudinal  groove. — Biennial  poisonous  herbs,  with  large  decompound 
leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  3  -  5-leaved,  the  latter  1 -sided.  Flowers  white. 
(Kaveiov,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  which  criminals  and  philosophers 
were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

1.  C.  MACULATUM,  L.  Smooffi;  stem  spotted;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
fid:  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbellets.  —  Waste  places.  July.  —  A  large 
branching  herb :  the  pale  green  leaves  exhale  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised. 
A  virulent  narcotico-acrid  poison,  used  in  medicine.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.    EULOPHUS,    Nutt.       EULOPHUS. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  sides  and  somewhat  twin ; 
the  carpels  smooth,  indistinctly  ribbed,  and  with  a  close  row  of  oil-tubes  :  inner 
face  of  the  seed  longitudinally  channelled,  the  cross-section  semilunar.  —  A  slen- 
der, smooth  perennial :  leaves  2-ternately  divided  into  narrow  linear  leaflets.  In- 
volucre scarcely  any :  involucels  bristle-form.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from  ev, 
well,  and  Ao</>os,  a  crest,  not  well  applied  to  a  plant  with  no  crest  at  all. ) 

1.  E.  Americ&nus,  Nutt.  -r- Darby  plains,  hear  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sulli' 
vant),  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Root  a  cluster  of  small  tubers. 

27.    ERIGENIA,    Nutt.        HARBINGER-OF-SPRING. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire.  Fruit  twin ; 
the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom,  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender 
ribs,  and  several  small  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed 
into  a  broad  deep  cavity.  —  A  small  and  smooth  vernal  plant,  producing  from 
a  deep  round  tuber  a  simple  stem,  bearing  one  or  two  2  -  3-ternately  divided 
leaves,  and  a  somewhat  imperfect  and  leafy-bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers 
few,  white.  (Name  from  rjpiyfvrjs,  born  in  the  spring.) 

1.  E.  bulbosa,  Nutt. — Alluvial  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Penn.  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  &c.  March,  April.  —  Stem  3'  -  9'  high. 

ORDER  47.    ARAOACE^E.    (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  muck  the  same  characters  as  Umbelliferse,  but 
with  usually  more  than  2  styles,  and  the  fruit  a  few  -  several-celled  drupe. 
(Albumen  mostly  fleshy.  Petals  not  inflexed.)  —  Represented  here  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    ARAL  I  A,    Tourn.        GINSENG.    WILD  SARSAPARILLA. 

Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the 
teeth  very  short  or  almost  obsolete.  Petals  5,  epigynous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
lightly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Styles  2-5,  mostly  distinct  and  slender,  or  in  the  sterile  flowers 
short  and  united.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended 
from  the  top  of  each  cell,  ripening  into  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  as  many  seeds 
as  cells.  Embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  compound  or  decompound.  Flowers  white 
or  greenish,  in  umbels.  Roots  (perennial),  bark,  fruit,  &c.  warm  and  aromatic. 
(Derivation  obscure.) 


CORNACE^.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  199 

§  1.  ARALTA,  L.  Flowers  monoxiously  polygamous  or  perfect,  the  umbels  usually 
in  corymbs  or  panicles :  styles  and  cells  of  the  (black  or  dark  purple)  fruit  5  :  stems 
herbaceous  or  woody:  ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnate. 

*  Umbels  very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle :  leaves  very  large,  quinately  or 
pinnately  decomjbund, 

1.  A.  spin6sa,  L.     (ANGELICA-TREE.    HERCULES'  CLUB.)    Shrub,  or  a 
low  tree ;  the  stout  stem  and  stalks  prickly ;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  pale  be- 
neath. —  River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward :  common  in 
cultivation.     July,  August. 

2.  A.  racembsa,  L.     (SPIKENARD.)     Herbaceous;  stem  widely  branched; 
leaflets  heart-ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  slightly  downy ;  umbels  racemose ; 
styles  united.  —  Rich  woodlands.      July. — Well   known  for  its  spicy-aromatic 
large  roots.     There  are  traces  of  stipules  at  the  dilated  base  of  the  leafstalks. 

*  *  Umbels  2  —  7,  corymbed :  stem  short,  somewhat  woody. 

3.  A.  hispida,  Michx.  (BRISTLY  SARSAPARILLA.    WILD  ELDER.)    Stem 
(l°-2°  high),  bristly,  leafy,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  umbels; 
leaves  twice  pinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate.  —  Rocky  places : 
common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     June. 

4.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.     (WiLD  SARSAPARILLA.)     Stem  scarcely  rising  out 
of  the  ground,  smooth,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape,  with 
2-7  umbels ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  5  on  each  of  the  3 
divisions.  —  Moist  woodlands ;  with  the  same  range  as  No.  3.     May,  June.  — 
The  aromatic  horizontal  roots,  which  are  several  feet  long,  are  employed  as  a 
substitute  for  the  officinal  Sarsaparilla.     Leafstalk  1°  high, 

§  2.  GINSENG,  Decaisne  &  Planchon.  (Panax,  L.)  Flowers  diceciously  poly- 
gamous: styles  and  cells  of  the  (red  or  reddish)  fruit  2  or  3  :  stem  herbaceous,  low, 
simple,  bearing  at  its  summit  a  whorl  of  3  palmately  3  -  7-foliolate  leaves  (or  per- 
haps rather  a  single  and  sessile  twice-compound  leaf),  and  a  single  umbel  on  a 
slender  naked  peduncle. 

5.  A.  quinquef61ia.      (GINSENG.)      Root  large  and  spindle-shaped,  often 
forked  (4' -9'  long,  aromatic);  stem  1°  high;    leaflets  long-stalked,  mostly  5, 
large  and  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed ;  styles  mostly  2  ;  fruit  bright  red.     (Pa- 
nax quinquefolium,  L. )  —  Rich  and  cool  woods  :  becoming  rare.     July. 

6.  A.  trif61ia.     (DWARF  GINSENG.    GROUND-NUT.)    Root  or  tuber  globular, 
deep  in  the  ground  (pungent  to  the  taste,  not  aromatic) ;  stems  4'  -  8'  high ;  leaf- 
lets 3-5,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leafstalk,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse ;  styles 
usually  3  ;  fruit  yellowish.  —  Rich  woods  :  common  northward.     April,  May. 

HEDERA  HELIX,  the  European  IVY,  is  almost  the  only  other  representative 
of  this  family  in  the  northern  temperate  zone. 

ORDER  48.    CORNACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous},  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves, 
the  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  1  -  2-celled  ovary,  its  limb  minute,  the  petals 
(yalvate  in  the  bud)  and  as  many  stamens  borne  on  the  margin  of  an  epigy- 
nous  disk  in  the  perfect  flowers ;  style  one  ;  a  single  anatropous  ovule  hang- 


200  CORXACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

ing  from  the  top  of  the  cell ;  the  fruit  a  I-2-seeded  drupe;  embryo  nearly 
the  length  of  the  albumen,  with  large  and  foliaceous  cotyledons.  —  A  small 
family  represented  by  Cornus,  and  by  a  partly  apetalous  genus,  Nyssa. 
(Bark  bitter  and  tonic.) 

1.    CORNUS,    Tourn.        CORNEL.    DOGWOOD. 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4 :  filaments  slender.  Style 
slender  :  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  capitate.  Drupe  small,  with  a  2-celled  and  2- 
seeded  stone.  —  Leaves  opposite  (except  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers  small, 
in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  which  are  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.  (Name  from  cornu,  a  horn ;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 
§  1.  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  large  and 
showy,  4-leaved,  corolla-like,  white  or  rarely  pinkish  involucre :  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.     (DWARF  CORNEL.    BUNCH-BERRY.)    Stems  low 
and  simple  (5' -7'  high)  from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rather  woody 
trunk ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  crowded  into  an 
apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed ;  leaves  of  the  involucre 
ovate ;  fruit  globular.  —  Damp  cold  woods :  common  northward.    June. 

2.  C.  florida,    L.     (FLOWERING    DOGWOOD.)      Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
acutish  at  the  base;  leaves  of  the  involucre  inversely  heart-shaped  or  notched  (!£' 
long) ;  fruit  oval.  —  Rocky  woods:  more  common  southward.    May,  June. — 
Tree  12° -30°  high,  very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

§  2.  Flowers  white,  in  open  and  flat  spreading  cymes :  involucre  none :  fruit  spherical. 
*  Leaves  all  opposite :  shrubs. 

3.  C.   circinata,    L'Her.      (ROUND-LEAVED    CORNEL   or    DOGWOOD.) 
Branches  greenish,  warty-dotted ;  leaves  round-oval,  abruptly  pointed,  woolly  beneath 
(2' -5'  broad);  cymes  fiat',  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses ;  in  rich  soil.      June. — 
Shrub  6°- 10°  high.     Leaves  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

4.  C.  sericea.  L.    (SILKY  CORNEL.    KINNIKINNIK.)    Branches  purplish ; 
the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptical  pointed  leaves 
silky-downy  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull ;  cymes  flat,  close ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate ; 
fruit  pale  blue.  —  Wet  places:  common.     June.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high. 

5.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.    (RED-OSIER  DOGWOOD.)    Branches,  especially 
the  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at.  the 
base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on  both 
sides,  whitish  underneath ;  cymes  small  and  flat,  rather  few-flowered,  smooth;  fruit 
white  or  lead-color.  —  Wet  places :  common,  especially  northward.     Multiplies 
freely  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  suckers,  and  forms  broad  clumps,  3°  -  6° 
high.    June. 

6.  C.    asperifblia,    Michx.      (ROUGH-LEAVED    DOGWOOD.)      Branches 
broivnish ;  the  branchlets,  Sfc.  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh  pubescence  above,  and  downy  beneath;  calyx- 
teeth  minute.  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

7.  C.  stricta,  Lam.     (STIFF  CORNEL.)     Branches  brownish  or  reddish, 
smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acutish  at  the  base,  glabrous, 


CORNACE^E.   .(DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  201 

of  nearly  the  same  hue  both  sides;  cymes  loose,  flattish',  anthers  and  fruit  pale  blue. 
—  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  8°  - 15°  high. 

8.  C.  paniculata,  L'Her.     (PANICLED  CORNEL.)    Branches  gray,  smooth ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  whitish  beneath  but  not 
downy;  cymes  convex,  loose,  often  panicled;  fruit  white,  depressed-globose. — 
Thickets  and  river-banks.     June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high,  very  much  branched, 
bearing  a  profusion  of  pure  white  blossoms. 

*  *  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

9.  C.  alternifblia,  L.    (ALTERNATE-LEAVED  CORNEL.)    Branches  green- 
ish streaked  with  white,  alternate ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  long-pointed,  acute  at  the 
base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  underneath ;  fruit  deep  blue  on  reddish 
stalks.  —  Hillsides  in  copses.    May,  June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  8°  -  20°  high,  with 
flattish  top,  and  very  open,  broad  cymes. 

2.    NYSSA,    L.        TUPELO.    PEPPERIDGE.    SOUR-GUM  TREE. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  at  the  summit 
of  axillary  peduncles.  Stam.  Fl.  numerous  in  a  simple  or  compound  dense 
cluster  of  fascicles.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  as  in  fertile  flower  or  none. 
Stamens  5-12,  oftener  10,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk :  filaments 
slender :  anthers  short.  No  pistil  Pist.  Fl.  solitary,  or  2  -  8,  sessile  in  a  bracted 
cluster,  much  larger  than  the  staminate  flowers.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  re- 
pand-truncate  or  minutely  5-toothed  limb.  Petals  very  small  and  fleshy,  decidu- 
ous, or  often  wanting.  Stamens  5-10,  with  perfect  or  imperfect  anthers.  Style 
elongated,  revolute,  stigmatic  down  one  side.  Ovary  one-celled.  Drupe  ovoid 
or  oblong,  with  a  bony  and  grooved  or  striate  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  stone. — 
Trees  with  entire  or  sometimes  angulate- toothed  leaves,  which  are  alternate,  but 
mostly  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  and  greenish  flowers  appearing 
with  the  leaves.  (The  name  of  a  Nymph  :  "so  called  because  it  [the  original 
species]  grows  in  the  water.") 

1.  N.  multiflbra,  Wang.     (TUPELO.    PEPPERIDGE.    BLACK  or  SOUR 
GUM.  )    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubes- 
cent  when  young,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  shining  above  when  old 
(2'  -  5'  long) ;  fertile  flowers  3  -  8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit  ovoid, 
bluish-black  (about  $  long).     (N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.     N.  villosa,  Willd,  &c.)  — 
Rich  soil,  either  moist  or  nearly  dry,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
April,  May.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal  branches  and  a  light  flat 
spray,  like  the  Beech :  the  wood  firm,  close-grained  and  very  unwedgeable,  on 
account  of  the  oblique  direction  and  crossing  of  the  fibre  of  different  layers. 
Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

2.  N.  uniflora,  Walt.    (LARGE  TUPELO.)    Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  some- 
times slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled,  entire  or  angulate-toothed,  pale 
and  downy-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young  (4'  - 12'  long) ;  fertile  flower 
solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit  oblong,  blue  (!'  or  more  in  length).     (N.  den- 
ticulata,  Ait.    N.  tomentbsa,  and  angulisans,  Michx.    N.  grand identata,  Michx. 

f.)  —  In  water  or  wet  swamps,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April.  -  «- 
Wood  soft:  that  of  the  roots  very  light  and  spongy,  used  "for  corks. 


202  CAPRIFOLIACE.E.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.) 

DIVISION  n.    MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter 
composed  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  monopetalous.* 

ORDER  49.    CAPRIFOUACE^E.     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  (genuine)  stipules,  the 
calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  (or 
one  fewer  than)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  wheel-shaped  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  an- 
atropous,  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  I.     LiONICERE.33.     Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  2-lipped.    Style 
slender :  stigma  capitate. 

1.  Ldiimea.     Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  but  only 

1-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 

2.  Symplioricarpus.    Stamens  4  or  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular 

corolla.    Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 

3.  Lionicera.    Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular 

corolla.    Berry  several-seeded  ;  all  the  2  or  3  cells  fertile. 

4.  Diervilla.     Stamens  5.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.     Pod  2-celled,  2-valved, 

many-seeded,  slender. 

5.  Triosteum.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.    Fruit  a  3-celled  drupe. 

Tribe  II.     SAMBUCEJE.    Coralla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed. 
Stigmas  1-3,  rarely  5,  sessile.     Flowers  in  broad  cymes. 

6.  Sambucus.     Fruit  berry-like  containing  the  small  seed-like  nutlets.    Leaves  pinnate. 
1.  Viburnum.     Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  compressed  stone.    Leaves  simple. 

1.    LINNJEA,    Gronov.        LINN^A.    TWIN-FLOWER. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrow  bell-shaped,  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward  the  base  of 
the  corolla.  Ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-celled,  but  only  1-seeded,  two  of  the 
cells  having  only  abortive  ovules.  — A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  ever- 
green, somewhat  hairy,  with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at 
the  base  into  short  petioles,  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2 
pedicels  at  the  top,  each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Co- 
rolla purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Linnaeus, 
who  first  pointed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  pretty  little  plant  was  a 
special  favorite.) 

1.  L.  bore&lis,  Gronov.  —  Moist  mossy 'woods  and  cold  bogs:  common 
northward,  but  towards  the  south  of  rare  occurrence  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  and 
along  the  mountains  to  Maryland.  June.  (Eu.) 

*  In  certain  families,  such  as  Ericaceae,  &c.,  the  petals  in  some  genera  are  nearly  or  quite  sep- 
arate. In  Compositae  and  some  others,  the  calyx  is  mostly  reduced  to  a  pappus,  or  to  scales,  or  a 
mere  border,  or  even  to  nothing  more  than  a  covering  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  The  student 
might  look  for  these  in  the  first  or  the  third  division.  But  the  artificial  analysis  prefixed  to  the 
volume  provides  for  such  anomalies,  and  will  lead  the  student  to  the  proper  order. 


CAPRIFOLIACEJS.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.)  203 

2.  SYMPHORICARPTTS,    Dill.        SNOWBERRT. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4  - 
5-lobed,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celled, 
only  2  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile  ovule  ;  the  berry  therefore  4-celled  but  only  2- 
seeded.  Seeds  bony. — Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short- 
petioled  leaves,  which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed  or 
lobed  on  the  young  shoots.  Flowers  white  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  close 
short  spikes  or  clusters.  (Name  composed  of  (ru/i<£ope<o,  to  bear  together,  and 
Kapnos, fruit;  from  the  clustered  berries.) 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,  E.  Brown.     (WOLFBERRY.)     Flowers  in  dense  ter- 
minal and  axillary  spikes  ;  corolla  much  bearded  within  ;  the  stamens  and  style 
protruded ;  berries  white.  —  Northern  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Flow- 
ers larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and  stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next. 

2.  S.  racembsus,  Michx.     (SNOWBERRY.)     Flowers  in  a  loose  and  some- 
what leafy  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  bearded  inside  ; 
berries  large,  bright  white.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania  and 
Wisconsin  :  common  in  cultivation.    June-  Sept.  —  Berries  ripe  in  autumn. 

Var.  pau.cifl.6rus,  Bobbins. ,  Low,  diffusely  branched  and  spreading ; 
leaves  smaller  (about  1'  long),  the  spike  reduced  to  one  or  two  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  uppermost.  —  Rocky  woods  of  L.  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins,  and  north- 
westward. Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania,  J.  R.  Lowrie,  Mr.  Backing. 

3.  S.  VUlgaris,  Michx.     (INDIAN  CURRANT.     CORAL-BERRY.)     Flowers 
in  small  dose  clusters  in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves ;    corolla  sparingly 
bearded ;  berries  small,  dark  red.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward :  also  cultivated.    July. 

3.  LONICERA,    L.        HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at  the 
base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled. 
Berry  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Adam  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus,  a  German  herbalist  of 
the  16th  century.) 

§  1.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  Juss.  Twining  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  in  sessile  whorled 
clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  (often  connate)  upper  leaves,  and  forming  interrupted 
terminal  spikes:  calyx-teeth  persistent  on  the  (red  or  orange)  berry. 

#  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  almost  regularly  and  equally  5-lobed. 

1.  L.  Semp6rvirens,  Ait.      (TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE.)      Flowers  in 
somewhat  distant  whorls ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth ;  the  lower  petioled,  the  up- 
permost pairs  united  round  the  stem.  —  Copses,  New  York  (near  the  city)  to 
Virginia,  and  southward  :  common  also  in  cultivation.     May  -  Oct.  —  Leaves 
deciduous  at  the  North.     Corolla  scentless,,  nearly  2' long,  deep  red  outside, 
yellowish  within  or  rarely  throughout. 

#  *  Corolla  ringent :  the  lower  Up  narrow,  the  upper  broad  and  4-lobed. 

2.  L.  grata,  Ait.     (AMERICAN  WOODBINE.)     Leaves  smooth,  glaucous  be- 
neath, obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united ;  flowers, whorled  in  the  axils  of 


204  CAPRIFOLIACE^E.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.) 

the  uppermost  leaves  or  leaf-like  connate  bracts  ;  corolla  smooth  (whitish  with  a 
purple  tube,  fading  yellowish),  not  gibbous  at  the  base,  fragrant.  —  Rocky  wood- 
lands, New  York,  Penn.,  and  westward  :  also  cultivated.  May. 

3.  L.  fiava,  Sims.     (YELLOW  HONEYSUCKLE.)     Leaves  smooth,  very  pale 
and  glaucous  both  sides,  thickish,  obovate  or  oval,  the  2-4  upper  pairs  united  into 
round  cup-like  disks ;  flowers  in  approximate  whorls  ;  tube  of  the  smooth  (light 
yellow]  corolla  somewhat  gibbous ;  filaments  almost  or  quite  smooth.  —  Rocky 
banks.     Catskill  mountains  (Pursfi),  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  (a  form  with  rather 
short  flowers),  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains.    June. 

4.  L.  parvifibra,  Lam.      (SMALL  HONEYSUCKLE.)    Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long, green  above,  very  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pairs  united,  all  closely  sessile ; 
flowers  in  2  or  3  closely  approximate  whorls  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  corolla  gib- 
bous at   the  base,  smooth   outside   (greenish-yellow   tinged  with   dull  purple),  short 
(9"  long);  filaments  rather  hairy  below.  —  Rocky  banks,  mostly  northward. 
May,  June.  —  Stem  commonly  bushy,  only  2°  -4°  high. 

Var.  Douglasii.  Leaves  greener,  more  or  less  downy  underneath  when 
young,  or  ciliate;  corolla  crimson  or  deep  dull  purple.  (L.  Douglasii,  DC.)  — 
Northern  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 

5.  L.  hirsuta,  Eaton.      (HAIRY   HONEYSUCKLE.)      Leaves  not  glaucous, 
downy-hairy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  and  slightly  so  above,  veiny,  dull, 
broadly  oval ;  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  ap- 
proximate whorls  ;  tube  of  the  (orange-yellow)  clammy-pubescent  corolla  gibbous  at 
the  base,  slender.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  northward. 
July.  —  A  coarse,  large-leaved  species. 

§2.    XYL6STEON,  Juss.     Upright  bushy  shrubs:  leaves  all  distinct  at  the  base : 
peduncles  axillary,  single,  2-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  two  berries  sometimes 
united  into  one :  calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 
*  The  two  flowers  involucrate  by  4  conspicuous  and  broad  foliaceous  bracts. 

6.  L.  involucrata,  Banks.     Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous  ;  branches 
4-angular ;  leaves  (3'  -  6'  long)  ovate-oblong,  mostly  pointed,  petioled,  and  with 
a  strong  midrib,  exceeding  the  peduncle ;  corolla  yellowish,  viscid-pubescent, 
cylindraceous  (6" -8"  long);    ovaries  and  globose  berries  distinct.  —  Deep 
woods,  Lake  Superior  (C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Dr.  Robbins)  and  westward.    June. 

*  *  Bracts  (2  or  sometimes  4)  at  the  base  of  the  ovaries  minute. 

7.  L.  Ciliata,  Muhl.     (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)     Branches  straggling  (3°- 
5°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,   often  heart-shaped,  petioled,  thin,  downy  beneath ; 
filiform  peduncles  shorter  than  the  tiaves ;   corolla  funnel-form,  almost  spurred 
at  the  base  (greenish-yellow,  |'  long),  the  lobes  nearly  equal ;  berries  separate 
(red). — Rocky  woods,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

8.  L.  caerulea,  L.     (MOUNTAIN  F.)    Low  (l°-2°  high) ;  branches  up- 
right ;  leaves  oval,  downy  when  young  ;  peduncles  very  short ;  bracts  awl-shaped, 
longer  than  the  ovaries  of  the  two  (yellowish)  flowers,  which  are  united  into  one  (blue) 
berry.     (Xylosteum  villosum,  Michx.)  —  Mountain  woods  and.  bogs,  Rhode  Isl- 
and to  Wisconsin,  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

9.  L.  Oblongifblia,  Muhl.     (SWAMP  F.)     Branches  upright;  leaves  ob- 
long, downy  when  young,  smooth  when  old;  peduncles  long  and  slender;  bracts 


CAPRIFOLIACE^l.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.)  205 

minute  or  deciduous ;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped  (£'  long,  yellowish-white) ;  berries 
(purple)  united  or  nearly  distinct.  —  Bogs,  Northern  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 
June.  —  Shrub  2°  -  5°  high.  Leaves  2'  -  3'  long. 

4.    DIERVILLA,    Tourn.        BUSH- HONEYSUCKLE. 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  almost  regular.  Stamens  5.  Pod  ovoid-oblong, 
pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Low,  upright  shrubs, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3  -  several-flowered 
peduncles,  from  the  upper  axils,  or  terminal.  (Named  in .  compliment  to  M. 
Dierville,  who  brought  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.) 

1.  D.  triflda,  Moench.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  petioled ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  3-flowered  ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  Canadensis,  Muhl)  —  Rocks : 
common,  especially  northward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  honey-color,  not  showy, 
like  the  Japanese  species  cultivated  under  the  name  of  WEIGELA. 

D.  SESSiLir6LiA,  Buckley,  of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  may 
occur  in  those  of  S.  W.  Virginia. 

5.    TBIOSTEUM,    L.        FEVER-WORT.    HORSE-GENTIAN. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  the  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
5.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit  forming  a  rather  dry  drupe,  containing  as 
many  angled  and  ribbed  1-seeded  bony  nutlets.  —  Coarse,  hairy,  perennial 
herbs,  leafy  to  the  top ;  with  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the 
base,  but  connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  and  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  rpels,  three,  and  ooreoi/,  a  bone,  alluding  to 
three  bony  seeds,  or  rather  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoliatum,  L.     Softly  hairy  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  oval,  abruptly 
narrowed  below,  downy  beneath ;  flowers  brownish-purple,  mostly  clustered.  — 
Rich  woodlands  :  not  rare.    June.  —  Fruit  orange-color,  £'  long. 

2.  T.  angustifolium,  L.     Smaller ;  bristly-hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing to  the  base ;  flowers  greenish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils.  —  S. 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

6.    SAMBUCUS,    Tourn.        ELDER. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  open  urn-shaped,  with  a  broadly 
spreading  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy 
drupe,  containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank 
smell  when  .bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small 
and  white  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  (Name  from  o-ctfi/SuKj;,  an  ancient  mu- 
sical instrument,  supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder- wood.) 

1.  S.    Canadensis,   L.      (COMMON   ELDER.)      Stems  scarcely  woody 
(5°  -  10°  high) ;  leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  mostly  smooth,  Tthe  lower  often  3-parted ; 
cymes  flat ;  fruit  black-purple.  —  Rich  soil,  in  open  places.     June.  —  Pith  white. 

2.  S.  pubens,  Michx.     (RED-BERRIED  ELDER.)    Stems  woody  (2° -18° 
high),  the  bark  warty;   leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  downy  underneath;  cymes 


206  CAPEIFOLIACE^:.     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

panicled,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  bright  red  (rarely  white).  —  Rocky  woods; 
chiefly  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  May  :  the  fruit  ripening 
in  June.  —  Pith  brown.  — Var.  with  dissected  leaves,  Lake  Superior,  Lewis  Foote, 
Dr.  Bobbins. 

7.    VIBURNUM,    L.        ARROW-WOOD.        LAURESTINUS. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1-3.  Fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded  drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  thin-crustaceous 
(flattened  or  tumid)  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in 
flat  compound  cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  which  are 
evidently  stipules.  Leaf-buds  naked,  or  with  a  pair  of  scales.  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1 .    Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect. 

*  Leaves  finely  serrate  or  entire,  bright  green ;  veins  not  prominent :  no  stipidar  ap- 

pendages :  whole  plant  glabrous  or  with  some  minute  rusty  scurf:  fruit  black  or 
with  a  blue  bloom,  sweet;  the  stone  very  fiat  and  even,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular. 

1.  V.  Lent£gO,  L.    (SWEET  VIBURNUM.    SHEEP-BERRY.)    Leaves  ovate, 
strongly  pointed,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate ;  petioles  long  and  margined  ; 
cyme  sessile;  fruit  oval,  £'  or  more  long,  ripe  in  autumn,  edible;  tree  15° -30° 
high.  —  Copses,  &c.  :  common,  especially  northward.    May,  June. 

2.  V.  prunifblium,  L.      (BLACK  HAW.)     Leaves  oval,  obtuse  or  slightly 
pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  (l'-2'  long) ; 
fruit  similar  or  rather  smaller  ;  cyme  sessile.  —  Dry  copses ;  Connecticut  to  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.     May.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

3.  V.   ntldum,    L.      (WITHE-ROD.)      Leaves  thickish,  oval,  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  not  shining,  the  margins  entire,  repand,  or  crenate  ;  cyme  short-peduncled ; 
fruit  round-ovoid  (3"  long).  —  Var.  1.  CLAYT6NI  has  the  leaves  nearly  entire, 
the  veins  somewhat  prominent  underneath,  and  grows  in  swamps  from  Massa- 
chusetts, near  the  coast,  to  Virginia  and  southward.    Var.  2.  CASSINOIDES  (V. 
pyrifolium,  Pursh,  frc.)  has  more  opaque,  often  toothed  leaves ;  and  grows  in  cold 
swamps  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  6°  - 10°  high. 

4.  V.  Obov&tum,  Walt.    Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire  or  denticu- 
late, thickish,  small  (!'-!£'  long),  shining;  cymes  sessile,  small;  fruit  ovoid- 
oblong.  —  River-banks,  Virginia  and  southward.    May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  8°  high. 

#  #  Leaves  (with  base  inclined  to  heart-shaped)  coarsely  toothed,  prominently  pinnately 

veined,  the  veins  straight  and  simple  or  sparingly  forked :  no  rusty  scurf:  fruit 
small,  ovoid,  blue  or  purple;  the  stone  tumid  and  grooved:  cymes  pedunded. 

5.  V.  dentatum,  L.      (ARROW-WOOD.)      Smooth;   leaves  broadly  ovate, 
very  numerously  sharp-toothed  and  strongly  veined,  on  slender  petioles ;  fruit  bright 
blue ;  the  turgid  stone  deeply  excavated  on  one  face ;  cross  section  of  the  seed 
between  kidney- and  horseshoe-shaped.  —  Wet  places,  common  northward.     June. 
—  Shrub  5°  - 10°  high,  with  ash-colored  bark ;  the  pale  leaves  often  with  hairy 
tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  straight  veins. 

6.  V.  m611e,  Michx.    Leaves  broadly  oval.,  obovate  or  ovate,  scarcely  pointed, 
coarsely  crenate  or  repand-toothed,  the  lower  surface,  rather  slender  petioles,  branch- 
lets  and  cymes  soft-downy,  the  latter  with  stellate  pubescence ;   fruit  oily  (En- 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.)  207 

gelm.},  the  stone  as  in  No.  5,  but  less  deeply  excavated  on  the  face.     (V.  denta- 
tum,  var.  scabrellum,  Torr.  Sf  Gr.)  —  Rich  woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

7.  V.  pubdscens,   Pursh.      (DOWNY  A.)      Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute  or  taper-pointed,  the  veins  and  teeth  fewer  and  less  conspicuous  than  in 
No.  5,  the  lower  surface  and  very  short  petioles  soft-downy,  at  least  when  young ; 
fruit  dark-purple ;  the  stone  plano-convex  and  3  -  4-grooved  on  the  flat  face.  — 
Rocks,  &c.,  W.  Vermont  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
June.  —  A  low,  straggling  shrub. 

*  #  #  Leaves  coarsely  toothed  and  somewhat  3-lobed,   roundish,   the  base  mostly 

truncate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  3  -  5-ribbed  from  the  base,  the  ribs  and  veins 
prominent  beneath:  stipular  appendages  bristle-shaped:  cymes  small,  slender- 
peduncled:  fruit  red;  the  stone  flattened. 

8.  V.  acerifdlium,  L.     (MAPLE-LEAVED  A.     DOCKMACKIE.)    Leaves 
soft-downy  beneath,  3-ribbed,  the  pointed   lobes   diverging,  unequally  toothed; 
stamens  exserted ;  fruit  crimson  turning  purple ;  the  lenticular  stone  undulately 
2-grooved  on  one  face  and  3-grooved  on  the  other.  —  Rocky  woods  :  common. 
May,  June.     Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

9.  V.  pauciflbrum,  Pylaie.    Leaves  glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent  beneath, 
5-ribbed  at  base,  unequally  serrate  nearly  all  round,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the 
summit ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  fruit  red,  sour,  glob- 
ular ;  the  stone  very  flat  and  even.     (V.  Oxycdccus,  var!  eradiatum,  Oakes.)  — 
Cold  woods,  Northern  N.  Hampshire,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  — 
A  low  straggling  shrub,  most  related  to  the  next ;  the  leaf-buds  similar. 

§  2.  Marginal  flowers  of  the,  cyme  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  and  with  corollas 
many  times  larger  than  the  others,  forming  a  kind  of  ray,  as  in  Hydrangea : 
stipular  appendages  conspicuous  on  the  petiole. 

*  Fruit  spherical,  pleasantly  acid,  bright  red  ;  the  stone  very  flat,  smooth  and  even, 

nearly  orbicular :  leaf-buds  enclosed  in  one  or  two  pairs  of  scales. 

10.  V.  Opulus,  L.     (CRANBERRY-TREE.)     Nearly  smooth,  upright  (5°- 
10°  high) ;  leaves  3 -5-ribbed,  strongly  3-lobed,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  the  spreading  lobes  pointed,  mostly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire 
in  the  sinuses ;  petioles  bearing  2  glands  at  the  apex,  cymes  peduncled.     (V. 
Oxycdccus  and  V.  edule,  Pursh. )  —  Low  grounds,  along  streams :    common 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies  to  the  borders  of  Maryland. 
June,  July.  —  The  acid  fruit  is  a  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  name 
High  Cranberry-bush,  &c.  —  The  well-known  SNOW-BALL  TREE,  or  GUELDER- 
ROSE,  is  a  cultivated  state,  with  the  whole  cyme  turned  into  showy  sterile 
flowers.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Fruit  ovoid,  red,  turning  darker ;  the  stone  tumid,  6-grooved :  buds  wholly  naked. 

11.  V.  lantanoides,  Michx.      (HOBBLE-BUSH.     AMERICAN  WAYFAR- 
ING-TREE.)    Leaves  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
closely  serrate,  pinnately  many-veined ;  the  veins  and  veinlets  underneath  along 
with  the  stalks  and  branchlets  very  rusty-scurfy ;  cymes  sessile,  very  broad  and 
flat.  —  Cold  moist  woods,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  northward,  and  southward 
in  the  Alleghanies.     May.  —  A  straggling  shrub  ;  the  reclining  branches  often 
taking  root.     Flowers  handsome.    Leaves  4'  -  8'  across. 


208  KUBIACE.E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  50.    RUBIACE^E.    (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules, 
or  in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  2  -  ^-celled 
ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla  (3-5),  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Flowers  perfect,  but  often  dimorphous  (as  in  Mitch- 
ella  and  Houstonia).  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitrppous. 
Embryo  commonly  pretty  large,  in  copious  hard  albumen.  —  A  very  large 
family,  the  greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as  the 
Coffee  and  Peruvian-Bark  trees)  tropical ;  not  sufficiently  represented  in 
our  district  to  render  it  worth  while  to  note  the  tribes  and  the  larger 
systematic  divisions. 

I.    STELLAT.ZE.     Leaves  in  whorls :  no  apparent  stipules. 

1.  Galium.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-)  parted.    Calyx-teeth  obsolete.    Fruit 

twin,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  one-seeded  carpels. 

II.    CLNCHONE^:,  &c.     Leaves  rarely  in  whorls,  with  stipules. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 
•*-  Flowers  axillary,  separate.    Fruit  dry  when  ripe.    Herbs. 

2.  Spermacoce.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form  :  lobes  4.    Fruit  separating  when  ripe 

into  2  carpels,  one  or  both  of  them  opening. 

3.  Diodia.    Fruit  separating  into  2  or  3  closed  and  indehiscent  carpels  •.  otherwise  as  No.  2. 

— -  ••-  Flowers  in  a  close  and  globose  long-peduncled  head.    Fruit  dry.    Shrubs. 

4.  Cephalauthus.     Corolla  tubular :  lobes  4.    Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2- 4-seeded. 

H-  +-  *-  Flowers  twin ;  their  ovaries  united  into  one.     Fruit  a  2-eyed  berry. 

5.  Mitchella.    Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4.  —  A  creeping  herb. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  many  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  (loculicidal)  pod. 

6.  Oldenlandia.    Corolla  wheel-shaped  in  our  species,  4-lobed.    Seeds  very  numerous 

and  minute,  angular. 

7.  Houstonia.     Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  4-lobed.     Seeds  rather  few,  thimble- 

shaped  or  saucer-shaped. 

1.     GALIUM,    L.        BEDSTRAW.    CLEAVERS. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy,  globu- 
lar, twin,  separating  when  ripe  into  the  2  seed-like,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded  carpels. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  small  cymose  flowers  (produced  in  summer),  square  stems, 
and  whorled  leaves  :  the  roots  often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name 
from  -yaXa,  milk,  which  some  species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

*  Annual:  leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl :  peduncles  1  -2-flowered,  axillary. 

1.  G.  Aparine,  L.  (CLEAVERS.  GOOSE-GRASS.)  Stem  weak  and  re- 
clining, bristle-prickly  backwards,  hairy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  the  base,  short-pointed,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  (l'-2;  long) ;  flow- 
ers white  ;  fruit  (large)  bristly  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Moist  thickets.  Doubtful 
if  truly  indigenous  in  our  district.  (Eu.) 

#  #  Perennial,  ascending ;  leaves  4-6  or  8  in  a  whorl,  with  prominent  midrib,  but 
no  lateral  nerves :  flowers  white,  few  or  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels :  fruit  smooth. 


BUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  209 

t-  Ffou-ers  very  abundant,  the  small  clusters  or  cymes  panicled  on  the  branches. 

2.  G.  MOLLUGO,  L.      Stems  (l°-3°  long)  very  smooth;   leaves  mostly  in 
whorls  of  8,  oblanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  barely  rough  on  the  margins,  slen- 
der-pointed ;  flowers  forming  a  long  panicle.  —  Washington  Heights,  near  New 
York,  W.  W.  Denslow.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  G.  aspr611um,  Michx.     (ROUGH  BEDSTRAW.)      Stem  weak,  much 
branched,  rough  backwards  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  (3°  -5°  high) ; 
leaves  in  whorls  of  6,  or  4-5  on  the  branchlets,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  with  almost 
prickly  margins  and  midrib;  peduncles  short,  2-3  times  forked. — Low  thick- 
ets :  common  northward. 

4.  G.  concinnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  low  and  slender  (6' -12' high), 
with  minutely  roughened  angles ;  leaves  all  in  whorls  of  6,  linear,  slightly  pointed, 
veinless,  the  margins  upwardly  roughened;  peduncles  slender,  2-3  times  forked, 
diffusely  panicled  at  the  summit ;  pedicels  short.  —  Dry  ground,  Pennsylvania 
from  the  Susquehanna,  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  Kentucky.  —  Leaves 
not  blackening  in  drying. 

-i-  -»-  Flowers  few,  lateral  or  terminating  the  branches,  not  panicled. 

5.  G.  trifidum,  L.     (SMALL  BEDSTRAW.)     Stems  weak,  ascending  (5'- 
20'  high),  branching,  mostly  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  in 
whorls  of  4  to  6j  linear  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  midrib  rough ; 
corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often  only  3.  —  Var.  1.  pusf LLUM  :    stems  rather 
simple,  5' -8'  high,  nearly  smooth;  leaves  only  3" -4"  long,  all  in  fours,  soon 
reflexed;  peduncles  1  - 3-flowered.     (In  deep  sphagnous  swamps,  northward.) 
Var.  2.  TINCTORIUM  :  stem  taller  and  stouter,  and  with  nearly  smooth  angles  ; 
peduncles  3  -  7-flowered,  the  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  4.     Var.  3.  LATIF6LIUM 
(G.  obtusum,  Bigel.) :  stem  smooth  and  widely  branched ;  leaves  oblong  or  ellip- 
tical, quite  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  Swamps  :  common,  and  very 
variable.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial,  procumbent :  leaves  6  or  rarely  5  in  a  whorl,  with  prominent  midrib 

and  no  lateral  nerves :  flowers  greenish :  fruit  bur-like,  beset  with  hooked  bristles. 

6.  G.  trifl6rum,  Michx.     (SWEET-SCENTED  BEDSTRAW.)      Stem  (1°- 
3°  long)  bristly-roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate, 
bristle-pointed,  with  slightly  roughened  margins  (l'-2'long) ;  peduncles  3-flow- 
ered, the  flowers  all  pedicelled.  —  Rich  woodlands  :  common.  —  Sweet-scented 
in  drying.     (Eu.) 

*  #  #  *  Perennial,  ascending  or  upright :  leaves  all  in  fours,  more  or  less  3-nerved: 

peduncles  loosely  or  remotely  3  -  several-flowered:  corolla  dull-purple,  brownish,  or 
rarely  cream-color;  the  lobes  pointed  or  bristle-tipped :  fruit,  except  in  No.  10, 
bur-like,  beset  with  hooked  bristles. 

7.  G.  pilosum,  Ait.    Hairy ;  leaves  oval,  dotted,  hairy  (!'  long) ,' scarcely  3- 
nerved;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  2  -  3-forked,  the  flowers  all  pedicelled.  —  Dry  copses, 
Rhode  Island  and  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Var.  puNCTicoL6suM 
is  a  nearly  smooth  form  (G.  puncticulosum,  Michx.) :  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.  G.  circifezans,  Michx.     (WILD  LIQUORICE.)     Smooth  or  downy  (1° 
high) ;  leaves  oval,  varying  to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  ciliate  (!'-  l£' 
long) ;  peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the  branches  elongated  and  widely  diverging  in 

14 


210  RUBIACEJE.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

fruit,  bearing  several  remote  flowers  on  very  short  lateral  pedicels,  reflexed  in  fruit; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  hairy  outside  above  the  middle.  —  Rich  woods  :  common.  — 
The  var.  MONT\NUM  is  a  dwarf,  broad-leaved  form,  from  mountain  woods. 

9.  G.   lanceolatum,   Torr.     (WILD    LIQUORICE.)     Leaves  (except  the 
lowest)  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  (2'  long) ;  corolla  glabrous  : 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Woodlands  :  common  northward. 

10.  G.  latifblium,  Michx.      Smooth  (l°-2°  high);   leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved  below ;  the  midrib  and  margins  rough ;  cymes 
panicled,  loosely  many-flowered,  the  purple  flowers  all  on  slender  spreading  pedi- 
cels; fruit  smooth. —  Dry  woods,  Mercersberg,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter),  Maryland, 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     (Also  Arkansas,  Engelmann.) 

*  #  #  #  #  Perennial,  erect :  leaves  4  or  8  in  a  whorl ;  flowers  very  numerous  and 
crowded  in  a  narrow  and  compact  terminal  panicle,  white  or  yellow. 

11.  G.  boreale,  L.     (NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW.)     Smooth  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved ;  flowers  white;  fruit  minutely  bristly,  some- 
times smooth.  —  Rocky  banks  of  streams  :  common,  especially  northward.   (Eu. ) 

12.  G.  VERUM,  L.     (YELLOW  BEDSTRAW.)     Leaves  in  eights  (or  some  in 
sixes),  linear,  grooved  above,  roughish,  deflexefa;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  smooth. — 
Dry  fields,  E.  Massachusetts.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    SPERMACOCE,    L.        BUTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-tube  short;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver-forrn  ;  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  or  style  2-cleft. 
Fruit  small  and  dry,  2-celled,  2-seeded,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one 
of  them  usually  carrying  with  it  the  partition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other 
open  on  the  inner  face.  —  Small  herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  con- 
nected by  a  bristle-bearing  stipular  membrane.  Flowers  small,  crowded  into 
sessile  axillary  whorled  clusters  or  heads.  Corolla  whitish.  (Name  compounded 
of  oWp/ia,  seed,  and  d/cco/c^,  a  point,  probably  from  the  pointed  calyx-teeth  on 
the  fruit.) 

1.  S.  glabra,  Michx.  Glabrous  perennial ;  stems  spreading  (9'  -  20'  long) ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  whorled  heads  many-flowered ;  corolla  little  exceeding 
the  calyx,  bearded  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  anthers  at  its  base;  filaments  and 
style  hardly  any.  —  River-banks,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug. 

3.     DIODIA,    L.        BUTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  2-5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled ;  the  crustaceous 
carpels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indehiscent.  Otherwise  resembling 
Spermacoce.  Flowering  all  summer.  (Name  from  81080?,  a  thoroughfare ;  the 
species  often  growing  by  the  wayside.) 

1.  D.  Virginica,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy  perennial ;  stems  spreading  (1°- 
2°  long) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  1  -3  in  each 
axil;  corolla  white  (£'  long),  the  slender  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  large 
limb;  style  2-parted;  fruit  oblong,  strongly  furrowed,  crowned  mostly  with  2  slender 
calyx-teeth.  —  River-banks,  Maryland,  and  southward.  Also  naturalized  near 
Philadelphia,  C.  F.  Parker. 


RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  211 

2.  D.  t^res,  Walt.  Hairy  or  minutely  pubescent  annual ;  stem  spreading 
3' -9'  long),  nearly  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  rigid ;  flowers 
1-3  in  each  axil;  corolla  funnel-form  (2" -3"  long,  whitish),  with  short  lobes, 
not  exceeding  the  long  bristles  of  the  stipules ;  style  undivided ;  fruit  obovate- 
turbinate,  not  furrowed,  crowned  with  4  short  calyx-teeth.  —  Sandy  fields,  from 
New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward. 

4.    CEPHALANTHUS,    L.        BUTTON-BUSH. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
toothed;  the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  small,  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-celled, 
at  length  splitting  from  the  base  upward  into  2  -  4-closed  1-seeded  portions.  — 
Shrubs,  with  the  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical  peduncled  heads.  Flow- 
ers white.  (Name  composed  of  Kf<pa\r),  a  head,  and  avOos,  a  flower.) 

1.  C.  OCCident&lis,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  with  short  intervening 
stipules.  —  Wet  places  :  commqn.  July,  Aug. 

5.    MITCHELLA,    L.        PARTRIDGE-BERRY. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  I  :  stigmas  4,  linear.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  two  flowers,  each  with  4  small  and  seed-like 
bony  nutlets.  —  A  smooth  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herb,  with  round-ovate 
and  shining  petioled  leaves,  minute  stipules,  white  fragrant  flowers  often  tinged 
with  purple,  and  scarlet  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  dry  berries,  which  remain 
over  winter.  Flowers  occasionally  3  -  6-merous,  always  dimorphous ;  all  those 
of  some  individuals  having  exserted  stamens  and  included  stigmas ;  of  others, 
included  stamens  and  exserted  style.  (This  very  pretty  plant  commemorates 
Dr.  John  Mitchell,  an  early  correspondent  of  Linnasus,  and  an  excellent  botanist, 
who  resided  in  Virginia.) 

1.  M.  ripens,  L. —  Dry  woods,  creeping  about  the  foot  of  trees:  common. 
June,  July.  —  Leaves  often  variegated  with  whitish  lines.  Rarely  the  two  flow- 
ers are  completely  confluent  into  one,  with  a  10-lobed  corolla. 

6.    OLDENLANDIA,    Plumier,  L.        OLDENLANDIA. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  5-)  lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  short,  in  our  species  wheel- 
shaped;  the  limb  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  (rarely 
5):  anthers  short.  Style  1  or  none:  stigmas  2.  Pod  thin,  2-celled,  many- 
seeded,  opening  loculicidally  across  the  summit.  Seeds  concave,  very  numer- 
ous, minute  and  angular.  —  Low  herbs,  with  small  stipules  united  to  the  peti- 
oles. (Dedicated,  in  1703,  to  the  memory  of  Oldenland,  a  German  physician 
and  botanist,  who  died  early  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. ) 

1.  O.  glomer£ta,  Michx.  An  inconspicuous,  pubescent  or  smoothish,- 
branched  and  spreading  annual  (2' -12' high) ;  leaves  oblong ;  flowers  in  sessile 


212  RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

axillary  clusters ;  corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped  (white),  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  (0.  uniflora,  L.  Hedyotis  glomerata,  Ell.)  —  Wet  places,  S.  New  York 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  aud  southward. 

7.    HOUSTONIA,    L.        HOUSTONIA. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent ;  the  lobes  in  fruit  distant.  Corolla  salver-form  or 
funnel-form,  usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Style  1 :  stigmas  2.  Ovary 
2-celled.  Pod  top-shaped,  globular,  or  didymous,  thin,  its  summit  or  upper 
half  free  from  and  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal  across  the 
top.  Seeds  rather  few  (4-20  in  each  cell),  peltate  and  saucer-shaped  or  globu- 
lar-thimble-shaped, pitted.  —  Small  herbs,  with  short  entire  stipules  connecting 
the  petioles  or  narrowed  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary  and  pedun- 
cled  flowers.  These  are  dimorphous,  in  some  individuals  with  the  anthers  borne 
high  up  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  projecting  from  its  throat,  while  the  style 
is  short  and  the  stigma  therefore  included  :  in  the  other  sort  the  anthers  are  low 
down  in  the  corolla  and  the  style  long,  the  stigmas  therefore  protruding ;  —  an 
arrangement  for  cross-fertilization.  (Named  f<&  Dr.  Wm.  Houston,  an  English 
botanist  who  collected  in  Central  America.)  The  genus,  formerly  merged  in 
Oldenlandia,  merits  restoration. 

*  Erect,  mostly  perennial  herbs  (6' -20'  high),  with  stem-leaves  sessile,  and  flowers 

in  terminal  small  cymes  or  clusters :  corolla  funnel-form,  purplish,  often  hairy  in- 
side :  seeds  meniscoidal,  with  a  ridge  across  the  hollowed  inner  face. 

1.  H.  purptirea,  L.     Pubescent  or  smooth  (8'- 1 5'  high);  leaves  varying 
from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolote,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  calyx -lobes  longer  than  the  half 
free  globular  pod.     (Houstonia  purpurea,  L.     H.  varians,  Michx.     Oldenlandia 
purpurea,  ed.  2.) — Woodlands,  W.Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
May  -  July.  —  Varying  wonderfully,  as  into  :  — 

Var.  Iongif61ia.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1 -ribbed;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pod;  stems  5'- 
12'  high.  (Houstonia  longifolia,  Willd.)  —  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
—  A  narrow-leaved,  slender  form  is  H.  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 

Var.  eiliolata.  More  tufted  stems  3' -6'  high;  root-leaves  in  rosettes, 
thickish  and  ciliate ;  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  as  the  pod.  (Houstonia  ciliolata, 
Torr.)  — Along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

2.  BE.  angustifblia,  Michx.     Stems  tufted  from  a  hard  or  woody  root ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  1 -ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled;  flowers  crowded, 
short-pedicelled ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  densely  bearded  inside ;  pod  obocoid,  acute  at 
the  base,  only  its  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  first  across  the  top,  at  length 
through  the  partition.     (Oldenlandia  angustifolia,  ed.  2.    Hedyotis  stenophylla, 
Torr.  $•  Gray.) — Plains  and  banks,  from  Illinois  southward.     June -Aug. 

#  #  Small  and  delicate,  chiefly  annuals  or  biennials,  vernal-flowering :  peduncles  1  -flow- 

ered :  corolla  salver-form :  upper  half  of  the  broad  and  somewhat  2-lobed  pod  free : 
seeds  globular,  with  a  very  deep  round  cavity  occupying  the  inner  face. 

3.  H.   minima,  Beck.      Scabrous;  stems  at  length  much  branched  and 
spreading  (l'-4'  high) ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  oblong  or 


VALERIANACE^:.       (VALERIAN   FAMILY.)  213 

nearly  linear ;  earlier  peduncles  elongated  and  spreading  in  fruit,  the  later  ones 
short;  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla  not  longer  than  its  lobes  nor  than  the  ample  calyx- 
lobes  (l£'  long).  —  Dry  hills,  W.  Illinois  and  southwestward.  March -May. 

4.  H.  CSerillea,  L.  (BLUETS.)  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  from  the  base  (3' -5'  high);  leaves  oblong-spatulate  (3" -4"  long); 
peduncle  filiform,  erect ;  corolla  with  tube  much  longer  than  its  lobes  or  than  those 
of  the  calyx.  (Oldenlandia  caerulea,  ed.  2.)  Moist  and  grassy  places;  produ- 
cing from  early  spring  to  midsummer  its  delicate  little  flowers,  light  blue,  pale 
lilac,  or  nearly  white  with  a  yellowish  eye. 

H.  SERPYLLIF6LIA,  Michx.,  —  with  similar  flowers,  but  with  slender 
creeping  stems,  abounding  in  the  mountains  of  N.  Carolina,  —  may  occur  in 
those  of  Virginia. 

H.  ROTUNDIF6LIA,  Michx.,  —  also  creeping,  but  with  much  larger  round- 
ish leaves,  and  axillary  peduncles  nodding  in  fruit,  —  belongs  to  the  low  country 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  may  occur  in  S.  E.  Virginia. 


ORDER  51.    VAL.EIMAJVACEJE.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  the  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  1-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones; 
the  stamens  distinct,  1-3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender  :  stigmas  1-3. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1 -celled  (the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappear- 
ing), or  3-celled,  two  of  them  empty,  the  other  1 -seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 
or  clustered  cymes.  (Roots  often  odorous  and  antispasmodic.)  —  Repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.    VALERIANA,    Tourn.        VALERIAN. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  which  are  rolled 
tip  inwards  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  ma- 
tures. Corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  the  base,  the  5-lobed  limb  nearly  regular. 
Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  strong-scented  roots,  and  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dioecious,  or  dimorphous. 
(Name  from  valere,  to  have  efficacy,  alluding  to  the  medicinal  qualities.) 
*  Root  fibrous:  leaves  thin.  (Stems  l°-3°  high.) 

1 .  V.  paucifibra,  Michx.     Smooth,  slender,  surculose ;  root-leaves  ovate, 
heart-shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions  ;  stem- 
leaves  pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets  ;  branches  of  the  panicled  cyme 
few-flowered;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  long  and  slender  (%'  long).  —  Wood- 
lands, and  alluvial  banks,  Penn.  (near  Lancaster;  Prof.  Porter)  and  Ohio  to  S. 
Illinois  and  southward.     June. 

2.  V.  sylvatica,  Richards.     Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent;   root-leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  2  small  lobes  ;  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  5-11 


214  VALERIANACEJS.       (VALERIAN    FAMILY.) 

oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets ;  cyme  at  first  close,  many- 
flowered  ;  corolla  inversely  conical  (3"  long,  rose-color  or  white).  —  Cedar  swamps, 
Western  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  June.  (Probably  a  form  of 
V.  dioica,  L.) 

*  Root  spindle-shaped,  large  and  deep  (6' -12'  long)  :  leaves  thickish. 
3.  V.  edulis,  Nutt.  Smooth,  or  minutely  downy  when  very  young ;  stem 
straight  (l°-4°  high),  few-leaved;  leaves  commonly  minutely  and  densely 
ciliate,  those  of  the  root  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  of  the  stem  pinnately  parted 
into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  interrupted 
panicle,  nearly  dioecious;  corolla  whitish,  obconical  (2"  long).  (V.  ciliata, 
Torr.  $•  Gr.)  — Alluvial  ground,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.  June. 

2  .    F  E  D I A ,    Gsertn.        CORN  SALAD.    LAMB-LETTUCE. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  equally 
or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1 -seeded. — Annuals  and 
biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather  succulent  leaves 
(entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  the  base),  and  white  or  whitish  cymose-clustered 
and  bracted  small  flowers.  (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)  —  Our  species  all 
have  the  limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers, 
&c.,  that  good  characters  are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit.  They  all  have 
a  rather  short  corolla,  the  limb  of  which  is  nearly  regular,  and  therefore  be- 
long to  the  section  (by  many  botanists  taken  as  a  genus)  VALERIANELLA. 

1.  F.  OLIT6RIA,  Vahl.     Fruit  compressed,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than 
long,  with  a  corky  or  spongy  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell  nearly  as  large  as  the 
(often  confluent)  empty  cells ;  flowers  bluish.  —  Fields,  New  York  and  Penn. 
to  Virginia  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  Fagopyrum,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Fruit  ovate-triangular,  smooth,  not  grooved 
between  the  (at  length  confluent)  empty  cells,  which  form  the  anterior  angle,  and  are 
much  smaller  than  the  broad  and  flat  fertile  one ;  flowers  white.  —  Low  grounds, 
from  Western  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May,  June.  —  Plant 
l°-2°  high. 

3.  F.  radiata,  Michx.     Fruit  ovoid,  downy  (rarely  smooth),  obtusely  and 
unequally  somewhat  ^-angled ;  the  empty  cells  parallel  and  contiguous,  but  with  a 
deep  groove  between  them,  rather  narrower  than  the  flattish  fertile  cell.  —  Low 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Plant  6' -15'  high. 

4.  F.  umbilicata,  Sulliv.     Fruit  globular-ovate,  smooth;  the  much  inflated 
sterile  cells  wider  and  many  times  thicker  than  the  flattish  fertile  one,  contiguous,  and 
when  young  with  a  common  partition,  when  grown,  indented  with  a  deep  circular 
depression  in  the  middle,  opening  into  the  confluent  sterile  cells ;  bracts  not  cili- 
ate.—  Moist  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.     (Sill.  Jour.  Jan.  1842.) 

5.  F.  patellaria,  Sulliv.    Fruit  smooth,  circular,  platter-shaped  or  disk-like, 
slightly  notched  at  both  ends,  the  flattened-concave  sterile  cells  widely  divergent, 
much  broader  than  the  fertile  one,  and  forming  a  kind  of  wing  around  it  when 
ripe.  —  Low  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high,  resem- 
bling the  last,  but  with  a  very  different  fruit. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  215 

ORDER  52.    DIPSACE^E.     (TEASEL  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  the  Jlowers  in  dense 
heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Family  ;  but  the  sta- 
mens are  distinct,  and  the  suspended  seed  has  albumen.  —  Represented  by 
the  Scabious  (cultivated)  and  the  genus 

1.    DIPSACUS,    Tourn.        TEASEL. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  chaffy  leafy-tipped  and  pointed  bracts 
among  the  densely  capitate  flowers  :  each  flower  with  a  4-leaved  calyx-like  in- 
volucel  investing  the  ovary  and  fruit  (achenium).  Calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  the  limb  cup-shaped,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular, 
4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse 
biennials,  hairy  or  prickly,  with  large  oblong  heads.  (Name  from  di^aa, 
to  thirst,  probably  because  the  united  cup-shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some 
species  hold  water.) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRIS,  Mill.     (WILD  TEASEL.)    Prickly ;  leaves  lance-oblong ; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  slender,  longer  than  the  head ;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering 
into  a  long  flexible  awn  with  a  straight  point.  —  Roadsides  :  rather  rare.    (Nat. 
from  Eu.)     Suspected  to  be  the  original  of 

2.  D.  FuLL6xuM,  L.,  the  cultivated  FULLER'S  TEASEL,  which  has  a  shorter 
involucre,  and  stiff  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  used  for  raising  a 
nap  upon  woollen  cloth  :  it  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  places.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

ORDER  53.    COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists), 
on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  with  5  (rarely  4) 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious). 
—  Calyx-tube  united  with  the  1 -celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a  pappus) 
crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  &c.,  or 
cup-shaped,  or  else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubu- 
lar ;  in  the  latter  chiefly  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering 
the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Fruit  seed-like 
(achenium),  dry,  containing  a  single  erect  auatropous  seed,  with  no  albu- 
men. —  An  immense  family,  in  temperate  regions  chiefly  herbs,  without 
stipules,  with  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious,  or  dioecious  flowers.  The 
flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  (ligulate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-flow- 
ers :  the  head  which  presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the 
margin,  is  radiate.  The  tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk ;  and  a  head 
•which  has  no  ray-flowers  is  said  to  be  discoid.  When  the  head  contains 
two  sorts  of  flowers  it  is  said  to  be  heterogamous  ;  when  only  one  sort, 
homoyamous.  The  leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  texture, 
are  termed  scales.  The  bracts  or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  recep- 


216  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

tacle  among  the  flowers,  are  called  the  chaff:  when  these  are  wanting, 
the  receptacle  is  said  to  be  naked.  —  The  largest  order  of  Phsenogamous 
plants.  It  is  divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  suborders,  only  two  of 
which  are  represented  in  the  Northern  United  States.  The  first  is  much 
the  larger. 

SUBORDER  I.    TUBUL.IFL.ORjE. 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3  -  4-) 
lobed,  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present 
are  either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

The  technical  characters  of  the  five  tribes  of  the  vast  suborder  Tubuliflorce, 
taken  from  the  styles,  require  a  magnifying-glass  to  make  them  out,  and  will 
not  always  be  clear  to  the  student.  The  following  artificial  analysis,  founded 
upon  other  and  more  obvious  distinctions,  will  be  useful  to  the  beginner.  (The 
numbers  are  those  of  the  genera.) 

Artificial   Key  to   the  Genera   of  this   Suborder. 

§  1.  Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none :  corollas  all  tubular  (or  rarely  none). 

*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike. 
Pappus  composed  of  bristles  ; 

Double,  the  outer  of  very  short,  the  inner  of  longer  bristles No.  1. 

Simple,  the  bristles  all  of  the  same  sort. 

Heads  few-flowered,  themselves  aggregated  into  a  compound  or  dense  cluster.  .        .        2. 
Heads  separate,  few-flowered  or  many-flowered. 
Receptacle  (when  the  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly-hairy    .        .        .        .      67,  68,  70. 

Receptacle  deeply  honeycomb-like 69. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Pappus  of  plumose  or  bearded  stiff  bristles.    Flowers  purple 4. 

Pappus  of  very  plumose  bristles.     Flowers  whitish 5. 

Pappus  of  slender  but  rather  stiff  rough  bristles 6,  7,  8,  20. 

Pappus  of  very  soft  and  weak  naked  bristles 62,  63. 

Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  chaff. 

Receptacle  naked.    Leaves  in  whorls 3. 

Receptacle  naked.    Leaves  alternate 45. 

Receptacle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers. 49. 

Pappus  of  2  or  few  barbed  awns  or  teeth 41,  42. 

Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit. 55,  57. 

*  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  head. 

Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous.  .  .  65,  66. 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile. 

Receptacle  elongated  and  bearing  broad  chaff  among  the  flowers 60. 

Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chaff. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    Involucre  imbricated 23,  58.  59. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    Involucre  merely  one  row  of  scales.          .        .        .14,  61. 
Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

Achenia  becoming  much  longer  than  the  involucre 11. 

Achenia  not  exceeding  the  involucre 29,  56,  57. 

*  *  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  separate  heads,  the  one  pistillate,  the  other  staminate. 

Heads  dioecious  ;  in  both  kinds  many-flowered.     Pappus  capillary 24,  59. 

Heads  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered  and  closed.    Pappus  none.       .        .        .30,  31. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

$  2.    Bays  present ;  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  or  some  of  them  with  ligulate  corollas. 
*  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    (Rays  all  pistillate.) 

Rays  occupying  several  rows 9, 10, 14. 

Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  and 

White,  purple  or  blue,  never  yellow 12-15. 

Yellow,  of  the  same  color  as  the  disk. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  short  and  minute •.        .        .21. 

Pappus  simple. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  all  in  one  row.    Leaves  alternate.        .        .         63. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows.    Leaves  opposite 64. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.    Leaves  alternate 19,  22. 

*  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  chaffy  scales,  dissected  into  bristles.     ...      44. 
*  *  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  thin  chaffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristles. 

Heads  several-flowered.    Receptacle  chaffy 60. 

Heads  8  -  10-flowered.    Receptacle  naked 18. 

Heads  many-flowered.    Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed 48. 

Heads  many-flowered.    Receptacle  naked 45J,  46,  47. 

*  *  *  Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  or  3  awns,  teeth,  or  chaffy  scales  corresponding 

with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  achenium,  often  with  intervening  minute  bristles  or  scales. 

•t-  Receptacle  naked. 

Achenia  flat,  wing-margined.    Pappus  of  separate  little  bristles  or  awns 16. 

Achema  flat,  marginless.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  conical 17. 

Achenia  terete  or  angled.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  flattish. 54. 

Achenia  angled.    Pappus  a  little  cup  or  crown.    Receptacle  conical.         .       .        .       .55. 

,-t-  •*-  Receptacle  chaffy. 

Bays  neutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile) ;  the  disk-flower s  perfect  and  fertile. 
Receptacle  elevated  (varying  from  strongly  convex  to  columnar),  and 

Chaffy  only  at  the  summit ;  the  chaff  deciduous.    Pappus  none 51. 

Chaffy  throughout.    Achenia  flattened  laterally  if  at  all 36-40. 

Receptacle  flat  or  flattish.    Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  or  chaff.       .    41,42. 
Bays  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  also  perfect  and  fertile. 

Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  1  -  2-awned .      43. 

Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  and  chaff.    Pappus  none.       .        .        .53. 
Achenia  3  -  4-angular,  terete  or  laterally  flattish,  awnless. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.    Leaves  alternate,  dissected. 52. 

Receptacle  conical.    Leaves  opposite  simple. 

Achenia  obovoid.    Involucre  a  leafy  cup 32. 

Achenia  4-angular.    Involucre  of  separate  scales 35. 

Receptacle  flat.    Leaves  opposite  and  simple .        .    33,  34. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  :  the  disk-flowers  staminate  and  sterile  (pistil  imperfect). 

Receptacle  chaffy 25-28. 


Systematic    Synopsis. 

Tribe  I.    VERNONIACEJE.    Heads  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubu- 
lar.   Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely  bristly-hairy 
.  all  over.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.  Vernonla.    Heads  several -many-flowered,  separate.    Involucre  of  many  scales.    Pap- 

pus of  many  capillary  bristles. 

2.  El  e  ph  a  » to  pus.    Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  several  crowded  together  into  a  compound  head. 

Involucre  of  8  scales.    Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 

Tribe  II.  EUP  ATORIACE^.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tu- 
bular ;  or  in  a  few  cases  dissimilar,  and  the  outer  ones  ligulate.  Branches  of  the  style 
thickened  upwards  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  very  minutely  and  uniformly  pubescent 5  the 
fltigmatic  lines  indistinct. 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Subtribe  1.     Eupatoriere.    Flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  never  truly  yellow. 

*  Pappus  a  row  of  hard  scales. 

3.  Sclerolepis.    Head  many-flowered.    Scales  of  the  involucre  equal.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Pappus  of  slender  bristles. 

4.  Liatris.    Achenia  many-ribbed.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  or  barbellate.    Corollas 

red-purple,  strongly  5-lobed. 

5.  Kuhniu.     Achenia  many -ribbed.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  strongly  plumose.  Corol- 

las whitish,  5-toothed. 

6.  Eupjitoi  ium.     Achenia  5-angled.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  roughish.     Scales  of  the 

involucre  many  or  several.    Receptacle  of  the  5  -  many  flowers  flat  or  barely  convex. 

7.  Miltaiiia.    Achenia  and  pappus  as  No.  6.    Scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  only  4. 

8.  Conocliiiium.    Achenia,  pappus,  &c.  as  No.  6.    Receptacle  conical. 

Subtribe  3.  Tussilagineee.  Flowers  (sometimes  yellow,  more  or  less  monoecious  or 
dioecious)  of  2  sorts  in  the  same  head. 

*  Outer  flowers  of  each  (many -flowered)  head  pistillate  and  ligulate.    Scape  leafless. 

9.  IVartlosmia.     Heads  corymbed.     Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.    Pappus  capillary. 

10.  Tussilago.    Head  single ;  the  outer  pistillate  flowers  in  many  rows.    Pappus  capillary. 

*  *  Flowers  all  tubular.     Stem  leafy. 

11.  Adenocaulon.    Head  few-flowered ;  the  outer  flowers  pistillate.    Pappus  none. 

Tribe  III.  A  STEROIDE^E.  Heads  discoid,  with  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tubular  ; 
or  else  radiate,  the  outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  perfect 
flowers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous  jnarginal  stigmatic  lines  abruptly  termi- 
nate, and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  triangular  appendage  which 
is  evenly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Receptacle  naked  (destitute  of 
chaff)  in  all  our  species. 

Subtribe  1.  Asteriiiese.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  the  marginal 
ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 

*  Ray-flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple,  never  yellow, 
•t-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles  :  receptacle  flat. 

12.  Sericocarpus.    Heads  12  -15-flowered:  rays  4  or  5.    Involucre  oblong  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  cartilaginous.     Achenia  short,  narrowed  downwards,  silky. 

13.  Aster.    Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.    Achenia  flattish. 

Pappus  simple,  copious. 

14.  Erigeron.      Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre  of  narrow  scales,  little  imbricated. 

Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  simple  and  rather  scanty,  or  with  some  outer  minute  scales. 

15.  Diplopappus.      Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  imbricated.    Pappus  double;  the 

outer  obscure,  of  minute  stiff  bristles. 
•»-  +-  Pappus  of  very  short  rigid  bristles,  or  none  :  receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical. 

16.  Boltonia.    Achenia  flat  and  wing-margined.    Pappus  very  short. 

17.  Bellis.    Achenia  marginless.    Pappus  none.    Receptacle  conical. 

*  *  Ray-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  Solidago  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 

18.  BrachychBeta.    Heads  8-10-flowered,  clustered:  rays  4  or  5.    Pappus  a  row  of  mi- 

nute bristles  shorter  than  the  achenium. 

19.  Solidago.    Heads  few  -  many -flowered :  rays  1-16.    Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  slen- 

der and  equal  capillary  bristles. 

20.  Bigelovia.    Heads  3 - 4-flowered :  rays  none.    Receptacle  awl-shaped.    Pappus  simple, 

a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

21.  Clirysopsis.     Heads  many-flowered:  rays  numerous.    Pappus  double;  the  outer  of 

very  small  chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 

Subtribe  3.     Inulece.    Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base :  otherwise  as  Subtribe  1. 

22.  In ula.    Heads  many-flowered.    Rays  many.    Pappus  capillary  and  copious. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

Subtribe  3.  Bacchariclerc  &  Tarcb.onaiitb.ece.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  tubu- 
lar, either  dioecious  or  monoecious,  namely,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  either  in 
different  heads  on  distinct  plants,  or  in  the  same  head.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  fertile  flow- 
ers a  very  slender  tube  sheathing  the  style,  and  truncate  at  the  summit. 

23.  Plucbea.     Heads  containing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre,  and  many 

pistillate  fertile  ones  around  them.    Anthers  tailed  at  the  base.     Pappus  capillary. 

24.  liaccharis.     Heads  dioecious,  some  all  pistillate,  others  all  staminate,  on  different  plants. 

Anthers  tailless.    Pappus  capillary. 

Tribe  IV.  SENECIOXIDE.E.  Heads  various.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  fertile 
flowers  linear,  thickish  or  convex  externally,  flat  internally,  hairy  or  pencil-tufted  at  the 
apex  (where  the  stiginatic  lines  terminate  abruptly),  and  either  truncate,  or  continued  be- 
yond into  a  bristly-hairy  appendage.  —  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate. 

Subtribe  1.  Melampodinere.  Flowers  none  of  them  truly  perfect,  but  either  stam- 
inate or  pistillate ;  the  two  sorts  either  in  the  same  or  in  different  heads.  Anthers  tailless. 
Pappus,  if  any,  never  of  bristles. 

*  Heads  containing  two  kinds  of  flowers,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate,  the  central  and  tubular 

staminate  flowers  having  a  style,  but  always  sterile. 
«-  Fertile  flowers  with  a  ligulate  corolla  (rarely  wanting  in  No.  25) :  receptacle  chaffy. 

25.  Polymnia.     Achenia  thick  and  turgid,  roundish.     Pappus  none. 

26.  Cbr y  sogoiium.     Achenia  flattish.     Pappus  a  one-sided  2 -  3-toothed  chaffy  crown. 

27.  Slip  Ilium.      Achenia  flat,  wing-margined,  numerous  in  several  rows:  rays  deciduous. 

28.  Parthenium.     Achenia  flat,  slightly  margined :  rays  very  short,  persistent. 

-i-  +-  Fertile  flowers  with  tubular  or  no  corolla :  no  pappus. 

29.  Iva.     Achenia  short  and  thick :  receptacle  with  narrow  chaff. 

57.  Artemisia,  in  part.     Achenia  short  and  small :  receptacle  naked. 

11.  Aclenocaulon.    Achenia  elongated,  bearing  stalked  glands :  receptacle  naked. 

*  *  Heads  of  two  sorts,  one  containing  staminate,  the  other  pistillate  flowers,  both  borne  on 

the  same  plant ;  the  pistillate  only  1  or  2.  in  a  closed  involucre  resembling  an  achenium  or 
a  bur ;  the  staminate  several,  in  an  open  cup -shaped  involucre. 

30.  Ambrosia.     Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  small,  1-flowered,  pointed  and  often  tubercled. 

31.  Xaiitliium.     Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  an  oblong  prickly  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered. 

Subtribe  «.  Heliaii there.  Heads  radiate,  or  rarely  discoid ;  the  rays  ligulate,  the  disk- 
flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Anthers  blackish,  tailless.  Pappus  none, 
or  a  crown  or  cup,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary,  nor  of  several  uniform 
chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  more  commonly  opposite. 

*  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile :  achenia  3 -4-sided,  slightly  if  at  all  flattened. 
+-  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  forming  a  cup. 

32.  Tetragoiiotheca.     Outer  involucre  4-leaved.    Achenia  obovoid.    Pappus  none. 

•»-  •)-  Involucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  scales. 

33.  Eclipta.    Receptacle  flat ;  its  chaff  bristle-shaped.    Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

34.  Borrichia.    Receptacle  flat,  its  chaff  scale-like  and  rigid.    Pappus  an  obscure  crown. 

35.  Heliopsis.    Receptacle  conical ;  its  chaff  linear.    Pappus  none  or  a  mere  border. 

*  *  Rays  sterile  (either  entirely  neutral  or  with  an  imperfect  style),  or  occasionally  none  ;  ache- 

nia 4-angular  or  flattened  laterally,  i.  e.  their  edges  directed  inwards  and  outwards,  the 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  embracing  their  outer  edge. 

•t-  Receptacle  elevated,  conical  or  columnar.    Pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 

36.  Echinacea.     Rays  (very  long)  pistillate,  but  sterile.     Achenia  short,  4-sided. 

37.  Rudbecliia.     Rays  neutral.    Achenia  4-sided,  flat  at  the  top,  margiuless. 

38.  Lepachys.     Rays  few,  neutral.     Achenia  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

•t-  ••-  Receptacle  flattish  or  conical.     Pappus  chaffy  or  awned. 

39.  Heliaiithus.    Achenia  flattened,  marginless.    Pappus  of  2  very  deciduous  chaffy  scales. 

40.  Actinomeris.     Achenia  very  flat,  whig-margined,  bearing  2  persistent  awns. 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Rays  sterile,  neutral :  achenia  obcom pressed,  i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 
involucre,  the  faces  looking  inwards  and  outwards.  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  spreading 
and  often  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flat. 

41.  Coreopsis.     Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked  or 

barbed  upwards,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  mere  crown. 

42.  Bicleiis.     Pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  downwardly  barbed  awns  or  teeth. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  pistillate  or  fertile  (rarely  none) :  achenia  laterally  flattened,  2-awned. 

43.  Verfoesina.    Rays  few  and  small,  or  rarely  none.    Receptacle  convex.    Achenia  some- 

times winged. 

Snbtribe  3.  Tagetinese.  Heads  commonly  radiate  ;  the  rays  ligulate ;  the  disk-flowers 
all  perfect  and  fertile.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup. 
Pappus  various.  —  Herbage  strong-scented  (as  in  Tagetes  of  the  gardens),  being  dotted  with 
large  pellucid  glands  containing  a  volatile  oil. 

44.  Dysodia.    Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles. 

Snbtribe  4.  Helenieee.  Heads  radiate  or  sometimes  discoid ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect. 
Pappus  a  circle  of  several  chaffy  scales.  Anthers  tailless. 

*  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy  nor  honeycombed.) 

45.  Hymenopappus.    Rays  none.    Receptacle  flat.    Scales  of  the  involucre  colored. 
45'.  Actinella.     Rays  pistillate,  merely  toothed.   Receptacle  elevated.   Involucre appressed. 

46.  Helenium.    Rays  pistillate,  3    5-cleft.  Receptacle  elevated.  Involucre  small,  reflexed. 

47.  Leptopoda.     Rays  neutral  or  sterile  :  otherwise  as  No.  46. 

*  *  Receptacle  deeply  pitted,  like  honeycomb. 

48.  Bald  winia.    Rays  numerous :  neutral,  elongated.    Involucre  much  imbricated. 

*  *  *  Receptacle  chaffy. 

49.  Mara  hallia.  Rays  none.    Involucre  of  many  narrow  and  foliaceous  scales. 

50.  Galinsoga.    Rays  4  or  5,  short,  pistillate,  whitish ;  the  disk  yellow.    Involucre  of  4  or 

5  ovate  and  thin  scales. 

Subtribe  5.  Antb.emid.eee.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid ;  the  perfect  flowers  sometimes 
infertile,  and  the  pistillate  flowers  rarely  tubular.  Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.  Other- 
wise nearly  as  Subtribe  4. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part :  rays  ligulate. 

51.  Marnta.    Rays  neutral.    Achenia  obovoid  and  many-ribbed.    Pappus  none. 

52.  Anthemis.    Rays  pistillate.    Achenia  terete  or  4-angular.    Pappus  minute  or  none. 

53.  Achillea.    Rays  pistillate,  short.    Achenia  flattened  and  margined. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 

54.  Lencanthemnm.    Rays  numerous,  pistillate.     Receptacle  flattish.    Achenia  striate 

or  ribbed.    Pappus  none. 

55.  Ma tricaria.    Rays  pistillate,  or  none,  and  then  all  the  flowers  perfect.    Receptacle  con- 

ical.   Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

56.  Tanacetum.    Rays  none,  but  the  marginal  flowers  pistillate.    Achenia  broad  at  the 

top.    Pappus  a  short  crown. 

57.  Artemisia.    Rays  none  ;  some  of  the  outer  flowers  often  pistillate.    Achenia  narrow  at 

the  top.    Pappus  none. 

Snbtribe  6.  Giiaphalinere.  Heads  all  discoid,  with  tubular  corollas;  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  filiform.  Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 
Flocculent-woolly  herbs  :  leaves  alternate. 

58  Gnaphalinm.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Heads  containing  both  perfect  and  pistillate 
flowers.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  all  slender. 

59.  Antennaria.    Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Heads  dioecious,  or  nearly  so.    Pappus  of  the 

staminate  flowers  thickened  or  club-shaped  at  the  summit. 

60.  Filago.    Receptacle  columnar  or  top-shaped,  chaffy.    Pappus  of  the  inner  flowers  capil- 

lary, of  the  outer  often  none. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

Subtribe  7.  Senecionere.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid ;  the  central  flowers  perfect.  An- 
thers tailless.  Pappus  capillary.  Receptacle  naked.  (Scales  of  the  involucre  commonly 
in  a  single  row.) 

*  Heads  discoid.    Leaves  alternate. 

61.  Ereclithites.      Heads  many- flowered:   Sowers  whitish;   the  marginal  ones  pistillate 

and  with  filiform  corollas. 

62.  Cacalia.    Heads  5  -  many-flowered :  flowers  white  or  cream-color,  all  tubular  and  perfect. 

63.  Senecio.    Heads  many-flowered :  flowers  yellow,  all  perfect. 

*  *  Heads  radiate,  many-flowered. 

•*-  Rays  conspicuous  and  in  a  single  row :  flowers  all  fertile,  yellow. 

63.  Senecio.    Pappus  fine  and  soft.    Leaves  alternate. 

64.  Arnica.    Pappus  of  more  rigid  and  rough-denticulate  bristles.    Leaves  all  opposite. 

•T-  H-  Rays  narrow  or  small,  in  more  than  one  row,  at  least  in  fertile  heads.    Leaves  all  radical. 
9.  Nardosmia.     Flowers  whitish  or  purplish.     Scape  bearing  several  heads. 
10.  Tussilago.    Flowers  yellow.    Scape  bearing  a  single  head. 

Tribe  V.  CYNARE.E.  Heads  (in  our  species)  discoid,  with  the  flowers  tubular,  or 
some  of  the  outer  corollas  enlarged  an,d  appearing  like  rays  but  not  truly  ligulate.  Style 
thickened  or  thickish  near  the  summit ;  the  branches  stigmatic  to  the  apex,  without  any 
appendage,  often  united  below.  (Heads  large.) 

*  Marginal  flowers  mostly  neutral  or  sterile.    Pappus  not  plumose. 

65.  Centawrea.    Achenia  flat.    Pappus  of  short  naked  bristles,  or  none.    Marginal  neutral 

flowers  commonly  enlarged  or  ray-like. 

66.  Cnicus.    Achenia  terete,  bearing  10  horny  teeth  and  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  10  shorter 

rigid  naked  bristles.    Marginal  flowers  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  in  the  (ovoid  or  globular)  head. 

67.  Cirsium.    Achenia  smooth.    Pappus  of  plumose  bristles.    Receptacle  clothed  with  long 

and  soft  bristles  or  hairs. 

68.  Car  duns.    Pappus  of  naked  bristles  :  otherwise  as  No.  67. 

69.  Onopordon.    Achenia  wrinkled  transversely,  4-angled.    Pappus  not  plumose.   Recep- 

tacle honeycombed. 

70.  Lappa.    Achenia  wrinkled,  flattened.    Pappus  of  short  and  rough  bristles.    Receptacle 

bristly. 

SUBORDER  n.    LJGULJFL.OR.aE.        Tribe  vi.   CICHORACE^E. 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  per- 
fect. —  Herbs,  with  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  Pappus  none. 

71.  Lampsana.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales  in  a  single  row,  8  -  12-flowered. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

72.  Cichorinm.    Pappus  a  small  crown  of  many  bristle-form  scales.    Involucre  double. 

73.  Krigia.    Pappus  of  5  broad  chaffy  scales,  and  5  slender  bristles. 

74.  Cynthia.    Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  short,  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of 

numerous  long  capillary  bristles. 

*  *  *  Pappus  plumose. 

75.  Leontodon.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  several,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base,  tawny. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 

f-  Achenia  not  flattened  nor  distinctly  beaked,  columnar  or  terete,  often  slender:  pappus 
rather  stiff,  mostly  tawny  or  dirty-white. 

76.  Troximon.    Involucre  loosely  imbricated,  many-flowered:  corolla  yellow.    Achenia 

10-ribbed.    Pappus  very  copious  and  unequal. 

77.  Hieracium.    Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  12  -  many -flowered :  corolla  yellow. 

Achenia  short.    Pappus  of  rather  scanty  and  tawny  roughish  bristles. 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

78.  IVabalus.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  -14  linear  equal  scales  in  a  single  row  and  a  few 

little  scales  at  base,  5  -  many-flowered :  corolla  whitish,  cream-color,  or  purplish.   Ache- 
ma  rather  short  ana  blunt.     Pappus  of  very  copious  tawny  or  brown  roughish  bristles. 

79.  Ly  goclesmia.    Involucre  as  the  preceding,  5  -  10-flowered  :  corolla  rose-purple.   Ache- 

nia  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit.    Pappus  of  copious  whitish  bristles. 
i-  •»-  Achenia  terete  or  nearly  so,  ribbed,  roughish  above,  abruptly  slender-beaked.    Pappus 
soft,  fine,  and  flaccid.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  linear  scales  in  a  single  row  and 
some  small  short  ones  at  the  base.     Corolla  yellow. 

80.  Clioiitlrilla.     Involucre  few-flowered.     Pappus- white.     Stems  branching,  leafy. 

81.  Pyrrhopappus.      Involucre    many-flowered.      Pappus    reddish  or  rusty.     Stems 

branching,  leafy  below. 

82.  Taraxacum.    Involucre  many-flowered.     Pappus  whitish.    Scape  naked,  simple. 

•4-  -i-  H-  Achenia  flat  or  flattish.    Involucre  somewhat  imbricated,  mostly  many -flowered. 

83.  Ijactuca.    Achenia  abruptly  long  and  slender-beaked,  very  flat :  pappus  bright  white. 

84.  Mulgedium.     Achenia  flattish,  and  with  a  short  and  thick  beak. 

85.  Souclius.    Achenia  flattish,  beakless.     Pappus  white.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.    VEBNONIA,    Schreb.        IRON-WEED. 

Heads  15 -many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes;  flowers  all  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  appressed  closely  imbricated  scales. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer 
of  minute  scale-like  bristles  ;  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  purple  flowers.  (Named  in  honor 
of  a  Mr.  Vernon,  an  early  English  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

1.  V.  Noveborac6nsis,  Willd.     Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a  long 
bristle-form  or  awl-shaped  spreading  appendage  or  awn ;  in  some  varieties  merely 
pointed.  —  Low  grounds  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia ;  and  river-banks  in 
the  Western  States,  from  Wisconsin  southward.    Aug. — A  tall  coarse  weed 
with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

2.  V.  fascicillata,  Michx.     Scales  of  the  involucre  (all  but  the  lowest) 
rounded  and  obtuse,  without  appendage.  —  Prairies  and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.    Aug.  —  Leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  heads 
mostly  crowded.     Very  variable,  and  manifestly  passing  into  No.  1 . 

2.    ELEPHANTOPUS,    L.        ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. 

Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  several  together  clustered  into  a  compound  head  :  flow- 
ers perfect.  Involucre  narrow,  flattened,  of  8  oblong  dry  scales.  Achenia 
many-ribbed.  Pappus  of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base. — Perennials, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  eXe^as,  ele- 
phant, and  7TOvs,foot.) 

1.  E.  Car olinianus,  Willd.  Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  thin. — Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

3.    SCLEROLEPIS,    Gas.        SCLEEOLEPIS. 

Head  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  equal, 
in  1  or  2  rows.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  — A  smooth  perennial,  with  simple  stems, 
rooting  at  the  base,  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  and  a  terminal  head 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  223 

of  flesh-colored  flowers.     (Name  of  a-K\rjp6s,  hard,  and  X  en-is,  a  scale,  from  the 
pappus.) 

1.  S.  vertieillata,  Cass.  —  In  water:  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and 
southward.  Aug. 

4.    LIATB.IS,    Schreb.        BUTTON  SNAKEROOT.    BLAZING-STAB. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated, appressed.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Achenia  slender, 
tapering  to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  15  -40  capillary  bristles, 
which  are  manifestly  plumose,  or  only  barbellate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often 
resinous-dotted,  with  rigid  alternate  entire  leaves  (these  sometimes  twisted  so 
as  to  become  vertical),  and  heads  of  handsome  rose-purple  flowers,  spicate, 
racemose,  or  panicled-cymose,  appearing  late  in  summer  or  in  autumn.  (Deri- 
vation of  the  name  unknown.) 

§  1.  Stem  usually  wand-like  and  simple,  from  a  globular  or  roundish  corm  or  tuber 
(impregnated  with  resinous  matter),  very  leafy :  leaves  narrow  or  grass-like,  1- 
5-nerved:  heads  spicate  or  racemed:  involucre  well  imbricated:  lobes  of  the 
corolla  long  and  slender. 

*  Pappus  very  plumose ;  scales  of  the  5-flowered  involucre  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 

spreading  petal-like  (purple  or  sometimes  white)  tips,  exceeding  thejlowers. 

1.  L.  elegans,  Willd.     Stem  (3° -5°  high)  and  involucre  hairy;  leaves 
short  and  spreading;  spike  or  raceme  compact  (1°  long). — Barren  soil,  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

#  #  Pappus  very  plumose :  scales  of  the  cylindrical  many-flowered  involucre  imbri- 

cated in  many  rows,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like :  corolla  hairy  within. 

2.  L.  squarr6sa,  Willd.     (BLAZING-STAR,  &c.)      Often   hairy  (l°-3° 
high);    leaves  linear,  elongated;    heads  few  (!' long)  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
mostly  with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to 
Illinois  and  southward. 

3.  L.  cylindracea,  Michx.     Commonly  smooth  (6' -18'  high);  leaves 
linear;  heads  few '(£'-!'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  short  and  rounded  ap- 
pressed tips.  — Dry  open  places,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward. 

#  *  *  Pappus  not  obviously  plumose  to  the  naked  eye :  corolla  smooth  inside. 

4.  L.  scariosa,  Willd.      Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high)  pubescent  or  hoary; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)   lanceolate ;  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  30  -  40-flow- 
ered  ;  scales  of  the  broad  or  depressed  involucre  obovate  or  spatulate,  very  numerous, 
with  dry  and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  margins.  —  Dry  soil,  New  England  to 
Minnesota,  and  southward.  —  Widely  variable  :  heads  1'  or  less  in  diameter. 

5.  L.  pilbsa,  Willd.     Beset  with  long  scattered  hairs  ;  stem  stout ;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated;   heads  few,  10-15-flowered;  scales  of  the 
top-shaped  or  bell-shaped  involucre  slightly  margined,  the  outer  narrowly  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  the  innermost  linear.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward  :  rare  and 
obscure.     Perhaps  a  remarkable  state  of  the  next;  but  the  flowers  as  large 
as  in  the  preceding. 


224  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

6.  L.  spicata,  Willd.      Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;    stems  very  leafy 
(2° -  5°  high) ;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  3 - 5-nerved ;  heads  8 -  12-flowered  ( J'- 
£'  long),  crowded  in  a  long  spike ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical-bell-shaped  involucre 
oblony  or  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  with  slight  margins ;  achenia  pubescent  or  smoothish. 

—  Moist  grounds  :  common  from  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  — 
Involucre  somewhat  resinous,  very  smooth. 

7.  L.  graminifblia,  Willd.     Hairy  or  smoothish;   stem  (l°-3°  high) 
slender,  leafy ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1 -nerved ;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7 -12-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  or  somewhat  pointed,  rigid,  oppressed;  achenia  hairy.  — 
Virginia  and  southward.  —  Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  dtlbia.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong,  often 
ciliate.  (L.  dubia,  Barton.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

8.  L.  pycnostachya,  Michx.-    Hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem  stout  (3°  -  5° 
high),  very  leafy ;   leaves   linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear ; 
spike  thick  and  dense  (6' -20'  long) ;  heads  about  5-flowered  (£'  long) ;  scales  of 
the  cylindrical  involucre  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  recurved  or  spreading  colored  tips. 

—  Prairies,  from  Indiana  southward  and  westward. 

§  2.  Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  not  from  a  tuber:  heads  small,  corymbed  or  pan- 
icled, 4- \Q-flowered:  involucre  little  imbricated:  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate: 
pappus  not  plumose. 

9.  L.   odoratissima,  Willd.      (VANILLA-PLANT.)     Very  smooth;  leaves 
pale,  thickish,  obovate-spatulate,  or  the  upper  oval  and  clasping ;  heads  corymbed. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Leaves  exhaling  the  odor  of 
Vanilla  when  bruised. 

10.  L.  paniculata,  Willd.     Viscid-hairy;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, smoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping,  heads  panicled.  —  Virginia 
and  southward. 

5.    KUHNIA,    L.        KUHNIA. 

Heads  10-25-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and 
loosely  imbricated,  lanceolate.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed.  Achenia  cylindri- 
cal, many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose  (white)  bristles.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  resinous-dotted,  with  mostly  alternate  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
paniculate-corymbose  heads  of  cream-colored  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn, 
of  Pennsylvania,  who  brought  the  living  plant  to  Linnaeus.) 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and 
toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

6.    EUPATORIUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGHWORT. 

Heads  3  -  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell- 
shaped.  Receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5- 
anglcd.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely  roughish  bristles.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  resinous  dots,  with  generally  co- 
rymbose heads  of  white,  bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  appearing  near  the  close  of 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  225 

summer.     (Dedicated  to  Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  a  species 
of  the  genus  in  medicine.) 

*  Heads  cylindrical.,  5-1 ^-flowered ;  the  purplish  scales  numerous,  closely  imbricated 

in  several  rows,  of  unequal  length,  slightly  striate :  stout  herbs,  with  ample  mostly 
whorled  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  flowers. 

1.  E.  purptireum,  L.    ( JOE-PTE  WEED.   TRUMPET-WEED.)    Stems  tall 
and  stout,  simple  ;  leaves  3  -  6  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed, 
very  veiny,  roughish,  toothed ;  corymbs  very  dense  and  compound.  —  Varies 
greatly  in  size  (2°- 12°  high),  &c.,  and  with  spotted  or  unspotted,  often  dotted 
stems,  &c.,  —  including  several  nominal  species.  —  Low  grounds :  common. 

#  #  Heads  3  —  2Q-flowered :  involucre  of  8  —  15  more  or  less  imbricated  and  unequal 

scales,  the  outer  ones  shorter :  flowers  white. 
•*-  Leaves  all  alternate,  mostly  dissected :  heads  panicled,  very  small,  3  -  5-flowered. 

2.  E.  fcenicill&ceum,  Willd.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  paniculately  much- 
branched  (3° -10°  high);  leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted,  filiform.  —  Virginia, 
near  the  coast,  and  southward.    Adv.  near  Philadelphia. 

•t-  •*-  Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  sessile :  heads  5  -  8-flowered,  corymbed. 

3.  E.    hyssopif61ium,   L.     Minutely  pubescent  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  obtuse,  1  -  3-nerved,  entire,  or  the  lower 
toothed,  often  crowded  in  the  axils,  acute  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 
—  Sterile  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  E.  Kentucky  and  southward. 

4.  E.  Ieuc61epis,  Torr.  &  Gr.   Minutely  pubescent,  simple  (l°-2°high) ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate^  closely  sessile,   l-nerved,  obtuse,  serrate,  rough  both  sides; 
corymb  hoary  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  white  and  scarious  acute  tips.  —  Sandy 
bogs,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

5.  E.  parvifldrum,  Ell.     Minutely  velvety  -pubescent,  branching  (2°  -3° 
high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  triple-ribbed  and  veiny,  serrate  above  the  middle, 
tapering  to  the  base,  the  lower  slightly  petioled ;  scales  of  the  short  involucre 
obtuse.    (Leaves  sometimes  whorled  in  threes,  or  the  upper  alternate.)  — Damp 
soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  E.  altissimum,  L.     Stem  stout  and  tall  (3° -7°  high),  downy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  entire,  or  toothed  above  the 
middle,  the  uppermost  alternate ;  corymbs  dense ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  — 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long,  somewhat  like  those  of  a  Solidago. 

7.  E.  ^Ibum,  L.     Roughish-hairy  (2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed,  veiny ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbri- 
cated, rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed,  white  and  scarious  above,  longer  than  the 
flowers.  —  Sandy  and  barren  places,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and 
southward. 

8.  E.  teucrifdlium,  Willd.     Roughish-pubescent  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  or  incised  towards  the  base,  the  upper  ones  alternate ; 
branches  of  the  corymb  few,  unequal ;  scaJ.es  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  at  length  shorter  than  the  flowers.      (E.   verbenaefolium,  Michx.) — Low 
grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward  near  the  coast. 

15 


226  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

9.  E.  rotlindifdlium,  L.     Downy-pubescent  (2°  high) ;  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  cren ate- toothed, 
triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish  (l'-2'  long) ;  corymb  large  and  dense;  scales  of 
the  (^-flowered]  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pointed.  —  Dry  soil,  Rhode 
Island  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

10.  E.  pubescens,  Muhl.    Pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  mostly  acute,  slightly 
truncate  at  the  base,  serrate-toothed,  somewhat  triple-nerved,  veiny;  scales  of  the 
7  - 8-Jlowered  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.     (E.  ovatum,  Bigel.)  —  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  and  Kentucky.  —  Like  the  last,  but  larger. 

1 1 .  E.  sessilifblium,  L.    (UPLAND  BONESET.  )    Stem  tall  (4°  -  6°  high), 
smooth,  branching ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the  rounded 
sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  (3 '-6'  long) ;  corymb  very 
compound,  pubescent ;  scales  of  the  5-  (or  5-12-  ?)  flowered  involucre  oval  and  oblong, 
obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the 
mountains. 

•H-  H-  •»-  Leaves  opposite,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long,  widely  spreading :  heads 
mostly  \0-l5-flowered:  corymbs  very  compound  and  large. 

12.  E.  resinbsum,  Torr.      Minutely  velvety-downy  (2° -3°  high);   leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  serrate,  partly  clasping,  tapering  to  the  point,  slightly 
veiny  beneath  (4' -6'  long);  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse. — Wet  pine 
barrens,  New  Jersey.  —  Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules  of  the  leaves. 

13.  E.  perfoliatum,  L.      (THOROUGHWORT.    BONESET.)     Stem  stout 
(2°  -4°  high),  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  around  the  stem  (connate- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy  be- 
neath (5' -8*  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.  — Low  grounds: 
common  and  well-known.  —  Varies  with  the  heads  30  -  40-flowered. 
-*-•*—•*-•»-  Leaves  long-petioled,  the  upper  ones  alternate :  heads  12-1 5-Jlowered,  in 

compound  corymbs. 

14.  E.  serotinum,  Michx.     Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched 
(3° -6°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and 
veiny,  coarsely  serrate   (5' -6'  long);    involucre   very  pubescent. — Alluvial 
ground,  Maryland  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

*  *  *  Heads  8  -  30  flowered ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  one 
row:  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple-nerved  and  veiny,  not  resinous-dotted: 
flowers  white. 

15.  E.  ageratoides,  L.     (WHITE   SNAKE-ROOT.)      Smooth,  branching 
(3°  high);  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  long-petioled, 
thin  (4' -5'  long) ;  corymbs  compound.  — Rich  woods  :  common  northward. 

16.  E.  aromaticum,  L.     Smooth  or  slightly  downy ;  stems  nearly  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  obtusely  toothed,  not  pointed,  thickish.  — 
Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  —  Lower  and 
more  slender  than  No.  15,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads. 

7.    MIKANIA,    Willd.        CLIMBING  HEMP-WEED. 

Heads  4-flowered.     Involucre  of  4  scales.     Receptacle  small.    Flowers  and 
achenia,  &c.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Twining  perennials,  climbing  bushes,  with 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  227 

opposite  commonly  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbose-panicled 
flesh-colored  flowers.     (Named  for  Prof.  Mi/can,  of  Prague.) 

1.  M.  scandens,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  twining ;  leaves  somewhat  triangu- 
lar-heart-shaped or  halberd-form,  pointed,  toothed  at  the  base.  —  Copses  along 
streams,  E.  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

8.    CONOCLINIUM,    DC.        MIST-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  bell-shaped,  the  nearly  equal  linear-awl- 
shaped  scales  somewhat  imbricated.  Receptacle  conical !  Otherwise  as  in  Eu- 
patorium,  of  which  it  is  rather  a  section.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  violet-purple  or  blue  flowers  in  crowded  terminal  corymbs. 
(Name  formed  of  KWVOS,  a  cone,  and  *cXti^,  a  bed,  from  the  conical  receptacle.) 

1.  C.  CCelestinum,  DC.  Somewhat  pubescent  (1°-  2°  high);  leaves  tri- 
angular-ovate and  slightly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed.  —  Rich 
soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Sept. 

9.    NARDOSMIA,    Cass.        SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Heads  many -flowered,  somewhat  dioecious  :  in  the  sterile  plant  with  a  single 
row  of  ligulate  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  ones  in  the  disk ;  in  the 
fertile  plant  with  many  rows  of  minutely  ligulate  ray-flowers,  and  a  few  tubular 
perfect  ones  in  the  centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.  Receptacle  flat. 
Achenia  terete.  Pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles,  longer  and  copious  in  the  fer- 
tile flowers. — Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with  the  leaves  all  from  the  rootstock, 
the  scape  with  sheathing  scaly  bracts,  bearing  heads  of  purplish  or  whitish  fra- 
grant flowers,  in  a  corymb.  (Name  from  vdpdos,  spikenard,  and  6crp.r),  odor.) 

1.  N.  palmata,  Hook.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  white- 
woolly  beneath,  palmately  and  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut. 
(Tussilago  palmata,  Ait.  T.  frigida,  Bigel.)  —  Swamps,  Maine  and  Massachu- 
setts to  Michigan  and  northwestward :  rare.  April,  May.  —  Full-grown  leaves 
(6' -10' broad). 

10.    TUSSILAGO,    Tourn.        COLTSFOOT. 

Head  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  narrowly  ligulate,  pistillate,  fertile,  in 
many  rows ;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few,  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
nearly  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat.  Fertile  achenia  cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus  capillary,  copious  in  the  fertile  flowers. — A  low  perennial,  with  hori- 
zontal creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  simple  scaly  scapes  in  early  spring,  bear- 
ing a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded-heart-shaped  angled  or  toothed  leaves 
later  in  the  season,  woolly  when  young.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  tussis, 
a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  T.  FARFARA,  L.  —  Wet  places,  and  along  brooks,  New  England,  New 
York,  and  Pennsylvania ;  thoroughly  wild.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.    ADENOCAULON,    Hook.        ADENOCATTLON. 

Heads  5-10-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  with  similar  corollas;  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  fertile;  the  others  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 


228  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

equal,  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with 
stalked  glands  above.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  perennials,  with  the  alternate 
thin  and  petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green  above,  white  woolly  beneath,  and  few 
small  (whitish)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name, 
from  d&j^i/,  a  gland,  and  /cauXds,  a  stem). 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped,  with  angu- 
lar-toothed margins;  petioles  margined.  —  Moist  woods,  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  westward. 

12.     SERICOCARPUS,     Nees.        WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 

Heads  12-15-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  about  5,  fertile  (white).  Involucre 
somewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  cartilaginous  and  whitish,  appressed,  with  short  and  abrupt  often  spread- 
ing green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenia  short,  inversely  pyram- 
idal, very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
tufted  herbs  (l°-2°  high),  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small 
heads  mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  flat  corymb.  Disk-flowers  pale 
yellow.  (Name  from  o-npiKos,  silky,  and  Kaprros,  fruit. ) 

1.  S.  SOlidagineus,  Nees.     Smooth,  slender;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  obtuse, 
entire,  with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base  ;  heads  narrow  (3"  long),  inclose 
dusters,  few-flowered;  pappus  white.  —  Thickets,  S.  New  England  to  Virginia, 
near  the  coast.     July. 

2.  S.  COnyzoides,  Nees.     Somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  serrate  towards  the  apex,  ciliate,  veiny ;  heads  rather 
loosely  corymbed,  obconical  (4" -6"  long);  pappus  rusty-color.  —  Dry  ground: 
common.     July. 

3.  S.  tortif61ius,  Nees.      Hoary-pubescent;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong-spatu- 
late,  short,  (£'-!'  long),  turned  edgewise,  both  sides  alike,  nearly  veinless  ;  heads 
rather  loosely  corymbed,  obovoid  (4" -5"  long);  pappus  white. — Pine  woods, 
Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. 

13.    ASTER,    L.        STARWORT.     ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  leaf- 
like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  more  or  less  flattened.  Pappus 
simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (or  annual  only  in  §  6),  with  co- 
rymbed, panicled,  or  racemose  heads ;  flowering  in  autumn.  Rays  white,  purple, 
or  blue :  the  disk  yellow,  often  changing  to  purple.  (Name  doT^p,  a  star,  from 
the  appearance  of  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers.) 

§  1.  BI6TIA,  DC.  Involucre  obovoid-bell-shaped ;  the  scales  regularly  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips:  rays  6-15  (white  or 
nearly  so):  achenia  slender:  lower  leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely 
serrate :  heads  in  open  corymbs. 

1.  A.  eorymbbsilS,  Ait.  Stem  slender,  somewhat  zigzag;  leaves  thin, 
smoothish,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  sharp-pointed, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  all  but  the  uppermost  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  229 

slender  naked  petioles ;  rays  6-9.  —  Woodlands  :  common,  especially  northward. 
July,  Aug. — Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  corymbs,  rounder 
and  less  rigid  exterior  involucral  scales,  and  thinner  leaves  than  the  next ;  not 
rough,  but  sometimes  pubescent. 

2.  A.  macrophyllUS,    L.      Stem  stout  and  rigid  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
thickish,  rough,  closely  serrate,  somewhat  pointed;  the  lower  heart-shaped  (4'- 10' 
long,  3'  -  6'  wide),  long-petioled  ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  mar- 
gined petioles ;  heads  in  ample  rigid  corymbs ;  rays  12  - 25  (white  or  bluish).  — 
Moist  woods  :  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug., 
Sept. — Involucre  £'  broad;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  the 
innermost  much  larger  and  thinner. 

§  2.  CALLIASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  coriaceous,  with  short  herbaceous  tips:  rays  12-30,  violet  or  blue:  achenia 
narrow  (smouthish) :  pappus  of  rigid  bristles  of  unequal  thickness:  stem-leaves  all 
sessile;  lower  ones  not  Jieart-shaped :  heads  few,  or  when  several  corymbose,  large 
and  showy.  (Allied  to  §  1,  and  to  Sericocarpus.) 

3.  A.  Hadula,  Ait.     Stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  smooth, 
many-leaved  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  pointed,  sharply  serrate  in  the 
middle,  very  rough  both  sides  and  rugose-veined,  closely  sessile  (2' -3'  long),  nearly 
equal ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  oblong,  oppressed,  with  very  short  and  slightly 
spreading  herbaceous  tips ;  achenia  smooth.  —  Bogs  and  low  grounds,  Delaware 
to  Maine  and  northward,  near  the  coast.    Also  Pocono  Mountain,  Penn.  (Prof 
T.  Green) ;  and  a  dwarf  variety,  with  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  at  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire.    Aug.  —  Rays  light  violet.    Involucre  nearly  smooth, 
except  the  ciliate  margins. 

4.  A.  Surcul6sus,  Michx.     Stems  slender  (£°-l°  high),  from  long  and 
slender,  or  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping,  subterranean  shoots  or  suck- 
ers, roughish-pubescent  above,   1-2-  or  corymbosely  several-flowered ;   leaves 
roughish,  obscurely  toothed,  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate ;  involucre  obconical  or 
bell-shaped  (£'-£'  long),  the  whitish  and  coriaceous  scoJ.es  with  short  herbaceous 
tips,  the  outer  ones  shorter;  achenia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Var.  GR\CILIS  (A.  gra- 
cilis,  Nutt.)  is  a  form  with  the  scales  of  the  narrower  obconical  involucre  succes- 
sively shorter  and  with  very  short  and  scarcely  spreading  green  tips,  resembling 
a  Sericocarpus.  —  Moist  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Sept.  —  Rays  about  12,  violet,  6"  long. 

5.  A.  spectabilis,  Ait.     Stems  (1°-  2°  high)  minutely  rough  and  gland- 
ular-pubescent at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  obscurely  toothed, 
tapering  to  the  base ;  scales  of  the  short  and  almost  hemispherical  involucre  linear-ob- 
long, with  conspicuous  spatulate  glandular-downy  tips,  the  outermost  scarcely  shorter; 
achenia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New.  Jersey,  near 
the  coast,  and  southward.     Sept.  -  Nov.  —  One  of  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 
though  the  heads  are  few.     The  rays,  about  20,  are  narrowly  lanceolate,  nearly 
1'  long,  very  deep  violet-blue.     Involucre  %'  long  and  wide. 

6.  A.  H6rveyi,  n.  sp.     Stem  slender  (l°-2°  high),  nearly  smooth,  the 
summit  and  peduncles  of  the  several  corymbose  heads  minutely  glandular-pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  thinnish,  roughish,  obscurely  serrate,  oblong-lanceolate,  very  acute,  all  but 


230  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

the  uppermost  taper-pointed,  and  also  tapering  below  into  a  narrowed  base  or  winged 
petiole;  heads  small  (les.«  than  £'  long,  exclusive  of  the  narrow  rays) ;  involucre 
between  bell-shaped  and  top-shaped ;  the  scales  obscurely  glandular,  linear,  or  the 
short  outer  ones  oblong,  with  greenish  appressed  tips ;  achenia  linear,  slightly 
pubescent.  —  Borders  of  oak  woods,  in  rather  moist  soil,  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
E.  W.  Hei-vey.     Sept.  —  An  ambiguous  member,  and  the  smallest-flowered,  of 
the  section.    Pappus  whitish,  finer  than  that  of  the  preceding. 
§  3.  ASTER,  proper.     Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with 
herbaceous  or  leaf-like  summits,  or  the  outer  ones  entirely  foliaceous :  rays  numer- 
ous: pappus  soft  and  nearly  uniform:  achenia  flattened.     (All  flowering  late 
in  summer  or  in  autumn. ) 

*  Leaves  whitened,  silvery-silky  both  sides,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate :  involu- 

cre imbricated  in  3  to  several  rows :  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

7.  A.  sericeus,  Vent.    Stems  slender,  branched ;  leaves  silver-white,  lance- 
olate or  oblong ;  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  branchlets ;  scales  of 
the  globular  involucre  similar  to  the  leaves,  spreading,  except  the  short  coriaceous 
base ;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  and  dry  banks,  Wisconsin  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  :  rays  20-30. 

8.  A.  COncolor,  L.     Stems  wand-like,  nearly  simple ;  leaves  crowded,  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts ;  heads  in  a  simple 
or  compound  wand-like  raceme ;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate ;  achenia  silky.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward. — Plant  l°-3°high, 
with  the  short  leaves  1'  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  both  sides. 

*  *  Lower  leaves  not  heart-shaped;  the  upper  all  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping  by 

a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base :  heads  showy :  scales  of  the  inversely  conical  or 
bell-shaped  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  successively 
shorter,  appressed,  coriaceous,  whitish,  with  short  herbaceous  tips:  rays  large, 
purple  or  blue. 

9.  A.  patens,  Ait.     Rough-pubescent;  stem  loosely  panicled  above  (l°-3° 
high),  with  widely  spreading  branches,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted 
below  the  middle,  all  clasping  by  a  deep  auricled-heart-shaped  base,  rough,  especially 
above  and  on  the  margins,  entire ;  scales  of  the  minutely  roughish  involucre  with 
spreading  pointed  tips;  achenia  silky.  —  Var.  pHLOGir6Lius  is  a  form  which 
the  plant  assumes  in  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated  thin  scarcely 
rough  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed  above,  mostly  much 
contracted  below  the  middle. — Dry  ground:  common,  especially  southward. 
Heads  £'  broad,  and  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays. 

10.  A.  Ispvis,  L.     Very  smooth  throughout ;  heads  in  a  close  panicle  ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped  base  ;  scales  of  the  short-obovoid  or  hemi- 
spherical involucre  with  appressed  green  points ;  rays  sky-blue ;  achenia  smooth. 
A  variable  and  elegant  species,  of  which  the  two  best-marked  forms  are  :  — 

Var.  IsevigatUS.     Scarcely  if  at  all  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong ; 
involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  lanceolate  or  linear,  with  narrow  and 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  231 

acute  green  tips  tapering  down  on  the  midnerve.     (A.  laevis,  L.    A.  laevigatus, 
Willd.}  — Dry  woodlands  :  rather  common. 

Var.  ey&neus.  Very  smooth,  but  pale  or  glaucous ;  leaves  thicker ;  the 
upper  often  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  invo- 
lucre narrowed  at  the  base,  of  broader  and  more  coriaceous  scales  with  shorter 
and  abrupt  tips.  (A.  cyaneus,  Hofftn.,  frc.}  — Border  of  woodlands  :  common, 
especially  northward. 

11.    A.    turbindllus,   Lindl.      Very  smooth;   stem  slender,  paniculately 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  with  rough  margins ; 
involucre  elongated-obconical  or  almost  club-shaped  (^'  long) ;  the  scales  linear, 
with  very  short  and  blunt  green  tips  ;  rays  violet-blue  ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  — 
Dry  hills,  &c.,  Illinois  and  southwestward.  —  Well-marked  and  handsome. 
*  #  *  Lower  leaves  all  heart-shaped  and  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  or  petioled :  invo- 
lucre imbricated  much  as  in  the  last  division,  but  the  heads  smaller,  very  numerous, 
racemosed  or  panicled. 
•*-  Leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate :  heads  middle-sized :  rays  bright-blue. 

12.  A.  azureus,  Lindl.     Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound 
at  the  summit,  the  branches  slender  and  rigid ;  leaves  rough  ;  the  lower  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  on  long  often  hairy  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  lin- 
ear, sessile,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  involucre  inversely  conical.  —  Copses 
and  prairies,  Niagara  Falls  (Clinton),  and  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. — 
Involucre  much  as  in  A.  laevis,  but  much  smaller,  slightly  pubescent ;  the  rays 
bright  blue. 

13.  A.  Shortii,  Boott.     Stem  slender,  spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing 
very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  smooth  above,  minutely  pubes- 
cent underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
sharp  point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and  on  naked 
petioles ;   involucre  bell-shaped.  —  Cliffs   and   banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin   and 
southward.  —  A  pretty  species,  2°  -4°  high ;  the  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

14.  A.  undulatus,  L.     Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close  pubescence ; 
stem  spreading,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  wavy  or  slightly  toothed  margins,  roughish  above,  downy  under- 
neath, the  lowest  heart-shaped  on  margined  petioles,  the  others  abruptly  contracted 
into  short  broadly  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base,  or  di- 
rectly sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;   involucre  obovoid.     (A.  diver sifcjjius, 
Michx.)  —  Dry  copses :  common. 

-»-  1-  Leaves  conspicuously  serrate :  heads  small:  rays  pale  blue  or  nearly  white. 

15.  A.  COrdif61ius,  L.     Stem  much  branched  above,  the  spreading  or  di- 
verging branches  bearing  very  numerous  panicled  heads;   lower  leaves  all  heart- 
shaped,  on  slender  and  mostly  naked  ciliate  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  inversely  coni- 
cal involucre  all  oppressed  and  tipped  with  short  green  points,  obtuse  or  acutish.  — 
Woodlands:  very  common.  —  Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  either  smooth, 
roughish,  or  sometimes  hairy.     Heads  profuse,  but  quite  small. 

16.  A.  sagittifdlius,  Willd.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  with  ascending  branches 
bearing  numerous  racemose,  heads ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  ;   the  lower 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  margined  petioles  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear, 


232  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pointed  at  both  ends ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  awl-shaped 
slender  and  loose  tips.  —  Dry  ground,  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and 
northward.  —  Usually  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy ;  the  heads  rather  larger 
than  in  the  last,  almost  sessile.  —  A.  Drummondii,  LindL,  which  probably 
grows  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi,  is  a  downy-leaved  variety  of  this. 
*  *  *  *  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped;  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  narrow,  rigid, 
entire :  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows :  the  coriaceous  scales  appressed  and 
whitish  at  the  base,  with  abrupt  and  conspicuous  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads 
small  and  very  numerous,  paniculate-racemose  ;  rays  white. 

17.  A.  ericoides,  L.     /Smooth  or  sparingly  Jiairy  (l°-l£°  high) ;  the  sim- 
ple branchlets  or  peduncles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  the  wand-like 
spreading  branches ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  toothed ;  the  others 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  acute   at  both  ends  ;   scales  of  the  involucre 
broadest  at  the  base,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  green  tips.  —  Var.  viLL,6sus  is  a 
hairy  form,  often  with  broader  leaves ;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  —  Dry 
open  places,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

18.  A.  mu.ltifl.6rUS,  Ait.     Pale  or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence  (1° 
high),  much  branched  and  bushy ;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spreading 
racemose  branches  ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  spreading,  with  rough  or  ciliate  mar- 
gins, the  upper  somewhat  dilated  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre with  spatulate  spreading  green  tips  broader  than  the  lower  portion,  the  outer 
obtuse.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil :  common. 

*****  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped;  those  of  the  stem  tapering  at  the  base, 
sessile;  involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  unequal,  with  short  and  narrow  ap- 
pressed  or  rather  loose  greenish  tips:  heads  small  or  middle-sized:  rays  white  or 
bluish-purple. 

f-  Heads  small     (Involucre  2"  -4"  long.) 

19.  A.  dumdsus,  L.      Smooth  or  nearly  so,  racemosely  compound,  the 
scattered  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  spreading  branchlets ;  leaves  linear 
or  the  upper  oblong,  crowded,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  with  rough  margins  ; 
scales  of  the  closely  imbricated  involucre  linear-spatulate,  obtuse,  in  4  —  6  rows.  — 
Thickets:  common.  —  A  variable  species,  l°-3°high,  loosely  branched,  with 
small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  inversely  conical  or  bell-shaped  invo- 
lucre, with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than  any  of  the  succeeding.     Rays  pale 
purple  or  blue,  larger  than  in  the  next.     Runs  into  several  peculiar  forms. 

20.  A.  Tradesc£nti,  L.     Smooth  or  smoothish;  the  numerous  heads  closely 
racemed  along  one  side  of  the  erect-spreading  or  diverging  branches ;  leaves 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  serrate  in  the  middle  with 
fine  sharp  teeth  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  acufish,  in  3  or  4 
rows.  —  Var.  FRA.GILIS  has  the  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  except  the  lowest, 
the  heads  more  scattered.  —  Moist  banks  :  very  common.  —  Stems  2°  -  4° 
high,  bushy  :  heads  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  the  last.     Rays  white  or 
nearly  so. 

21.  A.  miser,  L.,  Ait.     More  or  less  hairy,  much  branched  ;  the  branches 
usually  diverging,  bearing  racemose  often  scattered  heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oh- 
long-lanceolate,  tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle  -• 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  233 

scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows. 

Thickets,  fields,  &c. :  very  common,  and  extensively  variable.  —  Leaves  larger 
than  in  either  of  the  preceding  (2' -5');  the  involucre  intermediate  between 
them,  as  to  the  form  of  the  scales.  Kays  mostly  short,  pale  bluish-purple  or 
white. 

•*-  •»-  Heads  middle-sized.     (Involucre  3"  -  5"  long.) 

22.  A.    Simplex,  Willd.      Smooth  or  nearly  so   (3° -6°  high),  much 
branched ;  the  branches  and  scattered  heads  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  sen-ate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped, 
loosely  and  sparingly  imbricated.  —  Shady  moist  banks  :  common.  —  Rays  pale. 
Approaches  in  its  different  forms  the  preceding  and  the  two  following. 

23.  A.  tenuifblius,  L.      Nearly  smooth;  stem  much  branched  (2° -3° 
high)  ;    the  heads  somewhat  panicled  or  racemed;   leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  long  slender  point  (2'-  6'  long),  with  rough  margins,  the  lower  some- 
what serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear-awl-shaped, 
very  slender-pointed,  numerous,  closely  imbricated.  —  Low  grounds,  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Rays  short  and  narrow,  pale  purple  or  whitish. 

24.  A.  C&rneilS,  Nees.     Smooth,  or  the  branches  rough  or  pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  pointed,  or  the  upper  short  and  partly  clasping; 
heads  racemose  along  the  ascending  leafy  branches ;  scales  of  the  obovate  in- 
volucre lanceolate,  abruptly  acute,  closely  imbricated.  —  Moist  soil :  common.   Leaves 
firm  in  texture,  smooth,  or  rough  above.     Rays  rather  large,  bluish,  purplish, 
violet-purple,  or  almost  white.  —  On  a  thorough  revision  of  the  genus,  older 
names  will  be  found  and  verified  for  this  and  No.  22,  which  here  cover  a  multi- 
tude of  forms.    A  mutabilis,  L.,  is  probably  one  of  them. 

******  Stem-leaves  sessile,  the  upper  more  or  less  clasping :  scales  of  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  loosely  more  or  less  imbricated,  somewhat  equal,  with  herba- 
ceous tips,  or  the  outer  often  entirely  herbaceous:  heads  middle-sized  or  large: 
rays  blue  or  purple.  (The  species  of  this  group  are  still  perplexing.) 

25.  A.   SBStivus,  Ait.     Stem  slender,  rough,  bushy-branched;    leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  taper-pointed,  entire,  with  rough  margins ;  heads 
corymbose,  loose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  loose ;  rays  large,  apparently  light 
blue.      (A.  laxifolius,  Nees.)  —  Var.  L^TiFL6RUS  has  very  slender  branches 
and  leaves,  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  unequal  and  more  appressed. — 
Moist  shady  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Heads  about  as  large 
as  in  A.  puniceus,  in  some  forms  appearing  more  like  A.  carneus.    Leaves  4'  - 
7'  long,  y  to  £'  wide. 

26.  A.  Novi-B^lgii,  L.     Nearly  smooth ;   stem  stout;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pale  or  somewhat  glaucous,  seirate  in  the  middle,  acute,  tapering  to  each  end ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated,  with  broadish  acute  herbaceous  tips ; 
rays  pale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Low  grounds,  not  clearly  known  in  a  wild  state. 
The  plant  here  in  view  is  intermediate  between  No.  24  and  No.  27.  —  Heads 
smaller  and  less  showy  than  in  the  next. 

27.  A.  longif61iU8,  Lam.     Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  branched,  corym- 
bose-panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle,  taper-pointed,  shining  above;  scales 


234  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

of  the  in  col  acre  imbricated  in  3-5  rows,  linear,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  spreading 
or  recurvtd  green  tips ;  rays  large  and  numerous,  bright  purplish-blue.  —  Moist 
places,  along  streams,  £c. :  common  eastward. — Plant  l°-5°  high,  with  large 
and  showy  heads ;  very  variable  in  the  foliage,  involucre,  &c. ;  its  multiform 
varieties  including  A.  thyrsiflorus,  Hoffm.,  A.  laxus,  W'dld.  (a  form  with  more 
leafy  involucres),  A.  prjealtus,  Poir.,  A.  elodes,  Torr.  fr  Gr. :  also  A.  salicifolius,. 
Scholler,  the  oldest  name  of  all. 

28.  A.  puniceus,  L.     Stem  tall  and  stout,  rough-hairy  all  over  or  in  lines, 
usually  purple  below,  panicled  above ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  by  an  auri- 
cled  base,  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle  with  appressed  teeth,  rough  above,  nearly 
smooth  underneath,  pointed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute,  loose, 
equal,  in  about  2  rows ;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  or  whitish  in 
shade).  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps,  very  common.  —  Stems  3° -6°  high,  in 
open  grounds  rough  with  rigid  bristly  hairs. 

Var.  vimineus  (A.  vimineus,  Witld.)  is  a  variety  nearly  smooth  through- 
out ;  growing  in  shade. 

29.  A.  prenanthoides,  Muhl.     Stem  low  (l°-3°high),  corymbose-pani- 
cled,  hairy  above  in  Urns;  leaves  rough  above,  very  smooth  underneath,  ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply  cut-toothed  in  the  middle,  conspicuously  taper-pointed,  and  tapering  below  in  a 
long  contracted  entire  portion,  which  is  abruptly  dilated  into  an  auricled-heart-shaped 
clasping  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  recurved-spreading 
tips ;  rays  light  blue.  —  Borders  of  rich  woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southwards  to  Virginia. 

####*#*  Leaves  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  base  often  clasping:  heads 
solitary  terminating  the  branches  or  somewhat  corymbed,  showy :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre very  numerous,  with  loose  and  spreading  or  recurved  mostly  foliaceous  tips, 
usually  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid,  as  are  the  branchlets,  8fc. 

H—  Involucre  imbricated,  the  scales  in  several  or  many  ranks. 

30.  A.  grandiflbrUS,  L.     Rough  with  minute  hispid  hairs;  stems  slender, 
loosely  much  branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  very  small  U'-l'  long),  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  rigid,  the  uppermost  passing  into  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
squarrose  many-ranked  involucre;  rays  bright  violet  (!'  long);  achenia  hairy. 
—  Dry  open  places,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy. 

31.  A.  oblongif61illS,  Nutt.    Minutely  glandular-puberulent,  much  branched 
above,  rigid,  paniculate-corymbose  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, mucronate-pointed,  partly  clasping,  thickish  (l'-2'  long  by  2"  -5"  wide) ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  appressed  at  the  base;  rays  violet-purple; 
achenia  canescent.  — Banks  of  rivers,  from  Pennsylvania  (Huntingdon  County, 
Prof.  Porter!}  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  —  Heads 
middle-sized  or  smaller. 

32.  A.  ameth^stinus,  Nutt.     Taller  than  the  foregoing  (2° -5°  high), 
more  upright,  with  more  hirsute  and  not  at  all  glandular  or  viscid  pubescence  ; 
heads  more  racemose  on  the  branches  and  smaller ;  involucre  only  about  3"  in 
diameter,  the  tips  of  the  scales  less  spreading ;  rays  light  clear  blue.  —  Moist 
grounds,  Massachusetts  (near  Salem,  Cambridge,  &c.,  Nuttall,  Dr.  Robbins,  &c.  : 
Amherst  (Prof.  Tuckerman),  Illinois  (E.  Hall),  and  Wisconsin. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  235 

-»-  •»-  Involucre  of  many  very  slender  equal  scales  appearing  like  a  single  row. 

33.  A.  NOV83- AngliSB,  L.     Stem  stout,  hairy  (3° -8°  high),  corymbed  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  auriculute-clasping,  clothed 
with  minute  pubescence  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  loose,  glandular-viscid, 
as  well  as  the  branchlets ;  rays  violet-purple,  in  var.  ROSEUS  rose-purple  (A. 
roseus,  Desf),  very  numerous;  achenia  hairy. — Moist  grounds:  common. — 
Heads  large,  corymbed.     Var.  ?  with  white  rays,  Carroll  Co.,  111.,  H.  Shimer* 

#*#*##*#  Heads,  frc.,  as  in  the  preceding  group;  but  foliage  as  in  #  #  #„ 

34.  A.  anomalus,  Engelm.     Somewhat  hoary-pubescent;  stems  slender 
(2°— 4°  high),  simple  or  racemose-branched  above;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  cordate  and  long-petioled,  the  upper 
small  and  almost  sessile ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed,  with  linear  spreading  leafy  tips ;  achenia  smooth,  — 
Limestone  cliffs,  W.  Illinois  (and  Missouri,  near  St.  Louis),  Engelmann.  —  Heads 
as  large  as  those  of  No.  31 :  rays  violet-purple. 

§  4.  ORITR6PHIUM,  Kunth.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row,  more  or  less  herbaceous :  pappus  of  so/I  and  uniform  capil- 
lary bristles :  mostly  low  perennials,  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads. 

35.  A.  graminifblius,  Pursh.    Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6'- 12'  high) ; 
leaves  very  numerous,  narrowly  linear ;  branches  prolonged  into  slender  naked 
peduncles,  bearing  solitary  small  heads;  rays  rose-purple  or  whitish.  —  North- 
ern borders  of  New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

§  5.  ORTH6MERIS,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated, 
unequal,  often  carinate,  with  membranaceous  margins,  entirely  destitute  of  herba- 
ceous tips:  pappus  of  soft  and  unequal  capillary  bristles. 

36.  A.  acuminatus,  Michx.      Somewhat  hairy;  stem  (about  1°  high) 
simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at  the  summit;  peduncles  slender;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and  entire 
at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate, 
pointed,  thin  (3"  -  5"  long) ;  heads  few  or  several ;  rays  12-18,  white,  or  slightly 
purple.  —  Cool  rich  woods  :  common  northward  and  southward  along  the  Alh> 
ghanies.     Aug.  —  There  is  a  depauperate  narrow-leaved  variety  on  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 

37.  A.  nemoralis,   Ait      Minutely  roughish-pubescent ;   stem  slender, 
simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very  leafy  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  small  |1'- 
1^'  long),  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins ;  scales  ©f  the 
inversely  conical  involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing  Into 
awl-shaped  bracts;  rays  lilac-purple,  elongated. — Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Maine  along  the  coast,  and  northward.     Also  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire ;  a  small  form,  with  solitary  heads.     Sept. 

38.  A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth  or  roughish ;  stems  clus- 
tered (6' -15' high),  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  entire,  tapering 
to  the  base,  1-3-nerved,  with  rough  margins  (2' -4' long);  heads  smaff,  wt  a 
flat  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short ;  rays  white 
(2" -3"  long).  —  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  along:  the 
Great  Lakes,  and  northward.    Aug. 


236  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

§  6.  OXYTRIP6LIUM,  DC.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  without  herba- 
ceous tips,  usually  very  acute,  the  outer  passing  into  scale-like  bracts  :  pappus  soft 
and  capillary  :  achenia  striate. 

39.  A.  fl.exu.6sus,  Nutt.     Stem  zigzag,  rigid,  forked  (6"-  20' high) ;  the 
branches  bearing  large  solitary  heads ;  leaves  linear,  thick  and  fleshy,  pointed,  entire ; 
scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows,  ovate-lanceolate  with 
awl-shaped  points;  rays  numerous,  large,  pale  purple.  —  Salt  marshes  on  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Virginia.     Sept. 

40.  A.  linif61i.US,  L.     Annual;  stem  much  branched  (6' -24' high),  the 
branches  bearing  numerous  racemose  or  panicled  small  heads  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
pointed,  entire,  flat,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre 
linear-awl-shaped,  in  few  rows  ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows,  short,  not  projecting  be- 
yond the  disk,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.     (A.  subulatus, 
Michx.)     Salt  marshes,  on  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia.     Aug. -Oct. 

41.  A.  angUStUS,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (Tripolium  angustum,  Lindl.     T.  frondo- 
sum,  Nutt.     Also  in  Siberia,   Conyza  Altaica,  DC.,  and  Brachyactis  ciliata, 
Ledeb.)     An  annual  species  related  to  the  last,  but  with  broader  leaves,  very- 
many  minute  rays,  and  more  copious  pappus :  comes  from  the  northwest  to  near 
the  borders  of  Wisconsin. 

14.    ERIGERON,    L.        FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hemispherical ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
little  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Achenia  flattened,  usually 
pubescent  and  2-nerved.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter 
ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  distinct  short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  chaffy 
scales.  —  Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  corymbed  heads.  Disk  yellow  ;  ray  white  or  purple.  (Name  from  rjp,  spring, 
and  yepav,  an  old  man,  suggested  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  of  the  ver- 
nal species.) 

§  1.    CJEN6TUS,  Nutt.     Rays  inconspicuous,  in  several  rows,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  pappus :  pappus  simple :  chiefly  annuals  and  biennials. 

1.  E.  Canadense,  L.     (HORSE-WEED.     BUTTER-WEED.)    Bristly-hairy; 
stem  erect,  wand-like  (3°  -  5°  high) ;  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire  ;  those  from  the 
root  cut-lobed  ;  heads  very  numerous  and  small,  cylindrical,  panicled.  —  Waste 
places;  a  common  weed,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  world.     July -Oct. — 
Ligules  much  shorter  than  their  tube,  white.     (Nat.  in  Eu.  &c.) 

2.  E.  divaricatum,  Michx.     Diffuse  and  decumbent  (3' -6' high);  leaves 
linear  or  awl -shaped  ;  heads  loosely  corymbed ;  rays  purple :  otherwise  like  No.  1 .  — 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

3.  E.  acre,  L.     Sparsely  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  erect  (10' -20'  high)  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong,  entire ;  heads  several  or  rather 
numerous,  racemose  or  at  length   corymbose,  nearly  hemispherical   (4 "-5" 
long)  ;  rays  purplish  or  bluish,  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  copious  pap- 
pus. —  Shores  of  Lake  Superior  (Dr.  Robbins,  Prof.  Porter,  &c.),  and  northwest- 
ward.    (Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  237 

§  2.  EUERtGERON,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Bays  elongated,  crowded  in  one  or  more  rows: 
pappus  simple.  (Erect  perennials:  heads  somewhat  corymbed,  middle-sized.) 

4.  E.  bellidifdlium,  Muhl.      (ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.)      Hairy,  producing 
offsets  from  the  base :  stem  simple,  rather  naked  above,  bearing  few  (1-9)  large 
heads  on  slender  peduncles,  root-leaves  obovate  and  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed ; 
those  of  the  stem  distant,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire ;  rays  (about 
50)  rather  broad,  light  bluish-purple.  —  Copses  and  moist  banks :  common.     May. 

5.  E.  Philad61phicum,  L.     (COMMON  FLEABANE.)    Hairy ;  stem  leafy, 
corymbed,  bearing  several  small  heads  ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  ob- 
long ;  the  upper  smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire ;  the 
lowest  spatulate,  toothed ;  rays  innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or  flesh- 
color.     (E.  purpureum,  Ait.) — Moist  ground  :  common.     June -Aug. 

§  3.  STENACTIS,  Cass.     Outermost  bristles  of  the  pappus  short  and  minute,  or 
rather  chaffy,  forming  an  external  series :  otherwise  as  §  2. 

6.  E.  glab611um,   Nutt.      Stem  (6' -15'  high)  stout,  hairy  above,  the 
leafless  summit  bearing  1-7  large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the 
margins,  entire,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed,  closely  sessile  or 
partly  clasping,  the  lower  spatulate  and  petioled  ;  rays  (more  than  100,  purple) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hispid  involucre.  —  Plains  N.  Wiscon- 
sin, and  westward.    June. 

§  4.  PHALACROL6MA,  Cass.  Rays  numerous,  but  nearly  in  a  single  row,  con- 
spicuous :  pappus  plainly  double,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  chaffy -bristle-form 
scales ;  the  inner  of  scanty  capillary  bristles  which  are  deciduous,  or  entirely 
wanting  in  the  ray :  annuals  and  biennials. 

7.  E.  annuum,  Pers.     (DAISY  FLEABANE.     SWEET  SCABIOUS.)    Stem 
stout  (3° -5°  high),  branched,  beset  with  spreading  hairs;   leaves  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed ;  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole ;  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends ;  heads  corymbed ;  rays  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  involucre.     (E.  hetero- 
phyllum,  Muhl.     E.  strigosum,  Bigel.)  —  Fields  and  waste  places  :  a  very  com- 
mon weed.    June -Aug.     (Nat.  in  Eu.) 

8.  E.  Strigdsum,  Muhl.      (DAISY  FLEABANE.)      Stem  panicled-corym- 
bose  at  the  summit,  roughish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  or  almost 
smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the  lowest  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  rays  white,  twice  the  length 
of  the  minutely  hairy  involucre.    (E.  integrifblium,  Bigel.)  — Fields,  &c. :  com- 
mon.   June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  last,  with  smaller 
heads  but  longer  rays.  —  Var.    DISCOLDEUM,  Robbins,  has  the  rays  minute, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  —  Uxbridge,  Massachusetts,  and  adjacent  parts 
of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  Dr.  Robbins. 

§  5.    ERIGERtDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Rays  about  30,  in  a  single  row,  rather 
broad :  pappus  simple  :  achenia  mostly  4-nerved :  root  perennial. 

9.  E.  v6rnum,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Glabrous  ;    leaves  clustered  at  the  root, 
oval  or  spatulate;   scape  leafless,  slender  (1°- 2°  high),  bearing  5-12  small 
corymbed  heads  ;  rays  white.    (E.  nudicaule,  Michx.    Aster  vernus,  L.)  — Low 
grounds,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 


238  COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

15.    DIPLOPAPPUS,    Cass.    DOUBLE-BRISTLED  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  8-12,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  appressed,  narrow,  1 -nerved  or  keeled,  destitute  of  herbaceous 
tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  flattish.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer 
of  very  short  and  small  stiff  bristles,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles  as  long  as 
the  disk-corolla.  —  Perennials  with  corymbose  or  simple  heads  :  disk-flowers 
yellow  ;  rays  white  or  violet.  (Name  composed  of  dtTrXoos,  double,  and  TraTnroff, 
pappus,  the  character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Aster.) 
$  1.  Rays  violet,  showy :  head  solitary,  pretty  large :  involucre  much  imbricated : 
achenia  silky :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  all  alike. 

1.  D.  Iinariif61ius,  Hook.     Stems  (6'- 20'  high)   several  from  the  same 
woody  root,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  rigid,  spreading,  linear,  strongly 
1 -nerved,  smooth,  rough-margined. — Dry  soil:  common.     Sept.,  Oct. 

§  2.  Rays  white :  heads  small,  corymbed :  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  imbricated 
in  about  3  rows :  achenia  smoothish :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  unequal,  some 
of  them  thickened  at  the  tip :  leaves  rather  large,  scattered,  membranaceous,  veiny, 
entire, 

2.  D.  umbellatus,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Smooth,  leafy  to  the  top  (2° -6°  high); 
leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  taper-pointed  and  tapering  at  the  base  (3' -6' long); 
leads  very  numerous  in  compound  flat  corymbs ;  scales  of  the  involucre  rather 
•close,  obtusfeh.  —  Moist  thickets:  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

3.  D.  amygdalinus,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Smooth  or  roughish  above,  leafy  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre loose,  obtuse.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey,  Penn.,  and  southward.    Aug.  — 
Too  near  the  last ;  but  lower,  rougher,  and  with  broader  and  shorter  leaves. 

4.  D.    COrnif61iU8,  Darl.     Stem   (l°-2°  high)  pubescent,  bearing  few 
heads  on  divergent  peduncles  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed 
at  both  ends,  ciliate,  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath. — "Woodlands,  E.  Massa- 
chusetts to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    July  -  Sept. 

16.    BOLT6NIA,    L'Her.        BOLTONIA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
Tiemispherical  involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  appressed,  with  narrow 
membranaceous  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Ache- 
nia very  flat,  obovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing, 
or  in  the  ray  3-winged,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles  and 
usually  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  and  bushy-branched  smooth  herbs,  pale 
green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster :  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire,  often  turned 
edgewise.  Flowers  autumnal :  disk  yellow :  rays  white  or  purplish.  (Dedicated 
to  James  Bolton,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
#  Heads  middle-sized,  loosely  corymbed. 

1 .  B.  asteroides,  L'Her.  Leaves  lanceolate ;  achenia  broadly  oval ;  pap- 
pus of  few  minute  bristles  and  no  awns.  —Moist  places  along  streams.  Penn- 
sylvania (Bartram),  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  :  rare.  Oct.  — Plant 
usually  6°  high. 


'  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  239 

2.  B.  glastif61ia,  L'Her.    Leaves  lanceolate,  ascending ;  achenia  obovate, 
broadly  winged ;  pappus  of  several  sbort  bristles  and  2  or  3  short  awns.  —  Rich 
soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Plant  2°  -4°  high. 

*  *  Heads  small,  panicled  on  the  slender  branches. 

3.  B.  diSusa,  L'Her.     Stem  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  those 
on  the  branchlets  very  small  and  awl-shaped ;  pappus  of  several  very  short  bris- 
tles and  2  short  awns.  —  Prairies  near  Centralia,  Illinois  ( Vasey),  and  southwest- 
ward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

17.    E  ELLIS,    Tourn.        DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  herbaceous,  equal,  in  about  2  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked.  Ache- 
nia obovate,  flattened,  wingless,  and  without  any  pappus.  — Low  herbs  (all  but 
our  single  species  natives  of  the  Old  World),  either  stemless,  like  the  true  Daisy, 
B,  perennis,  or  leafy-stemmed,  as  is  the  following.  (The  Latin  name,  from 
bellus,  pretty.) 

1.  B.  integrifblia,  Michx.  (WESTERN  DAISY.)  Annual  or  biennial, 
diffusely  branched  (4f-9'  high),  smoothish;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the 
lower  spatulate-obovate ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles ;  rays  pale  violet-purple.  — 
Prairies  and  banks,  Kentucky  and  south  westward.  March- June. 

18.    BRACHYCHJETA,    Torr.  &  Gr.        FALSE  GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Solidago,  except  the  pappus,  which  is  a  row 
of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  achenia.  —  A  perennial  herb, 
with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leaves,  all  the  lower  ones  heart-shaped;  the  small 
yellow  heads  in  sessile  clusters  racemed  or  spiked  on  the  branches.  (Name  com- 
posed of /Spa^us,  short,  and  xai/<n?>  bristle,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  B.  COrdata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Solidago  cordata,  Short.)  Wooded  hills, 
E.  Kentucky  and  southward.  Oct.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  slender,  more  or  less 
pubescent. 

19.     SOLIDAGO,    L.        GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  few  -  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  1-16,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
oblong  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  (except  No.  1 ).  Recep- 
tacle small,  not  chaffy.  Achenia  many-ribbed,  nearly  terete.  Pappus  simple, 
of  equal  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like  stems  and 
nearly  sessile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  racemed  or  clus- 
tered :  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  No.  2)  yellow.  (Name  from  so- 
lido,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  reputed  vulnerary  qualities.)  Flow- 
ering in  autumn. 

§  1.  CHRYSASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scales  of  the  much  imbricated  and  rigid 
involucre  with  abruptly  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads  in  clusters  or  glomerate 
racemes,  disposed  in  a  dense  somewhat  leafy  and  interrupted  wand-like  compound 


1.   S.  squarr6sa,  Muhl.     Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high),  hairy  above;  leaves 
large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 


240  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  ' 

serrate,  veiny;  disk-flowers  16-24,  the  rays  12-16.  —  Rocky  and  wooded 
hills,  Maine  and  W.  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania,  and  the  mountains  of  Virginia : 
rather  rare. 

§  2.  VIRGAtlREA,  Tourn.     Scales  of  the  involucre  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips: 

rays  mostly  fewer  than  the  disk-flowers :  heads  all  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

*  Heads  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined  leaves. 

2.  S.  bicolor,  L.     Hoary  or  grayish  with  soft  hairs ;  stem  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate ;  dusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  crowded  panicle;  rays  small, 
cream-color  or  nearly  white.  —  Var.  CONCOLOR  has  the  rays  yellow.  —  Dry  copses 
and  banks :  the  var.  in  Pennsylvania  and  westward. 

3.  S.  Iatif61ia,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stem  angled,  zigzag,  simple  or 
paniculate-branched  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  very  strongly  and 
sharply  serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends  (thin,  3'  -6'  long) ;  heads  in  very 
short  axillary  clusters,  or  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  — 
Moist  shaded  banks  :  common  northward,  and  along  the  mountains. 

4.  S.    C£fesia,   L.      Smooth;    stem  terete,  mostly  glaucous,  at  length  much 
branched  and  diffuse;   leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed, 
sessile;  heads  in  very  short  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose-panicled  on  the 
branches.  —  Moist  rich  woodlands  :  common. 

*  *  Racemes  terminal,  erect,  either  somewhat  simple  and  wand-like,  or  compound  and 

panicled,  not  one-sided:  leaves  feather-veined.     (Not  maritime.) 

•*-  Heads  small:  leaves  nearly  entire,  except  the  lowerwost. 

5.  S.  virgata,  Michx.    Very  smooth  throughout ;  stem  strict  and  simple,  wand- 
like  (2° -4°  high),  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceolate-ob- 
long thickish  leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  mere  bracts ;  the 
lowest  oblong-spatulate ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow  compound  spicate  raceme; 
rays  5-7.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

6.  S/  pub^rula,  Nutt.     Stem  (l°-3°  high,  simple  or  branched)  and  pan- 
icle minutely  hoary ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  smoothish ;  the 
lower  wedge-lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed ;  heads  very  numerous  and  crowded 
in  compact  short  racemes  forming  a  prolonged  and  dense  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  appressed;  rays  about  10.  —  Sandy  soil, 
Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

7.  S.  Stricta,  Ait.     Very  smooth  throughout;   stem  simple,  strict  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  tapering  into  winged*  petioles,  partly 
sheathing  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate  above  with  appressed  teeth ;  racemes  much 
crowded  and  appressed  in  a  dense  wand-like  panicle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse  ;   rays  5-6,  small.  —  Peat-bogs,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.     Root-leaves  6' -10'  long.     Flowers  earlier  than  most 
species,  beginning  in  July. 

-»-  H—  Heads  rather  large,  at  least  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 

8.  S.  specibsa,  Nutt.     Stem  stout  (3° -6°  high),  smooth;  leaves  thickish, 
smooth  with  rough  margins,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  oblong- 
lanceolate,    the  lower   contracted  into   a  margined  petiole ;  heads  somewhat 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  241 

crowded  in  numerous  erect  racemes,  forming  an  ample  pyramidal  or  fLyniform  pan- 
icle ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  ANGUST\TA  is  a  dwarf  form,  with 
the  racemes  short  and  clustered,  forming  a  dense  interrupted  or  compound  spike. 
—  Copses,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  very  handsome  species; 
the  lower  leaves  4' -6'  long  and  2' -4'  wide  in  the  larger  forms. 

9.  S.  petiolaris,  Ait.     Minutely  hoary  or  downy ;  stem  strict,  simple,  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  small  (^'-2'  long),  oval  or  oblong,  mucronate,  veiny,  rough-cilio- 
late;  the  upper  entire  and  abruptly  very  short-petioled,  the  lower  often  serrate  and 
tapering  to  the  base;  heads  few,  in  a  wand-like  raceme  or  panicle,  on  slender 
bracted  pedicels;   rays  about  10,  elongated:   scales  of  the  pubescent  involucre 
lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  the  outer  ones  loose  and  spreading,  more  or  less 
fol.iaceous,  —  especially  in  var.  8QUARRUL68A,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  S.  W.  Illinois 
(Dr.  Engelmann),  and  southward.  —  The  name  is  misleading,  as  the  leaves  are 
hardly  petioled. 

10.  S.  Virga-atirea,  L.     Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  ;  stem  low  (6'  -  18' 
high)  and  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  orelliptical- 
obovate  and  petioled,  serrate  with  small  oppressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire ;  racemes 
rhyrsoid  or  simple,  narrow  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute ; 
rays  8  - 12.  — An  extremely  variable  species  in  the  Old  World  and  in  our  north- 
ern regions;  perhaps  including  several.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Bigel.  Dwarf  (l'-8'  high),  with  few  (1-12)  pretty  large 
heads  (3" -4"  long,  becoming  smaller  as  they  increase  in  number) ;  leaves  thick- 
ish,  mostly  smooth  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish;  rays 
about  12.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
New  York  ;  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Var  htimilis.  Low  (6'-  12'  high)  and  smooth,  bearing  several  or  numer- 
ous loosely  thyrsoid  smaller  heads,  which,  with  the  peduncles,  &c.,  are  mostly 
somewhat  glutinous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ;  rays  6-8,  short ;  leaves 
varying  from  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire  to  oblanceolate  and  serrate. 
(S.  humilis,  Pursh,  Torr.  $•  Gr.)  —  Kocky  banks,  W.  Vermont,  and  along  the 
Great  Lakes  northward.  Also  on  islands  in  the  Susquehanna,  near  Lancaster, 
Penn.,  Prof.  Porter!  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  Virginia,  Dr.  Bobbins!  —  At 
the  base  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  on  gravelly  banks  of 
streams,  occurs  a  form,  with  the  minutely  pubescent  stout  stem  l°-2°  high,  the 
leaves  larger  and  broader,  and  the  heads  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound 
raceme  ;  the  rays  occasionally  almost  white. 

11.  S.  thyTSOidea,  E.  Meyer.     Stem  stout  (l°-4°  high),  wand-like,  pubes- 
cent near  the  summit,  simple;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  irregularly  and  coarsely  serrate 
with  sharp  salient  teeth,  large  (l'-4'long),  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  long  and  margined  petioles  ;  heads  large  (5"  -  6"  long),  many-flowered, 
crowded  in  an  oblong  or  wand-like  raceme  or  contracted  panicle  (2'- 18'  long) ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  loose  and  thin,  long,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  rays  8  - 
10,  elongated  ;  achenia  smooth.     (S.  Virga-aurea,  Pursh.     S.  leiocarpa,  DC.)  — 
Wooded  sides  of  mountains,  N.  Maine  to  New  York  (south  to  the  Catskills), 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  —  Very  near  an  European  form  of  S. 

Virga-aurea. 

16 


242  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb  terminating  the  simple  stem,  not  at  all  racemose : 

*  leaves  mostly  with  a  strong  midrib. 

12.  S.  rigida,  L.     Rough  and  somewhat  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence; 
stem  stout  (3°  -5°  high),  very  leafy;  corymb  dense;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  copi- 
ously feather-veined,  thick  and  rigid ;  the  upper  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base, 
slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire ;  heads  large,  about  34-flowered ;  the  rays 
7-10.  —  Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  N.  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

13.  S.    Ohioensis,    Riddell.      Very  smooth  throughout ;    stem  wand-like, 
slender,  leafy  (2° -3°  high);  stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate, fiat,  entire,  obscurely 
feather- veined,  closely  sessile;  the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  slightly 
serrate  towards  the  apex,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles ;  heads  numerous, 
on  smooth  pedicels,  small,  16  -20-flowered  ;  the  rays  6  or  7.  —  Moist  meadows 
or  prairies,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.  —  Root-leaves  1°  long;  the 
upper  reduced  to  l'-2',  with  rough  margins,  like  the  rest. 

14.  S.  Ridd&lii,  Frank.     Smooth  and  stout  (2° -4°  high),  very  leafy,  the 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, elongated  (4' -6'  long),  entire,  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  condupli- 
cate  and  mostly  recurved,  the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long 
keeled  petiole,  obscurely  3-nerved;  heads  very  numerous,  clustered,  20-24-flow- 
ered;  the  rays  7-9.  —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.  — 
Heads  larger  than  in  the  last,  2"-  3"  long.     Stem-leaves  upright  and  partly 
sheathing  at  the  base,  then  gradually  recurved-spreading. 

15.  S.  Hough tbnii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth;  stem  rather  low  and  slender 
(l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  fiat,  entire,  tapering  into 
a  narrowed  slightly  clasping  base,  or  the  lower  into  margined  petioles ;  heads 

few  or  several,  20  -  30-flowered ;  the  rays  9  or  10. — North  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  collected  in  the  Michigan  State  Survey.  Swamps  at  West  Bergen,  Gen- 
esee  Co.,  New  York,  J.  A.  Paine,  &c.  July,  Aug.  —  Leaves  rough-margined, 
2' -5'  long,  2" -4"  wide,  1-nerved,  or  the  lower  obscurely  3-nerved  above;  veins 
obscure.  Heads  large,  nearly  £'  long.  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 

#  #  #  #  Heads  in  one-sided  more  or  less  spreading  or  recurved  racemes :  leaves  veiny, 

not  3-ribbed,  but  sometimes  obscurely  triple-nerved. 
•»-  Leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  entire,  elongated,  oltscurdy  veiny :  heads  rather  large. 

16.  S.  Semp6rvirens,  L.     Smooth  and  stout  (1°  -  6°  high) ;  leaves  fleshy, 
lanceolate,  slightly  clasping,  or  the  lower  ones  lanceolate-oblong,  obscurely 
triple-nerved ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle.  —  Varies,  in  less 
brackish  swamps,  with  thinner  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  tapering  to 
each  end,  and  more  erect  racemes  in  a  narrower  panicle.  • —  Salt  marshes,  or 
rocks  on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Virginia.  —  Heads  showy :  the  golden  rays  8-10. 

•*-  •«—  Leaves  usually  ample,  serrate,  loosely  feather -veined,  or  rarely  slightly  triple- 
nerved:  heads  middle-sized. 

17.  S.  elliptica,  Ait.     Smooth;  stem  stout  (l°-3°  high) ,  very  leafy  ;  leaves 
elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  (2' -3'  long),  closely  sessile,  slightly  serrate, 
strongly  veined,  thick,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above  ;  heads  in  dense  spreading  ra- 
cemes which  are  crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle  ;  peduncles  and  achenia  stri- 
gose-pubescent.  —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish)  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  New  Jer- 
sey and  southward.  — Heads  showy,  3"  long ;  the  rays  8-12. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  213 

1 8.  S.  neg!6cta,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth ;  stem  stout  (2°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves 
thickish,  smooth  both  sides,  opaque ;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  and 
nearly  entire;  the  lower  ocatc-lanceolute  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into  a 
petiole ;  racemes  short  and  dense,  at  length  spreading,  disposed  in  an  elongated  or 
pyramidal  close  panicle ;  peduncles  and  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  —  bwamps, 
Maine  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.  —  Heads  rather  large,  crowded  ^  the  racemes  at 
first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided. 

19.  S.  patula,  Muhl.     Stem  strongly  angled,  smooth  (3° -5°  high);  leaves 
(4' -8'  long)  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  underneath,  but  the 
upper  surface  very  rough,  like  shagreen ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous  on 
the  spreading  branches.  —  Swamps :  common. 

20.  S.  arguta,  Ait.     Smooth  throughout  (l°-4°  high);    radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth,  pointed, 
tapering  into  winged  and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  oblong,  slightly 
triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire ;  racemes  dense,  naked,  at 
length  elongated  and  recurved,  forming  a  crowded  and  fiat  corymb-like  panicle :  rays 
8-12,  small.  —  Var.  1.  JUNCEA  has  the  leaves  narrower  and  less  serrate,  or  all 
the  upper  entire.  —  Var.  2.  SCABRELLA  is  somewhat  roughish-pubescent  ( Wis- 
consin, &c.).  —  Copses  and  banks  :  common,  especially  the  first  variety.  —  Well 
distinguished  by  its  long  or  drooping  racemes,  and  the  closely  appressed  rigid 
scales  of  the  involucre,  small  rays,  &c.     But  the  name  is  a  bad  one,  as  even 
the  root-leaves  are  seldom  much  toothed. 

21.  S.  Muhlenb^rgii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth;  stem  angled;  leaves  (large 
and  thin)  ovate,  and  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  very  sharply  and  strongly  ser- 
rate, pointed  at  both  ends,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles ;  racemes  pubescent, 
spreading,  disposed  in  an  elongated  open  panicle ;  rays  6-7,  large.  —  Copses  and 
moist  woods,  New  Hampshire  to  Penn.  —  Racemes  much  shorter  and  looser 
than  in  the  last ;  the  involucral  scales  thin  and  more  slender. 

22.  S.  linoides,  Solander.     Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple  (10' -20' high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  with  small  appressed  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
lower  tapering  into  margined  ciliate  petioles,  the  uppermost  oblong  ;  racemes 
shoi-t,  crowded  in  one  or  3-4  small  one-sided  panicles  (3' -4'  long) ;  heads  small 
and  few-flowered;  rays  1-3.  —  Bogs,  New  England  (near  Boston  and  Provi- 
dence), to  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey. 

t- •  -t-  -«-  Leaves  broad,  not  large,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate, 
copiously  feather-veined  and  conspicuously  reticulated:  heads  small:  rays  short. 

23.  S.  altissima,  L.     Rough-hairy,  especially  the  stem  (2' -7'  high)  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  elliptical  or  olilong,  often  thickish  and  very  rugose ;  racemes  panicled, 
spreading;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear;  rays  6-9  ;  the  disk-flowers  4-7. — 
Borders  of  fields  and  copses  :  very  common,  presenting  a  great  variety  of  forms  : 
but  instead  of  the  tallest,  as  its  name  denotes,  it  is  usually  one  of  the  lowest 
of  the  common  Golden-rods.     It  flowers  early.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

24.  S.  Ulmifblia,  Muhl.     Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy;    leaves  thin, 
elliptical-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the  base,  loosely  veined,  be- 
set with  soft  hairs  beneath  ;  racemes  panicled,  recurved-spreading ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate-oblong  ;  rays  about  4.  —  Low  copses  :  common.  —  Too 
near  the  last ;  distinguished  only  by  its  smooth  stem  and  thin  larger  leaves. 


244  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

25.  S.  Dmmmdndii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  (l°-3°  high)  and  lower  surface 
of  the  broadly  ovate  or  oval  somewhat  triple-ribbed  leaves  minutely  velvety-pubescent, 
some  of  the  leaves  almost  entire ;  racemes  panicled,  short ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  4  or  5.  —  Rocks,  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis,  and 
south  westward. 

+-  H_  +-  H_  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thickish,  reticulate-veiny,  but  the  veins  obscure. 

26.  S.  pilbsa,  Walt.     Stem  stout,  upright  (3° -7°  high),  clothed  with  spread- 
in<j  hairs,  often  panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  hairy 
beneath,  at  least  on  the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
and  entire,  closely  sessile ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  crowded  in  a  dense  pyram- 
idal panicle ;  rays  7-10,  very  short.  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jer- 
sev  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

27.  S.  Od6ra,  Ait.    (SWEET  GOLDEN-ROD.)    Smooth  or  nearly  so  through- 
out; stem  slender  (2° -3°  high),  often,  reclined ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  shin- 
ing, pellucid-dotted;  racemes  spreading  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle;  rays  3-4, 
rather  large.  —  Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Vermont  and  Maine  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor. 
But  an  occasional  form,  var.  INOD6RA,  is  nearly  scentless. 

-»-•*-  -*-  H-  -H-  Leaves  more  or  less  grayish  or  hoary,  thickish,  feather-veined  and 
slightly  triple-nerved,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire ;  heads  middle-sized. 

28.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.     Clothed  with  a  minute  and  close  grayish-hoary  (soft 
or  roughish)  pubescence;   stem  simple  or  corymbed  at  the  summit  (J°-2^° 
high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  somewhat  crenate- 
toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  numerous,  dense,  at  length  re- 
curved, forming  a  large  and  crowded  compound  raceme  or  panicle  which  is 
usually  turned  to  one  side ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  appressed ; 
rays  6 -9.  —  Dry  sterile  fields:  very  common. — Flowers  very  bright  yellow, 
beginning  early  in  Aug. 

29.  S.  radula,  Nutt.     Stem  and  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate  leaves  rigid 
and  very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
rigid ;   rays  3  -  6 :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  S.  nemoralis,  of  which  it  is  most 
probably  a  greener  and  rough  variety. — Dry  Hills,  Western  Illinois  and  south- 
westward. 

#  #  #  #  #  Heads  in  one-sided  spreading  or  recurved  racemes,  forming  an  ample 

panicle  ;  leaves  plainly  3-ribbed,  or  triple-ribbed. 

H-  Scales  of  the  involucre  thickish  and  rigid,  closely  imbricated,  and  with  somewhat 
greenish  tips  or  midrib  :  leaves  rigid,  smooth  and  shining. 

30.  S.  Shdrtii,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Stem  slender,  simple   (l°-3°  high),  mi- 
nutely roughish-pubescent ;    leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  acute,  the   lower  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle  with  scattered  fine  teeth ;  racemes  mostly  short  in  a 
crowded  panicle ;  achenia  silky-pubescent.  —  Rocks  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  &c. 
—  A  handsome  species  :  heads  3"  long,  narrow. 

31.  S.  Missouri6nsis,  Nutt.     Smooth  throughout  (1°-  3°  high) ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  with 
very  rough  margins,  the  lower  very  sharply  serrate ;  heads  and  dense  crowded 
racemes  nearly  as  in  No.  20 ;  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  prairies,  from  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois  southward  and  westward.  — Heads  l|"-2"  long. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  245 

•*-  •«-  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  thin  and  membranaceous :  racemes  mostly  elon- 
gated and  numerous,  forming  a  crowded  ample  panicle.  (These  all  present  in- 
termediate forms,  and  should  rather  be  regarded  as  one  polymorphous 
species.) 

32.  S.  rup&Stlis,    Raf.      Stem  smooth  and  slender  (2° -3°  high);    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire  or  nearly  so ; 
panicle  narrow ;  heads  very  small ;  rays  very  short.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  Ken- 
tucky and  Indiana. 

33.  S.  Canad6nsis,  L.     Stem  rough-hairy,  tall  and  stout  (3° -6°  high); 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath  and  rough  above;   heads  small;  rays  very  short.  —  Borders  of 
thickets  and  fields  :  very  common.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  roughness  and  hairi- 
ness of  the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  —  in  var.  PR6CERA,  whitish-woolly  underneath  ;  and  in  var.  scABRA 
also  very  rough  above,  often  entire,  and  rugose-veined. 

34.  S.  serotina,  Ait.    Stem  very  smooth,  tall  and  stout  (4° -8°  high),  often 
glaucous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  roughish  above,  smooth  except  the  veins 
underneath,  which  are  more  or  less  hairy  ;  rays  short.  —  Thickets  and  low  grounds  : 
common.  —  Intermediate  in  character,  and  in  the  size  of  the  heads  and  rays, 
between  the  last  and  the  next. 

35.  S.  gigantda,  Ait.     Stem  stout  (3° -7°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous; 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  ex- 
cept the  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate ;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  rays  rather 
long.  —  Copses  and  fence-rows :  common  :  —  presenting  many  varieties,  but  with 
decidedly  larger  heads  and  rays  than  in  the  preceding.     Seldom  very  tall. 

§  3.  EUTHAMIA,  Nutt.  Corymbosely  much  branched:  heads  small,  sessik,  in 
little  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  flat-topped  corymbs;  the  closely  oppressed 
scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  glutinous :  receptacle  fimbrillate :  rays  6  —  20, 
short,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers :  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile,  crowded 
or  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

36.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  3-5-nerved;    the  nerves, 
margins,  and  angles  of  the  branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid- 
cylindrical,  in  dense  corymbed  clusters;   rays  15-20. — River-banks,  &c.,  in 
moist  soil :  common.  —  Stem  2°  -4°  high  :  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

37.  S.  tenuifblia,  Pursh.     Smooth,  slender;  leaves  tery  narrowly  linear, 
mostly  l-nerved,  dotted:  heads  obovoid-club-shaped,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2  or 
3,  disposed  in  a  loose  corymb;  rays  6 -12.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to 
Illinois,  and  southward  :  common  near  the  coast. 

20.    BIGELOVIA,    DC.        RAYLESS   GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  3  -  4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular  :  rays  none.  Invo- 
lucre club-shaped,  yellowish  ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  scales  linear,  closely 
imbricated  and  appressed.  Receptacle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  prolongation 
in  the  centre.  Achenia  somewhat  obconical,  hairy.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
capillary  bristles.  —  A  smooth  perennial;  the  slender  stem  (l°-2°  high)  sim- 
ple or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  bearing 


246  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

small  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered,  oblan- 
ceolate  or  linear,  1  -3-nerved.  (Dedicated  by  DeCandolle  to  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow, 
author  of  the  Florulu  Bostoniensis,  and  of  the  American  Medical  Botany.) 

1.  B.  nudata,  DC.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  (rare),  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

21.    CHRYS6PSIS,    Nutt.        GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia 
obovate  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  hairy.  Pappus  in  all  the  flowers  double,  the 
outer  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  long  capillary 
bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather  large  often 
corymbose  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Disk  and  ray-flowers  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  \pvar6s,  gold,  and  &//•«,  aspect,  from  the  golden  blossoms.) 

*  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear:  achenia  linear. 

1.  C.  graminifblia,  Nutt.      Silvery-silky,  with  long  close-pressed  hairs; 
stem  slender,  often  with  runners  from  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  few  heads ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  elongated,  grass-like,  nerved,  shining,  entire.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  Delaware  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July -Oct. 

2.  C.  falcata,   Ell.      Stems  (4' -10'  high)  very  woolly;    haves  crowded, 
linear,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  entire,  somewhat  recurved  or  scythe-shaped,  liairy,  or 
smooth  when  old,  sessile;  heads  (small)  corymbed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod,  Mass.    Aug. 

*  *  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  mostly  sessile,  veined,  not 
nerved  ;  achenia  obovate,  flattened. 

3.  C.  gOSS^pina,  Nutt.     Densely  woolly  all  over ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  (!'- 
2'  long) ;  heads  larger  than  in  the  next.  —  Pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.    Silky  with  long  and  weak  hairs,  or  when  old  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  oblong ;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  peduncles.  —  Dry  barrens, 
from  S.  New  York  and  Penn.,  southward,  near  the  coast.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

5.  C.  Vill6sa,    Nutt.       Hirsute   and  villous-pubescent ;    stem    corymbosely 
branched,  the  branches  terminated  by  single  short-peduncled  heads  ;   leaves 
narrowly  oblong,  hoary  with  rough  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre),  bristly-ciliate 
toward  the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky,  and  west- 
ward.    July -Sept. 

22.    INULA,    L.        ELECAMPANE. 

Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  leaf-like.  Achenia  terete  or  4-sided. 
Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  Anthers  with  2  tails  at  their  base.  Other- 
wise much  as  in  the  last  genus.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  HELENIUM,  L.  (COMMON  ELECAMPANE.)  Stout  perennial  (3° -5° 
high) ;  leaves  large,  woolly  beneath;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled, 
the  others  partly  clasping ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  —  Roadsides,  escaped 
from  gardens.  Aug.  —  Heads  very  large.  Root  mucilaginous.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  247 

23.     PL  U  CHE  A,     Cass.        MARSH-FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  central  perfect,  but  sterile, 
few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla ;  all  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Anthers  with  tails.  Achenia 
grooved.  Pappus  capillary,  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs,  somewhat  glandular, 
emitting  a  strong  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  in  close  compound  corymbs. 
Flowers  purplish,  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Pluche.) 

1.  P.  camphorata,  DC.     (SALT-MARSH  FLEABANE.)     Annual,  minutely 
viscid,  pale   (l°-2°  high);  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate, 
thickish,  obscurely  veiny,  serrate;  corymb  flat;  involucre  viscid-downy.    (Co- 
nyza  camphorata,  Bigel.      C.  Marylandica,  Pursh.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  P.  fOBtida,  DC.    Perennial,  almost  smooth  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  distinctly 
petioled,  veiny,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  serrate ;  corymbs  panicled ; 
involucre  smooth.     River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  P.  bifrons,  DC.     Perennial;  leaves  closely  sessile  or  half-clasping  by  a 
somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  lance-oblong,  sharply  denticulate,  veiny  (only  2'- 
3'  long) ;  heads  clustered  in  a  corymb  ;  involucre  smooth.  —  Salisbury,  Mary- 
land (  W.  M.  Canby),  and  southward. 

24.    BACCHARIS,    L.        GROUNDSEL-TREE. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  direcious,  viz.  the  pistillate  and 
staminate  flowers  in  separate  heads  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like;  of  the 
staminate,  larger  and  5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus  of 
slender  capillary  bristles,  in  the  sterile  plant  scanty  and  tortuous ;  in  the  fertile 
plant  very  long  and  copious.  —  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous  or  glu- 
tinous. Flowers  whitish  or  yellow,  autumnal.  (The  name  of  some  shrub 
anciently  dedicated  to  Bacchus.) 

1.  B.  halimifolia,  L.     Smooth  and  somewhat  scurfy  ;  branches  angled ; 
leaves  obovate  and  wedge-form,  coarsely  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire ;  heads 
scattered  or  in  leafy  panicles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish.  —  Sea  beach, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  6° -12°  high;  the  fertile 
plant  conspicuous  in  autumn  by  its  very  long  and  white  pappus. 

2.  B.  glomeru.ltfl.6r a,  Pers.      Leaves  spatulate-oblong ;    heads  larger, 
sessile  in  the  axils  or  in  clusters ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  broader, 
very  obtuse :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Pine  barrens,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. 

25.    POLi'MNIA,    L.        LEAF-CUP. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate:  the  rays  several  (rarely  abortive),  pistillate; 
the  disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows ;  the 
outer  about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading ;  the  inner  small  and  membrana- 
ceous,  partly  embracing  the  thick  triangular-obovoid  achenia.  Eeceptacle  flat, 
with  a  membranaceous  chaff  to  each  flower.  Pappus  none.  —  Tall  branching 


248  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

perennial  herbs,  viscid-hairy,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin, 
opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like 
stipules  at  the  base.  Heads  in  panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow ;  in 
summer  and  autumn.  (Dedicated  to  the  Muse,  Polyhymnia,  for  no  obvious 
reason,  as  the  plants  are  coarse  and  inelegant.) 

1.  P.  Canad6nsis,  L.    Clammy-hairy;  lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  the 
uppermost  triangular-ovate  and  3-5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled;  heads  small; 
rays  few,  obovate  or  wedge-form,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish-yellow.  —  Moist 
shaded  ravines,  W.  New  York  (and  Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  Dr.  Allen)  to 
Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  —  Var.  DISCOIDEA  has 
the  corolla  of  the  ray-flowers  reduced  to  a  mere  ring  around  the  base  of  the  style. 
Mt.  Carroll,  Illinois,  Henry  Shimer. 

2.  P.  Uvedalia,  L.     Boughish-hairy,  stout  (4° -10°  high);  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole;  outer  involucral  scales  very  large;  rays  10-15, 
linear-ob/ong,  much  longer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre,  yellow.  —  Rich  soil, 
W.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

26.    CHRYSOGONUM,    L.        CHRYSOGONUM. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  about  5,  pistillate  and  fertile ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  5  exterior  leaf-like  oblong 
scales,  which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  con- 
cave scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  chaff  to  each  disk-flower.  Achenia 
all  in  the  ray,  obovate,  obcompressed,  4-angled,  each  one  partly  enclosed  by  the 
short  scale  of  the  involucre  behind  it ;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  abortive.  Pap- 
pus a  small  chaffy  crown,  2  -  3-toothed,  and  split  down  the  inner  side.  —  A  low 
(2'-6'  high),  hairy,  perennial  herb,  nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower, 
the  flowerless  shoots  forming  runners.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  spatulate,  cre- 
nate,  long-petioled.  Heads  single,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name 
composed  of  xpvaos,  golden,  and  yow,  knee.) 

1.  C.  Virginianum,  L.  Dry  soil,  from  Pennsylvania  (Mercersburg, 
Prof.  Porter)  and  Illinois  southward.  May  -  Aug.  —  Rays  £'  long. 

27.     SlliPHIUM,    L.        ROSIN-PLANT. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their 
broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  disk-flowers  apparently  perfect, 
but  with  undivided  style,  and  sterile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involu- 
cre imbricated  in  several  rows,  broad  and  with  loose  leaf-like  summits,  except 
the  innermost,  which  are  small  and  resemble  the  linear  chaff  of  the  flat  recep- 
tacle. Achenia  broad  and  flat,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  wing  which  is 
notched  at  the  top,  destitute  of  pappus,  or  with  2  teeth  confluent  with  the 
winged  margin :  achenia  of  the  disk  sterile  and  stalk-like.  —  Coarse  and  tall 
rough  perennial  herbs,  with  a  copious  resinous  juice,  and  large  corymbose- 
panicled  yellow-flowered  heads.  (2i'X$ioi>,  the  ancient  name  of  a  plant  which 
produced  some  gum-resin,  perhaps  assafoetida,  was  transferred  by  Linnaeus  to 
this  American  genus.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  249 

*  Stem  terete,  naked  above,  alternate-leaved  near  the  base  (root  very  large  and  thick). 

1.  S.  laeiniktum,  L.     (ROSIN-WEED.     COMPASS-PLANT.)     Rough-bristly 
throughout;  stem  stout  (3° -6°  high),  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  pinnately  parted, 
petioled  but  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  their  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear, 
acute,  cut-lobed or  pinnatifid,  rarely  entire;  heads  few  (l'-2'  broad),  somewhat 
racemed;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  tapering  into  long  and  spreading  rigid  points; 
achenia  broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  and  Wiscon- 
sin, thence  southward  and  westward.    July. — Lower  and  root-leaves  vertical, 
12' -30' long,  ovate  in  outline;  on  the  wide  open  prairies  disposed  to  present 
their  edges  north  and  south ;  hence  called  Compass-Plant. 

2.  S.  terebinthinaceum,  L.     (PRAIRIE  DOCK.)     Stem  smooth,  slender 
(4° -10°  high),  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  many  (small)  heads,  leafless 
except  towards  the  base ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
serrate-toothed,  thick,  rough,  especially  beneath  (1°  -  2°  long,  on  slender  petioles) ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth ;  achenia  narrowly  winged,  slightly 
notched  and  2-toothed.  —  Var.  piNNAxfriDUM  has  the  leaves  deeply  cut  or  pin- 
natifid, but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form.  —  Prairies  and  oak-openings,  Ohio 
and  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

#  #  Stem  terete  or  slightly  4-angled,  leafy:  leaves  undivided  (not  large). 

3.  S.  trifoli£tlim,  L.     Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender  (4°-  6° 
high),  branched  above;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate, 
rough,  short-petioled,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite ;  heads  loosely 
panicled ;  achenia  rather  broadly  winged,  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  S.  AsteriSGUS,  L.      Stem  hispid  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
lower  in  whorls  of  3,  the  upper  alternate,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  coarsely  tootlied, 
rarely  entire,   rough-hairy;   heads  nearly  solitary   (large);    achenia  obovate, 
winged,  2-toothed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  S.   integrifolium,   Michx.     Stem  rough,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high), 
rigid,  4-angular  and  grooved;   leaves  all  opposite,  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate,  entire, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point  from  a  roundish  heart-shaped  and  partly  clasping  base, 
rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick  (3;  -  5'  long) ;  heads  in  a  close  forking 
corymb,   short-peduncled ;    achenia  broadly  winged,   deeply  notched.  —  Var. 
L&VE  has  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Aug. 

*  *  *  Stem  square:  leaves  opposite,  connate  (thin  and  large,  6'- 15'  long). 

6.  S.  perfoli&tum,  L.     (CUP-PLANT.)    Stem  stout,  often  branched  above 
(4°  -  8°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by  their  bases 
and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged  petioles 
which  are  connate  by  their  bases ;  heads  corymbose  ;  achenia  winged  and  vari- 
ously notched.  —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward :  common.     Also  escaped  from  gardens  eastward.    July. 

28.    PABTHilNIUM,    L.        PARTHENIUM. 

Heads  many-flowered,  inconspicuously  radiate ;  the  5  ray-flowers  with  very 
short  and  broad  obcordate  ligules  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistil- 


250  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

late  and  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  staminate  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Invo- 
lucre hemispherical,  of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundish  scales.  Receptacle 
conical,  chaffy.  Achenia  only  in  the  ray,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  slen- 
der callous  margin,  crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla  and  a  pappus  of  2 
small  chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  corymbed ;  the  flowers 
whitish.  (An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  irapBevos,  virgin.) 

1.  P.  integrifdlium,  L.  Rough-pubescent  perennial  (l°-3°  high); 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (3' -6' long)  cut-lobed  be- 
low the  middle ;  heads  many  in  a  very  dense  flat  corymb.  — Dry  soil,  Maryland 
to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

29.    I V  A ,    L.        MARSH  ELDER.    HIGHWATER-SHRUB. 

Heads  several-flowered,  not  radiate ;  the  pistillate  fertile  and  the  staminate 
sterile  flowers  in  the  same  heads,  the  former  few  (1-5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
small  tubular  or  no  corolla ;  the  latter  with  a  funnel-form  5-toothed  corolla. 
Anthers  nearly  separate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few,  roundish.  Receptacle 
small,  with  narrow  chaff  among  the  flowers.  Achenia  obovoid  or  lenticular. 
Pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the 
lower  opposite,  and  small  greenish-white  heads  of  flowers ;  in  summer  and  au- 
tumn. (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

§  1.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  small  tabular  corolla:  involucre  simple  (heads  nodding  in 
the  axils  of  leaf -I  ike  bracts,  forming  spikes  or  racemes). 

1.  I.  frilt6scens,  L.      Shrubby  at  the  base,  nearly  smooth  (3° -8°  high); 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are  disposed,  in  leafy 
panicled  racemes  ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales  of  the  involucre  5.  —  Salt  marshes, 
coast  of  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.  I.  ciliata,  Willd.     Annual  (2° -8°  high),  rough  and  hairy ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath,  on  slender  ciliate  petioles  ;  heads  in  dense 
spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ciliate  bracts ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre and  fertile  flowers  3-5.  —  Moist  ground,  from  Illinois  southward. 

§  2.  EUPHR6SYNE,  DC.  Fertile  flowers  5,  in  the  axils  of  as  many  thin  mem- 
branaceous  scales  of  the  involucre,  which  loosely  enwrap  the  achenia,  their  corolla 
a  mere  rudimentary  ring  or  none. 

3.  I.  xanthiifblia,  Nutt.     Annual.,  tall,  roughish ;  leaves  nearly  all  oppo- 
site, hoary  with  minute  down,  ovate,  rhombic,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  doubly 
or  cut-toothed,  or  obscurely  lobed ;  heads  small,  crowded  in  spikes  or  clusters 
disposed  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles ;  bracts  inconspicuous.  —  N.  W.  Wis- 
consin (T.  J.  Hale),  and  northwestward. 

30.    AMBROSIA,    Tourn.        RAGWEED. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant;  the 
fertile  1-3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of  the 
racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped, 
composed  of  7-12  scales  united  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel-form  stain- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  251 

inate  flowers,  with  slender  chaff  intermixed,  or  none.  Anthers  almost  sepa- 
rate. Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  resembling 
an  achenium,  and  usually  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns  near  the  top  in  one  row 
enclosing  a  single  flower  which  consists  of  a  pistil  only ;  the  elongated  branches 
of  the  style  protruding.  Achenia  ovoid  :  pappus  none.  —  Homely  and  coarse 
weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  inconspicuous 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  produced  throughout  late  summer  and  autumn  :  our 
species  are  all  annuals.  ( 'A/i/Spoo-t'a,  the  food  of  the  gods,  an  ill-chosen  name  for 
these  miserable  weeds.) 

§  1.  Sterile  heads  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre 
with  its  truncate  margin  extended  on  one  side  into  a  large,  lanceolate,  hooded,  re- 
curved, biistly-hairy  tooth  or  appendage ;  fertile  involucre  oblong  and  4-angled. 

1.  A.  bidentata,  Michx.     Hairy  ( 1°- 3°  high),  very  leafy ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on 
each  side  near  the  base.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  southward. 

§  2.  Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involucre  regular. 
*  Leaves  opposite,  only  once  lobed :  sterile  involucre  3-ribbed  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida,  L.     (GREAT  RAGWEED.)    Stem  stout  (4° -12°  high),  rough- 
hairy,  as  are  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate  and 
serrate ;   petioles  margined ;   fruit  obovate,  5  -  6-ribbed  and  tubercled.  —  Var. 
INTEGRIF6LIA  is  only  a  smaller  form,  with  the  upper  leaves,  or  all  of  them,  un- 
divided, ovate  or  oval.  —  Moist  river-banks  :  common. 

#  #  Leaves  many  of  them  alternate,  all  once  or  twice  pinnatifid. 

3.  A.  artemisisefblia,  L.     (ROMAN  WORMWOOD.    HOG-WEED.    BIT- 
TER-WEED.)     Much  branched  (l°-3°  high),  hairy  or  roughish-pubescent ; 
leaves  thin,  twice-pinnatifid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath ;  fruit  obo- 
void  or  globular,  armed  with  about  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.  —  Waste  places 
everywhere.  —  An  extremely  variable  weed,  with  finely  cut  leaves ;  rarely  the 
spikes  bear  all  fertile  heads. 

4.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.    Paniculate-branched  (2°  -5°  high),  rough  and 
somewhat  hoary  with  short  hispid  hairs ;  leaves  once  pinnatifid,  thickish,  the  lobes 
acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  often  incised ;  fruit  obovoid,  without  tubercles  or 
with  very  small  ones,  pubescent.     (A.  coronopifolia,  Torr.  $*  Gr.) — Prairies  and 
plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south  westward. 

31.    XANTHIUM,    Tourn.        COCKLEBUR.     CLOTBTJR. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  the 
latter  clustered  below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile  in- 
volucres and  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but  the  scales  separate.  Fertile  involucre 
closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or  oblong,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles  so  as  to  form 
a  rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered;  the  flowers  consisting  of  a  pistil  with  a  slen- 
der thread-form  corolla.  Achenia  oblong,  flat,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Coarse 
and  vile  weeds,  with  annual  roots,  low  and  branching  stout  stems,  and  alternate 
toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves  ;  flowering  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Name 
from  £dvdos,  yellow,  in  allusion  to  the  color  the  plants  are  said  to  yield.) 


252  COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  X.  Strumkrium,  L.    ( COMMON  COCKLEBUR.)    Rough;  stems  unarmed; 
leaves  dilated-triangular  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles,  toothed  and 
cut  or  obscurely  lobed;  fruit  oval  or  oblong  (£'-§'  long),  pubescent  on  the 
lower  part  of  and  between  the  hooked  prickles,  and  with  two  strong  and  usually 
straight  beaks  at  the  summit.  — Barn-yards,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  — Varies  into 
forms  with  more  spotted  stems,  and  often  larger  fruit  (f- 1' long),  which  is 
either  glabrous,  glandular,  or  glandular-hairy,  the  prickles  longer  and  the  beaks 
often  incurved.     (X.  Canadense,  Mill.,  £c.)  —  River-banks,  &c.,  common  west- 
ward ;  apparently  indigenous.     And  this  passes  into 

Var.  echinktum.  {X.  echinatum,  Murr.,  &c.)  Fruit  turgid  (!'  long), 
thickly  clothed  with  long  prickles,  glandular-hispid,  the  beaks  commonly  in- 
curved. —  Sandy  sea-shore,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers.  Perhaps 
an  immigrant  from  farther  south.  Now  widely  scattered  over  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  world. 

2.  X.  SPINOSUM,  L.     (SPINY  CLOTBUR.)    Hoary-pubescent ;  stems  slender, 
with  slender  yellow  3-parted  spines  at  the  base  of  the  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves;  these  taper  into  a  short  petiole,  are  white-downy  beneath,  often  2- 
3-lobed  or  cut;  fruit  (J'  long)  pointed  with  a  single  short  beak.  —  Waste  places 
on  the  sea-board  and  along  rivers,  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

% 
32.    TETRAGONOTHECA,    Dill.        TETRAGONOTHECA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  6-9,  fertile.  Involucre  double ;  the 
outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  scales,  which  are  united  below  by  their  margins 
into  a  4-angled  or  winged  cup ;  the  inner  of  as  many  small  and  chaffy  scales  as 
there  are  ray-flowers,  and  partly  clasping  their  achenia.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  with  narrow  and  membranaceous  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
roundish  and  obovoid,  flat  at  the  top.  Pappus  none.  —  An  erect  perennial  herb, 
viscidly  hairy  when  young,  with  opposite  and  coarsely  toothed  oval  or  oblong 
leaves,  their  sessile  bases  sometimes  connate,  and  large  single  heads  of  pale  yel- 
low flowers,  on  terminal  peduncles.  (Name  compounded  of  rerpaywfos,  four- 
angled,  and  0f)KT],  a  case,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  T.  helianthoides,  L.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     June. 

33.    ECLiPTA,    L.       ECLIPTA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  short,  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect, 
4-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-  12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  almost  bristle-form  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
short,  3  -  4-sided,  or  in  the  disk  laterally  flattened,  roughened  on  the  sides,  hairy 
at  the  summit;  the  pappus  none,  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown. — Annual 
or  biennial  rough  herbs,  with  slender  stems  and  opposite  lanceolate  or  oblong 
leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  whitish  :  anthers  brown.  (Name  from 
cKXetVo),  to  be  deficient,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  pappus.) 

1.  E.  procumbens,  Michx.  Rough  with  close  appressed  hairs;  stems 
procumbent,  creeping,  or  ascending ;  leaves  oblong'lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
sessile,  slightly  serrate ;  peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  head.  —  Var. 
BRACHYPODA  has  the  peduncles  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  heads.  — 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  253 

Wet  river-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  June  -  Oct.  —  All 
belong  to  a  wide-spread  and  variable  species  of  the  warmer  regions,  the  oldest 
specific  name  of  which  is  E.  ALBA. 

34.    BORRiCHIA,    Adans.        SEA  OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  fertile.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  covered  with  lanceolate  rigid  and  per- 
sistent chaff.  Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3- 4-angled.  Pappus  a  short 
4-toothed  crown.  —  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  with 
opposite  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  :  anthers  blackish.  (Named  for  Olof  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frut^scens,  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence  (6'- 
12'  high)  ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near  the  base; 
chaff  rigidly  pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

35.    HELIOPSIS,    Pers.        OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical :  chaff  linear.  Achenia  smooth,  4- 
angular.  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  like  Helianthus. 
Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  triple-ribbed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  ^Xtos,  the 
sun,  and  etyas,  appearance,  from  the  likeness  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1.  H.  laevis,  Pers.  Nearly  smooth  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-ovate.  —  Var.  SCABRA  has  roughish  foliage,  and  the  involucre  some- 
what hoary.  —  Banks  and  copses  :  common.  Aug. 

36.    ECHINACEA,    Moench.        PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical ;  the  lanceolate  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer  than  the  disk-flowers.  Ache- 
nia thick  and  short,  4-sided.  Pappus  a  small  toothed  border.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  terminated  by  a  single 
large  head  ;  the  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3  -  5-nerved.  Rays  rose-purple,  rather 
persistent :  disk 'purplish.  (Name  formed  from  'E^ti/oy,  the  Hedgehog,  or  Sea- 
urchin,  in  allusion  to  the  spiny  chaff  of  the  disk.) 

1.  E.  purptirea,  Moench.     Leaves  rough,  often  serrate  ;  the  lowest  ovafe, 
5-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled ;  the  others  ovate-lanceolate ;  involucre  imbricated 
in  3-5  rows  ;  stem  smooth,  or  in  one  variety  (E.  serdtina,  DC.)  rough-bristly, 
as  well  as  the  leaves.  —  Prairies  and  banks,  from  W.  Penn.  and  Ohio  southward 
and  westward.     July.  —  Rays  15-20,  dull  purple  (rarely  whitish),  l'-2'  long. 
Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste,  used  in  popular  medicine  under 
the  name  of  Black  Sampson.  — Probably  varies  into 

2.  E.  angUStif61ia,   DC.     Leaves,  as  well  as  the  slender  simple  stem, 
bristly-hairy,  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire ;  involucre  less  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  12-15  (2'  long),  rose-color  or  red.  — Plains  from  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin southwestrward.    June -Aug. 


254  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

£7.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar ;  the  short 
chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenia  4-angular,  smooth,  not  margined,  flat  at  the 
top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches ;  the 
rays  generally  long,  yellow.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  Professors  Rudbeck,  father 
and  son,  predecessors  of  Linna?us  at  Upsal.) 

*  Disk  columnar  in  fruit,  dull  greenish-yellow :  leaves  divided  and  cut. 
1.  R.  laciniata,  L.  Stem  smooth,  branching  (3° -7°  high);  leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  the  lowest  pinnate,  with  5  -  7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets ;  upper 
leaves  irregularly  3  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  upper- 
most undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled  ;  chaff  truncate  and  downy  at  the  tip ; 
rays  linear  ( I'  -  2'  long),  drooping.  —  Low  thickets  :  common.  July  -  Sept. 

*  *  Disk  globular,  pale  brownish  :  lower  leaves  3-parted:  receptacle  sweet-scented. 

2.  R.    SUbtomentbsa,   Pursh.      Stem  branching  above   (3° -4°  high), 
downy,  as  well  as  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves ; 
heads  short-peduncled  ;  chaff  downy  at  the  blunt  apex.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

#  #  *  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark  purple  or  brown :  leaves  undivided,  except  No.  3. 

3.  R.  triloba,  L.      Hairy,  biennial,  much  branched  (2° -5°  high),  the 
branches  slender  and  spreading ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed, 
the  lower  3-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  coarsely-serrate  (those  from  the  root  pin- 
nately  parted  or  undivided) ;  rays  8,  oval  or  oblong ;  chaff  of  the  black-purple 
disk  smooth,  owned.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  — 
Heads  small,  but  numerous  and  showy. 

4.  R.  specidsa,  Wenderoth.      Roughish-hairy  (1°- 2°  high),  branched; 
the  branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  large 
heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  petioled,  3  -  5-nerved 
coarsely  and  unequally  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  numer- 
ous elongated  (l'-l|')  rays  ;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  acutish,  smooth.  — 
Dry  soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Virginia.     July. 

5.  R.  ffclgida,  Ait.     Hairy,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit  and  bear- 
ing single  heads ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  triple-nerved, 
the  upper  entire,  mostly  obtuse ;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  involucre ; 
chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Variable,  l°-3°  high  :  the  rays  orange- 
yellow.    Nearly  approaches  the  next. 

6.  R.  hirta,  L.     Very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout ;  stems  simple 
or  branched  near  the  base,  stout  (l°-2°high),  naked  above,  bearing  single 
large  heads  ;  leaves  nearly  entire  ;  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile;  the  lower 
spatulate,  triple-nerved,  petioled ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  exceeding  the 
involucre;  chaff  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  tip,  acutish.  —  Dry  soil,  W. 
New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     Now  common  eastward,  as  a  weed 
in  meadows,  of  recent  introduction,  with  clover-seed  from  the  West.    June- 
Aug. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  255 

38.    LEPACHYS,    Raf.         (OBELISCARIA,  DC.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  few,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
few  and  small,  spreading.  Receptacle  oblong  or  columnar  :  the  chaff  truncate, 
thickened  and  bearded  at  the  tip,  partly  embracing  the  flattened  and  margined 
achenia.  Pappus  none  or  2  teeth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves ;  the  grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  showy 
heads.  Rays  yellow  or  party-colored,  drooping ;  the  disk  grayish.  (Name  from 
XeTn's,  a  scale,  and  iraxvs,  thick,  from  the  thickened  tips  of  the  chaff. ) 

1.  L.  pinnata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slender 
(4°  high),  branching ;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  disk  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays  (which  are  2' long).— 
Dry  soil,  W.  New  York  (Dr.  Sartwdl),  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  July.  — 
The  receptacle  exhales  a  pleasant  anisate  odor  when  bruised.  Achenia  slightly 
margined  on  the  inner  edge,  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  top. 

39.    HELIANTHTJS,    L.        SUNFLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre 
imbricated.  Receptacle  flattish  or  convex  ;  the  persistent  chaff  embracing  the 
4-sided  and  laterally  compressed  achenia,  which  are  neither  winged  nor  mar- 
gined. Pappus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  on  the  principal  angles 
of  the  achenium,  and  often  2  or  more  little  intermediate  scales.  —  Coarse  and 
stout  herbs,  with  solitary  or  corymbed  heads,  and  yellow  rays ;  flowering  to- 
wards autumn.  (Named  from  17X105,  the  sun,  and  avdos,  a  flower.} 

§  1.  Root  annual :  leaves  alternate :  receptacle  fiat :  disk  brownish. 

1.  H.  ANNUUS,  L.      (COMMON  SUNFLOWER.)     Tall,  rough;  leaves  triple- 
ribbed,  ovate  or  the  lower  heart-shaped ;  heads  in  cult,  plant  very  broad,  and 
rays  many.  —  Escaped  from  cult,  into  waste  grounds.    (Adv.  from  trop.  Amer.) 
§  2.  Root  perennial,  the  creeping  rootstocks  sometimes  tuberous-thickened  or  tuberiferous. 

*  Disk  convex,  dark  purple:  leaves  mainly  opposite:  heads  small,  except  No.  4. 

2.  H.  angUStifbliuS,  L. ,  Stem  slender  (2° -6°  high)  ;  leaves  long  and 
linear,  sessile,  entire,  with  revolute  margins,  1-nerved  ;  heads  loosely  corymbed, 
long-ped uncled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  narrow  and  spreading  her- 
baceous tips. — Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

3.  H.  atrbmbens,  L.     Rough-hairy;  stem  slender  (2° -5°  high),  smooth, 
and  naked  and  forking  above ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  heart- 
shaped  (3' -6'  long),  serrate,   abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole; 
heads  small,  corymbed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  obtuse,  regularly  imbri- 
cated, appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips;  rays  10-16;  pappus  of  2  fringed 
scales.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

4.  H.   rigidus,    Desf.      Stem  stout  (l°-3°  high),  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  rough  ;  leaves  very  thick  and  rigid,  rough  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate, 
usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile,  slightly  serrate,  the  lowest  oval ; 
heads  nearly  solitary,  pretty  large ;  scales  .of  the  involucre  ovate  or  lance-oblong, 
obtuse,  ciliate,  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips;  rays  20-25;  pappus  of  2 
large  and  often  several  small  scales.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and 
westward. 


256  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

#  #  Disk  convex,  yellow:  scales  of  tlie  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  oppressed, 
with  somewhat  spreading  and  acute  (but  not  foliaceous)  tips :  leaves  chiefly  opposite. 

5.  H.  laetiflbrus,  Pers.    Stout  and  rough  (3°  -  4°  high),  branching  above  j 
haves  oval-lanceolate,  very  rough  both  sides,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  serrate,  taper- 
pointed,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  nearly  entire ;  heads  single  or  corymbed, 
on  naked  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate.  — 
Dry  open  places,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Leaves  almost  as  thick  as 
in  H.  rigidus.     Rays  showy,  l'-2'  long. 

6.  H.  OCCidentalis,  Riddell.    Somewhat  hairy;  stem  slender,  simple,  naked 
above  (l°-3°  high,  sending  out  runners  from  the  base),  bearing  1-5  small 
heads  on  long  peduncles ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate-ovate,  3-nerved,  obscurely 
serrate,  roughish-pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  hairy  petioles ;  the 
upper  small  and  remote,  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval-lanceolate,  pointed, 
ciliate.  —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

7.  H.  Cin^reus,  var.  Sullivantii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Gray  with  a  close  rough- 
ish  pubescence ;  stem  branching  above,  hairy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sessile  by  a  nar- 
rowed base,  acute,  obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  small  and  remote ;  peduncles 
slender  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  hoary.  — Darby  Plains,  Ohio,  Sulli- 
vant.     Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  bearing  few  heads,  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

8.  H.  mollis,  Lam.     Stem  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs,  simple,  leafy,  to 
the  top  (2°  — 4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  with  a  broad  heart-shaped  and  clasping  base, 
pointed,  nearly  entire,  hoary  above,  very  soft  white-woolly  and  reticulated  under- 
neath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  downy.  —  Barrens  and  Prairies,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

#  *  *  Heads  very  small  (about  4"  broad) :  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  shorter  than  the 

yellow  disk,  irregularly  imbricated,  oppressed,  the  outer  with  spreading  foliaceous 
pointed  tips :  rays  5-8,  slender  :  leaves  all  but  the. uppermost  opposite. 

9.  H.  microc6phalus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  smooth  (3° -8°  high),  with 
numerous   slender  branches  above  ;    leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,   taper-pointed, 
somewhat  serrate,  veiny,  petioled,  rough  above,  downy  or  hairy  underneath ;  pe- 
duncles slender,  rough ;    scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
ciliate.  —  Thickets,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

10.  H.  Isevigatus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  slender  (l°-4°  high),  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly 
serrate  lanceolate  leaves.  — Dry  soil,  Alleghany  Mountains,  west  of  the  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

#  *  *  *  Heads  middle-sized  or  large :  scales  of  the  involucre  irregularly  imbricated, 

loose,  with  spreading  foliaceous  tips,  as  long  as  the  yellow  disk  or  longer. 
H—  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  or  scattered,  feather-veined,  sometimes  obscurely  triple-ribbed. 

11.  H.    gigant&US,  L.      Stem  hairy  or  rough  (3° -10°  high),  branched 
above  ;  leaves,  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  beneath, 
narrowed  and  ciliate  at  the  base,  but  nearly  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  hairy,  or  strongly  ciliate.  —  Var.  AMBIGUUS  has  most 
of  the  leaves  opposite  and  closely  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base,  and  approaches  No. 
14.  _  LOW  thickets  and  swamps  :  common.     Heads  somewhat  corymbed  :  the 
pale  yellow  rays  15-20. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  257 

12.  H.  gTOSSe-serratUS,  Martens.     Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  at  least 
below    (5°  -  10°  high)  ;    leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,   taper- 
pointed,  serrate,  rough  above,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base,  petioled,  hoary- 
doicny  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-awl-shaped,  slightly  ciliate.  —  Dry 
plains,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  —  Probably  runs  into  the  last. 

13.  H.  tomentOSUS,    Michx.      Stem  hairy,  stout  (4° -8°  high);    leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  taper-pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  large  (5'- 
12'  long),  somewhat  petioled,  very  rough  above,  soft-downy  beneath ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  very  long  and  spreading  tips,  hairy ;  the  chaff  and  tips  of  the 
disk-flowers  pubescent.     (Disk  1'  broad;  rays  12-16  about  1' long.)  —  Rich 
woods,  Illinois  ?     Virginia  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

•«-  •*-  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  3-nerved  or  triple-ribbed. 

14.  H.  Strumbsus,  L.     Stem  (3° -4°  high)  smooth  below;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  serrate  with  small  oppressed  tt-eth,  abruptly 
contracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough  above,  whitish  and  naked  or  mi- 
nutely downy  underneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  lanceolate  with  spread- 
ing tips,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  mostly  10.  —  Var.  MOLLIS  has  the  leaves 
softly  downy  underneath.  —  River-banks  and  low  copses .  common,  especially 
westward. 

15.  H.  divaricatus,  L.     Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the  top 
(l°-4°  high)  smooth;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved 
from  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point  (3'- 
6' long),  serrate,  thickish,  rough  both  sides;   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  8-12.  —  Thickets  and 
barrens  :  common.  —  Disk  6"  wide ;  rays  1 '  long. 

16.  H.  hirsiltUS,  Raf.     Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout  (1°-  2°  high), 
bristly-hairy  ;  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  pointed,  slightly 
serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  underneath ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  about 
12.  —  Dry  plains,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Runs  into  the  last. 

17.  H.    tracheliif61ius,  Willd.      Stem   loosely  branched,  tall,  hairy; 
leaves   thin,   ovate-lanceolate   or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,   sharply   serrate, 
smooth/'sh  or  rouyhish- pubescent  both  sides,  contracted  into  short  petioles ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate-linear,  elongated  and  very  taper-pointed,  loose,  exceed- 
ing the  disk;  rays  12-15.  —  Copses,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  —  Probably  runs  into  the  next. 

18.  H.  decapetalus,  L.     Stem  branching  (3° -6°  high),  smooth  below; 
leaves  thin  and  green  both  sides,  smooth  or  roughish,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  pointed, 
abruptly  contracted  into  marginal  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate- 
linear,  elongated,  loosely  spreading,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk ;  rays  about 
10.  — Var.  FROND6sus  has  the  outer  involucral  scales  foliaceous  or  changing  to 
leaves.  —  Copses  and  low  banks  of  streams:  common,  especially  northward. 
(H.  multiflorus,  L.,  may  be  a  cultivated  state  of  this.) 

19.  H.  doronicoldes,  Lam.    Stem  stout  (5°-  9°  high),  branching,  rough- 
hairy  above ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  strongly  triple-veined \ 
rough  above,  smoothish  or  downy  underneath,  the  lower  often  heart-shaped  and  on 

17 


258  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

margined  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  disk ;  rays  12-  15.  —  River-bottoms,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  A  coarse  species,  with  ample  leaves  (the  lower  often  1°  long) ;  the 
upper  ones  frequently  alternate;  rootstock  thickening  into  elongated  tubers. 
This  is  probably  the  original  of 

20.  H.  TUBER6sus,  L.,  the  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE,  (i.  e.  Girasole  of  the 
Italians,  meaning  the  same  as  sunflower,  and  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusa- 
lem], which  has  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  It  has  escaped  from  gardens  into 
fence-rows,  &c.  in  some  places. 

40.    ACTINOMERIS,    Nutt.        ACTINOMERIS. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  few  or  several,  neutral,  or  rarely  none.  In- 
volucre foliaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  1  to  3  rows.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
chaffy  ;  the  chaff  embracing  the  outer  margin  of  the  flat  (laterally  compressed) 
and  winged  achenia.  Pappus  of  2  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  and  branch- 
ing perennials,  with  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base  and 
mostly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed  :  flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name 
from  OKTI'S,  a  ray,  and  //.epi'y,  a  part ;  alluding  to  the  irregularity  of  the  rays.) 

1.  A.  squarrbsa,  Nutt.     Stem  somewhat  hairy  and  winged  above  (4°  -8° 
high) ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed 
at  both  ends  ;  heads  in  an  open  corymbed  panicle  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2 
rows,  the  outer  linear-spatulate,  reftexed ;  rays  4-10,  irregular ;  achenia  broadly 
winged;  receptacle  globular.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  and  W.  New  York  (Sartwell) 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept. 

2.  A.  helianthoides,  Nutt.     Stem  hairy  (l°-3°  high),  widely  winged  by 
the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves,  which  are  rough  above  and  soft- 
hairy  beneath;  heads  few;  scales  of  the  involucre  not  spreading;  rays  8-15, 
regular ;  achenia  oval,  slightly  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  awns ;  receptacle 
conical.  —  Prairies  and  copses,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July. 

41.    COREOPSIS,    L.        TICKSEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double  ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather  foliaceous  and  some- 
what spreading;  the  inner  broader  and  appressed,  nearly  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia 
flat,  obcompressed  (i.  e.  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged, 
not  beaked  or  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed,  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at 
the  summit,  the  awns  not  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  op- 
posite leaves,  and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely  purple,  rays.  (Name  from 
Kopiff,  a  bug,  and  ox/as,  resemblance;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit.) 

§2.  Branches  of  the  style  truncate :  ray  a  rose-color:  disk  yellow :  root  perennial. 

1.  C.  rdsea,  Nutt.  Stem  branching,  leafy,  smooth  (6'- 20'  high)  ;  leaves 
opposite,  linear,  entire ;  heads  small,  somewhat  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles ; 
outer  involucre  very  short ;  rays  3-toothed ;  achenia  oblong,  wingless  >  pappus 
an  obscure  crown-like  border.  —  Sandy  and  grassy  swamps,  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, to  New  Jersey,  and  southward :  rare.  Aug. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  259 

§  3.   Corolla  of  the  ray  and  disk  yellow  or  partly  brown :  branches  of  the  style  tipped 
with  a  pointed  or  acute  appendage. 

#  Achenia  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  incurved,  furnished  with  a  callous  tubercle 

on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  bottom,  crowned  with  2  small  chajf-like  denticulate 
teeth :  outer  involucre  about  the  length  of  the  inner :  rays  large,  coarsely  3-5- 
toothed:  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate:  heads  on  long  naked  pedun- 
cles :  root  in  our  wild  species  perennial. 

2.  C.  auriculata,   Linn.     Pubescent  or  glabrous;   stems  l°-4°  high, 
branching,  sometimes  with  runners ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  entire ;  the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  of  them  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or 
divided;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate.  —  Eich  woods 
and  banks,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward.     June  -  Sept. 

3.  C.  lanceolata,  L.    Smooth  or  hairy  ( 1°  -  2°  high) ;  stems  short,  tufted, 
branched  only  at  the  base;  leaves  all  entire  (or  the  lower  rarely  with  a  pair  of 
small  lateral  lobes),  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lowest  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  tapering 
into  petioles;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate-lanceolate.  —  Rich  or  damp 
soil,  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July.     Also  cultivated 
in  gardens.  —  Heads  showy  :  rays  1 '  long. 

C.  TINCT6RIA,  Nutt.,  a  native  of  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  with 
the  rays  yellow  above,  and  brown-purple  towards  the  base,  a  common  garden 
biennial  or  annual,  is  becoming  spontaneous  in  a  few  places. 

#  #  Achenia  oblong,  narrowly  winged,  minutely  or  obscurely  ^-toothed  at  the  summit: 

scales  of  the  outer  involucre  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  inner,  all  more  or  less 
united  at  the  base :  rays  mostly  entire  and  acute :  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  mostly  3- 
divided,  therefore  appearing  as  ifwhorled:  perennial  (1°  — 3°  high). 

4.  C.  Senif61ia,  Michx.     Leaves  each  divided  into  3  sessile  ovate-lanceolate 
entire  leaflets,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in  a  whorl :  plant  minutely  soft-pubes- 
cent. —  Sandy  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

Var.  stellata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Glabrous,  and  the  leaves  narrower.     (C.  stel- 
lata,  Nutt.)  —  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

5.  C.  delphinifdlia,  Lam.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  divided  into 
3  sessile  leaflets  which  are  2  -5-parfed,  their  divisions  lance-linear  (!"  — 3"  broad), 
rather  rigid ;  disk  brownish.  —  Pine  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

6.  C.  verticillata,  L.      Glabrous;    leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  leaflets 
which  are  1  -  2-pi nnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  divisions.  — Damp 
soil,  from  Maryland  and  Michigan  southward.     Also  cultivated  in  old  gardens, 
but  not  showy.     July  -  Sept. 

7.  C.  palm  at  a,  Nutt.    Nearly  smooth,  simple ;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped, 
deeply  3-c/efl,  rigid ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3-lobed.  — 
Prairies,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward.    July. 

#  #  #  Achenia  elliptical,  narrowly  winged,  the  narrowly  notched  summit  of  the  wing 

minutely  lacerate-toothed :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  foliaceous,  much  smaller  than 
the  inner,  all  united  at  the  base :  rays  obtuse,  entire :  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  3  - 
5-divided:  perennial. 

8.  C.  tripteris,  L.     (TALL  COREOPSIS.)     Smooth;  stem  simple  (4°  -  9° 
high),  corymbed  at  the  top;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire.     ( Chrysoste'mma, 


260  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Less.}  —  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Heads  ex- 
haling the  odor  of  anise  when  bruised :  disk  turning  brownish. 

*  *  #  #  Achenia  wingless,  flat,  2-awned,  2-toothed,  or  rarely  truncate,  l-nerved  or 
ridged  on  each  face :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  leafy,  rejlexed  or  spreading : 
leaves  opposite,  petioled,  generally  pinnately  or  ternately  compound,  the  leaves  or 
leaflets  serrate :  biennials  or  annuals,  with  the  aspect  of  Bidens,  intermediate  be- 
tween that  genus  and  Coreopsis;  —  and  certain  ambiguous  (hybridized?)  speci- 
mens, with  the  awns  barbed  some  upwards  and  some  downwards,  connect  the  two. 
H-  Rays  conspicuous,  golden-yellow. 

9.  C.  aristbsa,  Michx.     Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  5- 
7-divided,  petioled ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  heads  panicled- 
corymbose;  outer  involucre   of  10-12  leafy  bracts;  achenia  obovate,  often  ob- 
scurely wing-margined,  bristly-ciliate,  with  2  (rarely  4)  long  and  slender  diverging 
awns  as  long  as  the  achenium  itself.  —  Swamps,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  southwestward.     Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Var.  MtrriCA  has  two  short  divergent  teeth 
or  points  in  place  of  the  awns.  —  W.  Illinois  and  southwestward,  where  a  form 
(C.  involucrata,  Nutt.)  occurs  with  the  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  more  leafy, 
numerous,  and  hirsute.     Mr.  Fritchey  sends,  from  near  St.  Louis,  specimens  with 
short  awns  and  their  barbs  either  spreading  or  retrorse,  and  others  with  long 
awns  retrorsely  barbed,  —  perhaps  hybrids  with  some  Bidens. 

10.  C.  trichosp^rma,   Michx.      (TICKSEED    SUNFLOWER.)      Smooth, 
branched ;  leaves  short-petioled,  5  -  7-divided ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  cut- 
toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3  -  5-cleft  and  almost  sessile ;  heads  panicled- 
corymbose ;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-oblong  or  the  inner  ones  wedge-linear,  smooth  or 
minutely  appressed-hairy,  marginless,  crowned  with  2  erect  triangular  or  awl-shaped 
stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast.    Also  Buffalo, 
New  York  (G.  W.  Clinton),  and  Illinois  ( Vasey),  where  forms  with  shorter 
achenia  approach  the  Southern  C.  aurea.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

•*—  •»—  Rays  none,  or  rarely  small  and  inconspicuous:  outer  involucre  of  few  (usually 
3-5)  loose  leafy  bracts  commonly  surpassing  the  heads:  achenia  minutely  ap- 
pressed-pubescent :  plants  glabrous,  l°-3°  high. 

11.  C.   discoidea,   Torr.  &  Gr.     Diffusely  branched;  leaves  ternately  di- 
vided, slender-petioled ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate ;  heads 
2" -3"  long;  achenia  linear-wedge-shaped  (2" -3"  long),  bearing  a  pair  of  short 
and  stout  upwardly-barbed  awns  of  the  length  of  the  corolla.  —  Wet  banks  and 
swamps,  Delaware  ( W.  M.  Canby)  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

Anomalous  specimens,  from  near  Philadelphia  (A.  H.  Smith,  &c.),  growing 
with  Bidens  frondosa,  differ  from  small  forms  of  that  only  in  the  less  rigid  and 
upturned  barbs  of  the  awns. 

12.  C.  bidentoides,  Nutt.     Pan iculately  branched ;  leaves  undivided,  lan- 
ceolate, coarsely  toothed,  taper-pointed,  and  the  base  tapering  into  a  slender  pet- 
iole; heads  6"- 10"  long;  achenia  nearly  subulate  tapering  downwards,  bearing  a 
pair  of  very  slender  upwardly  roughened  awns  surpassing  the  corolla  (4"  long),  but 
shorter  than  the  achenium,  often  also  2  minute  teeth  alternate  with  the  awns.  — 
Shores  of  Delaware  River,  near  Philadelphia,  and  in  Delaware,  Nuttall,  Durand, 
A.  H.  Smith,  W.  M.  Canby. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  261 

42.     BIDENS,    L.        BUR-MARIGOLD. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  when  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre  double, 
the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish ;  the  chaff  decidu- 
ous with  the  fruit.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre, 
or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  awns  which 
are  downwardly  barbed.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  various 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (Latin,  bidens,  two-toothed.) 

*  Achenia  flat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.     (All  annuals  ?) 

1.  B.  frondbsa,  L.    (COMMON  BEGGAR-TICKS.)    Smooth  or  rather  hairy, 
tall  (2° -6°  high)  and  branching;  leaves  3 - 5-divided ;  the  leaflets  mostly  stalked, 
lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed ;  outer  leafy  involucre  much  longer  than 
the  head,  ciliate  below  ;  rays  none  or  few  and  very  small ;  achenia  wedge-obovate, 
2-awned,  the  margins  ciliate  with  upwardly-turned  bristles,  except  near  the  summit. 
—  Moist  waste  places  :  a  coarse  troublesome  weed,  the  achenia,  as  in  the  other 
species,  adhering  by  their  retrorsely  barbed  awns  to  the  dress,  and  to  the  fleece 
of  animals.     July  -  Oct. 

2.  B.  connata,  Muhl.    (SWAMP  BEGGAR-TICKS.)    Smooth  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into  mar- 
gined petioles  which  are  slightly  united  at  the  base ;  the  lower  often  3-divided,  their 
lateral  divisions  united  at  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole ;  scales  of  the  outer 
involucre  longer  than  the  head,  few,  mostly  obtuse ;  rays  none ;  achenia  narrowly 
wedge-form,  3-  (2-4-)  awned,  the  margins  minutely  retrorsely  ciliate.     (B.  tripartita, 
Bigel.)  — A  thin-leaved  more  petioled  form  is  B.  petiolata,  Nutt.  —  E.  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Var.  COM6SA  is  stouter,  the  leaves  commonly 
all  simple,  upper  ones  nearly  sessile,  the  heads  larger  and  with  more  numerous 
and  leafy  bracts.  — Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward.     Aug.  -Oct. 

3.  B.  cernua,  L.     (SMALLER  BUR-MARIGOLD.)     Nearly  smooth  (5'- 10' 
high);  leaves  all  undivided,  lanceolate,   unequally  serrate,   scarcely  connate;  heads 
nodding,  with  or  without  (light  yellow)  rays:  outer  involucre  longer  than  the 
head;    achenia  wedge-obovate,  4-awned,   the  margins  downwardly  barbed. — 
Wet  places,  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     July  -  Sept.  — Rays,  when 
present,  smaller  than  in  the  next,  the  leaves  irregularly  toothed,  and  the  outer 
involucre  more  leaf-like.     (Eu.) 

4.  B.  Chrysanthemoides,  Michx.   (LARGER  BUR-MARIGOLD.)  Smooth, 
erect,  or  reclining  at  the  base  (6' -30'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  more  or  less  connate,  regularly  serrate ;  outer  involucre  mostly  shorter  than 
the  showy  golden-yellow  (!'  long)  rays;  achenia  wedge-shaped,  with  almost  prickly 
downwardly  barbed  margins.;  awns  2,  3,  or  4.  —  Swamps  :  common.     Aug.'  - 
Oct.  —  Northward  it  runs  into  No.  3. 

*  *  Achenia  linear  or  awl-shaped,  4-sided,  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit. 

5.  B.  B6ckii,  Torr.     (WATER  MARIGOLD.)     Aquatic,  perhaps  perennial, 
smooth ;  stems  long  and  slender,  bearing  crowded  immersed  leaves  many  times  dis- 
sected into  fine  capillary  divisions ;  the  few  emerging  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly 
connate,  toothed ;  heads  single,  short-peduncled ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the 
showy  (golden  yellow)  rays;  achenia  linear,  thickish,  smooth  (j'  long),  bearing  4- 
6  stout  divergent  awns  which  are  an  inch  long  and  barbed  only  towards  the 


262         .  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

apex.  —  Ponds  and  slow  deep  streams,  Massachusetts  to  N.  Jersey,  Illinois,  and 
northward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

6.  B.  bipinnata,  L.  (SPANISH  NEEDLES.)  Smooth  annual,  branched ; 
leaves  1-  3-pinnately  parted,  petioled ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base ;  heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles ;  outer  involucre  of  linear  scales 
equalling  the  short  pale  yellow  rays  ;  achenia  slender,  4-grooved  and  angled,  nearly 
smooth,  3-4-awned.  — Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

43.    VERBESINA,    L.        CROWNBEARD. 

Heads  several  -  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few,  or  sometimes  none. 
Scales  of  the  erect  involucre  few,  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.  Receptacle 
rather  convex;  the  chaff  concave.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  laterally),  winged 
or  wingless,  2-awned.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  the  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  decurrent 
on  the  stem.  ("Name  metamorphosed  from  Verbena.") 

1.  V.  Siegesb^ckia,  Michx.     Stem  tall,  4-winged  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate, 
triple-nerved,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  often  pubescent  beneath  (large  and 
thin);   heads  in  compound  corymbs;  flowers  yellow;   rays   1-5,  lanceolate; 
achenia  wingless.  —  Kich  soil,  S.  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.     Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged,  downy- 
pubescent,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  feather-veined  alternate 
leaves ;  heads  in  compound  corymbs ;  flowers  white ;  rays  3-4,  oval ;  achenia 
narrowly  winged.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  ?  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

44.    DYSODIA,     Cav.        FETID  MARIGOLD. 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  one 
row  of  scales  united  into  a  firm  cup,  at  the  base  some  loose  bractlets.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  not  chaffy,  but  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Achenia  slender,  4- 
angled.  Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles. 
—  Herbs,  mostly  annuals  or  biennials,  dotted  with  large  pellucid  glands,  which 
give  a  strong  odor  (as  in  TAGETES,  the  FRENCH  MARIGOLD  of  the  gardens, 
which  belongs  to  the  same  group) ;  the  heads  terminating  the  branches  :  flow- 
ers yellow.  (Name  8vcra>dia,  an  ill  smell,  which  the  plants  exemplify.) 

1.  D.  chrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Nearly  smooth,  diffusely  branched 
(6' -18'  high);  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly- 
toothed  or  cut ;  rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  —  Roadsides,  and 
banks  of  rivers,  from  Illinois  southward  :  a  common  weed  ;  now  migrating  east- 
ward, established  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  G.  W.  Clinton.  Aug.  -  Oct. 

45.     HYMENOPAPPTJS,    L'Her.        HYMENOPAPPUS. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre 6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part  petal-like  (usually  white). 
Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  with  large  revolute  lobes.  Achenia  top- 
shaped,  with  a  slender  base,  striate.  Pappus  of  15-20  small  and  blunt  scales 
in  a  single  row,  very  thin  (whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  vfirjv,  membrane, 
and  TraTTTTVff,  pappus).  — Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  corymbed  small  heads  of  usually  whitish  flowers. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  263 

i.  H.  SCabioseeilS,  L'Her.  Somewhat  flocculent-woolly  when  young 
(l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  1  -2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  oblong  lobes  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  roundish,  nearly  all  whitish.  —  Sandy  barrens,  Illinois  and 
southward.  May,  June. 

45  £.    ACTINELLA,    Pers.,  Nutt.        ACTINELLA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  several,  wedge-oblong,  3-lobed  at  the 
apex  or  3-toothed,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  nearly  equal,  appressed  in  2  or  3 
ranks,  little  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  hemispherical  or  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  top-shaped,  densely  silky- villous.  Pappus  of  5  or  more  ovate  or  lance- 
olate very  thin  chaffy  scales.  —  Low  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  dotted  or  sprin- 
kled with  resinous  atoms  as  in  the  next  genus ;  the  solitary  heads  terminating 
scapes  or  slender  naked  peduncles ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Natives  of  the  Western 
plains,  &c.,  and  barely  entering  our  borders.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Actinea, 
from  a/my,  ray.) 

1.  A.  scaposa,  Nutt.,  var.  glabra.  Tufted;  leaves  crowded  on  the 
summit  of  woolly  rootstocks,  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  thickish,  sparingly 
silky-hairy,  becoming  glabrous  ;  scape  (3' -9' high)  and  involucre  more  woolly, 
the  scales  ovate  and  obtuse ;  chaffy  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  awnless.  — 
Joliet,  Illinois,  on  an  Indian  mound  (Dr.  Scammon,  W.  Boott),  and  westward. 

46.  HELENIUM,    L.         SNEEZE-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  spreading  wedge-shaped  rays  several,  3  - 
5-cleft  at  the  summit,  fertile.  Involucre  small,  reflexed,  the  scales  linear  or 
awl-shaped.  Receptacle  globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  ribbed. 
Pappus  of  5-8  thin  and  1 -nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  usually  extended  into 
a  bristle  or  point.  —  Erect,  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  decurrent  on 
the  angled  stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or  corymbed 
(yellow,  rarely  purple)  heads ;  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  and  aromatic  resin- 
ous globules.  (Named  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.) 

1.  H.  autumnale,  L.  (SNEEZE-WEED.)  Nearly  smooth,  perennial ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  rays  longer  than  the  globular-disk.  —  Alluvial  river- 
banks  :  common  (except  in  New  England).  Sept.  —  Plant  l°-3°  high,  bitter: 
the  corymbed  heads  showy. 

47.  LEPTOPODA,    Nutt.        LEPTOPODA. 

Rays  neutral.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Helenium.  —  In  the  true  species  (of 
which  L.  puberula  and  L.  brevifolia  may  be  found  in  S.  Virginia)  the  stems  are 
simple,  and  naked  above,  like  a  long  peduncle,  and  bearing  a  single  head 
(whence  the  name,  from  XCTTTOS,  slender,  and  irovs,foot) ;  but  the  following  is 
leafy  to  the  top,  and  branched  ;  and  were  better  restored  to  Helenium. 

1.  L.  brachtfpoda,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Stem  corymbed  at  the  summit  (l°-4° 
high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  decurrent  on  the  stem;  disk  globular,  brown- 
ish; rays  (£'-§' long)  yellow,  or  in  one  variety  brownish-purple,  sometimes 
with  an  imperfect  style.  —  Damp  soil,  from  Illinois  southward.  June  -  Aug. 


264:  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

48.    BALDWINIA,    Nutt.        BALDWINIA. 

Heads  globular,  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  neutral.  Involucre  short,  of  many  thickish  small  scales  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  the  outer  obovate  and  obtuse.  Receptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconical  or  oblong  silky-villous  achenia. 
Pappus  of  7  -  9  lance-oblong  erect  chaffy  scales.  — A  perennial  herb,  smoothish, 
with  slender  simple  stems  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  alternate  oblanceolate  leaves, 
and  the  long  naked  summit  terminated  by  a  showy  large  head.  Rays  yellow 
(!'  long)  ;  the  disk-flowers  often  turning  dark  purple.  (Named  for  the  late  Dr. 
William  Baldwin.) 

1.  B.  uniflbra,  Nutt. — Borders  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward. 
Aug. 

49.  MARSHALLIA,    Schreb.        MARSHALLIA. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows,  nearly  equal. 
Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  with  narrowly  linear  rigid  chaff  among  the  flow- 
ers. Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender,  spreading.  Achenia  top-shaped,  5-angled. 
Pappus  of  5  or  6  membranaceous  and  pointed  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  and  low 
perennials,  with  alternate  and  entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  (re- 
sembling those  of  a  Scabious)  terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  simple 
stem  or  branches.  Flowers  purplish  ;  the  anthers  blue.  (Named  for  Humphry 
Marshall,  of  Pennsylvania,  author  of  Arbustrum  Americanum,  one  of  the  earliest 
works  on  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  this  country.) 

1.  M.  latifblia,  Pursh.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
sessile.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  (M.  LANCEOLATA  and  M.  AN- 
GUSTIFOLIA  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 

50.  GALINSOGA,    Ruiz  &  Pav.        GALINSO^A. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  4-5,  small,  roundish,  pistillate. 
Involucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  thin  scales.  Receptacle  conical,  with  narrow  chaff 
among  the  flowers.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  of  small  oblong  cut-fringed 
chaffy  scales  (sometimes  wanting).  — Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  triple-nerved 
thin  leaves,  and  small  heads  ;  disk-flowers  yellow ;  rays  whitish.  (Named  for 
Galinsoga,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  G.  PARVIFL6RA,  Cav.  Smoothish  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed ;  scales  of  the  pappus  8  - 16.  —  Waste  places,  especially  eastward ; 
spreading  from  year  to  year.  (Adv.  from  S.  Amer.) 

51.    MA  RUT  A,     Cass.        MAT-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  neutral.  Involucre  of  many  small 
somewhat  imbricated  scales,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical,  bearing 
slender  chaff,  at  least  near  the  summit.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed,  smooth. 
Pappus  none,  —  Annual  acrid  herbs,  with  a  strong  odor,  finely  thrice-pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  single  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Rays  white,  soon 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  265 

reflexed  ;  the  disk  yellow.      (Derivation  unknown.  —  The  genus  not  distinct 
enough  from  the  next.) 

1.  M.  COTULA,  DC.  (COMMON  MAY- WEED.)  Scales  of  the  involucre 
with  whitish  margins.  (Anthemis  Cotula,  L.)  —  Roadsides:  very  common. 
{Nat.  from  Eu.) 

.       52.    ANTHEMIS,    L.        CHAMOMILE. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  Maruta,  but  the  rays  pistillate.  Achenia  terete,  stri- 
ate  or  smooth.  Pappus  none,  or  a  minute  crown.  —  Herbs  with  aromatic  or 
strong  odor,  1  -  2-pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  branches  terminated  by  single 
heads.  Rays  in  ours  white ;  the  disk  yellow.  ('Ai/0e/zi's,  the  ancient  name,  given 
in  allusion  to  the  profusion  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,' L.     (CORN  CHAMOMILE.)     Pubescent  annual  or  biennial, 
resembling  May-weed,  but  not  ill-scented ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceolate, 
pointed ;  pappus  a  minute  border.  —  Waste  places  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  NOBILIS,  L.    (GARDEN  CHAMOMILE.)     More  downy  and  perennial, 
pleasantly  strong-scented ;    sterile   shoots  depressed  or  creeping ;   leaves  very 
finely  dissected  ;   chaff  of  the  receptacle  blunt ;    pappus  none.  —  Established 
near  Lewiston,  Delaware,  Nuttall.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

53.    ACHILLEA,    L.     t  YARROW. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated. 
Receptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achenia  oblong,  flattened,  margined.  Pappus 
none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corymbose  heads.  ( So  named  because  its 
virtues  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Achilles.) 

1.  A.  Millefblium,   L.       (COMMON    YARROW   or  MILFOIL.)      Stems 
simple  ;  leaves  twice.-pinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  linear,  3  -  5-cleft,  crowded ; 
corymb  compound,  flat- topped  ;  involucre  oblong;  rays  4  - 5,  short,  white  (some- 
times rose-color). —  Fields  and  hills  :  common  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  PTARMICA,  L.     (SNEEZEWORT.)     Leaves  simple,  lance-linear,  sharply 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth ;  corymb  loose ;  rays  8-12,  much  longer  than  the 
involucre ;  flowers  white.  —  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

54.    LETJCANTHEMTJM,    Tourn.        OX-EYE  DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
broad  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achenia  of  the  disk  and 
ray  similar,  striate,  without  pappus.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed,  pin- 
natifid,  or  divided  leaves,  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white :  disk 
yellow.  (Name  composed  of  \CVKOS,  white,  and  avdepov,  a  flower,  from  the 
white  rays.) 

1.  L.  VULG\RE,  Lam.  ( OX-EYE  or  WHITE  DAISY.  WHITE-WEED.) 
Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  naked  above  and  bearing  a  single  large  head  ;  root- 
leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  the  others  partly  clasping,  all  cut  orpinnatifid-toothed ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  with  rusty  brown  margins.  (Chrysanthemum  Leucan- 
themum,  L.  —  Fields  and  meadows  :  too  abundant.  June,  July.  A  pernicious 


266  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

weed,  with  large  and  showy  heads  :  in  Connecticut  is  a  variety  with  inconspicu- 
ous rays.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PARTHENIUM,  Godron.  (FEVERFEW.)  Tall,  branched,  leafy ;  leaves 
twice-pinnately  divided ;  the  divisions  ovate,  cut ;  heads  corymbed,  rather  small. 
(Matricaria  Parthenium,  L.  Pyrethrum  Parthenium,  Smith.)  — Escaped  from 
gardens  in  some  places.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

55.    MATBICARIA,    Tourn.        WILD  CHAMOMILE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  or  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involu- 
cre imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical,  at  least  in  fruit,  na- 
ked. Achenia  angular,  wingless.  Pappus  a  membranaceous  crown  or  border, 
or  none.  —  Smooth  and  brandling  herbs  (ours  annuals  or  biennials)  with  di- 
vided leaves  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Kays  white  or  none  :  disk  yellow. 
(Named  for  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  INOD6RA,  L.    Leaves  twice-pinnately  divided  into  fine  almost  filiform 
lobes ;  heads  large,  naked-peduncled,  and  with  many  long  rays ;  pappus  a  short 
crown  or  border.  —  (Wild  far  northward.)      Roadsides,  Eastport,  Maine,  Prof. 
Verrill.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  discoidea,  DC.     Low  (6' -9' high);  leaves  2 - 3-pinnately  parted 
into  short  linear  lobes ;  heads  rayless,  short-peduncled ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval,  with  broad  margins,  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk ;  pappus  obsolete. 
—  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  opposite  St.  Louis.     Probably  an  immigrant  from 
Oregon,  now  extending  eastward :  also  established  in  N.  Europe.    July  -  Sept. 

56.    TANACETUM,    L.        TANSY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid,  all  fertile ;  the  marginal  flowers  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3  -  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Recep- 
tacle convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top.  Pap- 
pus a  short  crown.  —  Bitter  and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs  (ours  perennial), 
with  1  -  3-pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  yellow ;  in 
summer.  (Name  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  aQavaala,  undying,  from  its  durable 
flowers.) 

1.  T.  VULG\RE,  L.      (COMMON  TANSY.)      Stem   (2° -4°  high)   smooth; 
leaflets  and  the  wings  of  the  petiole  cut-toothed  ;   corymb  dense ;   pistillate 
flowers  terete ;  pappus  5-lobed.  —  Var.  cni SPUM  has  the  leaves  more  cut  and 
crisped.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  .roadsides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  Huron6nse,  Nutt.     Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout  (l°-3° 
high);  lobes  of  the  leaves  oblong ;  heads  large  (£'-§' wide)  and  usually  few; 
pistillate  flowers  flattened,  3  -  5-cleft ;  pappus   toothed.  —  St.  John's  River, 
Maine  ( G.  L.  Goodale),  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward. 

57.    ARTEMISIA,    L.        WORMWOOD. 

Heads  discoid,  few -many-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal 
ones  pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  with  dry  and  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  small  and  flattish,  na- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  267 

ked.  Achenia  obovoid,  with  a  small  summit  and  no  pappus.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby 
plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  with  small  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes ; 
flowering  in  summer.  Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the 
Greek  Diana.) 

§  1 .  Receptacle  smooth :  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile :  disk-flowers  perfect  but 
sterile :  root  perennial,  except  in  No.  4. 

1 .  A.  dracunculoides,  Pursh.     Tall  (3°  -  5°),  somewhat  woody  at  base, 
slightly  hoary  or  glabrous ;  leaves  linear  and  entire  or  the  lower  3-cleft ;  heads 
small  and  numerous,  panicled.  —  Sandy  banks  of  streams,  S.  W.  Illinois  (Dr. 
Vasey,  Dr.  Mead)  and  westward. 

2.  A.  borealis,  Pallas.     Low  (3'  -6'  high),  tufted,  silky-villous  or  nearly 
smooth ;  lower  leaves  3  -  b-defl  at  the  apex,  or  like  the  others  1  -  2-pinnately  parted, 
the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear;  heads  few,  hemispherical,  pretty  large,  spiked  or 
racemed.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  A.  Canad&nsis,  Michx.     Smooth,  or  hoary  with  silky  down  (l°-2° 
high ) ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided,  the  upper  3  —  7-divided ;  the  divisions 
linear,  rather  rigid  ;  heads  rather  large,  in  panicled  racemes.  —  Shore  of  all  the  Great 
Lakes,  &c.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.  A.  caudata,  Michx.     Smooth  (2° -5°  high)  ;  upper  leaves  pinnately, 
the  lower  2  -3-pinnately  divided  ;  the  divisions  thread-form,  diverging ;  heads  small, 
the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongated  panicle ;  root  biennial.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast  of 
New  Hampshire  to  Virginia ;  also  Michigan  and  Illinois. 

§  2.  Receptacle  smooth :  flowers  all  fertile,  a  few  pistillate,  the  others  perfect. 

*  Tall  (l°-5°)  and  branching  perennials,  whitened  with  fine  and  close-pressed  wool: 

heads  small,  ovoid,  crowded  in  leafy  panicles. 

5.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.      (WESTERN    MUG  WORT.)      Whitened  woolly 
throughout ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  lower  cut-lobed,  toothed 
or  pinnatifid ;  heads  larger  than  in  the  next,  mostly  sessile  in  narrow  panicles. 
—  Dry  banks,  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  and  southwestward ;  especially  the 
var.  GNAPHAL6DES,  which  has  the  elongated  nearly  entire  leaves  very  woolly 
both  sides. 

6.  A.  VULGARIS,  L.     (COMMON  MUG  WORT.)      Leaves  mostly  glabrous  and 
green  above,  beneath  and  the  branches  white-woolly,  all  pinnatifid,  with  the  divi- 
sions often  cut-lobed,  linear-lanceolate ;  heads  small  in  open  panicles.  —  Waste 
places,  near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Less  branched  (l°-3°)  biennial  or  annual,  glabrous:  heads  densely  clustered. 

7.  A.  biennis,  Willd.     (BIENNIAL  WORMWOOD.)     Lower  leaves  twice- 
pinnately  parted,  the  upper  pinnatifid  ;  lobes  linear,  acute,  in  the  lower  leaves 
cut-toothed ;  heads  in  short  axillary  spikes  or  clusters,  crowded  in  a  narrow  and 
glomerate  leafy  panicle.  —  Gravelly  banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  northwestward ; 
rapidly  extending  eastward  by  railroad  to  Buffalo,  Philadelphia,  &c. 

§  3.  Receptacle  hairy  ;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate:  heads  nodding. 

8.  A.  AesfNTHiUM,  L.     (COMMON  WORMWOOD.)     Rather  shrubby  (2°- 
4°  high),  silky-hoary ;  leaves  2  -  3-pinnately  parted,  lobes  lanceolate ;  heads  hemi- 
spherical, panicled. —  Koadsides,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.    (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 


268  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

9.  A.  frigida,  Willd.  Low  (6' -20' high),  in  tufts,  slightly  woody  at  the 
base,  white-silky ;  leave?  pinnately  parted  and  3  -  5-cleft,  the  divisions  narrow- 
linear  ;  heads  globose,  racemose.  —  Dry  hills  and  rocks,  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
Wisconsin  (L.  Lesquereux,  T.  J.  Hale],  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward. 

68.     GNAPHAIiIUM,    L.        CUDWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  ;  the  outer  pistillate  and  very 
slender,  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent  leaves, 
and  clustered  or  corymbed  heads  ;  fl.  in  summer  and  autumn.  Corolla  whitish 
or  yellowish.  (Name  from  yvd(f>a\ov,  a  lock  of  wool,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose 
down  of  the  leaves.) 
§  1.  Achenia  terete:  pistillate  flowers  in  several  rows :  bristles  of  pappus  distinct. 

1.  G.  deciirrens,  Ives.     (EVERLASTING.)     Stout,  erect  (2°  high)  peren- 
nial, branched  at  the  top,  clammy-pubescent,  white-woolly  on   the  branches, 
bearing  numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed  clusters ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  partly 
clasping,  decurrent;   scales  of  the  (yellowish-white)  involucre  oval,  acutish. — 
Hillsides,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Maine,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

2.  G.  polycephalum,  Michx.    (COMMON  EVERLASTING.)   Erect,  woolly 
annual  (l'-2'  high),  fragrant;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  with  undu- 
late margins,  not  decurrtnt,  smoothish  above ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
panicled-corymbose  branches,  ovate-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovate ;  scales 
of  the  (whitish)  involucre  ovate  and  oblong,  rather  obtuse;  perfect  flowers 
few.  —  Old  fields  and  woods  :  common. 

3.  G.  uligindsum,  L.      (Low  CUDWEED.)     Diffusely  branched,  woolly 
annual  (3' -6' high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  not  decurrent;  heads  (small) 
in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by  leaves. — Low  grounds  by  the 
roadside;  common  eastward  and  northward  :  perhaps  introduced.     (Eu.) 

§  2.    GAMOCH^ETA,  Weddell.     Achenia  and  flowers  as  §  1  :   bristles  of  the 
pappus  united  at  the  very  base  into  a  ring,  so  falling  off  all  together. 

4.  G.  purptireum,  L.      (PURPLISH   CUDWEED.)      Annual,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  ascending  (6' -20'  high),  woolly ;  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late,  mostly  obtuse,  not  decurrent,  green  above,  very  white  with  close  wool  un- 
derneath ;  heads  in  sessile  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  spiked  at  the 
wand-like  summit  of  the  stem :  scales  of  the  involucre  tawny,  the  inner  often 
marked  with  purple.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to  Virginia,  and 
southward. 

§  3.  HOMALOTHECA,  DC.     Achenia  flattened:  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single 
marginal  row :  bristles  of  the  pappus  distinct  and  falling  separately,  as  in  §  1 . 

5.  G.  supinum,  Villars.      (MOUNTAIN  CUDWEED.)     Dwarf  and  tufted 
perennial  (2'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  woolly  ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and  spiked  on 
the  slender  simple  flowering  stems  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  brown,  lanceolate, 
acute.  —  Alpine  summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire :  very  rare. 
(Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  269 

59.    ANTENNARIA,     Gartn.        EVERLASTING. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  or  nearly  so ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  :  pistil- 
late corollas  very  slender.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat,  not  chaffy.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  bristles,  in  the  fertile  flowers  capillary,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened  and 
club-shaped  or  barbellate  at  the  summit.  —  Perennial  white-woolly  herbs,  with 
entire  leaves  and  corymbed  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  yellowish.  (Name 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  the  antennce  of  certain  insects.) 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  R.  Brown.     (PEARLY  EVERLASTING.     Stem  erect 
(l°-2°  high),  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sessile  ;  fertile  heads  often  with  a  few  imperfect  stami- 
nate  flowers  in  the  centre  ;  scales  of  the  pearly-white  involucre  obtuse  or  rounded. 
—  Dry  hills  and  woods  ;  common  northward.     Aug. 

2.  A.  plantaginif61ia,   Hook.      (PLANTAIN-LEAVED   EVERLASTING.) 
Spreading  by  'offsets  and  runners,  low  (4' -10'  high) ;  leaves  silky-woolly  when 
young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath  ;  those  of  the  simple  and  scape- 
like  flowering  stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed  ;  the  radical  obovate  or  oval- 
spatulate,  petioled,  ample,  3-nerved  ;  heads  in  a  small  crowded  corymb  ;  scales 
of  the  (mostly  white)  involucre  obtuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower 
in  the  fertile  plant.  —  Var.  MONOCEPHALA  is  an  occasional  state,  with  a  single 
larger  head.  —  Sterile  knolls  and  banks  :  common.    March- May. 

60.    FIL  A  GO,    Tourn.        COTTON-ROSE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  central  ones  perfect,  but 
often  infertile ;  the  others  pistillate,  very  slender  and  thread-form.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  few  and  woolly.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shaped,  naked  at  the 
summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward  the  base ;  the  chaff  resembling  the 
proper  involucral  scales,  each  covering  a  single  pistillate  flower.  —  Pappus  of 
the  central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  mostly  none.  —  Annual,  low, 
branching  woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  clusters. 
(Name  fromJUum,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  cottony  hairs  of  these  plants.) 

1.  F.  GERMANICA,  L.  (HERBA  IMPIA.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed  with 
lanceolate  and  upright  crowded  leaves,  producing  a  capitate  cluster  of  woolly 
heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  similar 
head,  and  so  on :  —  hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists, 
as  if  the  offspring  were  undutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the  parent.  — 
Dry  fields,  New  York  to  Virginia.  July  -  Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

61.    ERECHTHITES,    Raf.  .     FIREWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile ;  the  marginal  pis- 
tillate, with  a  slender  corolla.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end.  Pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white 
soft  hairs. —Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  rank  smell,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves,  and  paniculate-corymbed  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name 
of  some  species'  of  Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erechiheus.) 


270  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

1.  E.  hieracifblia,  Raf.  (FIRE WEED.)  Often  hairy;  stem  grooved 
(l°-5°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile;  the 
upper  with  an  auricled  clasping  base.  (Senecio  hieracifolius,  L.) —  Moist 
woods  :  common,  especially  northward,  and  in  recent  clearings,  where  the 
ground  has  been  burned  over  ;  whence  the  popular  name.  July  -  Sept. 

62.    CACALIA,    L.        INDIAN  PLANTAIN. 

Heads  5  -  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Smooth  and  tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled 
leaves,  and  rather  large  heads,  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish. 
(An  ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

#  Involucre  25  -  30  flowered,  with  several  bracts  at  its  base :  receptacle  flat. 

1.  C.  Sliav6olens,  L.      Stem  grooved  (3° -5°  high);   leaves  triangular- 
lanceolate,  halberd-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  on  winged  petioles. 
—  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky  :  rare.     Sept. 

#  *  Involucre  5-leaved  and  ^-flowered,  its  bracts  minute  or  none :  receptacle  bearing 

a  more  or  less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  in  the  centre. 

2.  C.  reniformis,  Muhl.     (GREAT  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.)     Stem  (4° -9° 
high)  grooved  and  angled  ;  leaves  green  both  sides,  dilated  fan-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
kidney-form  (l°-2°  broad),  repand-toothed  and  angled,  palmately  veined,  peti- 
oled ;  the  teeth  pointed ;  corymbs  large.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  New  Jersey  to 
Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicif61ia,  L.     (PALE  INDIAN  P.)     Stem  terete  (3° -6°  high), 
and  with  the  palmately  veined  and  angulate-lobed  leaves  glaucous;  lower  leaves 
triangular-kidney-form    or    slightly  heart-shaped ;     the    upper    rhomboid    or 
wedge-form,  toothed.  —  Rich  woodlands,   W.   New  York  to  Wisconsin,   and 
southward.     Aug. 

4.  C.  tuberbsa,  Nutt.    (TUBEROUS  INDIAN?.)    Stem  angled  and  grooved 
(2° -6°  high),  from  a  thick  or  tuberous  root;  leaves  green  both  sides,  thick, 
strongly  5  -  7 '-nerved ;  the  lower  lance-ovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  tapering  into 
long  petioles ;  the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed  at  the 
apex.  —  Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    June. 

63.    SENECIO,    L.        GROUNDSEL. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  or  mostly  with 
radiate  marginal  ones  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  of 
numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillary  bristles.  —  Herbs,  in  the  United  States, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  chiefly  yellow. 
(Name  from  senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoary  hairs  which  cover  many 
species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus. ) 

*  Root  annnal  or  in  No.  3  biennial :  heads  several  or  many  in  a  corymb :  herbage 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  271 

1.  S.  VULGARIS,  L.    (COMMON  GROUNDSEL.)    Low,  corymbosely  branched ; 
leaves  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  clasping;  rays  none.  —  Waste  grounds.     July- 
Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  lobatUS,  Pers.     (BUTTER-WEED.)     Kather.tall;    leaves  somewhat 
fleshy,  mostly  It/rate  'or  pinnate,  the  divisions  or  leaflets  crenate  or  cut-lobed,  vari- 
able; heads  small  in  a  naked  corymb;  rays  about  12,  conspicuous.  —  Low  banks 
of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  Illinois  and  southward.     April- July. 

3.  S.  palustris,  Hook.    Biennial,  loosely  woolly  when  young ;  stem  stout, 
6' -3°  high;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate,  irregularly  toothed  or  laciniate,  the  upper 
with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  rays  20  or  more,  short,  pale  yellow  ;  pappus 
copious  and  becoming  very  long.  —  Wet  ground,  N.  W-.  Wisconsin  ( T.  J.  Hale) 
and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Root  perennial :  heads  small  or  middle-sized,  in  a  naked  corymb. 

4.  S.  aiireus,  L.     (GOLDEN    RAGWORT.      SQUAW-WEED.)      Smooth,  or 
floccose-woolly  when  young  (10' -30'  high) ;  root-leaves  simple  and  rounded,  the  larger 
ones   mostly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  long-petioled ;  the  lower  stem-leaves 
lyrate;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinnatind,  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  corymb 
umbel-like;  rays  8-12.  —  Varies  greatly,  the  leading  forms  being,  —  Var.  1. 
OBOVATUS,  with  the  root-leaves  round-obovate  (growing  in  drier  places).  — 
Var.  2.  BALSAMIT^E,  with  root-leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lanceolate,  sometimes 
cut-toothed,  tapering  into  the  petiole.     Rocky  places.  —  Var.  3.  LANCEOLATUS, 
Oakes,  with  the  leaves  all  lanceolate-oblong,  thin,  sharply  and  unequally  toothed, 
either  wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  merely 
pinnatifid-cut  towards  the  base.    ( Cedar  swamps,  Vermont,  Robbins. )  —  Common 
everywhere :  the  primary  form  in  swamps.     May,  June. 

5.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Soon  smooth,  stem  simple  (1°  high),  often 
nearly  leafless,  bearing  a  small  corymb ;  root-leaves  thickish,  obovate  or  roundish, 
narrowed  into  a  short  and  winged  petiole,  or  sessile,  crenate-toothed,  sometimes  ly- 
rate ;    stem-leaves  small,  cut-pinnatifid.  —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.     May. 

6.  S.  toment6sus,  Michx.     (WOOLLY  RAGWORT.)     Clothed  with  scarcely 
deciduous  hoary  wool  (l°-2°  high) ;  root-leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  toothed,  on 
slender  petioles  ;  the  upper  sessile ;  corymb  flat- topped ;  rays  12 -15.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Pennsylvania  (Pursh),  Maryland,  and  southward.     May.  —  S.  CANUS, 
Hook.,  which  too  closely  resembles  smaller  forms  of  this,  probably  occurs  within 
the  northern  borders  of  Wisconsin. 

*  *  #  Root  perennial :  heads  large  and  mostly  solitary. 

7.  S.  Pseudo-Arnica,  Less.    Loosely  white-woolly,  sometimes  becom- 
ing glabrous ;  stem  stout,  6'-  12'  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong,  repand, 
tapering  into  a  narrow  petiole-like  base ;  heads  1  -  4,  over  an  inch  in  diameter ; 
rays  20  or  more,  large.  —  Grand  Manan  Island  off  Maine  (Prof.  Verrill)  and 
northward. 

64.    ARNICA,    L.        ARNICA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.     Scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.     Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate. 


272  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Achenia  slender  or  spindle-shaped.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rather  rigid  and 
strongly  roughened-dcnticulate  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  mountains 
and  cold  northern  regions,, with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed  large 
heads  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Ptarnrica.) 

1.  A.  mollis,  Hook.     Soft-hairy;  stem  leafy  (l°-2°  high),  bearing  1  to  5 
heads ;  leaves  thin,  veiny,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed ;  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
closely  sessile ;  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  pointed ;  pappus  almost  plumose.  —  Alpine  rivulets,  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York,  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northwest- 
ward.   July. 

2.  A.  nudicatllis,  Ell.     Hairy  and  rather  glandular  (1°  -3°  high) ;  leaves 
ihickish,  3  -  5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong,  all  sessile,  mostly  entire  and  near  the  rootr 
those  of  the  naked  stem  small  and  only  one  or  two  pairs ;  heads  several,  corymbed, 
showy.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  S.  Penn.  and  southward.     April,  May. 

65.    CENTAUBEA,    L.        STAR-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  much  larger 
and  as  it  were  radiate,  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  Involucre  imbricated,  the 
scales  margined  or  appendaged.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  wanting,  or  of 
a  few  bristles.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from 
the  Centaur,  Chiron.) 

1.  C.  CYANUS,  L.    (BLUEBOTTLE.)    Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  fringe- 
margined ;  false  rays  large ;  pappus  very  short ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  toothed  at 
the  base;  root  annual.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.    July.  —  Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  NIGRA,  L.     (KNAPWEED.)     Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  appen- 
daged, and  with  a  stiff  black  fringe;  rays  wanting;  pappus  very  short;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  lyrate-angled,  rough ;  root  perennial.  —  Waste  places,  E. 
New  England.     Aug.  —Flowers  purple.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  CALcfTRAPA,  L.     (STAR  THISTLE.)     Stem  diffusely  much  branched  ; 
leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  spinulose-toothed ;  heads  sessile,  the  middle  scales  of  the 
ovoid  involucre  spiny;  pappus  none;  flowers  purple;  root  annual.  —  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  and  Philadelphia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

66.    CNICUS,    Vaill.        BLESSED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  tubular  and  sterile,  shorter  than  the 
rest,  which  are  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  involucre  coriaceous, 
appressed,  extended  into  a  long  and  rigid  pinnately  spinose  appendage.  Re- 
ceptacle clothed  with  capillary  bristles.  Achenia  terete,  short,  strongly  striate, 
crowned  with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  and  bearing  a  pappus  of  10  elongated 
rigid  bristles,  and  10  short  bristles  alternate  with  the  last  in  an  inner  row.  —An 
annual  smoothish  herb,  with  clasping  scarcely  pinnatifid-cut  leaves  and  large 
bracted  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  KI/I'^W,  to  prick.) 

1.  C.  BENEDICTS,  L.  —  Roadsides,  southward :  rare,  scarcely  naturalized. 
(Adv.  fromEu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  273 

67.     CIBSIUM,     Tourn.        COMMON  or  PLUMED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar,  or  rarely 
imperfectly  dioecious.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
many  rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or  prickle.  Receptacle  thickly  clothed  with  soft 
bristles  or  hairs.  Achenia  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose  to  the  middle,  deciduous.  —  Herbs, 
with  sessile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatifid,  and  prickly.  Heads  large,  ter- 
minal. Flowers  reddish-purple,  occasionally  yellowish,  white,  or  cream-color; 
in  summer.  (Name  from  Kipcros,  a  swelled  vein,  for  which  the  Thistle  was  a 
reputed  remedy.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickles:  root  biennial. 

1.  C.  LANCEOL!TUM,  Scop.     (COMMON  THISTLE.)      Leaves  decurrent  on 
the  stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough  and  bristly  above, 
woolly  with  deciduous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly ;  flowers  purple.  —  Pastures 
and  roadsides,  eveiy where,  at  the  North.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  oppressed;  the  inner  ones  not  prickly:  filaments  hairy. 

H-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  above:  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 

successively  shorter,  and  tipped  with  short  prickles. 

2.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gr.      White-woolly  throughout,  perennial,  low ;  stem 
stout,  very  leafy ;  leaves  all  pinnatdy  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated 
divisions,  with  revolute  margins ;  flowers  cream-color.  — Sandy  shores  of  Lakes 
Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior. 

3.  C.  undul£tum,    Spreng.      White-woolly  throughout,  biennial,  low  and 
stout,   leafy;    leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly   clasping,  undulate-pinnatifid,  with 
prickly  lobes ;  flowers  reddish-purple.  —  Islands  of  L.  Huron  and  Michigan  ; 
thence  westward. 

4.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.    Biennial;  stem  grooved,  hairy,  branched,  tall, 
leafy ;  leaves  all  deeply  pinnatifid,  sparingly  hairy  and  green  above,  whitened  with 
close  wool  beneath;  the  diverging  lobes  2-3-clefl,  linear-lanceolate,  prickly-pointed : 
flowers  pale  purple,  rarely  white.  —  Meadows  and  copses. 

5.  C.  altissimum,  Spreng.    Stem  downy,  branching  (3°  -10°  high),  leafy 
quite  to  the  heads:  leaves  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate  sinuate-toothed,  undulate-pinnatifid,  or  undivided,  the  lobes  or  teeth 
prickly ;  those  from  the  base  pinnatifid ;  and  their  lobes  short,  oblong  or  triangular  ; 
flowers  chiefly  purple.  —  Fields  and  copses,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

6.  C.  Virgini£num,  Michx.     Stem  woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  (l°-3°  high) ;  the  branches  or  long  peduncles  naked:  leaves  lanceolate, 
green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles,  en- 
tire or  sparingly  sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  scarcely  prickly ;  heads  small ;  flowers  purple.  —  Woods 
and  plains,  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southward. 

Var.  filipdndulum.  Stem  stouter,  more  leafy,  corymbosely  branched 
above ;  the  heads  on  shorter  peduncles ;  leaves  pinnatifid ;  roots  tuberous,  en- 
larged below.  (C.  filipendulum,  Engelm.) — Prairies  of  S.  Illinois  and  south- 
westward. 

18 


274  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

•*-  •*—  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  only  with  loose  cobwebby  hairs  underneath :  scales  of 
the  involucre  scarcely  prickly-pointed :  heads  large. 

7.  C.  mtlticum,  Michx.     (SWAMP  THISTLE.)     Stem  tall  (3° -8°  high), 
angled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit,  the  branches  sparingly  leafy  and 
bearing  single  or  few  rather  large  naked  heads ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above, 
whitened  with  loose  webby  hairs  beneath  when  young,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  divisions 
lanceolate,  acute,  cut-lobed,  prickly-pointed;  scales  of  the  webby  and  glutinous  invo- 
lucre closely  appressed,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate ;  flowers  purple  ;  root  per- 
ennial. —  Swamps  and  low  woods  :  common. 

8.  C.  pumilum,  Spreng.      (PASTURE  THISTLE.)      Stem  low  and  stout 
(l°-3°  high),  hairy,  bearing  1-3  very  large  heads  (!£'  broad),  which  are  some- 
what leafy-bracted  at  the  base ;   leaves  green,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping, 
somewhat  hairy,  pinnatifid,  with  short  and  cut  very  prickly-margined  lobes ;  outer  scales 
of  the  involucre  prickly-pointed,  the  inner  very  slender ;  flowers  purple  or  rarely 
white  (fragrant,  2'  long) ;  root  biennial.  —  Dry  fields,  Maine  to  Penn.,  near  the 
coast,  Illinois  and  westward  :  common. 

9.  C.  horridulum,  Michx.      (YELLOW  THISTLE.)     Stem  stout  (l°-4° 
high),  webby-haired  when  young;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green,  soon  smooth, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very  spiny  with  yellowish 
prickles;  heads  (I'-l^'  broad),  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involucrate  whorl  of 
leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  narrow  and  unarmed 
scales  of  the  involucre ;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  purple.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachu- 
setts to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  *  Outer  scales  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed:  filaments  nearly 
smooth :  heads  imperfectly  dioecious,  small  and  numerous. 

10.  C.  ARVENSE,  Scop.     (CANADA  THISTLE.)     Perennial,  the  roots  exten- 
sively creeping ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  slightly  woolly  beneath, 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined;   flowers  rose-purple.  —  Cultivated  fields, 
pastures,  and  roadsides  :  common  at  the  North ;  a  most  troublesome  weed,  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  eradicate.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

68.    CARDTJTJS,    Tourn.        PLUMELESS  THISTLE. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate. 
Otherwise  as  in  Cirsium.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  NtjTANS,  L.  (MusK  THISTLE.)  Biennial;  leaves  decurrent,  sinuate, 
spiny;  heads  solitary,  drooping;  flowers  purple. — Fields  near  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania,  Prof.  Porter.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

69.    ONOPORDON,    Vaill.        COTTON  or  SCOTCH  THISTLE. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Cirsium.  Scales  of  the  involucre  coriaceous, 
tipped  with  a  lanceolate  prickly  appendage.  Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed. 
Achenia  4-angled,  wrinkled  transversely.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  numerous, 
slender,  not  plumose,  united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  —  Coarse,  branching 
annuals,  or  biennials,  with  the  stems  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  lobed 
and  toothed  somewhat  prickly  leaves.  Heads  large :  flowers  purple.  (The  an- 
cient Greek  name  of  the  plant.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  275 

1.  O.  ACANTHIUM,  L.  Stem  (2° -4°  high)  and  leaves  cotton- woolly ;  scales 
linear-awl-shaped.  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places  :  rather  rare.  July  -  Sept. 
(Adv.  fromEu.) 

70.    LAPP  A,    Toura.        BURDOCK. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Involucre  globular ; 
the  imbricated  scales  coriaceous  and  appressed  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  abrupt 
and  spreading  awl-shaped  hook-pointed  appendage.  Keceptacle  bristly.  Ache- 
nia  oblong,  flattened,  wrinkled  transversely.  Pappus  short,  of  numerous  rough 
bristles,  not  united  at  the  base,  deciduous.  —  Coarse  biennial  weed,  with  large 
unarmed  and  petioled  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  clustered  heads :  flowers 
purple,  rarely  white.  (Name  from  XajSeii/,  to  lay  hold,  the  involucre  forming  a 
hooked  bur  which  holds  tenaciously  to  the  dress,  or  the  fleece  of  animals.) 

1.  L.  OFFICINA.LIS,  Allioni.  —  Waste  places  and  around  dwellings,  in  ma- 
nured soil.  —  The  var.  MAJOR  (COMMON  BURDOCK)  has  the  involucre  smoothish ; 
leaves  loosely  whitish-cottony  beneath  or  becoming  smooth,  the  upper  ovate, 
lower  heart-shaped.  —  Var.  TOMENT6SA  has  the  involucre  cottony,  and  is  rare. 
—  Var.  MINOR  has  smaller  heads  with  smooth  involucre,  and  smaller  smoothish 
leaves,  often  tapering  at  the  base ;  occasionally  cut-toothed  or  laciniate-lobed. 
(Uxbridge,  Mass.,  Dr.  Bobbins.)  July -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  II.    LIGULTFL.OR^;.     (CICHORACE.E.) 

71.    LAMPSANA,    Tourn.        NIPPLE-WORT. 

Heads  8- 12-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect,  in  one 
row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  branch- 
ing annuals,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  loosely  panicled  small  heads  : 
flowers  yellow.  (The  Aa/n/x-aVi/  of  Dioscorides  was  evidently  a  wild  Mustard.) 

1.  L.  coMMtiNis,  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  lyre- 
shaped.  —  Roadsides,  near  Boston,  Buffalo,  &c.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

72.    CICHORIUM,    Toura.        SUCCORY  or  CICHORY. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  5  short  spreading 
scales,  the  inner  of  8-10  scales.  Achenia  striate.  Pappus  of  numerous  small 
chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials,  with  deep  roots ; 
the  sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal.  Flowers  bright  blue  or 
varying  to  purple,  showy.  (Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

1.  C.  INTYBUS,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  the 
lowest  runcinate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering  branches  minute.  —  Roadsides  : 
common  near  the  coast,  especially  in  E.  Mass.  July -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

73.    KBIGIA,    Schreber.        DWARF  DANDELION. 

Heads  1 5  -  20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  in  about  2  rows. 
Achenia  top-shaped,  many-striate  or  angled.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of  5 


276  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

broad  and  rounded  chaffy  scales ;  the  inner  of  as  many  alternate  slender  bris- 
tles. —  Small  annuals  or  biennials,  branched  from  the  base  ;  the  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  lyrate  or  toothed;  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  or 
branches.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krieg,  an  early  German  botani- 
cal collector  in  this  country.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several  (l'-10'  high) ;  earlier 
leaves  roundish  and  entire,  the  others  narrower  and  often  pinnatifid.  —  Var. 
DICHOTOMA  is  a  branched  and  leafy  summer  state. — New  England  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  April  -  Aug. 

74.    CYNTHIA,    Don.        CYNTHIA. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  somewhat  in  2  rows. 
Achcnia  short,  striate.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of  numerous  very  small 
chaffy  bristles  ;  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  elongated  bristles.  —  Low  per- 
ennial herbs,  nearly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  scattered  or  radical  leaves ; 
the  scapes  or  naked  peduncles  (often  bristly  at  the  apex)  bearing  rather  showy 
single  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Perhaps  named  after  Mount  Cynthus.) 

1.  C.   Virginiea,   Don.      Roots  fibrous ;  stem-leaves  1-2,   oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate-spatulate,  clasping,  mostly  entire;  the  radical  ones  on  short  winged 
petioles,  often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid  ;  peduncles  2-5.  —  Moist  banks,  New 
York  to  Michigan  and  southward.     June.  —  Stem  1°  high,  or  more. 

2.  C.  Dandelion,  DC.     Scapes  leafless,  from  a  tuberous  root  (6' -15' high) ; 
leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  few-lobed.  — 
Moist  ground,  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     March- July. 

75.     LB6NTODON,     L.,  Juss.         HAWKBIT.     FALL  DANDELION. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with  several  bract- 
lets  at  the  base.  Achenia  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all  alike.  Pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  towards  the  base. 

—  Low  and  stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  and  scapes 
bearing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  Xe'coi/,  a  lion,  and  68ovs,  a  tooth, 
in  allusion  to  the  toothed  leaves.)  —  The  following  belongs  to  the  subgenus 
OroRfNiA,  with  a  tawny  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristles. 

1.  L.  AUTUMNALE,  L.  (FALL  DANDELION.)  Leaves  laciniate-toothed  or 
pinnatifid ;  scape  branched ;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit  and  furnished 
with  small  scaly  bracts.  —  Meadows  and  roadsides :  common  in  E.  New  Eng- 
land. July  -  Oct.  ( Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

76.    TBbXIMON,    Nutt.        TROXIMON. 

Head  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows.  Achenia  smooth,  10-ribbed, 
not  beaked.  Pappus  longer  than  the  achenium,  white,  of  copious  and  unequal 
rigid  capillary  bristles,  some  of  the  larger  gradually  thickened  towards  the  base. 

—  Perennial  herbs,  with  elongated  linear  tufted  root-leaves,  and  a  simple  naked 
scape.     Heads  solitary,  large :  flowers  yellow.     (Name  from  Tpo>£o/uai,  to  eat, 
first  applied  to  some  plant  with  an  edible  root,  like  Salsify.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  277 

1.  T.  CUSpid&tum,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  a 
sharp  point,  woolly  on  the  margins  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin,  N.  Illinois,  and  westward.  April,  May. 

77.     HIEBACIUM,     Tourn.        HAWKWEED. 

Heads  12 -many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenia 
short,  oblong  or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny 
and  fragile  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  single  or  panicled  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers ;  in  summer  and 
early  autumn.  (Name  from  lepa£,  a  hawk.) 

*  Heads  large  and  broad :  involucre  imbricated :  achenia  tapering  towards  the  base. 

1.  H.    Canadense,    Michx.      (CANADA   HAWKWEED.)      Stems  simple, 
leafy,  corymbed  at  the  summit  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  remotely  and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  the  upper- 
most slightly  clasping.  —  Dry  woods,  northward. 

*  #  Heads  small :  involucre  cylindrical,  scarcely  imbricated. 

2.  H.  SCabrum,  Michx.    (ROUGH  H.)    Stem  rather  stout  (l°-3°  high), 
leafy,  rough-hairy ;  the  stiff  panicle  at  first  racemose,  at  length  rather  corymbose ; 
the  thickish  peduncles  and  the  hoary  40  -  50-flowered  involucre  densely  clothed 
with  dark  glandular  bristles ;  achenia  columnar,  not  tapering  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  — Dry  open  woods  ;  common. 

3.  H.  longipilum,  Torr.     (LONG-BEARDED  H.)     Stem  wand-like,  sim- 
ple, stout  (2° -3°  high),  very  leafy  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  and  bearing  a 
small  racemed  panicle  ;  the  lower  portion  and  both  sides  of  the  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  spatulate  entire  leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  upright  bristles 
(often  1'  long) ;  peduncles  and  20  - 30-flowered  involucre  glandular-bristly ;  ache- 
nia spindle-shaped,  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and 
southwestward.  —  Heads  intermediate  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

4.  H.  Gron6vii,  L.     (HAIRY  H.)     Stem  wand-like,  mostly  simple,  leafy 
and  very  hairy  below,  naked  above  and  forming  a  long  and  narrow  panicle ;  leaves 
oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  hairy ;  the  slender  peduncles  and  the  20  -  30- 
flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly;   achenia  spindle-shaped,  with  a 
very  taper  summit.  —  Dry  sterile  soil :  common,  especially  southward.  —  Varies 
from  l°-4°  high.     The  small  heads  and  almost  beaked  fruit  distinguish  the 
largest  forms  from  No.  2,  and  small  naked-stemmed  states  from  the  next. 

5.  H.  ven6sum,  L.      (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.)     Stem  or  scape  (l°-2° 
high)  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth  and  slender,  forking  above  into  a  spreading 
loose  corymb  ;  root-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire,  scarcely  petioled,  thin 
and  pale,  purplish  and  glaucous  underneath  (often  hairy  along  the  midrib), 
marked  above  with  purple  veins  ;  peduncles  very  slender ;  involucre  20-flowered ; 
achenia  linear,  not  tapering   upwards.  —  Var.  SUBCAULESCENS  has  the  stem 
more  or  less  leafy  next  the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  pine  woods  :  common. 

6.  H.  paniculatum,  L.     (PANICLED  H.)     Stem  slender,  leafy,  diffusely 
branched,  hairy  below  (2° -3°  high);    leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
slightly  toothed,  smooth ;  heads  in  a  loose  panicle  (very  small),  on  slender  and 


278  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

diverging  peduncles,  12  -  20-flowered  ;  achenia  short,  not  tapering  at  the  summit. 
—  Open  woods  :  rather  common. 

78.    NAB  AL  ITS,     Cass.        RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 

Heads  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14  linear  scales  in 
a  single  row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Achenia  short,  linear-ob- 
long, striate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw- 
color  or  brownish  and  rough  capillary  bristles. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright 
leafy  stems  arising  from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable 
leaves,  and  racemose-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  greenish-white 
or  yellowish,  often  tinged  with  purple  ;  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Name 
probably  from  va/3Xa,  a  harp,  in  allusion  to  the  lyrate  leaves  which  these  plants 
sometimes  present.)  Species  of  Prenanthes,  L, 

*  Involucre  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5  -  20-Jlowered. 

1.  N.  £lbus,  Hook.    (WHITE  LETTUCE.   RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)    Smooth 
and  glaucous  (2° -4°  high) ;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit:  leaves  angu- 
late  or  triangular-halberd-form,  sinuate-toothed,  or  3-5-cleft;   the  uppermost 
oblong  and  undivided;    involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-  \2-flowered; 
pappus  deep  cinnamon-color.  —  Var.  SERPENTARIA  is  a  form  with  deeply  divided 
leaves,  their  margins  often  rough-ciliate.  —  Borders  of  woods,  in  rich  soil : 
common,  especially  northward.  —  Stouter  and  more  corymbed  than  the  next, 
with  thickish  leaves  and  often  purplish  branches.     Heads  6"  long. 

2.  N.  altissimus,  Hook.     (TALL  W.)     Smooth;  stem  tall  and  slender 
(3° -6°  high) ;  the  heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  loose  clusters  forming 
a  long  and  wand-like  leafy  panicle:  leaves  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  ovate, 
heart-shaped,  or  triangular,  and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with  naked  or  winged 
petioles,  or  frequently  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or  again  cleft ;  in- 
volucre slender  (greenish),  of  5  scales,  5-§-flowered;  pappus  dirty  white,  or  pale 
straw-color.  —  Rich  moist  woods :  common  northward. 

3.  N.   Fr£seri,   DC.      (LION'S-FOOT.      GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.)      Nearly 
smooth  ;  stem  corymbose-panickd  at  the  summit  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  mostly  del- 
toid, roughish  ;  the  lower  variously  3-  7-lobed,  on  margined  petioles ;  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  nearly  sessile ;  involucre  (greenish  or  pur- 
plish, sometimes  slightly  bristly)  of  about  8  scales,  8  -  1 2-flowered :  pappus  dull 
straw-color.  —  Varies  greatly  in  foliage  :  the  var.  iNTEGRirdLius  has  the  thick- 
ish leaves  all  undivided  and  merely  toothed.  —  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

4.  N.    n&nus,  DC.      Smooth;  stem  low  and  simple  (5'- 10' high) ;    the 
heads  in  axillary  clusters  forming  a  narrow  racemed  panicle ;  leaves  triangular- 
halberd-shaped  and  very  variously  lobed  or  cleft,  on  slender  petioles  ;  involucre 
(livid)  10-  13-Jlowered,  of  about  8  proper  scales  and  several  very  short  bract-like  ones, 
which  are  triangular-ovate  and  appressed ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Alpine  summits, 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  Adirondacks,  N.  New  York. 

5.  N.  Bo6ttii,  DC.      Stem  simple,  dwarf  (5'-  6'  high),  pubescent  at  the 
summit ;  the  heads  in  an  almost  simple  raceme ;  lowest  leaves  halberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  taper- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  279 

ing  into  a  margined  petiole;  involucre  (livid)  10 -18  flowered,  of  10 -15  very  ob- 
tuse proper  scales,  and  several  linear  and  loose  exteiior  ones  nearly  half  the  length  of 
the  former ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Higher  alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York. 

6.  N.  virgatus,  DC.    (SLENDER  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)    Smooth,  slightly 
glaucous;  stem  simple  (2° -4°  high),  prolonged  into  a  naked  and  slender  spiked 
raceme  (l|°-2°  long) ;  heads  clustei'ed  and  mostly  unilateral ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the  lower  toothed  or  pinnati- 
fid;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-  12  flowered ;  pappus  straw-color. — 
Sandy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  *  Involucre  12  -  40-flowered,  hairy,  as  well  as  the  peduncles. 

7.  N.  racembsUS,  Hook.    Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2° -5°  high),  smooth, 
as  well  as  the  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves  ;  the  lower  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid,)  the  upper 'partly  clasping;  heads  in 
clusters  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  interruptedly  spiked  panicle  ;  involucre  about 
12-flowered ;   pappus  straw-color.  —  Plains,   Ohio  to  Illinois  and  northward. 
Also  Hackensack  marshes,  New  Jersey.  —  Flowers  flesh-color. 

8.  N.  asper,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2° -4°  high),  rough- 
pubescent,  as  well  as  the  oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves ;  heads 
(mostly  erect)  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  compound  raceme: 
involucre  12-  \\-fiowered;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  larger  than  No.  7,  cream-color. 

9.  N.  crepidineus,  DC.     Somewhat  smooth ;  stem  stout  (5° -8°  high), 
bearing  numerous   nodding  heads  in  loose  clusters  on  the  corymbose-panicled 
branches;    leaves  large   (6"  -12   long),  broadly   triangular-ovate  or  halberd-form, 
strongly  toothed,  contracted  into  winged  petioles;   involucre  20 - 40floivered ; 
pappus  brown.  —  Rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Involucre  black- 
ish ;  flowers  cream-color. 

79.    LY  GO  DBS  MI  A,    Don.        LYGODESMIA. 

Heads  and  flowers  (5-10)  nearly  as  in  Nabalus;  the  cylindrical  involucre 
more  elongated,  and  the  achenia  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit. 
Pappus  whitish.  —  Smooth,  often  glaucous,  low  perennials,  with  single  erect 
heads  of  rose-purple  flowers  terminating  almost  leafless  or  rush-like  stems  or 
branches.  (Name  composed  of  Ai/yos,  a  twig  for  wickerwork,  and  SF 07x0?,  a  bond, 
from  the  twiggy  or  rush-like  stems.) 

1.  L.  jlincea,  Don.  Stems  (1°  high)  tufted,  branched,  striate;  lower 
leaves  lance-linear,  1 '  -  2'  long,  rigid,  the  upper  awl-shaped  and  minute ;  heads 
5-flowered.  —  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  T.  J.  Hale,  and  westward.  July. 

80.    CHONDRILLA,    Tourn.        CHONDRILLA. 

Heads  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  narrow  linear  equal 
scales,  and  a  row  of  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Achenia  terete,  several-ribbed, 
smooth  below,  roughened  at  the  summit  by  little  scaly  projections,  from  among 
which  springs  an  abrupt  slender  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  soft 
capillary  bristles,  bright  white.  —  Herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  wand-like 


280  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

branching  stems,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.    (A  name  of  Dioscorides  for 
some  plant  which  exudes  a  gum.) 

1.  C.  JUNCEA,  L.  Biennial,  bristly-hairy  below,  smooth  above  (l°-3° 
high) ;  root-leaves  runcinate ;  stem-leaves  few  and  small,  linear ;  heads  scattered 
on  nearly  leafless  branches,  6" -8"  long. — Fields  and  roadsides,  abundant 
near  Alexandria,  Virginia,  M.  J.  Bebb,  A.H.  Curtiss;  perhaps  of  recent  intro- 
duction. Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

81.    PYRRHOPAPPUS,    DC.        FALSE  DANDELION. 

Heads,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum,  but  the  soft  pappus  reddish  or  rusty- 
color,  and  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  top  of  the  long  beak  of  the  achenium.  — 
Mostly  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  often  branching  and  leafy  below.  Heads  soli- 
tary, terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  deep 
yellow.  (Name  composed  of  irvppos,  flame-colored,  and  namros^  pappus.) 

1.  P.  Carolini&nilS,  DC.  S  tern  branching  (l°-  2°  high);  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  entire,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  the  stem-leaves  partly  clasping.  —  Sandy 
fields,  from  Maryland  southward.  April- July. 

82.    TARAXACUM,    Haller.        DANDELION. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  short  scales ;  the  inner 
of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  terete,  oblong,  ribbed,  and 
roughened  on  the  ribs,  the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  thread-like  beak, 
bearing  the  pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  — Perennials  or 
biennials,  producing  a  tuft  of  pinnatifid  or  runcinate  radical  leaves,  and  slender 
naked  hollow  scapes,  bearing  a  single  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name 
from  rapacro-o),  to  disquiet  or  disorder,  in  allusion  to  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  T.  Dens-le6nis,  Desf.  (COMMON  DANDELION.)  Smooth,  or  at  first 
pubescent ;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  —  Pastures  and  fields  everywhere :  prob- 
ably indigenous  in  the  North.  April  -  Sept.  —  After  blossoming,  the  inner  invo- 
lucre closes,  the  slender  beak  elongates  and  raises  up  the  pappus  while  the  fruit 
is  forming ;  the  whole  involucre  is  then  reflexed,  exposing  to  the  wind  the  naked 
fruits,  with  the  pappus  displayed  in  an  open  globular  head.  (Eu.) 

83.    LAC  TUG  A,    Tourn.        LETTUCE. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets 
of  unequal  lengths.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  parallel  to  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre), abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  thread-form  beak,  bearing  a  copious  and 
fugacious  pappus  of  very  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles. — Leafy-stemmed 
herbs,  with  panicled  heads ;  the  flowers  of  variable  color,  produced  in  summer 
and  autumn.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Lettuce,  L.  sativa;  from  lac,  milk,  in 
allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

1.  L.  Canad6nsis,  L.  (WILD  LETTUCE.)  Biennial,  mostly  tall ;  leaves 
partly  clasping,  pale  beneath ;  the  upper  lanceolate  and  entire  ;  heads  about  20- 
flowered ;  achenia  oval,  rather  longer  than  the  beak,  minutely  rugose  transversely 
and  roughish,  one-ribbed  on  each  face.  The  typical  form  (L.  elongata,  MM , 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  281 

and  Ed.  2)  is  tall,  with  a  thick  and  hollow  very  leafy  stem  (4°  -9°  high),  smooth 
or  nearly  so ;  leaves  long,  most  of  them  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  heads  very  numer- 
ous, in  a  long  and  narrow  naked  panicle ;  flowers  mostly,  pale  yellow.  —  Rich 
and  damp  soil,  borders  of  fields  or  thickets  :  common,  especially  northward.  — 
The  following  are  perhaps  to  be  restored  as  species  :  — 

Var.  integrif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (L.  integrifolia,  Bigel )  Stem  3°  -  6°  high ; 
leaves  all  undivided,  either  entire  or  sharply  denticulate ;  panicle  more  open ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  cream-color,  or  purple.  —  Open  and  dry  or  sterile  soil,  E. 
New  England  near  the  coast  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

Var.  sanguinea,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (L.  sanguinea,  Bigel.)  Lower  and  less 
stout  (2° -5°  high);  leaves  all  runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  midrib  beneath  and 
lower  part  of  the  stem  often  sparsely  bristly-hairy ;  heads  fewer,  in  a  loose  open 
panicle ;  flowers  yellow-purple,  reddish  with  or  without  a  yellow  centre,  or  rarely 
white.  —  Open  dry  ground,  Eastern  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  and 
southward. 

2.    L.   SCARED-LA,  L.      (PRICKLY  LETTUCE.)     Annual  or  biennial;  stem  •""' 
below  sparsely  prickly-bristly,  as  also  the  midrib  on  the  lower  face  of  the  sagit- 
tate-clasping oblong  or  lanceolate  spinulose-denticulate  vertical  leaves ;  panicle 
narrow ;  heads  small,  few-flowered ;  achenia  striate.  —  Waste  grounds  and  road- 
sides, Cambridge,  Massachusetts.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

84.    MULGEDIUM,    Cass.        FALSE  or  BLUE  LETTUCE. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.  as  in  Lactuca.  Achenia  laterally  com- 
pressed, striate  or  ribbed,  the  summit  contracted  into  a  short  and  thick  (or  in 
No.  I  slender)  beak  or  neck  of  the  same  texture,  expanded  at  the  apex  into  a 
ciliate  disk,  which  bears  a  copious  rather  deciduous  pappus  of  soft  capillary 
bristles.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  the  general  aspect  and  foliage  of  Lactuca ; 
ours  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Heads  racemed  or  panicled;  the  flowers  chiefly 
blue ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  mulgeo,  to  milk.) 

*  Pappus  bright  white :  flowers  blue. 

1.  M.  pulch.611um,  Nutt.     Perennial,  pale  or  glaucous;  stem  simple,  1°- 
2°  high ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower  runci- 
nate-pinnatifid ;  heads  few  and  large,  racemose,  erect ;  scales  of  the  conical-cylin- 
draceous  involucre  lanceolate,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  ranks ;  the  peduncles  scaly- 
bracted;   achenia  tapering  into  a  slender  beak,  almost  as  in  Lactuca.  —  Upper 
Michigan  (Prof.  Porter,  &c.),  probably  in  N.  W.  Wisconsin:  common  on  the 
plains  westward. 

2.  M.  acuminatum,  DC.     Tall  biennial  (3° -6°  high),  with  many  small 
heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  diverging  peduncles ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed,  barely  toothed,  sometimes  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  contracted  into  a 
winged  petiole,  the  lowest  occasionally  sinuate ;  achenia  with  a  very  short  beak. 
—  Borders  of  thickets,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Probably  only 
an  entire-leaved  state  of  the  next. 

3.  M.  Ploridanum,  DC.     Leaves  all  lyrate  or  runcinate,  the  upper  often 
with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  panicle  larger :  otherwise  as  No.  2.  —  Rich 
soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 


282  LOBELIACE.fi.      (LOBELIA   FAMILY.) 

*•  #  Pappus  tawny :  corolla  pale  blue,  or  cream-color  turning  bluish. 
4.   M.  leucophsBUm,  DC.    Nearly  smooth  biennial;  stem  tall  (3° -12° 
high),  very  leafy;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  sometimes  runcinate,  coarsely 
toothed,  the  uppermost  often  undivided  and  sometimes  clasping ;  heads  in  a 
large  and  dense  compound  panicle.  —  Low  grounds  :  rather  common. 

85.    SONCHUS,    L.        SOW-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  the  base.  Involucre  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  ribbed  or  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus 
copious,  of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy- 
stemmed  coarse  weeds,  chiefly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  corymbed  or  umbel- 
late heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  ( The  ancient 
Greek  name.) 

*  Annual  ( 1°  -  5°  high) :  flowers  pale  yellow. 

1.  S.  OLERACEUS,  L.     (COMMON  SOW-THISTLE.)     Stem-leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping 
by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ;  involucre  downy  when  young ;  ache- 
nia  striate,  also  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around 
dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ASPER,  Vill.     (SPINY-LEAVED  S.)     Stem-leaves  less  divided  and  more 
spiny-toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded ;  achenia  margined,  3- 
nerved  on  each  side,  smooth.  —  With  and  like  the  last.     (Nat  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks :  flowers  bright  yellow,  in  large  heads. 

3.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.    (FiELDS.)    Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spiny-toothed, 
clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  peduncles  and  involucre  bristly  ;  achenia  trans- 
versely wrinkled  on  the  ribs.  —  Roadsides,  &c.,  New  England  and  New  York : 
becoming  more  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  54.     LOBELIACE^.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  an  irregular 
monopetalous  n-lobed  corolla;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  and  united 
into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  ly  their  anthers.  —  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod.  Style  1 :  stigma  often  fringed. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  straight  embryo,  in  copious  albumen.  — 
Acrid  poisonous  plants  (rather  to  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  next 
order),  represented  only  by  the  genus 

1.    LOBELIA,    L.        LOBELIA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on 
the  (apparently)  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect 
lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species 
bearded  at  the  top.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers 
axillary  or  chiefly  in  bracted  racemes  ;  in  summer  and  early  autumn.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Matthias  De  I'Obel,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 


LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA  FAMILY.)  283 

*  Flowers  deep  red,  large :  stem  simple. 

1.  L.  cardinalis,  L.    (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)    Tall  (2°-4°  high),  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed ;  raceme  elongated,  rather  1-sided ; 
the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  —  Low  grounds  :  common. 
—  Perennial  by  offsets,  with  large  and  very  showy  intensely  red  flowers,  —  rarely 
varying  to  rose-color !  (Plymouth,  Mr.  Gilbert),  or  even  to  white  ! 

#  *  Flowers  blue,  or  blue  variegated  with  white. 

•*-  Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  simple  (l°-3°  high)  from  a  perennial  root ;  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate :  sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  conspicuous  dejlexed  auricles :  flowers 
crowded  in  a  long  spike  or  dense  raceme. 

2.  L.  syphilitic^,  L.     (GREAT  LOBELIA.)     Somewhat  hairy;  leaves  thin, 
acute  at  both  ends  (2' -6'  long),  irregularly  serrate;  flowers  (nearly  1'long)  pedi- 
celled,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  calyx  hirsute,  the  lobes  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla,  the  short  tube  hemispherical. — Low  grounds:  common. — Flowers 
light  blue,  rarely  white. 

3.  L.  puberula,  Michx.     Finely  soft-pubescent;  leaves  thickish,  obtuse  (!'- 
2'  long),  with  small  glandular  teeth  ;  spike  rather  1 -sided;  calyx-lobes  (and ovate 
bracts)  little  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the  hairy  tube  top-shaped.  —  Moist  grounds,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  £'  long. 

4.  L.  leptbstachys,  A.  DC.     Smooth  above ;  leaves  obtuse,  denticulate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts ;  raceme  spike- 
like,  long  and  dense ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  the  auri- 
cles in  the  form  of  10  awl-shaped  appendages  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  tube.  — 
Sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Corolla  3"  -  4"  long. 

i-  4-  Stems  leafy,  mostly  simple  (I '-2% 'high)  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate:  calyx-tube  hemispherical,  the  sinuses  destitute  of  auricles: 
flowers  pretty  large  (§'-!'  long]  and  showy,  in  a  loose  nearly  l-sided  raceme: 
anthers  sometimes  bearded  on  the  back. 

5.  L.  glandulosa,  Walt.     Sparingly  pubescent :  leaves,  bracts,  and  usu- 
ally the  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly  glandular-toothed;  calyx-tube  densely  hispid, 
rarely  sparsely  so,  or  smoothish.  —  Moist  places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  L.  amcena,  Michx.     Glabrous  (rarely  minutely  pubescent) ;  leaves  and 
bracts  usually  glandular-toothed ;  calyx-lobes  entire  and  slender.  —  Shady  moist 
places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

•t—  H—  H—  Stems  leafy :  calyx  with  no  auricles  or  appendages  at  the  sinuses :  flowers 
small  i1  -%'  long,  racemed:  roots  slender,  annual  or  biennial,  or  perhaps  some- 
times perennial. 

**  More  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  below :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate :  stems  angled  or 
striate :  racemes  spike-like :  corolla  pale  blue. 

7.  L.  inflata,  L.     (INDIAN  TOBACCO.)     Stems  paniculately  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  (9'- 18' high) ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  toothed,  gradually  diminishing  into  leaf-like  bracts,  which  ex- 
ceed the  lower  short-pedicelled  flowers,  calyx-tube  ovoid,  the  pod  inflated.  —  Dry 
open  fields:  common.  —  Corolla  only  1^"- 2"  long.     Plant  poisonous  and  a 
noted  quack  medicine. 


284  LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA   FAMILY.) 

8.  L.  Spicata,  Lam.     Stem  slender,  strict  and  simple  (l°-3°  high)  from  a 
biennial  or  perhaps  perennial  root,  below  and  the  barely  denticulate  leaves  mi- 
nutely pubescent ;  lower  and  root-leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  reduced 
to  linear  or  club-shaped  bracts ;  raceme  long  and  naked,  mostly  dense  and  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-tube  short,  obconical  or  becoming  almost  hemispherical.    (L. 
Claytoniana,  Michx.     L.  pallida,  Muhl.) — Moist  or  dry,  mostly  gravelly  or 
sandy  soil :  rather  common,  at  least  southward  and  westward.  — A  slender  and 
smaller  flowered  variety  (beginning  to  blossom  in  June)  grows  in  swamps  at 
Lancaster,  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.  —  Corolla  ordinarily  4"  long. 

•M-  •»-*•  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  small,  linear  or  lanceolate,  only  those  from  the 
root  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  setaceous  bracts,  all  entire  or 
barely  denticulate :  stems  very  slender,  simple  or  becoming  paniculately  branched 
above :  racemes  loosely  sever  at -flowered. 

9.  L.  Nuttallii,  Roem.  &  Sch.     Stem  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  terete; 
pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  bract  and  shorter  than  the  flower,  usually  with  very 
minute  bractlets  near  the  base ;  calyx-tube  very  short,  depressed-hemispherical  in 
fruit,  the  globular  pod  half  free ;   corolla  pale  blue,  barely  3"  long.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  from  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  the  adjacent  lower  borders  of 
Pennsylvania,  southward. 

10.  L.  Kalmii,  L.       Stem  mostly  low  (4' -18' high)  minutely  angled; 
pedicels  filiform,  not  exceeding  the  linear  or  setaceous  bracts  but  as  long  as  the  flower, 
minutely  2-bracteolate  or  2-glandular  above  the  middle ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped  or  obo- 
void  with  an  acute  base,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  lobes,  in  fruit  rather  longer 
than  they,  smooth,  covering  the  whole  pod ;  corolla  bright  light  blue,  4"-  5" 
long.  —  Wet  limestone  rocks  and  banks,  Northern  New  England  to  Wisconsin 
and  northward  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes,  and  through  New 
York  southward  to  Lancaster,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter). 

11.  L.  Canbyi,  n.  sp.     Stem  strict  (l°-2°high),  minutely  angled ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  bracts  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  flower,  minutely  roughened 
under  a  lens  ;  bractlets  none ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  and  only  half 
the  length  of  the  lobes  (which,  with  the  linear  leaves,  are  sparsely  glandular-den- 
ticulate along  the  margins),  in  fruit  becoming  oblong,  covering  the  whole  pod  ; 
corolla  deep  blue  (fully  5"  long),  more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  — Wet  places, 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  especially  at  Quaker  Bridge,  Wm.  M.  Canby,  C. 
E.  Smith,  &c.    (Also  South  Carolina,  M.  A.  Curtis.)    Aug.,  Sept. — Leaves  1', 
rarely  l£'  long,  numerous,  gradually  diminishing  in  size  up  to  the  raceme,  the 
largest  2"  wide.    Pod  nearly  3"  long. 

•»-•*-•*-•*-  Stem  simple  from  a  perennial  root,  and  nearly  leafless,  except  at  or  near 
the  base :  flowers  in  a  simple  loose  raceme,  light  blue :  leaves  fleshy :  calyx-tube 
acute  at  the  base,  top-shaped:  auricles  none. 

12.  L.  palud6sa,  Nutt.    Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender  (l°-2£°  high) ; 
leaves  thickish  but  flat,  scattered  near  the  base,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-linear, 
glandular-denticulate,  mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
bearded  in  the  middle ;  calyx-tube  about  half  the  length  of  the  short  lobes,  be- 
coming hemispherical  in  fruit.  —  Wet  bogs,  Delaware  (Nuttall)  and  southward. 
—  Corolla  5" -6"  long. 


CAMPANULACEJ2.   (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.)         285 

13.  L.  Dortmanna,  L.  (WATER  LOBE  LI  A.)  Very  smooth;  scape  thick- 
ish  (5'-  12'  high),  few-flowered ;  leaves  all  tufted  at  the  root,  linear,  terete,  hollow, 
with  a  partition  lengthwise,  sessile ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  hairy ; 
calyx-tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes,  in  fruit  much  longer.  —  In  the  gravelly 
borders  of  ponds,  N.  Penn.  to  New  England,  and  northward.  —  Corolla  6"  -  8" 
long.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  55.     CAfllPANUlACE.^.     (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers ;  the  calyx 
adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  the  regular  5-lobed  corolla  bell-shaped,  valvate  in  the 
bud  ;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  usually  distinct.  —  Style  1,  be- 
set with  collecting  hairs  above  :  stigmas  2  or  more.  Pod  2  -  several-celled, 
many-seeded.  Seed  small,  anatropous,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy.  —  Sparingly  represented 
in  America,  and  in  the  Northern  States  by  only  two  genera. 

1.    CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        BELLFLOWER. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  separate ; 
the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 
pod  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves  or 
holes.  —  Herbs,  with  terminal  or  axillary  flowers  ;  in  summer.  (A  diminutive 
of  the  Italian  campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 

*  Indigenous  species,  perennials,  except  No.  2  and  No.  4. 
•*-  Flowers  loosely  panicled  (or  rarely  solitary),  long-peduncled :  pods  nodding. 

1.  C.  rotundif61ia,  L.    (HAREBELL.)    Slender,  branching  (5' -12' high), 
1  -  10-flowered ;  root-leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  toothed  or  crenate, 
long-petioled,  early  withering  away ;  stem-leaves  numerous,  linear  or  narrowly 
lanceolate,  entire,  smooth ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  varying  from  J  to  f  the  length 
of  the  bright-blue  corolla  (which  is  6" -9"  long).  —  Rocky  shaded  banks  :  com- 
mon northward,  and  along  the  mountains.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty,  but  variable 
species,  with  a  most  inappropriate  name,  since  the  round  root-leaves  are  rarely 
obvious.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Iinif61ia.  Stems  more  upright  and  rather  rigid ;  the  lowest  leaves 
varying  from  heart-shaped  to  ovate-lanceolate  ;  corolla  f '- 1'  long.  (C.  linifo- 
lia,  Lam.)  —  Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northwestward.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.     (MARSH  BELLFLOWER.)     Stem  simple  and 
slender,  weak  (8' -20'  high),  few-flowered,  somewhat  3-angled,  rough  backwards 
on  the  angles,  as  are  the  slightly  toothed  edges  and  midrib  of  the  linear-lanceolate 
leaves ;  peduncles  diverging,  slender ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  half  the  length 
of  the  bell-shaped  nearly  white  corolla.     (C.  erinoides,  MM.)  — Bogs  and  wet 
meadows,  among  high  grass.  —  Plant  with  somewhat  the  habit  of  a  Galium ;  the 
corolla  barely  4"  long. 

3.  C.  divaricata,  Michx.     Very  smooth;  stem  loosely  branched  (1°- 3° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  sliarply  toothed; 


286  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

flowers  numerous  on  the  branches  of  the  large  compound  panicle,  calyx-lobes  awl- 
shaped,  about  half  the  length  of  the  pale-blue  small  corolla  (of  3"  long) ;  style 
protruded.  —  Dry  woods  and  rocks,  mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward. 

H-  •«-  Flowers  numerous  and  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  long  more  or  less  leafy  spike: 
corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  deeply  5-lobed:  pods  erect. 

4.  C.   Americana,  L.      (TALL  BELLFLOWER.)      Stem  mostly  simple 
(3°-  6°  high ) ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  mostly 
on  margined  petioles,  thin,  somewhat  hairy  (2£'  -  6'  long) ;  the  slender  style 
protruded  and  curved.  —  Moist  rich  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward. —  Spike  1°  -  2°  long.     Corolla  light  blue,  1'  broad.    Root  annual. 

#  European  species  escaped  from  gardens  into  roadsides ;  both  perennials. 

5.  C.  GLOMERA.TA,  L.    (CLUSTERED  B. )    Somewhat  hairy,  stout  and  erect, 
1°  high;   stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cordate-clasping;  flowers  sessile, 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  head ;  corolla  open-bell-shaped,  1' 
long.  —  Danvers,  Mass.,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  RAPUNCULoiDES,  L.     Smoothish,  slender,  erect ;   stem-leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  long-petioled  and  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  nodding, 
single  in  the  axil  of  bracts,  forming  racemes  ;  corolla  oblong,  1'  long.  — E.  Mas- 
sachusetts ;  and  Richfield  Springs,  New  York,  G.  W.  Clinton.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    SPECTJLARIA,    Heister.        VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS. 

Calyx  5-  (or  3 -4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sepa- 
rate ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3. 
Pod  prismatic  or  elongated-oblong,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral  valves. 
—  Low  annuals  ;  the  earlier  flowers  in  the  American  species  (§  TRIODALLUS, 
Raf. )  minute  and  fruiting  precociously  in  the  bud,  without  expanding  their  im- 
perfect corolla.  (Name  from  Speculum  Veneris,  the  early  name  of  the  common 
European  species.) 

1.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Somewhat  hairy  (3'  -  20'  high) ;  leaves  round- 
ish or  ovate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed  ;  flowers  sessile,  solitary 
or  2-3  together  in  the  axils  ;  the  upper  or  later  ones  only  with  a  conspicuous 
and  expanding  (purple-blue)  corolla ;  pod  oblong,  opening  rather  below  the 
middle.  —  Sterile  open  ground  :  common.  May  -  Aug. 

ORDER  56.    ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs ,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so  :  the  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4  -  5-lobed  or  4  -  5-petalled  corolla,  free 
from  but  inserted  with  it :  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appendaged  or  open- 
ing by  terminal  chinks  or  pores,  introrse  (except  in  Suborder  3)  :  style  1 : 
ovary  3-lQ-celled.  Pollen  compound,  of  4  united  grains,  except  in  Sub- 
order 4.  Seeds  small,  anatropous.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute, 
in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  charac- 
ters, comprising  four  well-marked  suborders,  as  follows :  — 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  287 

SUBORDER  I.    VACCINIE JE.    WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or  berry- 
like  fruit,  crowned  with  the  short  calyx-teeth.  Anthers  2-parted.  —  Shrubs 
or  somewhat  woody  plants,  with  scaly  buds. 

1.  Gaylussacia.    Ovary  8-10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.    Fruit  a  berried 

drupe  with  8  or  10  small  seed -like  nutlets. 

2.  Vacciiiium.    Berry  4 -  5-celled  (or  imperfectly  8 -  10-celled  by  false  partitions),  many- 

seeded.    Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a  tube. 

3.  Chiogenes.     Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded,  its  summit  free.    Anther-cells  not  prolonged 

into  a  tube,  but  each  2-pointed. 

SUBORDER  II.    EKICINE JE.     PROPER  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous,  or  sometimes  poly- 
petalous,  hypogynous.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Tribe  I.     ARBUTEJE.    Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.    Corolla  deciduous. 

4.  Arctostapliylos.     Corolla  urn-shaped.     Drupe  berry-like,  5  -  10-seeded. 

Tribe  II.    ANDROMEDE^E.    Fruit  a  loculicidal  pod.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anthers  upright  in  the  bud.     Corolla  monopetalous. 
•i-  Anther-cells  opening  through  their  whole  length  ;  not  appendaged. 

5.  Epigrca.    Corolla  salver-shaped.     Calyx  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals. 

•*-  *-  Anther-cells  opening  only  at  the  top.    Corolla  not  salver-shaped. 
++  Calyx  becoming  enlarged  and  berry-like  in  fruit. 

6.  Gaul  theria.    Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  small  pod.  Anthers  4-awned  at  the  top. 

•M-  ++  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 

7.  Leucothoe.     Calyx  imbricated  hi  the  bud.     Corolla  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.     Pod 

depressed,  5-lobed,  the  valves  entire. 

8.  Cassandra.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Corolla  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.     Pod 

splitting  when  ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  inner  of  10  valves. 

9.  Cassiope.     Calyx  imbricated.     Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4-5-cleft.    Pod 

globular-ovoid,  4-  5-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft. 

10.  Andromeda.     Calyx  valvate  and  very  early  open  in  the  bud.    Pod  globular.    Seeds 

mostly  hanging  on  the  central  placenta. 

11.  Oxydendrum.    Calyx  valvate  and  opening  early  in  the  bud.    Pod  oblong-pyramidal. 

Seeds  all  ascending. 

*  *  Anthers  turned  over  outwardly  in  the  bud.    Corolla  of  5  separate  petals. 

12.  Clethra.      Sepals  5      Stamens  10:  anther-cells  opening  by  a  terminal  hole  or  chink. 

Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.    Pod  3-valved. 
Tribe  III.    ERICEJE.    Corolla  persistent,  becoming  scarious  after  flowering. 

13.  Calluna.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted     Pod  opening  septicidally. 

Tribe  IV.    RHODOREJE.    Fruit  a  septicidal  pod.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anther-cells  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top. 
*-  Flowers  not  from  scaly  bu<1s  5  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous. 

14.  Phyllodoce.    Corolla  ovate  or  urn-shaped.    Leaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 

15.  Kalmia.     Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  with  10  pouches  receiving  as 

many  anthers.    Leaves  oblong  or  linear. 

4-  «-  Flowers  developed  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  or  bracts  caducous. 
16    Menziesia.    Corolla  globular-bell-shaped,  4-toothed.    Stamens  8.     Leaves  deciduous. 
17.   Azalea.    Corolla  open  funnel-form,  5-lobed.    Stamens  5.    Leaves  deciduous. 


288  ERICACE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

18.  Rhododendron.    Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form.    Stamens  10.   Leaves  evergreen. 

19.  Khotlora.    Corolla  irregular,  two  petals  nearly  separate.   Stamens  10.  Leaves  deciduous. 

20.  Ledum.    Corolla  regular,  all  5  petals  nearly  separate.  Stamens  5-10.   Leaves  evergreen. 

*  *  Anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.    Leaves  evergreen.    Bud-scales  firm  and  persistent. 

21.  Loiseleuria.     Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.    Stamens  5,  included. 

22.  Leiophy  llum.     Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.    Stamens  10,  exserted. 

SUBORDER  III.    PYROLE^E.    PYROLA  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  polypetalous.  Anthers  extrorse 
in  the  bud.  Seeds  with  a  loose  and  translucent  cellular  coat  much  larger 
than  the  nucleus.  —  Nearly  herbaceous  and  broad-leaved  evergreens. 

23.  Pyrola.    Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Petals  not  widely  spreading.    Filaments  awl-shaped. 

Style  long.    Valves  of  the  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

24.  Moneses.    Flower  single.    Petals  widely  spreading.     Filaments  not  dilated  in  the  mid- 

dle :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.    Style  straight,  exserted :  stigma  5-rayed.    Valves 
of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

25.  Chimaphila.    Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.    Petals  widely  spreading.    Filaments 

dilated  in  the  middle :  anthers  2-horned.    Style  very  short  and  top-shaped,  covered  by  a 
broad  and  orbicular  stigma.    Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MONOTROPE^E.    INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  2  or  3,  but  the  plants  herbaceous,  root- 
parasitic,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Beech- 
drops.  Seeds  as  in  Suborder  3. 

*  Corolla  monopetalous  :  anthers  2-celled. 

26.  P  terospora.   Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise. 

27.  Schweinitzia.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  :  anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  petals  -.  calyx  imperfect  or  bract-like. 

28.  Monotropa.    Petals  narrow.    Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top. 

1.    GAYLUSSACIA,    H.  B.  K.        HUCKLEBERRY, 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped ;  the  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  10 :  an- 
thers awnless ;  the  cells  tapering  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  opening  by 
a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry -like  drupe,  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  — 
Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled  with  res- 
inous dots;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  and  bracted 
racemes.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.) 
*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  not  resinous-dotted. 

1.  G.  brach^cera,  Gray.  (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.)  Very  smooth  (1° high) ; 
leaves  oval,  finely  crenate-toothed ;  racemes  short  and  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels 
very  short ;  corolla  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Dry  Woods,  Perry  Co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, near  Bloomfield  (Prof.  Baird),  and  mountains  of  Virginia.  May.  — Leaves 
in  shape  and  aspect  like  those  of  the  Box. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  sprinkled  more  or  Jess  with  resinous  or  waxy  atoms. 

2.  G.  dumbsa,  Torr.  &  Gr.     ( DWARF  HUCKLEBERRY.)     Somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular,  low  (l°-5°  high  from  a  creeping  base),  bushy;  leaves  obovate- 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  289 

oblong,  mncronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old ;  racemes 
elongated ;  bracts  leaf-like,  oval,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  ovary  bristly  or 
glandular;  corolla  bell-shaped ;  fruit  black  (insipid).  —  Var. -HIRTELLA  has  the 
young  branchlets,  racemes,  and  often  the  leaves  hairy.  —  Sandy  low  soil,  Maine 
to  Penn.  and  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  June. 

3.  G.  frondbsa,  Torr.  &Gr.    (BLUB  TANGLE.   DANGLEBERRT.)   Smooth 
(3° -6°  high);  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  blunt, 
pale,  glaucous  beneath ;  racemes  slender,  loose ;  bracts  oblong  or  linear,  deciduous, 
shorter  than  the  slender  drooping  pedicels ;  corolla  globular-bell-shaped ;  fruit  dark 
blue  with  a  white  bloom  (sweet  and  edible).  —  Low  copses,  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    May,  June. 

4.  G.  resindsa,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY.)    Much  branched, 
rigid,  slightly  pubescent  when  young  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  with  shining  res- 
inous globules ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-sided ;  pedicels  about  the  length  of 
the  flowers ;  bracts  and  bractlets  (reddish)  small  and  deciduous;  corolla  ovoid-coni- 
cal, or  at  length  cylindrical  with  an  open  mouth ;  fruit  black,  without  bloom 
(pleasant,  very  rarely  white).  —  Woodlands  and  swamps:   common  (except 
southwestward  towards  the  Mississippi).    May,  June.  —  The  common  Huckle- 
berry of  the  North. 

2.    VACClNIUM,    L.        CRANBERRY.    BLUEBERRY.    BILBERRY. 

Corolla  various  in  shape;  the  limb  4-5-cleft,  revolute.     Stamens  8  or  10: 
anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the  back ;  the  cells  separate  and  prolonged  up- 
wards into  a  tube,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
or  sometimes  8-10-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretching  from  the  back  of  each 
cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  with  solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed  flowers  :  the 
corolla  white  or  reddish.     (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 
§  1.  OXYC6CCUS,  Tourn.       Ovary  4-celled:  corolla  4-parted,  the  long  narrow 
divisions  revolute:  anthers  8,  awnless,  tapering  above  into  very  long  tubes:  pedi- 
cels slender. 

*  Stems  very  slender,  creeping  or  trailing :  leaves  small,  entire,  whitened  beneath,  ever- 
green :  pedicels  erect,  with  the  pale  rose-colored  Jlower  nodding  on  their  summit : 
corolla  deeply  4-parted:  berries  red,  acid. 

1.  V.  Oxycoccus,  L.     (SMALL  CRANBERRY.)     Stems  very  slender  (4'- 
9'  long) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  with  strongly  revolute  margins  (2" -3''  long)  ;  pedicels 
1-4,  terminal ;  filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  anthers.     (Oxycoccus 
vulgaris,  Pursh.) — Peat-bogs,  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  to  "Wisconsin, 
and  northward.    June.  —  Berry  3" -4"  broad,  often  speckled  with  white  when 
young;  seldom  gathered  for  the  market.     (Eu.) 

2.  V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.    (LARGE  or  AMERICAN  CRANBERRY.)    Stems 
elongated  (l°-3°  long),  the  flowering  branches  ascending  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
glaucous  underneath,  less  revolute  (4" -6"  long);  pedicels  several,  becoming 
lateral;  filaments  scarcely  one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers.     (Oxycoccus 
macrocarpus,  Pers. )  —  Peat-bogs,  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  and  everywhere  north- 
ward, but  scarcely  westward.    June.  —  Berry  £'  - 1'  long. 

19 


290  ERICACE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

#  #  Stem  upright  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Bluberries :  flowers  axillary 
and  solitai-y :  corolla  deeply  4-cleft:  berries  turning  purple,  insipid. 

3.  V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.     Smooth,  divergently  branched  (l°-4° 
high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  bristly  serrate,  thin.  —  Wooded 
hills,  mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

§  2.  VITIS-ID^EA,  Tourn.  Ovary  4-5-celled:  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed: 
anthers  8-10,  awnless :  filaments  hairy :  flowers  in  short  and  bracted  nodding 
racemes :  leaves  evergreen :  berries  red  or  purple. 

4.  V.  Vitis-Idsea,  L.    (COWBERRY.)    Low  (6' -10'  high) ;  branches  erect 
from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves  obovate,  with  revolute  margins,  dark  green, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points  underneath ;  co- 
rolla bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  —  Higher  mountains  of  New  England,  also  on  the 
coast  of  Maine,  and  at  Danvers,  Massachusetts  (Oakes),  and  northward.     June. 
—  Berries  dark  red,  acid  and  rather  bitter,  mealy,  barely  edible.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  PICROC6CCUS,  Nutt.  Ovary  more  or  less  10-celled  by  false  partitions :  ber- 
ries greenish,  hardly  edible,  ripening  few  seeds:  corolla  open-bell-shaped,  5-lobed: 
anthers  10,  extended  into  very  long  much  exserted  tubes,  2-awnedon  the  back:  flow- 
ers on  slender  pedicels,  singly  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or  leaf-like  bracts, 
forming  leafy  racemes,  not  articulated:  leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

5.  V.  Stamineum,  L.     (DEERBERRT.     SQUAW  HUCKLEBERRY.)    Dif- 
fusely branched  (2° -3°  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  pale, 
glaucous  or  whitish  underneath ;  corolla  greenish-white  or  purplish ;  berries 
globular  or  pear-shaped,  large,  greenish,  mawkish.  —  Dry  woods,  Maine  to 
Michigan  and  southward,  mainly  eastward.    May,  June. 

§4.  BATODENDRON,  Nutt.  Ovary  more  or  less  10-celled  by  false  partitions : 
berries  black:  corolla  short-bell-shaped,  5-toothed:  anthers  10,  included,  conspicu- 
ously 2-awned  on  the  back,  and  extended  into  slender  tubes :  filaments  hairy :  flow- 
ers on  slender  pedicels  singly  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  shining  leaves,  or  racemed 
at  the  end  of  the  branches,  articulated  just  below  the  ovary! 

6.  V.  arb6reum,  Marshall.      (FARKLE-BERRY.)     Tall  (8° -15°  high), 
smoothish;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  mucronate,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  at  the  South  evergreen ;  corolla  white ;  berries  mealy, 
insipid,  ripening  late.  —  Dry  ground,  Makanda,  S.  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey),  proba- 
bly also  in  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

§  5.  EUVACCf  NIUM.  Ovary  4  -  5-celled,  with  no  trace  of  false  partitions :  corolla 
urn-shaped  or  globular,  4  -5-toothed:  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back:  filaments 
smooth :  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together:  berries  blue  or  black,  edible: 
northern  or  alpine  plants,  with  deciduous  leaves. 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fours:  stamens  8. 

7.  V.  Uligin6sum,  L.     (Boa  BILBERRY.)    Low  and  spreading  (4' -18' 
high),  tufted  ;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent 
underneath;  flowers  single  or  2-3  together  from  a  scaly  bud,  almost  sessile; 
corolla  short,  urn-shaped ;  berries  black  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  — Alpine  tops  of 
the  high  mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York,  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  291 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  in  Jives:  stamens  10:  leaves  membranaceous :  flowers  solitary 
on  short  axillary  peduncles,  nodding. 

8.  V.  C8espit6sum,  Michx.     Dwarf  (3' -5'  high),  tufted;  leaves  obovate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining,  serrate;  corolla  oblong,  slightly  urn- 
shaped  ;  berries  blue.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  and  high  northward. 

9.  V.   OValifblium,    Smith.     Straggling,  3° -10°  high;  leaves  elliptical, 
obtuse,  nearly  entire,  pale,  mostly  glaucous  beneath,  smooth ;  corolla  ovoid;  berries 
blue. — Peat-bogs,  Keweenaw  Co.,  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins  (and  far  west- 
ward).   May. 

10.  V.  myrtilloides,  Hook.     More  erect,  1°- 4°  high;  branchlets  some- 
what angled ;  leaves  mostly  ovate  and  acute  or  pointed,  sharply  and  closely  serrulate, 
bright  green,  nearly  smooth ;  border  of  the  calyx  almost  entire ;  corolla  depressed- 
globular,  rather  large;  berries  large,  black,  rather  acid.  —  Woods  and  bluffs, 
Keweenaw  Co.,  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins.     (Lake  Huron,  Dr.  Todd ;  and 
northwestward.)     May,  June. — Pedicels  3" -6"  long,  drooping  in  flower, 
erect  in  fruit. 

§  6.  CYANOCOCCUS.  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  W-celled  by  false  partitions : 
corolla  oblong-cylindrical  or  slightly  urn-shaped,  5-toothed:  anthers  10,  awnless: 
filaments  hairy :  berries  blue  or  black  with  a  bloom  (sweet) :  flowers  in  clusters  or 
very  short  racemes  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  preceding  the  leaves, 
on  short  pedicels,  appearing  in  early  spring.  (Leaves  deciduous  in  the  Northern 
species  or  proper  Blueberries.) 

11.  V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.     (DWARF  BLUEBERRY.)    Dwarf  (6'- 
15'  high),  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  distinctly  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed 
teeth,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib  under- 
neath) ;  corolla  short,  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Var  ANGUSTIF6LIUM  is  a  high 
mountain  or  boreal  form,  3' -6'  high,  with  narrower  lanceolate  leaves.     (V.  an- 
gustifolium,  Ait. )  —  Dry  hills  and  woods  :  common  from  Pennsylvania  and  N. 
Illinois  far  northward.  —  Branches  green,  angled,  warty.     Berries  abundant, 
large  and  sweet,  ripening  early  in  July :  the  earliest  blueberry  or  blue  huckle- 
berry in  the  market. 

12.  V.  Canad6nse,  Kalm.    (CANADA  BLUEBERRY.)    Low  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  crowded 
branchlets ;  corolla  shorter :  otherwise  as  the  last,  into  which  it  seems  to  pass. 
—  Swamps  or  moist  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

13.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.     (Low  BLUEBERRY.)     Low  (l°-2£°  high), 
glabrous ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  very  pale  or  dull,  glaucous,  at  least  underneath, 
minutely  ciliolate-serrulate  or  entire ;  corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  cylindra- 
ceous,  the  mouth  somewhat  contracted.  —  Dry  woodlands,  especially  in  sandy 
soil,  New  England  to  Virginia  and  N.  Illinois.  —  Branches  yellowish-green. 
Berries  ripening  later  than  those  of  No.  11. 

14.  V.  corymb6sum,  L.     (COMMON  or  SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.)      Tall 
(5° -10°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  or  elliptical-lanceolate;  corolla  varying 
from  turgid-ovate  and  cylindrical-urn-shaped  to  oblong-cylindrical.  —  Swamps 
and  low  thickets  :  everywhere  common,  except  southwestward.  —  This  yields 


292  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

the  common  blueberry  or  blue  huckleberry  of  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  The 
typical  form  has  the  leaves  entire  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  when 
young,  as  also  the  branchlets.  The  species  exhibits  the  greatest  variety  of  forms : 
the  last  of  those  here  mentioned  is  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  only  one  which 
has  any  claims  to  be  regarded  as  a  species. 

Var.  glabrum,  is  wholly  or  nearly  glabrous  throughout ;  the  leaves  entire. 

Var.  amcenum,  has  the  leaves  bristly-ciliate,  shining  above,  green  both 
sides,  beneath  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins.  (V.  amcenum,  Ait.,  &c.) 

Var.  pallidum,  has  the  leaves  mostly  glabrous,  pale  or  whitish,  glaucous 
especially  underneath,  serrulate  with  bristly  teeth.  (V.  pallidum,  Ait.) 

Var.  atrocbccum,  has  the  leaves  entire,  downy  or  woolly  underneath  even 
when  old,  as  also  the  branchlets;  berries  smaller,  black,  without  bloom.  (V. 
fuscatum,  Ait.  ?  &  Ed.  1.) 

3.  CHIOGENES,    Salisb.        CREEPING  SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-parted.  Co- 
rolla bell-shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Stamens  8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8-toothed 
epigynous  disk :  filaments  very  short  and  broad :  anther-cells  ovate-oblong,  quite 
separate,  not  awned  on  the  back,  but  each  minutely  2-pointed  at  the  apex,  and 
opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  globular,  crowned 
with  the  4-toothed  calyx,  rather  dry,  4-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A  trailing  and 
creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and  scarcely  woody  stems,  and  small 
Thyme-like,  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short  petioles,  with  revolute  margins, 
smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  branches  beset  with  rigid  rusty  bristles. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  short  nodding  peduncles,  with  2 
large  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Name  from  xl<*>vi  snow>  and  yevos,  offspring, 
in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 

1.  C.  hispidula,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Peat-bogs,  and  mossy  mountain  woods, 
in  the  shade  of  evergreens ;  common  northward,  extending  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies.  May.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  Gaultheria  or  Birch. 
Leaves  3" -4"  long.  Berries  3"  broad,  bright  white. 

4.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,    Adans.        BEARBERRY. 

Corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  a  short  revolute  5-toothed  limb.  Stamens 
10,  included :  anthers  with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Drupe  berry -like,  with  5-10  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  clusters.  Fruit  austere.  (Name  composed  of  apx-ros,  a  bear,  and  aTcufrvXr), 
a  grape  or  berry,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.    (BEARBERRY.)    Trailing ;  leaves  thick  and  ever- 
green, obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  smooth;  fruit  red.     (Arbutus  Uva-ursi,  Z-. ) — 
Rocks  and  bare  hills,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.    May.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alpina,  Spreng.     (ALPINE  BEARBERRY.)     Dwarf,  tufted  and  de- 
pressed ;  leaves  deciduous,  serrate,  wrinkled  with   strong  netted  veins,  obovate ; 
fruit  black.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Mount 

Katahdin,  Maine,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  293 

5.    EPIGJEA,     L.     GROUND  LAUREL.    TRAILING  ARBUTUS. 

Corolla  salver-form;  the  tube  hairy  inside,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  and  scale-like  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  10,  with  slender  filaments  : 
anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender,  its  apex  (as  in 
Pyrola)  forming  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar  around  and  partly  adnate  to  the  5  little 
lobes  of  the  stigma.  Pod  depressed-globular,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  — 
A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  plant,  bristly  with  rusty  hairs,  with  ever- 
green and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart-shaped  alternate  leaves,  on  slender  peti- 
oles, and  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  from  scaly  bracts. 
(Name  composed  of  eVi,  upon,  and  yrj,  the  earth,  from  the  trailing  growth.) 

1.  E.  repens,  L.  —  Sandy  woods,  or  sometimes  in  rocky  soil,  especially 
in  the  shade  of  pines:  common  in  many  places,  especially  eastward. — Flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring,  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance.  In  New  England 
called  MAYFLOWER. 

6.    GAULTHERIA,    Kalm.        AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN. 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-shaped,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded :  anther-cells  each  2-awned  at  the  summit,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Pod  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,  enclosed  when  ripe  by 
the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  turns  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a  globular  red 
berry !  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves 
and  axillary  (nearly  white)  flowers :  pedicels  with  2  bractlets.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "Dr.  Gaulihier"  of  Quebec;  Linn.  Amcen.  Acad.  3,  p.  15.  The  true 
orthography,  as  ascertained  by  Prof.  Brunet  from  the  old  records  in  Quebec, 
is  Gaultier ;  so  that  the  orthography  of  the  genus,  if  changed  at  all,  should  be 
GAULTIERA.) 

1.  G.  proctunbens,  L.  (CREEPING  WINTERGREEN.)  Stems  slender 
and  extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface ;  the  flowering  branches  ascend- 
ing, leafy  at  the  summit  (3' -5'  high) ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurely  serrate  ; 
flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  axils,  nodding.  —  Cool  damp  woods,  mostly  in 
the  shade  of  evergreens  especially  northward,  and  southward  along  the  Allegha- 
nies.  July.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx)  and  the  foliage  have 
the  well-known  spicy-aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch.  In  the  interior  of  the 
country  it  is  called  Wintergreen,  or  sometimes  Tea-berry.  Eastward  it  is  called 
Checkerberry  or  Partridge-berry  (names  also  applied  to  Mitchella,  the  latter  espe- 
cially so),  also  Boxberry. 

7.    LEUCOTHOE,    Don.        LEUCOTHOB. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not  enlarged  nor 
fleshy  in  fruit.  Corolla  ovate  or  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10:  an- 
thers naked,  or  the  cells  with  1  or  2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  pore. 
Pod  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thick- 
ened ;  valves  entire  :  the  many-seeded  placenta?  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short 
columella,  mostly  pendulous.  —  Shrubs  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves,  and 
white  scaly-bracted  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemes.  (A 
mythological  name.) 


294  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

§  1.  LEUCOTHOE  proper.  Anthers  awnless ;  the  cells  sometimes  obscurely  2- 
pointed:  stigma  depressed-capitate,  5-rayed:  racemes  sessile  (dense),  produced  at 
the  time  of  flowering  from  scaly  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  coriaceous  and  shining  per- 
sistent leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  shorter  than  they :  bracts  persistent :  bractlets 
at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels.  (Seed-coat  loose  and  cellular,  wing-like.) 

1.  L.  axillaris,   Don.     Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed  or 
acute,  somewhat  spinulose-serrulate,  on  very  sfiort  petioles ;.  sepals  broadly  ovate. 
(Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam.) — Banks  of  streams,  Virginia,  in  the  low  country, 
and  southward.     Feb.  -  April.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high. 

2.  L.  Catesb<fei.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrulate  with  ciliate- 
spinulose  appressed  teeth,  conspicuously  petioled  (3' -6'  long) ;  sepals  ovate-oblong, 
often  acute.     (Andr.  Catesbaei,  Walt.     A.  axillaris,  Michx.     A.  spinulosa,  Pursh. 
L.  spinulosa,  Don.)  —  Moist  banks  of  streams,  Virginia  along  the  mountains, 
and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high,  with  long  spreading  or  recurved 
branches.    Flowers  exhaling  the  unpleasant  scent  of  Chestnut-blossoms. 

§  2.  EtlBOTRYS,  Nutt.  Anthers  awned:  stigma  simple:  bractlets  dose  to  the 
calyx,  and,  like  the  sepals,  of  a  rigid  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed:  pla- 
centae not  pendulous :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  in  long  one-sided  racemes, 
which  mostly  terminate  the  branches,  formed  with  them  in  the  summer,  but  the 
flower-buds  not  expanding  till  the  following  spring :  bracts  awl-shaped,  deciduous: 
leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate,  the  midrib  and  veins  beneath  pu- 


3.  L.  reciirva,  Buckley.     Branches  and  racemes  recurved-spreading ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  sepals  ovate;  anther-cells  l-awned;  pod5-lobed; 
seeds  flat  and  cellular-winged.  —  Dry  hills,  Alleghanies  of  Virginia  and  southward. 
April.  —  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  the  next. 

4.  L.  racembsa.    Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect;  leaves  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  anther-cells  each  2-awned ;  pod  notlobed; 
seeds  angled  and  wingless.     (Andromeda  racemosa  &  A.  paniculata,  L.)  — Moist 
thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.      May, 
June.  —  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.     Corolla  cylindrical. 

8.    CASSANDRA,    Don.        LEATHEK-LEAF. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  rigid  ovate  and  acute  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Corolla  cylindrical-oblong,  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10:  anther-cells  tapering  into  a  tubular  beak,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at 
the  apex,  awnless.  Pod  depressed,  5-celled,  many-seeded ;  the  pericarp  of  2 
layers,  the  outer  5-valved,  the  cartilaginous  inner  layer  at  length  10-valved. 
Seeds  flattened,  wingless.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  ever- 
green and  coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flowers 
white,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1 -sided  leafy  ra- 
cemes ;  the  flower-buds  formed  in  the  summer  and  expanding  early  the  next 
spring.  ( Cassandra,  a  daughter  of  Priarn  and  Hecuba.) 

1.  C.  calyculata,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  (Andromeda  caly- 
culata,  L.)  —  Wet  bogs:  common  northward:  rare  westward  to  North  Wis- 
consin. (Eu.) 


ERICACE^.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  295 

9.    CASSiOPE,    Don.        CASSIOPE. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  4  or  5  nearly  distinct  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  8  or  10  : 
anthers  fixed  by  their  apex  ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal 
pore,  and  bearing  a  long  recurved  awn  behind.  Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  4-5- 
celled,  4  -  5-valved ;  the  valves  2-cleft :  placentas  many-seeded,  pendulous  from 
the  summit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wingless.  —  Small,  arctic  or 
alpine  evergreen  plants,  resembling  Club-Mosses  or  Heaths.  "Flowers  solitary, 
nodding  on  slender  erect  peduncles,  white  or  rose-color.  (Cassiope  was  the 
mother  of  Andromeda. ) 

1.  C.  hypnoides,  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like  (!'  -  4'  high) ; 
leaves  needle-shaped,  imbricated ;  corolla  5-cleft ;  style  short  and  conical.  (An- 
dromeda hypnoides,  L.)  — Alpine  summits  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  New 
York  (Dr.  Parry),  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Mount  Katahdin, 
Maine  (Mr.  Young),  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

10.    ANDKOMEDA,    L.  (in  part).        ANDROMEDA. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the 
bud,  but  very  soon  separate  or  open.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10  :  anthers 
fixed  near  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Pod  globular,  5- 
celled,  5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  borne  on  the  summit  or  middle 
of  the  columella.  —  Shrubs,  with  umbelled,  clustered,  or  panicled  and  racemed 
(mostly  white)  flowers.  (Fancifully  named  by  Linna3us  for  A.  polifolia,  in  al- 
lusion to  the  fable  of  Andromeda.) 

§  1.  ANDROMEDA  proper.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped:  filaments  bearded, 
not  appendaged :  anthers  short,  the  cells  each  surmounted  by  a  slender  ascending 
awn :  seeds  turned  in  all  directions,  oval,  with  a  close  and  hard  smooth  coat  : 
flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel :  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly 
bracts ;  leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  polifdlia,  L.     Smooth  and  glaucous  (6' -18' high;   leaves  thick, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  with  strongly  revolute  margins,  white  beneath.  — 
Cold  bogs,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  PORTtlNA,  Nutt.  Corolla  ovoid-urn-shaped  and  5-angled :  Jilaments  not 
appendaged :  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  each  bearing  a  long  refiexed  awn  near  the 
insertion :  seeds  mostly  pendulous,  and  with  a  loose  cellular  coat :  flowers  in  axil- 
lary and  terminal  naked  racemes,  formed  in  summer,  but  the  blossoms  expanding 
the  following  spring:  pedicels  \-sided,  br acted  and  with  minute  bractlets,  re- 
curved :  leaves  thick  and  evergreen. 

2.  A.  floribimda,  Pursh.    Branches  bristly  when  young ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  acute  or  pointed  (2'  long),  petioled,  serrulate  and  bristly-ciliate  ;  racemes 
dense,  crowded  in  panicles.  —  Moist  hills,  in  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia 
southward.     April.  —  A  very  leafy  shrub,  2° -10°  high,  bearing  abundance 
of  handsome  flowers. 

§  3.  PIERIS,  Don.  Corolla  ovoid-oblong  or  cylindraceous  :  filaments  slender  and 
awl-shaped,  usually  appendaged  with  a  spreading  or  recurved  bristle  on  each  side 


296  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

at  or  below  the  apex :  anthers  oblong,  awnless :  sutures  of  the  5-angular  pod  with 
a  more  or  less  thickened  line  or  ridge,  which  often  falls  away  separately  when  tJie 
pod  opens :  seeds  turned  in  all  directions,  oblong,  with  a  thin  and  rather  loose 
reticulated  coat :  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  variously  arranged. 

3.  A.  Mariana,  L.     (STAGGER-BUSH.)     Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, but  rather  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  veiny  ;  flowers  large  and  nodding, 
in  clusters  from  axillary  scaly  buds,  which  are  crowded  on  naked  branches  of 
the  preceding  year ;  sepals  leaf-like,  deciduous  with  the  leaves.  —  Sandy  low 
places,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    May,  June. 
—  Shrub  2°  -  4°  high  :  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves. 

§4.  LY6NIA,  Nutt.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corolla  globular,  pubescent:  filaments  and 
anthers  destitute  of  awns  or  appendages,  or  the  former  sometimes  2-setose  near  the 
apex :  pods  prominently  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the  ribs  at  length  separating  or 
separable :  seeds  slender,  all  pendulous,  with  a  loose  and  thin  cellular  coat :  flow- 
ers small,  mostly  in  dusters  which  are  racemosed-panided :  bracts  minute  and 
deciduous :  leaves  pubescent  or  scurfy  beneath. 

4.  A.  ligustrina,  Muhl.    Leaves  deciduous,  not  scurfy,  smoothish  when 
old,  obovate-oblong  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate  ;  flowers  racemose-panicled  on 
branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  —  Swamps  and  low  thickets,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward.    June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high. 

11.  OXYDIINDBUM,    DC.        SORREL-TREE.     SOUR-WOOD. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed,  puberulent.  Stamens  10  :  anthers  fixed  near  the  base, 
linear,  awnless ;  the  cells  tapering  upwards,  and  opening  by  a  long  chink.  Pod 
oblong-pyramidal,  5-celled,  5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  at  the  base  of 
the  cells.  Seeds  all  ascending,  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat  ex- 
tended at  both  ends  into  awl-shaped  appendages.  —  A  tree  with  deciduous,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, pointed,  soon  smooth,  serrulate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and 
white  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  open  panicle,  terminat- 
ing the  branches  of  the  season.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  deciduous.  Foli- 
age sour  to  the  taste  (whence  the  name,  from  o£vs,  sour,  and  8«>5poi>,  tree). 

1.  O.  arbbreum,  DC.  (Andromeda  arborea,  L.)  — Rich  woods,  from 
Penn.  and  Ohio  southward,  mostly  along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July.  —  Tree 
15°  -40°  high.  Leaves  in  size  and  shape  like  those  of  the  Peach. 

12.  CLETHRA,    L.        WHITE  ALDER.     SWEET  PEPPERBUSH. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-ob- 
long petals.  Stamens  10,  often  exserted  :  anthers  inversely  arrow-shaped,  in- 
verted and  reflexed  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.  Style 
slender,  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  and  serrate  deciduous  leaves,  and 
white  flowers  in  terminal  hoary  racemes.  Bracts  deciduous.  (KX^pa,  the 
ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in 
foliage.) 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  297 

1.  C.  alnif61ia,  L.      Leaves  wedge-obovate,  sharply  serrate,  entire  towards 
the  base,  prominently  straight-veined,  smooth,  green  both  sides ;  racemes  upright, 
panicled ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  filaments  smooth.  —  Wet  copses,  Maine 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  covered  in 
July  and  August  with  handsome  fragrant  blossoms.  —  In  the  South  are  varieties 
with  the  leaves  rather  scabrous,  and  pubescent  or  white-downy  beneath. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Michx.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  pointed,  thin,  finely  ser- 
rate (5' -7'  long),  pale  beneath  ;  racemes  solitary,  drooping ;  bracts  longer  than  the 
flowers :  filaments  and  pods  hairy.  —  Woods  in  the*  Alleghanies,  Virginia  and 
southward.    July.  —  A  tali  shrub  or  small  tree. 

13.    CALLUNA,    Salisb.        HEATHER. 

Calyx  of  4  colored  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted,  much  shorter  and 
less  conspicuous  than  the  calyx,  both  becoming  scarious  and  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 8,  distinct :  anthers  with  a  pair  of  deflexed  appendages  on  the  back,  the 
cells  opening  each  by  a  long  chink.  Pod  4-celled,  septicidally  4-valved. — 
Evergreen  undershrub,  with  no  scaly  buds,  opposite  and  minute  leaves  (mostly 
extended  at  base  into  2  sharp  auricles),  crowded  and  imbricated  on  the  branches. 
Flowers  axillary,  or  terminating  very  short  shoots  and  crowded  on  the  branches, 
forming  close  mostly  one-sided  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-colored  or 
sometimes  white,  small,  bracted  by  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  innermost  of  which 
are  more  or  less  scarious.  (Named  from  /caXXui/co,  to  brush  or  sweep,  brooms 
being  made  of  its  twigs.) 

1.  C.  VUlgaris,  Salisb.  (C.  Atlantica,  Seemann,  Jour.  Bot.  4,  p.  305,  t. 
53.  Erica  vulgaris,  L.) — Low  grounds,  Tewksbury,  Massachusetts  (Jackson 
Dawson,  &c.,  a  small  patch) ;  border  of  forest  on  Cape  Elizabeth,  Maine  (Mr. 
Pickard,  from  Dr.  Wood) ;  also  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  and  Newfoundland ; 
mostly  local.  (See  various  articles  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.)  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

14.    PHYLLODOCE,    Salisb.        PHYLLODOCE. 

Corolla  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  10 :  anthers 
pointless,  shorter  than  the  filaments,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-celled, 
5-valved,  septicidal  (as  are  all  the  succeeding),  many-seeded. — Low  alpine 
Heath-like  evergreen  undershrubs,  clothed  with  scattered  linear  and  obtuse 
rough-margined  leaves.  Flowers  usually  nodding  on  solitary  or  umbelled  pe- 
duncles at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  ("  A  mythological  name.") 

1.  P.  taxifblia,  Salisb.  Corolla  oblong-urn-shaped,  purplish,  smooth; 
style  included.  (Menziesia  caerulea,  Smith.) — Alpine  summits  of  the  moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  and  northward.  July.  (Eu.) 

15.    KALMIA,    L.        AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped,  5-lobed, 
furnished  with  10  depressions  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  severally  lodged ; 
filaments  long  and  thread-form.  Pod  globose,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Ever- 
green mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  entire  coriaceous  leaves, 


298  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

naked  buds,  and  showy  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnasus 
who  travelled  in  this  country  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  afterwards 
Professor  at  Abo. ) 

§  1.  Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  naked  umbel-like  corymbs:  pedicels  from  the  axils 
of  small  and  firm  foliaceous  persistent  bracts :  calyx  smaller  than  the  pod,  per- 
sistent :  leaves  glabrous. 

1.  K.  latifdlia,  L.  (CALICO-BUSH.  MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.  SPOON- 
WOOD.)  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  bright  green  both  sides,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ellipti- 
cal, tapering  to  each  end,  petioled ;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  clammy- 
pubescent;  pod  depressed,  glandular.  —  Rocky  hills  and  damp  soil,  rather 
common  from  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  as  a  shrub  4°  -  8°  high ;  but  in 
the  mountains  from  Penn.  southward  forming  dense  thickets,  and  often  tree- 
like (10° -20°  high).  May,  June. — Flowers  profuse,  large  and  very  showy, 
varying  from  deep  rose-color  to  nearly  white,  clammy. 

2.  K.  angU.Stif.61ia,  L.      (SHEEP  LAUREL.     LAMBKILL.)     Leaves  com- 
monly opposite  or  in  threes,  pale  or  whitish  underneath,  light  green  above,  narrowly 
oblong,  obtuse,  petioled;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing  later  than  the  shoots  of  the 
season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered;    pod  depressed,  nearly  smooth; 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  —  Hillsides  :  common.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3° 
high  :  the  flowers  more  crimson  and  two  thirds  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  K.  glauca,  Ait.     (PALE  LAUREL.)     Branchlets  2-edged:  leaves  opposite, 
nearly  sessile,  oblong,  white-glaucous  beneath,  with  recolute  margins ;  corymbs  termi- 
nal, few-flowered,  smooth ;  bracts  large  ;  pod  ovoid,  smooth.  —  Var.  ROSMARI- 
NiFdLiA  has  linear  and  strongly  revolute  leaves.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and  moun- 
tains, from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May,  June.  —  Straggling,  about  1°  high. 
Flowers  %'  broad,  lilac-purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season :  calyx  leafy, 
larger  than  the  pod,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  at  length  deciduous :  leaves  (alter- 
nate and  opposite]  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

4.  K.  hirsuta,  Walt.    Branches  terete ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (4" 
long),  becoming  glabrous.  —  Sandy  pine-barren  swamps,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   May -Sept.  —  Shrub  1°  high.     Corolla  rose-color. 

16.    MENZIESIA,    Smith.        MENZIESIA. 

Calyx  very  small  and  flattish,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraceous- 
urn-shaped  and  soon  bell-shaped,  obtusely  4-lobed.  Stamens  8,  included  :  an- 
ther-cells opening  at  the  top  by  an  oblique  pore.  Pod  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled, 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  narrow,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  A  low  shrub ; 
the  straggling  branches  and  the  oblong-obovate  alternate  deciduous  leaves  (like 
those  of  Azalea)  hairy  and  ciliate  with  rusty  rather  chaff-like  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  developed  with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  clusters  from  scaly  buds,  greenish- 
white  and  purplish,  nodding.  (Named  for  Archibald  Menzies,  who  in  Vancouver's 
voyage  brought  the  species  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 

1.  M.  ferruginea,  Smith,  var.  globularis.  Corolla  rather  shorter 
and  broader  than  in  the  Qregon  plant.  —  Alleghany  Mountains,  S.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Virginia,  &c.  (Also  beyond  Lake  Superior.)  June. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  299 

17.    AZALEA,    L.        FALSE  HONEYSUCKLE.    AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  minute.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  slightly  irregu- 
lar ;  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  with  long  exserted  filaments,  usually 
declined,  as  well  as  the  similar  style :  anthers  short,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
pointless.  Pod  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  scale-like.  —  Upright 
shrubs,  with  alternate  and  obovate  or  oblong  deciduous  leaves,  which  are  entire, 
ciliate,  and  mucronate  with  a  glandular  point.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  often 
glandular  and  glutinous  outside,  in  umbelled  clusters  from  large  scaly-imbri- 
cated terminal  buds.  (Name  from  d£aAe'os,  arid, — most  inappropriate  as  ap- 
plied to  our  species,  which  grow  in  swamps.) 

#  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  arborescens,   Pursh.      (SMOOTH  AZALEA.)     Branchlets  smooth; 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
margins  bristly-ciliate  ;  calyx-lobes  long  and  conspicuous ;  corolla  slightly  clammy ; 
stamens  and  style  very  much  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.     June.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  with  thickish  leaves,  and  very  fra- 
grant rose-colored  blossoms  larger  than  in  No.  3. 

2.  A.   visedsa,   L.      (CLAMMY   A.      WHITE    SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) 
Branchlets  bristly,  as  well  as  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblong-obovate 
otherwise  smooth  leaves  $  calyx-lobes  minute ;  corolla  clammy,  the  tube  much  longer 
than  the  lobes ;  stamens  and  especially  the  style  exserted.  —  Var.  GLAticA  has 
the  leaves  paler,  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  both  sides,  sometimes  rough- 
hairy.  —  Var.  Nf TIDA  is  dwarf,  with  oblanceolate  leaves  green  both  sides.  — 
Swamps,  Maine  to  Kentucky,  mostly  near  the  coast.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  4° 
- 10°  high,  with  clammy  fragrant  flowers,  white  or  tinged  with  rose-color. 

*  *  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  nudifl6ra,    L.      (PURPLE   A.      PINXTER-FLOWER.)      Branchlets 
rather  hairy ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  downy  underneath ;  calyx  very  short ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  ample  lobes,  slightly  glandular;  stamens  and 
style  much  exserted.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  and  New  York    to    Illinois, 
and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -6°  high ;  the  showy  flowers  varying 
from  flesh-color  to  pink  and  purple.     There  are  numberless  varieties,  some  of 
them  with  10  stamens. 

4.  A.  calendulacea,  Michx.     (FLAME-COLORED  AZALEA.)    Branchlets 
and  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  hairy ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rather  conspicuous ;  tube  of 
the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lobes,  hairy ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted.  —  Woods, 
mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub 
3° -10°  high,  covered  just  when  the  leaves  appear  with  a  profusion  of  large 
orange  blossoms,  usually  turning  to  flame-color,  not  fragrant. 

18.  RHODODENDRON,  L.   ROSE-BAY. 

Calyx  5-parted,  minute  in  our  species.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  partly  funnel- 
form,  sometimes  slightly  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  com- 
monly declined :  anthers,  pods,  &c.  as  in  Azalea.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with 
evergreen  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  ample  showy  flowers,  in  compact  terminal 


300  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

corymbs  or  clusters,  from  large  scaly-bracted  buds.     ('PoSoSei'Spoi',  rose-tree ;  the 
ancient  name.) 

1.  R.  maximum,  L.     (GREAT  LAUREL.)    Leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  \ance- 
oblong,  acute,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  very  smooth,  with  somewhat  revolute 
margins  ;  pedicels  viscid ;  corolla  bell-shaped.  —  Damp  deep  woods,  sparingly 
from  Maine  to  Ohio,  but  very  common  along  shaded  water-courses  through  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  southward.   July.  —  Shrub  or  tree  6°- 
20°  high.    Leaves  4' -10'  long,  very  thick.     Corolla  an  inch  broad,  pale  rose- 
color  or  nearly  white,  greenish  in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side,  and  spotted  with 
yellow  or  reddish. 

2.  R.  Catawbi^nse,  Michx.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends, 
smooth,  pale  "beneath   (3' -5'  long);   corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  lilac-purple; 
pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  Alleghanies,  Virginia  and  southward.    June.  — 
Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

3.  R.  Lapponicum,  Wahl.     (LAPLAND  KOSE-BAT.)    Dwarf,  prostrate ; 
leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  dotted  (like  the  branches)  with  rusty  scales;  umbels  few- 
flowered  ;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  dotted ;  stamens  5  - 10.  — Alpine  summits  of 
the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  New  York.    July.  —  Shrub  6' 
high,  in  broad  tufts :  leaves  £'  long.     Corolla  violet-purple.     (Eu.) 

19.    RHODORA,    Duhamel.        RHODORA. 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular  and  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip 
usually  3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  and  the  lower  two-parted  or  of  2  distinct  spreading 
petals.  Stamens  10,  and  with  the  slender  style  declined.  Otherwise  as  in 
Azalea.  (Name  from  podov,  a  rose,  from  the  color  of  the  showy  flowers.) 

1 .  R.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Damp  cold  woods  and  swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.  and  northward,  or  on  mountains.  May.  —  A  handsome  low  shrub, 
with  the  oblong  deciduous  leaves  whitish  and  downy  underneath ;  the  showy 
rose-purple  (rarely  white)  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  on  short  peduncles, 
appearing  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

20.    LED  TIM,    L.        LABRADOR  TEA. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovate  and  spreading  distinct 
petals.  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-celled, 
splitting  from  the  base  upwards,  many-seeded :  placentae  borne  on  the  summit 
of  the  columella. — Low  shrubs,  with  the  alternate  entire  leaves  clothed  with 
rusty  wool  underneath,  persistent,  the  margins  revolute :  herbage  slightly  fra- 
grant when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters 
from  large  scaly  buds  :  bracts  or  scales  thin  and  caducous.  (ArjSov,  the  ancient 
Greek  name  of  the  Cistus. ) 

1.  L.  latifdlium,  Ait.  Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong ;  stamens  5,  sometimes 
6  or  7  ;  pod  oblong.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  mountain  woods,  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  June.  —  Shrub  2° -5°  high.  (L. 
PALUSTRE,  L.,  grows  in  British  America.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  linear  leaves, 
uniformly  10  stamens,  and  oval  pods.)  (Eu.) 


(HEATH  FAMILY.)  301 

21.  LOISELEUBIA,    Desv.        ALPINE  AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  as  long  as  the  rather  bell-shaped  and  deeply  5-cleft  reg- 
ular corolla.  Stamens  5,  not  declined,  included  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise. 
Style  short.  Pod  ovoid,  2  -  3-celled,  many-seeded,  2  -  3-valved ;  the  valves  2- 
cleft  from  the  apex :  placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  —  A  small 
depressed  evergreen  shrubby  plant,  much  branched  and  tufted,  smooth,  with 
coriaceous  opposite  elliptical  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  with  revolute  margins. 
Flowers  small,  white  or  rose-color,  2  -  5  in  a  cluster,  from  a  terminal  scaly  bud ; 
the  scales  or  bracts  thick  and  persistent.  (Named  for  Loiseleur  Delongchamps,  a 
French  botanist.) 

1.  L.  prOGTimbens,  Desv.  ( Azalea  procumbens,  L.) — Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  on  rocks.  June.  (Eu.) 

22.  LEIOPHYLLTJM,    Pers.        SAND  MYRTLE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-oblong  petals,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 10,  exserted :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  2 -3-celled,  splitting  from 
the  apex  downward,  many-seeded.  —  A  low  much-branched  evergreen,  with  the 
aspect,  foliage,  &c.  of  the  preceding  genus,  but  the  crowded  leaves  sometimes  al- 
ternate, scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters. 
(Name  formed  of  Xeios,  smooth,  and  <f)v\\ov,  foliage,  from  the  leaves.) 

1 .  L.  buxifblium,  Ell.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  moun- 
tain-tops in  Virginia  ?  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  6'  - 10'  high  :  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  smooth  and  shining,  3"  -  6"  long. 

23.    P^BOLA,    Tourn.        WINTERGREEN.    SHIN-LEAF. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  awl-shaped,  naked :  anthers  extrorse  in  the 
bud,  but  in  the  flower  inverted  by  the  inflexion  of  the  apex  of  the  filament,  more 
or  less  4-celled,  opening  by  a  pair  of  pores  at  the  blunt  or  somewhat  2-horned 
base  which  by  the  inversion  becomes  the  apparent  apex !  Style  generally  long : 
stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Pod  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved 
from  the  base  upwards  (loculicidal) ;  the  valves  cobwebby  on  the  edges.  Seeds 
minute,  innumerable,  resembling  saw-dust,  with  a  very  loose  cellular-reticulated 
coat.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  running  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  rounded  and  petioled  evergreen  root-leaves,  and  a  simple 
raceme  of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  upright  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape. 
(Name  a  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some  fancied  resemblance 
in  the  foliage,  which  is  not  obvious.) 

§  1.  Stamens  ascending:  style  turned  down  and  towards  the  apex  usually  more  or  less 
curved  upwards,  longer  than  the  campanulate-connivent  or  somewhat  expanding 
petals :  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  and  somewhat  excavated  apex  of 
the  style  which  forms  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar,  the  5  lobes  at  first  very  short  and  in- 
cluded, at  length  usually  protruded.     (Leaves  denticulate  or  entire.) 
1.    P.  rotundif61ia,  L.     Leaves  orbicular,  thick,  shining,  usually  shorter 
than  the  petiole ;  raceme  elongated,  many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong- 


302  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

lanceolate,  acutish,  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  one  half  or  one  third  the  length 
of  the  roundish-obovate  rather  spreading  (chiefly  white)  petals;  anther-cells  nearly 
blunt.  —  Damp  or  sandy  woods  :  common,  especially  northward.  June,  July.  — 
Scape  6'  - 12'  high,  many-bracted  :  flowers  f '  broad.  —  Exhibits  many  varieties, 
such  as :  Var.  INCARNATA,  with  flesh-colored  flowers ;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate.  —  Var.  ASARirdLiA,  with  oblate  or  round-reniform  leaves,  and  trian- 
gular-ovate calyx-lobes  of  about  half  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored 
petals.  (P.  asarifolia,  Michx.\  Common  northward.  —  Var.  ULIGIN6SA,  with 
roundish-oval  or  somewhat  kidney-shaped  smaller  leaves  (!'-!£'  wide),  and 
ovate  acute  calyx-lobes,  about  one  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  reddish  or  pur- 
ple petals;  flowers  rather  smaller,  few  or  several.  (P.  uliginosa,  Torr.  $•  Gr.) 
Cold  bogs,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.     (SHIN-LEAF.)      Leaves  thin  and  dull,  elliptical  or 
obovate-oval,  usually  longer  than  the  margined  petiole ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading  (greenish- 
white)  petals;  anther-cells  blunt.  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  common.      June.  —  Scape  and  flowers  nearly  as 
large  as  in  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  chlorantha,   Swartz.     Leaves  small  (!'  long),  roundish,  thick,  dull, 
shorter  than  the  petiole;  scape  few-flowered,  naked  (5'  -  8'  high) ;  calyx-lobes  roundish- 
ovate,  very  short;  the  elliptical  petals  converging  (greenish-white);   anther-cells 
contracted  below  the  orifice  into  a  distinct  neck  or  horn ;  style  little  exserted.  —  Open 
woods,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June,  July. 

4.  P.  oxyp6tala,  C.  F.  Austin,  n.  sp.    Leaves  ovate,  small  (8" -12"  long), 
shorter  than  the  slender  petiole;  scape  (7' -8' high)  several-flowered;  flowers 
on  ascending  pedicels,  not  nodding;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute,  short; 
petals  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  greenish ;  anthers  conspicuously  mucronate  at  the 
apex,  obtusely  2-horned  (as  in  No.  3)  at  the  base,  not  inverted ;  style  straightish, 
scarcely  exserted.  —  Wooded  hill  near  Deposit,  Delaware  Co.,  New  York,  June 
1,  1860,  C.  F.  Austin.  —  Stigma  as  in  No.  3;  the  calyx-lobes,  &c.,  different,  so 
that  it  can  hardly  be  a  monstrosity  of  that  species. 

§  2.    Stamens  regular :  style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  expanded  depressed 
5-rayed  stigma :  petals  erect  and  connivent. 

5.  P.  sectmda,  L.     Subcaulescent ;  leaves  ovate,  thin,  longer  than  the  peti- 
ole, scattered,  finely  serrate ;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  the  numerous  small 
(greenish-white)  flowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  scarcely  nodding ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  oval  petals ;  style  long,  exserted.  —  Rich  woods : 
common  eastward  and  northward.     July.  —  Scape  3' -6' high.     (Eu.) 

Var.  piimila  (Paine,  Cat.  PI.  Oneida  Co.)  is  a  remarkable  form,  growing 
in  high  peat-bogs  from  Otsego  Co.,  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward 
(indicated  by  Chamisso  in  Russian  America) ;  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
very  thin  (5"- 12  '  long) ;  scape  2'  -4'  high,  3  -  8-flowered.  July,  Aug. 

6.  P.  minor,  L.    Leaves  roundish,  slightly  crenulate,  thickish,  mostly  longer 
than  the  margined  petiole;    raceme  spiked ;   calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  nearly  globose  corolla, ;  style  short  and  included.  —  Woods 
at  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Lake  Superior  (L.  Foote), 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  303 

and  northward.    July,  Aug. —  Scape  5' -10' high.     Flowers  small,  crowded, 
white  or  rose-color.     (Eu.) 

24.    MONESES,    Salisb.    ONE-FLOWERED  PTROLA. 

Petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  naked :  anthers 
as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight,  exserted:  stigma 
large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  conspicuous  radiating  lobes.  Valves  of  the 
pod  naked,  as  in  the  next  genus.  (Parts  of  the  flower  occasionally  in  fours.) 
Scape  1 -flowered.  Otherwise  as  in  Pyrola  :  intermediate  between  it  and  Chima- 
phila.  (Name  formed  of  /«>W,  single,  and  fjvts,  delight,  from  the  pretty  and 
solitary  flower.) 

1 .  M.  unifldra.  (Pyrola  uniflora,  L.)  —  Deep  cold  woods,  from  Penn.  and 
New  England  northward.  June.  —  A  small  perennial,  with  the  rounded  and 
veiny  serrate  thin  leaves  (6"  -9"  long),  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creep- 
ing subterranean  shoots;  the  1  -2-bracted  scape  (2' -4'  high)  bearing  a  white 
or  rose-colored  terminal  flower  6"  wide.  (Eu.) 

25.    CHIMAPHILA,    Pursh.        PIPSISSEWA. 

Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  en- 
larged and  hairy  in  the  middle :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  more  or  less  conspic- 
uously 2-horned.  Style  very  short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the 
depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary :  stigma  broad  and  orbicular,  disk- 
shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.  Pod,  &c.  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the 
apex  downwards,  the  edges  of  the  valves  not  woolly.  —  Low,  nearly  herbaceous 
plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  evergreen  thick  and  shining 
leaves,  somewhat  whorled  or  scattered  along  the  short  ascending  stems :  the 
fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled  on  a  terminal  pe- 
duncle. (Name  from  ^ei/ua,  winter,  and  <£iXeo>,  to  love,  in  allusion  to  one  of  the 
popular  names,  viz.  Winterqreen.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.    (PRINCE'S  PINE.    PIPSISSEWA.)    Leaves  wedge- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  not  spotted ;  peduncles  4  -  7-flowered. 
—  Dry  woods  :  common.    June.  —  Plant  4'- 10'  high,  leafy :  petals  flesh-color : 
anthers  violet.     (Eu.) 

2,  C.  maculata,  Pursh.     (SPOTTED  WINTERGREEN.)     Leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  the  upper  surface  variegated  with  white ; 
peduncles  1-5-flowered. — Dry  woods:  most  common  in  the  Middle  States. 
June,  July.  — Plant  3'  -  6'  high. 

26.    PTEROSPORA,    Nutt.        PINE-DROPS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Stamens 
10:  anthers  2-celled,  awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short: 
stigma  5-lobed.  Pod  globose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidal,  but  the 
valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid,  tapering  to 
each  end,  the  apex  expanded  into  a  broad  reticulated  wing  many  times  larger 
than  the  body  of  the  seed.  —  A  stout  and  simple  purplish-brown  clammy-pubes- 


304  ERICACE.E.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

cent  root-parasitic  herb  (l°-2°high);  the  wand-like  stem  furnished  towards 
the  base  with  scattered  lanceolate  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  above  bearing  many 
nodding  (white)  flowers,  resembling  those  of  Andromeda,  in  a  long  bracted  ra- 
ceme. (Name  from  wrepov,  a  wing,  and  <rrropd,  seed,  alluding  to  the  singular 
wing  borne  by  the  seeds.) 

1 .  P.  Andromed^a,  Nutt.  —  Hard  clay  soil,  parasitic  apparently  on  the 
roots  of  pines,  from  Vermont,  Peekskill  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  Pennsylvania 
northward  and  westward  :  rare. 

27.    SCHWEINITZIA,    Ell.        SWEET  PINE-SAP. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Corolla 
persistent,  bell-shaped,  rather  fleshy,  5-lobed,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  the  base. 
Stamens  10 :  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fixed  near  the  summit, 
awnless ;  the  two  sac-shaped  cells  opening  at  the  top.  Pod  ovoid.  5-celled,  with 
a  short  and  thick  style,  and  a  large  5-angular  stigma.  Seeds  innumerable.  — 
A  low  and  smooth  brownish  plant,  3' -4'  high,  with  the  aspect  of  Monotropa, 
scaly-bracted,  the  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  spike,  at  first  nodding,  flesh-color, 
exhaling  the  fragrance  of  violets.  (Named  for  the  late  L.  D.  von  Schweinitz.) 

1.  S.  odorata,  Ell.  —  Woods,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs,  Maryland 
and  southward :  rare.  April. 

28.    MON6TROPA,    L.        INDIAN  PIPE.    PINE-SAP. 

Calyx  of  2  -  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  sep- 
arate erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  the  base,  and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10 :  filaments  awl- 
shaped  :  anthers  kidney-shaped,  becoming  1 -celled,  opening  across  the  top. 
Style  columnar :  stigma  disk-like,  4  -  5-rayed.  Pod  ovoid,  8  -  10-grooved,  4-5- 
celled,  loculicidal:  the  very  thick  placenta*  covered  with  innumerable  minute 
seeds,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  —  Low  and  fleshy  herbs,  tawny,  reddish,  or 
white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing  vegetable  matter  like  a 
Fungus ;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  rootlets, 
furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1  -  several-flowered ;  the  flow- 
ering summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erect.  (Name  composed  of  povos,  one, 
and  rpoTros,  turn,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  turned  to  one  side.) 

§  1.  MONOTROPA,  Nutt.     Plant  inodorous,  with  a  single  5-petalled  and  10-an- 
drous flower  at  the  summit ;  the  calyx  of  2  —  4  irregular  scales  or  bracts:  anthers 
transverse,  opening  by  2  chinks :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma  naked. 
1.   M.  Unifl6ra,  L.     (INDIAN  PIPE.     CORPSE-PLANT.)     Smooth,  waxy- 
white  (turning  blackish  in  drying,  3' -8'  high);  stigma  naked. — Dark  and 
rich  woods :  common.    June  -  Aug. 

§  2.  HYP6PITYS,  Dill.  Plant  commonly  fragrant :  flowers  several  in  a  scaly 
raceme;  the  terminal  one  usually  5-petalled  and  10-androus,  while  the  rest  are  4- 
petolled  and  S-androus ;  the  bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals :  anthers 
opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  unequal  valves,  the  smaller  one  erect  and 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  fllament :  style  longer  than  the  ovary,  hollow. 


AQUIFOLIAOE.       (HOLLY    FAMILY.)  305 

2.  M.  Hyp6pitys,  L.  (PINE-SAP.  FALSE  BEECH-DROPS.)  Somewhat 
pubescent  or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  reddish  (4'  -12'  high)  ;  pod  globular 
or  oval  ;  stigma  ciliate.  —  Occurs  in  various  forms  :  the  more  pubescent  is  M. 
lanuginosa,  Michx.  —  Oak  and  pine  woods  :  common.  June  -Aug.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  57.    OAL-ACINEjE.     (GALAX  FAMILY.) 

Character  that  of  the  following  genus  ;  which  is  kept  as  a  distinct  order 
until  the  true  relationship  is  ascertained. 

1.    GALAX,    L.        GALAX. 

Calyx  of  5  small  and  separate  sepals,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  ob- 
ovate-spatulate,  rather  erect,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous  :  filaments  united 
in  a  10-toothed  tube,  slightly  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  the  5  teeth 
opposite  the  petals  naked,  the  5  alternate  ones  shorter  and  bearing  each  a  round- 
ish 1-celled  anther,  which  opens  across  the  top.  Pollen  simple.  Style  short: 
stigma  3-lobed.  Pod  ovoid,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved  :  columella  none. 
Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose  coat  tapering  to  each  end.  Embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen,  more  than  half  its  length.  —  Evergreen  herb,  with  a  thick 
matted  tuft  of  scaly  creeping  rootstocks,  beset  with  fibrous  red  roots,  sending  up 
round-heart-shaped  crenate-toothed  and  veiny  shining  leaves  (about  2'  wide)  on 
slender  petioles,  and  a  slender  naked  scape,  l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  wand-like 
spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  minutely-bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
yoXa,  milk,  —  of  no  conceivable  application  to  this  plant.  ) 

1.   G.  aph^lla,  L.  —  Open  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 


ORDER  58.    A«$UIFOLIACE,E.     (HOLLY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  4  -  S-merous  flowers,  a  minute  calyx 
free  from  the  4  -  ^-celled  ovary  and  the  4  -  ^-seeded  berry-like  drupe  ;  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4  -  8-petalled  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them,  attached  to  their  very  base.  —  Corolla  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-8,  or  united  into 
one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds  suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatropous, 
with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish.  —  A  small  family,  here  represented  by  only 
two  genera  (Prinos  being  placed  under  Ilex)  ;  related  to  the  Celastraceae, 
&c.,  among  the  Polypetalous  orders  as  much  as  to  the  following  order. 

1.     ILEX,    L.     (Hex  &  Prinos,  L.)        HOLLY. 

Flowers  more  or  less  diceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  6-toothed.  Petals 
4-6,  separate,  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  spreading. 
Stamens  4-6.  The  berry-like  drupe  containing  4  -  6  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves 
alternate.  Fertile  flowers  inclined  to  be  solitary,  and  the  sterile  or  partly  sterile 
flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Holly-Oak 
rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 
20 


306  AQUIFOLIACE.E.       (HOLLY   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  AQUIFOUUM,  Tourn.  Parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  fours,  sometimes 
in  fives  or  sixes:  drupe  red,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or  one-grooved  on  the  back: 
leaves  (mostly  smooth)  coriaceous  and  evergreen. 

*  Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth :  trees. 

1.  I.  opaca,  Ait.      (AMERICAN   HOLLY.)     Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy 
margins  with  scattered  spiny  teeth ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base  of 
the  young  branches  and  in  the  axils ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Moist  woodlands, 
Maine  to  Pennsylvania,    near  the  coast,   and  mope  common  from   Virginia 
southward.    June.  —  Tree  20°  -  40°  high  ;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy, 
the  berries  not  so  bright  red,  and  their  nutlets  not  so  veiny,  as  in  the  European 
Holly  (I.  AQUIFOLIUM,  L.). 

#  #  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny :  shrubs. 

2.  I.  Cassine,  L.     (CASSENA.     YAUPON.)     Leaves  lance-ovate  or  elliptical, 
crenate  (!'  -  1^'  long) ;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse.  — 
Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.     May.  —  Leaves  used  for  tea  by  the 
people  along  the  coast,  as  they  were  to  make  the  celebrated  black  drink  of  the 
North  Carolina  Indians. 

3.  I.  myrtifblia,  Walt.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sparingly 
and  sharply  serrate  or  entire  (1'long);  peduncles  slender  and  3  -  9-flowered,  or 
the  more  fertile  shorter  and  1 -flowered,  smooth;  calyx-teeth  acute.- — Coast  of 
Virginia  and  southward.    May.  —  Probably  a  var.  or  the  next. 

4.  I.  Dahodn,  Walt.      (DAHOON  HOLLY.)     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  or  sharply  serrate  towards  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins  (2' -3' long), 
the  midrib  and  peduncles  pubescent;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  coast  of  Virginia 
and  southward.     May,  June. 

§  2.  PRINOlDES.  Parts  of  the  (polygamous  or  dioecious)  flowers  in  fours  or  fives 
(rarely  in  sixes) :  drupe  red  or  purple,  the  nutlets  striate-muny-ribbed  on  the  back: 
leaves  deciduous :  shrubs. 

5.  I.  decidua,  Walt.     Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely  serrate, 
downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  shining  above,  becoming  thickish  ;  peduncles  of  the 
sterile  flowers  longer  than  the  petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;  calyx-teeth  smooth, 
acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

6.  I.  monticola,  Gray.     Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  (3' -5' long), 
taper-pointed,  thin-membranaceous,  smooth,  sharply  serrate ;  fertile  flowers  very 
short-peduncled ;  calyx  ciliate.      (I.  ambigua,   Torr.     I.  montana,  Ed.  1,  not 
Prinos  montanus,  Sw.)  —  Damp  woods,  Taconic  and  Catskill  Mountains,  and 
Cattaraugus  Co.,  New  York  (G.  W.  .Clinton),  through  Pennsylvania  (east  to 
Northampton  Co.  Mr.  Wolle,  Prof.  T.  Green),  and  southward  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     May. 

7.  I.  mollis,  Gray.    Leaves  soft  downy  beneath,  oval,  ovate,  or  oblong,  taper- 
pointed  at  both  ends,  especially  at  the  apex,  thin-membranaceous,  sharply  ser- 
rulate ;  sterile  flowers  very  numerous  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  petiole  and  (with  the  calyx)  soft-downy,  the  fertile  peduncles  very 
short.     (Prinos  pubescens,  Michx.  herb.    P.  ambiguus,  Pursh,  not  Michx.)  — 
Burgoon's  Gap,  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania  ( J.  R.  Lowrie,  Porter),  and  along 
the  mountains  in  the  Southern  States.  —  Resembles  the  last. 


EBENACE^E.       (EBONY   FAMILY.)  307 

§  3.  PRtNOS,  L.  Parts  of  the  sterile  flowers  in  fours,  five$,  or  sixes,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  commonly  in  sixes  (rarely  in  fives,  sevens,  or  eights)  :  nutlets  smooth 
and  even :  shrubs. 

#  Leaves  deciduous :  flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  or  the  fertile  solitary :  fruit  bright  red. 

8.  I.  verticillata,  Gray.      (BLACK  ALDER.    WINTERBERRY.)     Leaves 
obovate,  oval,  or  wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  serrate,  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  all  very  short-pedunded.  (Prinos  verticillatus,  L. )  —  Low 
grounds  :  common.     May,  June. 

9.  I.  laevigata,  Gray.     (SMOOTH  WINTERBERRY.)    Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  appressed-serrulate,  shining  above,  be- 
neath mostly  glabrous ;  sterile  flowers  long-pedunded.     (Prinos  laevigatus,  Pursh.) 
—  Wet  grounds,  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia.    June.  —  Fruit  larger 
than  in  the  last,  ripening  earlier  in  the  autumn. 

#  #  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  shining  above,  oflen  black-dotted  beneath :  fruit  black. 

10.  I.  glabra,  Gray.     (!NKBERRY.)    Leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
sparingly  toothed  towards  the  apex,  smooth;  peduncles  (£'  long)  of  the  sterile 
flowers  3  - 6-flowered,  of  the  fertile  1 -flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  rather  blunt.     (Pri- 
nos glaber,  L.)  —  Sandy  grounds,  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia  and 
southward  near  the  coast.    June.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.    NEMOPANTHES,    Kaf.        MOUNTAIN  HOLLY. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4  -  5  minute  de- 
ciduous teeth;  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-linear,  spread- 
ing, distinct.  Stamens  4  -  5  :  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4-5  bony  nutlets, 
light  red.  —  A  much-branched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  and  oblong 
deciduous  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth.  Flowers 
on  long  and  slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary,  or  sparingly  clustered.  (Name 
said  by  the  author  to  mean  "  flower  with  a  filiform  peduncle,"  therefore  prob- 
ably composed  of  vrjfjLa,  a  thread,  irovs,  afoot,  and  avOos,  a  flower.) 

1.  N.  Canad6nsis,  DC.  (Hex  Canadensis,  Michx.) — Damp  cold  woods, 
from  the  mountains  of  Virginia  to  Maine,  Wisconsin,  and  northward :  common 
at  the  north.  May. 

ORDER  59.    EBENACEJE.     (EBONY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  polygamous  regular  flow- 
ers which  have  a  calyx  free  from  the  3  -  12-celled  ovary;  the  stamens  2 -4 
times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  oflen  in  pairs  before  them,  their 
anthers  turned  inwards,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry.  Ovules  1  or  2, 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropous,  mostly  single 
in  each  cell,  large  and  flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceous  integument ;  the 
embryo  shorter  than  the  hard  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  and  flat  cotyl- 
edons. Styles  wholly  or  partly  separate.  —  Wood  hard  and  dark-colored. 
No  milky  juice.  —  A  small  family,  chiefly  tropical,  represented  here  only 
by  the  Persimmon. 


308  SAPOTACE^.       (SAPPODILLA   FAMILY.) 

1.    DIOSPYROS,    L.        DATE-PLUM.        PERSIMMON. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lobed.  Corolla  4  -  6-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  large,  globular,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  thickish  calyx,  4-8-celled, 
4  -  8-seeded.  — Flowers  diceciously  polygamous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  (Name,  Aids,  of  Jove,  and  irvpos,  grain.) 

1.  D.  Virginiana,  L.  (COMMON  PERSIMMON.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  nearly  so ;  peduncles  very  short ;  calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  between 
ball-shaped  and  urn-shaped  ;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex ;  ovary  8-celled.  — 
Woods  and  old  fields,  Rhode  Island  and  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
June.  —  Tree  20°  -  60°  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood,  thickish  leaves,  a 
pale  yellow  corolla,  and  a  plum-like  fruit,  1'  in  diameter,  which  is  exceedingly 
astringent  when  green,  yellow  when  ripe,  and  sweet  and  edible  after  exposure 
to  frost. 

ORDER  60.    SAPOTACEJE.     (SAPPODILLA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  (often  rusty-downy  beneath),  small  and  perfect  regular  flowers  usually 
in  axillary  clusters;  the  calyx  free  and  persistent;  the  fertile  stamens  com- 
monly as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  opposite 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages  and 
«  scales,  or  sterile  stamens ;  anthers  turned  outwards  ;  ovary  4-1 2-celled,  with 
a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell ;  seeds  large.  —  Albumen  mostly  none ; 
but  the  large  embryo  with  thickened  cotyledons.  Style  single,  pointed.  — 
A  small,  mostly  tropical  order,  producing  the  Sappodilla  or  Star-apple, 
and  some  other  edible  fruits,  represented  in  our  district -only  by  the  genus 

1.    B  TIME  LI  A,     Swartz.        BCMELIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  at  each 
sinus.  Fertile  stamens  5  :  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal-like, 
alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  small,  resem- 
bling a  cherry,  black,  containing  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a  roundish 
scar  at  its  base.  —  Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves. 
Branches  often  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spurs.  Wood  very  hard. 
(The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash.) 

1.  B.  lycioides,  Gartn.     (SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.)     Spiny  (10°- 25° 
high) ;  leaves  wedge-oblong  varying  to  oval-lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base,  often 
acute,   reticulated,  nearly  glabrous  (2'-4'  long);  clusters  densely  many-flowered; 
fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  B.  Ianugin6sa,  Pers.     Spiny  (10° -40°  high);  leaves  obJong-obovate  or 
wedge-obovate,  rusty-woolly  beneath,  obtuse  (l^'-3'  long) ;  clusters  6  -  1 2-flowered ; 
fruit  globular.     (B.  lanuginosa  &  tomentosa,  A.  DC.)  —  Woods,  Illinois,  oppo- 
site St.  Louis,  and  southward,  —  a  variety  with  the  leaves  less  woolly  and  rusty 
beneath  (B.  oblongifolia,  Nutt.),  passing  towards  No.  1.    July. 


STYRACACE^E.       (STORAX   FAMILY.)  309 

ORDER  61.     STYRACACE^E.     (STORAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  and  per- 
fect regular  flowers ;  the  calyx  either  free  or  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled 
ovary  ;  the  corolla  0/4-8  petals,  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  the  base ; 
the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous,  monadelphous  or 
polyadelphous  at  the  base  ;  style  1 ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1  -  5-celled,  the  cells 
commonly  l-seeded.  —  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the 
albumen :  radicle  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  flat  cotyledons. 
Corolla  hypogynous  when  the  calyx  is  free :  the  stamens  adherent  to  its 
base.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  A  small  family,  mostly  of  warm 
countries,  comprising  two  very  distinct  tribes,  which  are  sometimes  sepa- 
rated as  suborders  or  orders. 

Tribe  I.  STYRACE.S3.  Calyx  4  - 8-toothed  or  entire.  Stamens  2 -4  times  as  many 
as  the  petals  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  adnate,  introrse.  Ovules  or  part  of  them  ascending, 
—  Flowers  white,  handsome.  Pubescence  soft  and  stellate. 

1.  Styrax.     Calyx  coherent  only  with  the  base  of  the  3-celled  ovary.    Corolla  mostly  5, 

parted.    Fruit  1-celled,  l-seeded. 

2.  Halesia.    Calyx  coherent  with  the  whole  surface  of  the  2  -4-celled  ovary,  which  is  2  -  4, 

winged  and  2  -  4-celled  in  fruit.    Corolla  4-lobed. 

Tribe  II.     SYMPL»OCINE.a3.     Calyx  5-cleft.    Stamens  usually  very  numerous :  an- 
thers short,  innate.    Ovules  pendulous.  —  Flowers  yellow.     Pubescence  simple. 

3.  Syiuplocos.     Calyx  coherent.    Petals  5,  united  merely  at  the  base. 

1.    STORAX,    Toura.        STORAX. 

Calyx  truncate,  somewhat  5-toothed,  the  base  (in  our  species)  coherent  with 
the  base  of  the  3-celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  5-parted  (rarely  4-8- 
parted),  large ;  the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  filaments  flat,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube  :  anthers 
linear,  adnate.  Fruit  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx, 
1-celled,  mostly  l-seeded,  dry,  often  3-valved.  Seed  globular,  erect,  with  a  hard 
coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small-trees,  with  commonly  deciduous  leaves,  and  axillary  or 
leafy-racemed  white  and  showy  flowers,  on  drooping  peduncles ;  produced  in 
spring.  Pubescence  scurfy  or  stellate,  (f)  2rupa£,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of 
the  tree  which  produces  siorax. ) 

1.  S.  grandifblia,  Ait     Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  pointed,  white-tomentose 
beneath  (3 '-6'  long)  ;  flowers  mostly 'in  elongated  racemes ;  corolla  (}'  long)  convo- 
lute-imbricated in  the  bud.  —  Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.    Leaves  oval  or  obovate  (about  1'  long), 
above  sparingly  puberulent,  and  scurfy-tomentose  beneath;  flowers  (%'  long)  1  -3  to- 
gether in  the  axils  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  fragrant.  —  Low  pine  barrens, 
Virginia  (Pursh)  and  southward.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high. 

3.  S.  Americana,  Lam.    Lea  ves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends  (!•-  3'  long), 
smooth,  or  barely  pulverulent  beneath ;  flowers  axillary  or  in  3-4-flowered  racemes 
(%'  long) ;  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.     (S.  glabrum  and  S.  laeve,  Ell)  —Mar- 
gin of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high. 


310  PLANTAGINACE^E.       (PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

2.  HALE  SI  A,    Ellis.        SNOWDROP  or  SILVER-BELL-TREE. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-toothed ;  the  tube  4-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  2  -  4- 
celled  ovary.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  or  oftener  to  the  middle,. into  an  open 
bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-16:  fila- 
ments united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  and  usually  a  little  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and 
dry,  2  -  4-winged,  within  bony  and  1  -  4-celled.  Seeds  single,  cylindrical.  — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves,  and  showy 
white  flowers,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short  racemes,  from 
axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate.  (Named  for 
Stephen  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) 

1.  H.  tetr£ptera,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate ;  fruit  4-winged. — Banks  of 
streams,  upper  part  of  Virginia,  also  on  the  Ohio  River  at  Evansville  (Short), 
and  southward.  Fruit  1^'  long. 

3.  SYMPLOCOS,    Jacq.    (H6PEA,  L.)        SWEET-LEAF. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  lightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, in  5  clusters,  one  cohering  with  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  slen- 
der :  anthers  very  short.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1-celled  and  1 -seeded. 

—  Shrubs  or  small  trees ,  the  leaves  commonly  turning  yellowish  in  drying, 
and  furnishing  a  yellow  dye.     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes,  yellow. 
(Name  crvfrnXoKos,  connected,  from  the  union  of  the  stamens.) 

1.  S.  tinct6ria,  L'Her.  (HORSE-SUGAR,  &c.)  Leaves  elongated-oblong, 
acute,  obscurely  toothed,  thickish,  almost  persistent,  minutely  pubescent  and 
pale  beneath  (3'-  5'  long) ;  flowers  6  -  14,  in  close  and  bracted  clusters,  odorous. 

—  Rich  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.     April. — Leaves  sweet,  greedily 
eaten  by  cattle. 

ORDER  62.    PL.ANTAGINACEJE.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  regular  4-merous  spiked  flowers,  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  and  membranaceous  veinless  monopetalous 
corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  —  chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.    PLANTAGO,    L.        PLANTAIN.    RIBGRASS. 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  mostly  with  dry  membranaceous  mar- 
gins. Corolla  salver-form,  withering  on  the  pod,  the  border  4-parted.  Stamens 
4,  or  rarely  2,  in  all  or  some  flowers  with  long  and  weak  exserted  filaments,  and 
fugacious  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  2-  (or  in  No.  5  falsely  3-4-)  celled,  with  1  - 
several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  and  long  hairy  stigma  single,  filiform.  Pod 
2-celled,  2 -several-seeded,  opening  all  round  by  a  transverse  line,  so  that  the 
top  falls  off  like  a  lid,  and  the  loose  partition  (which  bears  the  peltate  seeds)  falls 
away.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  ribbed.  Flowers  whitish, 
small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  scape.  (The  Latin  name.) 


PLANTAGINACE^.   (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.)         311 

§  1.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  and  with  the  4  stamens  and  filiform  stigma  much 
exserted,  but  dichogamous,  i.  e.  with  the  stigma  exsertedfrom  the  tip  of  the  corolla  a 
day  or  so  before  it  expands  and  the  anthers  are  hung  out  (an  arrangement  for  crosf 
fertilization) :  lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading  or  rejlexed  after  flowering. 

*  Leaves  5  - 1 -ribbed,  mostly  broad:  spike  long  and  slender,  smooth :  seeds  not  concave 

on  the  inner  face:  root  perennial,  or  perhaps  annual  in  No.  2  and  3. 

1.  P.  MAJOR,  L.     (COMMON  PLANTAIN.)     Smooth  or  rather  hairy,  rarely 
roughish ;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  oval,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  often  toothed, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  channelled  petiole;  spike  dense;  pod  7 -  16-seeded. — 
Moist  grounds,  everywhere  near  dwellings.    June  -  Sept.  —  A  small  and  rougher 
form  in  salt  marshes.     (Nat.  from  Eu.,  but  probably  indigenous  high  north.) 

2.  P.  KAMTSCHATICA,  Cham.     Much  resembles  small  forms  of  the  preced- 
ing; but  sepals  and  bract  narrower,  and  pod  4-seeded.     (P.  Rugelii,  Decaisne.) 
—  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  Day,  and  sparingly  in  the  south.     (Apparently  adv.) 

3.  P.  sparsiflbra,  Michx.     Slender  (3' -18'  high),  smoothish  or  hairy; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  3  -  5-nerved,  tapering  to  both  ends,  denticulate  or  entire  ; 
spike  sparsely-flowered,  very  slender  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  acute ;  pod  2-seeded.  — 
Mound  City,  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey),  and  southward.     July -Sept. 

4.  P.  cordata,    Lam.      Tall,  glabrous;   leaves  heart-shaped  or  round-ovate 
(3'  -  8'  long),  long-petioled,  the  ribs  rising  from  the  midrib ;  spike  at  length  loosely 
flowered ;  bracts  round-ovate,  fleshy ;  pod  2  -  ^-seeded.  —  Along  rivulets,  New  York 
to  Wisconsin  (rare),  and  southward.    April -June. 

*  *  Leaves  linear,  thick  and  fleshy,  without  ribs,  or  when  dry  obscurely  3-nerved:  spike 

slender:  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy  below:  seeds  not  hollowed. 

5.  P.  maritima,  L.,  var.  juncoides.     Smooth,  or  the  scape  slightly  pu- 
bescent ;  leaves  flat  or  flattish  and  channelled,  erect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape 
(5' -12'),  mostly  entire;  pod  2-celled  or  incompletely  3 - 4-celled,  2 - 4-seeded ; 
root  on  our  coast  annual  or  biennial.  (P.  juncoides,  Lam.)  —  Salt  marshes,  from 
New  Jersey  northward.     Near  Boston  a  depauperate  form,  2' -5' high,  little 
fleshy,  grows  in  sand  beyond  the  influence  of  salt  water  (D.  Murray).     The  per- 
ennial P.  maritima  occurs  in  New  Brunswick,  &c.,  perhaps  in  Maine. 

*  #  #  Leaves  3  —  5-ribbed,  narrow*  spike  thick  and  dense,  at  flrst  or  throughout  very 

short:  two  of  the  scarious  sepals  generally  united  into  one:  seeds  only  2,  hollowed 
on  the  inner  face. 

6.  P.  LANCEOlATA,  L.     (RlBGRASS.     RlPPLEGRASS.     ENGLISH  PLANTAIN.) 

Mostly  hairy ;  scape  grooved-angled,  at  length  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate 

or  lance-oblong  leaves,   slender  (9' -2°  high);  root  perennial.  —  Dry  fields : 

common  eastward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Flowers  of  two  sorts  on  distinct  plants,  apparently  polygamo-dioxious  ;  the  mostly 
sterile  with  the  usual  large  anthers  on  long  capillary  filaments,  and  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  rejlexed  or  spreading;  the  truly  fertile  with  minute  anthers  on  short  included 
filaments,  and  the  corolla  usually  closing  permanently  over  the  apex  of  the  fruit  : 
seeds  not  hollowed  on  the  face :  small  annuals  or  biennials. 
*  Stamens  4 :  spike  dense. 

7.  P.  Virglnica,  L.     Hairy  or  hoary-pubescent  (2'- 9'  high);  leaves  ob- 
long, varying  to  obovate  and  spatulate-lanceolafe,  3 -5-nerved,  slightly  or 


312  PLUMBAGINACE^E.       (LEADWORT   FAMILY.) 

coarsely  and  sparingly  toothed;    seeds  usually  2. —  Sandy  grounds,  Rhode 
Island  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May -Sept. 

#  #  Stamens  only  2  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  thread-shaped,  barely  \-ribbed:  spike 
mostly  slender,  of  few  or  many  crowded  or  scattered  small  flowers. 

8.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent  (!'- 4' high);  leaves  en  tire ;  pod 
short-ovoid,  4-seedcd,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bract.  —  Dry  hills,  New  York 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     April- Aug. 

9.  P.  heteroph^lla,  Nutt.    Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  some 
of  them  below  2 - 4-lobed  or  toothed;  pod  oblong-conoidal,  10 - 28-seeded,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.     (P.  pusilla,  Decaisne,  in  DC.)  — Low  or 
sandy  grounds,  from  Philadelphia  southward.     April -June. — Plant  2' -8' 
high. 

§  3.  Flowers  all  commonly  fertile,  but  of  2  sorts  on  different  plants;  the  more  common 
with  very  small  anthers  on  short  filaments  (perhaps  early  and  close-fertilized) ;  oth- 
ers with  large  anthers  on  long-exserted  filaments :  corolla  with  broad  round  lobes 
permanently  widely  spreading:  seeds  2  (one  in  each  cell),  boat-shaped,  deeply  hol- 
lowed on  the  face :  mostly  annuals,  with  narrow  and  woolly  or  hairy  leaves. 

10.  P.  Patag6nica,  Jacq.     Silky-woolly,  or  becoming  naked;  leaves  1- 
3-nerved ;  spike  cylindrical  or  oblong,  dense ;  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious,  with 
a  thick  centre.     (Found  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  America.) 

Var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray.  White  with  silky  wool ;  leaves  varying  from 
oblong-linear  to  filiform;  spike  very  dense  (4'  4' long),  woolly;  bracts  not 
exceeding  the  calyx.  (P.  Lagopus,  Pursh.  P.  gnaphalioides,  Nutt.) — Dry 
plains,  W.  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  —  Runs  through  var.  SPINULOSA  and 
var.  NUDA  into 

Var.  aristata,  Gray.  Loosely  hairy  and  green,  or  becoming  glabrous ; 
bracts  awned,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  flowers.  (P.  aristata,  Michx.,  &c.)  — 
Illinois  and  southwestward. 

ORDER  63.    PLiUMBAGINACEJE.    (LEADWORT  FAMILY.) 

Maritime  herbs,  with  regular  5-merous  flowers,  a  plaited  calyx,  the  5  sta- 
mens opposite  the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the  free  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  hanging  from  a  long  cord  which  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell.  —  The  STATICE^E  or  MARSH-ROSEMARY  TRIBE  only 
is  represented  in  our  region,  in  gardens  by  the  THRIFT  (ARMERIA  VUL- 
GARIS),  on  the  coast  by  a  single  species  of 

1.    STATICE,    Tourn.        SEA-LAVENDER.    MARSH-ROSEMARY. 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1 -sided  on  the  branches,  2-3-bracted. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  membranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  5  stamens  severally  attached  to  their 
bases.  Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  1 -seeded, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  mealy  albumen.  —  Sea -side 
perennials,  with  thick  and  stalked  radical  leaves ;  the  naked  flowering  stems  or 


PRIMULACE^E.        (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  313 


scapes  branched  into  panicles.  (SrartKq,  an  ancient  name  given  to  this  or  some 
other  herb,  on  account  of  its  astringency.) 

1.  S.  Lim6nium,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  obovate-lanceolate,  1- 
ribbed,  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristly  point,  petioled  ;  scape  much-branched, 
corymbose-panicled  (l°-2°  high)  ;  spikelets  1  -3-flowered;  calyx-tube  hairy  on 
the  angles,  the  lobes  ovate-triangular,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  — 
Root  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent.  Flowers  lavender-color.  (Eu.) 

Var.  Caroliniana  (S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  &c.),  the  plant  of  the  Northern 
States,  has  a  hollow  scape,  more  erect  branches,  at  length  scattered  flowers,  and 
sharper  calyx-lobes.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  extending  northward  (where 
it  passes  into  S.  Bahusiensis,  Fries).  Aug.,  Sept.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  64.    PRIMUJLACE^E.    (PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  monapetalous  (rarely  polypetalous)  corolla  and  inserted 
opposite  them,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  a  central  free  placenta  rising  from  the 
base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds.  —  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in 
Samolus  partly  coherent.  (Corolla  none  in  Glaux.)  Stamens  4  or  5, 
rarely  6  or  8.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen,  amphitropous  and  fixed  by  the  middle,  except  in  Tribe  4. 

Tribe  I.    PROIUIjE^E.    Pod  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 
*  Stemless  :  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root. 

1.  Primula.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  open  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included. 

2.  Audrosace.     Corolla  short,  very  small,  constricted  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included. 

3.  Dodecatlieon.     Corolla  reflexed,  5-parted.    Stamens  exserted  :  filaments  united. 

*  *  Stems  leafy  :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (or  in  Glaux  none). 

4.  Trieiitalig.     Corolla  mostly  7-parted.    Stem  leafy  only  at  the  summit. 

5.  Lygimachia.    Corolla  5  -  6-parted  or  5  -  6-petalled.    Stems  leafy  throughout. 

6.  Glaux.     Corolla  none  :  the  calyx  petal-like. 

Tribe  II.     AN  AGALLIDE  JE.    Pod  circumcissile.    Otherwise  as  hi  Tribe  I. 

7.  Anagallis.    Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-parted.    Leaves  opposite. 

S.  Ceii  tune  ulus.     Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4  -  5-cleft.    Leaves  alternate. 

Tribe  III.     S  AMOLE^E.     Pod  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves. 
9.  Samolus.     Corolla  bell-shaped  and  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses. 

Tribe  IV.    HOTTONIEJE.    Pod  as  in  Tribe  I.    Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous. 
10.  Hottoiiia.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Immersed  leaves  pectinately  dissected. 

1.    PRIMULA,    L.        PRIMROSE.    COWSLIP. 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  enlarging  above  the 
insertion  of  the  stamens  ;  the  5  lobes  often  notched  or  inversely  heart-shaped. 
Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves  or  10 
teeth.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  producing  a  tuft  of  veiny  leaves  at  the  root,  and 
simple  scapes,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  umbel.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  primus, 
from  the  flowering  of  the  true  Primrose  in  early  spring.) 

1.  P.  farindsa,  L.  (BIRD'S-EYE  PRIMROSE.)  Leaves  elliptical  or  obo- 
vate-lanceolate, the  lower  surface  and  the  3  -  20-flowered  involucre,  frc.  covered  with 


314  PRIMULACE^E.      (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

a  white  mealiness :  corolla  pale  lilac  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Shores  of  Lakes  St. 
Clair  and  Huron ;  also  Mount  Kineo,  Maine  (A.  H.  Smith),  and  northward. 
June,  July.  —  Scape  3'  - 10'  high.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Mistassinica,  Michx.  Leaves  spatulate  or  wedge-oblong,  thin  and 
veiny,  not  mealy ;  involucre  1  -  8-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  flesh-colored  corolla 
broadly  and  deeply  obcordate.  —  Shores  of  the  Upper  Lakes :  also  Crooked  Lake 
(Sartwell)  and  Annsville,  Oneida  County,  New  York  (Knieskern  and  Vasey), 
Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  ( Wood,  $v.),  and  northward.  May. — A 
pretty  species,  2'  -  6'  high.  (Eu.) 

2.    ANDROSACE,    Tourn.        ANDROSACE. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form ;  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens 
and  style  included.  Pod  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with  clustered  root-leaves, 
and  very  small  solitary  or  umbelled  flowers.  (An  ancient  and  obscure  name, 
thought  by  Linnaeus  to  be  formed  of  ai/8pds,  of  man,  and  O-OKOS,  a  shield.) 

1.  A.  occidentals,  Pursh.  Smoothish  annual;  scapes  diffuse  (2' -4' 
high),  many-flowered;  leaves  and  leaflets  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire, 
sessile ;  calyx-lobes  leafy  >  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  (white)  corolla. 
— Bare  hills  on  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  and  northwestward. 

3.  DODECATHEON,    L.       AMERICAN  COWSLIP. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Corolla  with  a  very 
short  tube,  a  thickened  throat,  and  a  5-parted  reflexed  liinb ;  the  divisions  long 
and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers  long  and 
linear,  approximate  in  a  slender  cone. — Perennial  smooth  herb,  with  fibrous 
roots,  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  simple  naked  scape,  involu- 
crate  with  small  bracts  at  the  summit,  bearing  an  ample  umbel  of  showy  flowers, 
nodding  on  slender  peduncles.  Corolla  rose-color,  or  sometimes  white.  (Name 
fancifully  assumed  from  8o>8eKa,  twelve,  and  0eoi,  gods.) 

1.  D.  Meadia,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  south  westward.  May,  June.  —  Very  handsome  in  cultivation.  In  the 
West  called  SHOOTING-STAR. 

4.  TRIENTALIS,    L.     CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  mostly  7-parted;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pointed.  Corolla 
mostly  7-parted,  spreading,  flat,  without  any  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in 
a  ring  at  the  base :  anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  flowering.  Pod  few-seeded.  — 
Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate 
usually  minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  thin  veiny  leaves  at 
the  summit.  Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  bearing  a  delicate  white  and 
star-shaped  flower.  (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  alluding 
to  the  height  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  Pursh.  (STAR-FLOWER.)  Leaves  elongated-lanceo- 
late, tapering  to  both  ends ;  petals  finely  pointed.  —  Damp  cold  woods  :  common 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  May. 


PRIMULACE.E.       (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  315 

5.    LYSIMACHIA,    Tourn.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  6-7-)  parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-  (or  6 -7-)  parted, 
or  even  of  as  many  separate  petals.  Stamens  as  many.  Pod  globose,  5-10- 
valved,  few -many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  with  mostly  yellow 
flowers,  either  axillary  or  in  a  terminal  raceme.  (Named  in  honor  of  King 
Lysimachus,  or  from  Au'cris,  a  release  from,  fta^?;,  strife.) 

§  1.  NATJMBtJRGIA,  Moench.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  minutely  glandular-dotted : 
parts  of  the  flower  not  rarely  6,  sometimes  7 ;  the  narrow  petals  almost  or  quite 
distinct,  and  with  an  interposed  small  tooth,  sprinkled  with  purplish  dots :  filaments 
slender,  distinct,  equal :  anthers  short :  pod  few-seeded. 

1.  L.  thyrsifl6ra,  L.     (TUFTED  LOOSESTRIFE.)     Smooth;  stem  simple 
(l°-2°  high) ;  lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales,  the  rest  lanceolate,  the  axils  of 
one  or  two  pairs  of  the  middle  ones  bearing  a  short-peduncled  head-like  or  spike- 
like  cluster  of  light  yellow  small  flowers ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  lance-linear. 
(Naumburgia  thyrsiflora,  Reichenb.,  and  Ed.  2.)  —  Cold  wet  swamps,  from  Penn. 
northward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  TRID  YNIA,  Raf.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  dotted :  calyx  and 
golden-yellow  corolla  streaked  with  dark  lines :  filaments  mostly  unequal,  plainly 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  with  no  interposed  sterile  ones :  anthers  short :  pod  5- 
valved,  ripening  only  2-5  seeds. 

2.  L.  stricta,  Ait.     Smooth,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  opposite 
or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in 
a  long  raceme  (5'-  12'),  which  is  leafy  at  the  bas"e ;  or,  in  var.  PRODUCTA,  leafy 
for  fully  half  its  length :  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong.  —  Low  grounds  :  com- 
mon.   June- Aug. —  Stems  l°-2°  high,  often  bearing  oblong  or  moniliform 
bulblets  in  the  axils. 

3.  L.  quadrifolia,  L.      Somewhat  hairy;  stem  simple  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives  (rarely  in  threes  or  sixes)  ovate-lanceolate ;  flow- 
ers on  long  capillary  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong.  —  Moist  or  sandy  soil :   common.      June.  —  A  variety  has  the 
leaves  varying  to  opposite  and  partly  alternate,  some  of  the  upper  reduced  to 
bracts  shorter  than  the  peduncles.    Near  New  York,  Washington,  &c. 

§  3.  STEIRONEMA,  Raf.  Leaves  opposite,  not  dotted,  glabrous,  mostly  ciliate  at 
the  base :  flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves : 
corolla  light  yellow,  not  streaked  nor  dotted;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  with 
undulate  or  denticulate  margins,  little  exceeding  the  sepals :  fllaments  nearly  equal, 
scarcely  monadelphous,  with  the  rudiments  of  a  sterile  set  interposed  at  the  base  in 
the  form  of  slender  teeth  or  processes :  anthers  linear,  at  length  curved:  pod  5-10- 
valved,  or  bursting  irregularly,  10-20-seeded. 

4.  L.  ciliata,  L.     Stem  erect  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  (3' -6' 
long),  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  all  on  long 
and  fringed  petioles ;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  ground  and  thickets : 
common.    July. 

5.  L.  radicans,  Hook.     Stem  slender,  soon  reclined,  the  elongated  branches 
often  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  on  slen- 


316  PRIMULACEuE.        (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

der  petioles :  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Swampy  river-banks,  West 
Virginia  (Aikin)  and  southward.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  nearly  one  half  smaller 
than  in  the  last. 

6.  L.  lanceolata,  Walt.     Stem  erect  (10'- 20'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  va- 
rying to  oblong  and  to  linear,  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  petiole  or  tapering  base, 
or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles.  —  Var.  HYBRIDA  is  merely  the 
broader-leaved  form.     Var.  ANGUSTir6LiA  (L.  angustifolia,  Lam.)  is  a  slender 
branching  form,  with  the  upper  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or'linear,  and  acute 
at  both  ends. — Low  grounds  :  not  uncommon,  especially  westward  and  south- 
ward.   June  -  Aug. 

7.  L.  longifdlia,  Pursh.    Stem  ererf,  4-angled,  slender  (1°- 3°  high),  often 
branched  below;  stem-leaves  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elongated  (2' -4'  long,  2" -3" 
wide),  smooth  and  shining,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often  a  little  revo- 
lute,  the  veins  obscure;  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate;  corolla  (8" -9"  broad) 
longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed.     (L.  revoliita,  Nutt.)  — 
Moist  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 
July -Sept. 

§  4.  Introduced  European  species  of  true  Lysimachia. 

8.  L.  NUMMUIARIA,   L.      (MONEYWORT.)      Smooth;    stems  trailing  and 
creeping;  leaves  roundish,  small,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  calyx- 
lobes  and  the  stamens ;  filaments  slightly  monadelphous  at  the  base.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  into  damp  ground  in  some  places.    July -Sept. 

6.    GLAUX,    L.        SEA-MILKWORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate,  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Pod  5-valved,  few- 
seeded.  —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  oblong  and  entire  ses- 
sile leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (purplish  and  white)  flowers  in  their  axils. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  yXavKos,  sea-green.) 

1.  G.  maritima,  L.  —  Sea-shore  of  New  England  from  Cape  Cod  north- 
ward. Also  beyond  the  Mississippi  northwestward.  June.  (Eu.) 

7.    ANAGALLIS,    Tourn.        PIMPERNEL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube,  5-parted,  longer 
than  the  calyx;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  5:  filaments  bearded.  Pod 
membranaceous,  circumcissile,  the  top  falling,  off  like  a  lid,  many-seeded.  —  Low, 
spreading  or  procumbent  herbs,  mostly  annuals,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (The  ancient  Greek  name, 
probably  from  dvd,  again,  and  crydXAa>,  to  delight  in.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (COMMON  PIMPERNEL.)  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth  or  stalked 
glands.  —  Waste  sandy  fields.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  variable  in  size,  scarlet, 
sometimes  purple,  blue,  or  white,  quickly  closing  at  the  approach  of  bad 
weather;  whence  the  English  popular  name  of  "Poor  Man's  Weather-glass." 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LENTIBTJLACE^:.       (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY.)  317 

8.    CENTUNCULUS,    L.        CHAFFWEED. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4  -  5-cleft,  wheel-shaped, 
with  an  urn-shaped  short  tube,  usually  withering  on  the  summit  of  the  pod 
(which  is  like  that  of  Anagallis).  Stamens  4  or  5  :  filaments  beardless. — 
Small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspicuous  flowers 
in  their  axils.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1 .  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending  (2'  -  5'  long) ;  leaves  ovate,  obovate, 
or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  (C.  lan- 
ceolatus,  Michx.)  — Low  grounds,  Illinois  and  southward.  (Eu.) 

9 .    S  A  M  O  LIT  S ,    L.        WATER  PIMPERNEL.    BROOK-WEED. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  somewhat 
bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  commonly  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  True 
stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Pod  5-valved  at  the  summit, 
many-seeded.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  racemes.  ("  According  to  Pliny,  an  ancient  Druidical  name.") 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -12'  high),  leafy;  leaves  obovate; 
bracts  none ;  bractlets  on  the  middle  of  the  slender  ascending  pedicels  ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  (Eu.) 

Var.  Americanus,  Gray.  More  slender,  becoming  diffusely  branched; 
racemes  often  panicled,  the  pedicels  longer  and  spreading ;  bractlets,  flowers, 
and  pods  smaller.  (S.  floribundus,  H.  B.  K.)  —  Wet  places :  common.  June- 
Sept. 

10.    HOTTONIA,    L.        FEATHERFOIL.    WATER  VIOLET. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  short 
tube;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  5-valved; 
the  valves  cohering  at  the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  attached  by  their  base, 
anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  leaves  pectinate,  and  the 
erect  hollow  flower-stems  almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorled  at 
the  joints,  forming  a  sort  of  interrupted  raceme.  (Named  for  Prof.  Notion,  a 
botanist  of  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century.) 

,  1.  H.  inflata,  Ell.  Leaves  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered 
on  the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  cluster  of  pe- 
duncles, which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints  (often  as  thick  as  one's 
finger) ;  pedicels  short.  —  Pools  and  ditches,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.  June  -  Aug. 

ORDER  65.    UENTIBUlACEJE.    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Small  herbs  (growing  in  water  or  wet  places),  with  a  2-lipped  calyx,  and  a 
2-lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (confluenlly)  one-celled  anthers, 
and  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  several  anatro- 
pous seeds,  with  a  thick  straight  embryo,  and  no  albumen.  —  Corolla  deeply 
2-lipped,  spurred  at  the  base  in  front ;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary 


318  LENTIBULACE^.       (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY.) 

free :  style  very  short  or  none :  stigma  1  -  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger 
and  with  a  prominent  palate.  Pod  often  bursting  irregularly.  Scapes 
1- few-flowered. —  Consists  mostly  of  the  two  following  genera:  — 

1.    UTB-ICULABIA,    L.        BLADDERWORT. 

Lips  of  the  2-parted  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  personate,  the  palate 
on  the  lower  lip  projecting,  often  closing  the  throat.  Anthers  convergent.  — 
Aquatic  and  immersed,  with  capillary  dissected  leaves  bearing  little  bladders, 
which  are  filled  with  air  and  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering ;  or  rooting 
in  the  mud,  and  sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes  1  -  few- 
flowered  ;  usually  flowering  all  summer.  (Name  from  utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

*  Upper  leaves  in  a  whorl  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  by  means  of  large 

bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles ;  the  lower  leaves  dissected  and  capillary, 
bearing  little  bladders:  rootlets  few  or  none. 

1.  IT.  inflata,  Walt.      (INFLATED   BLADDERWORT.)     Swimming  free; 
bladder-like  petioles  oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  branched  near  the  apex, 
bearing  fine  thread-like  divisions;  flowers  5-10  (large, yellow) ;  the  appressed 
spur  half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  styk  distinct.  —  Ponds,  Maine  to  Virginia, 
and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  scaly  bracts),  from  immersed  branching  stems, 

which  commonly  swim  free,  and  bear  capillary  dissected  leaves  furnished  with 
small  air-bladders  on  their  lobes :  roots  few  and  not  affixed,  or  none.     (Mostly 
perennial,  propagated  from  year  to  year  by  a  sort  of  buds.) 
•*-  Flowers  all  alike,  yellow,  several  in  a  raceme:  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit. 

2.  U.  vulgaris,  L.    (GREATER  BLADDERWORT.)    Immersed  stems  (1°- 
3°  long)  crowded  with  2-3-pinnately  many-parted  capillary  leaves,  bearing  many 
bladders;  scapes  5 -  12-flowered  (6' -12'  long) ;  corolla  closed  (6"- 9"  broad,  the 
sides  reflexed  ;  spur  conical,  rather  shorter  than  the  lower  lip,  thick  and  blunt 
in  the  European  and  the  high  northern  plant ;  in  the  common  Var.  AMERICANA 
(U.  macrorhiza,  LeConte),  less  thick  and  rather  acute.  —  Common  in  ponds  and 
slow  streams.     (Eu.) 

3.  IT.  minor,  L.     (SMALLER  B.)    Leaves  scattered  on  the  thread-like  im- 
mersed stems,  2-4  times  forked,  short ;  scapes  weak,  2  -  8-flowered  (3'  -  7'  high) ; 
upper  lip  of  the  gaping  corolla  not  longer  than  the  depressed  palate ;  spur  very  short 
and  blunt,  or  almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois  and  north- 
ward. —  Corolla  2"  -  3"  broad.     (Eu. ) 

•i-  1-  Flowers  of  2  sorts;  viz.  the  usual  sort  (3  -  7)  in  a  raceme,  their  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, the  corolla  yellow ;  and  more  fertile  ones  solitary  and  scattered  along  the  leafy 
stems,  on  short  soon  reflexed  peduncles,  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  corolla  minute  and 
never  expanding. 

4.  U.  clandestina,  Nutt.     Leaves  numerous  on  the  slender  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  copiously  bladder-bearing ;  scapes  slen- 
der (3' -5'  high) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lower  broader 
and  3-lobed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  approximate  thick  and  blunt  spur.  — 
Ponds,  E.  New  England,  W.  New  York,  and  New  Jersey. 


LENTIBULACEJE.       (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY.)  319 

•4-  i-  ••-  Flowers  all  alike,  few  (1-5):  pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 
•++  Corolla  yellow :  scape  and  pedicels  filiform  :  spur  ascending  or  horizontal. 

5.  U.   intermedia,  Hayne.     Leaves  crowded  on  the  immersed  stems, 
2-ranked,  4-5  times  forked,  rigid ;   the  divisions  linear-awl-shaped,   minutely 
bristle-toothed  along  the  margins,  not  bladder-bearing,  the  bladders  being  on  sep- 
arate leafless  branches ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  palate ;  spur 
conical-oblong,  acute,  oppressed  to  the  very  broad  (6"  -  8")  lower  lip  and  nearly  as  long 
as  it.  —  Shallow  pools,  New  England  and  New  Jersey  to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.  —  Leafy  stems  3'  -  6'  long.     Scapes  3'  -  7'  high.     (Eu.) 

6.  U.  Striata,  LeConte.     Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on  the  small  im- 
mersed stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  bladder-bearing;  flowers  2-5  (6" 
broad),  on  long  pedicels  ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded; 
the  upper  undulate,  concave,  plaited-striate  in  the  middle;  spur  nearly  linear, 
obtuse,  approaching  and  almost  equalling  the  lower  lip.  —  Shallow  pools  in  pine  bar- 
rens, Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Scape  8'-  12'  high. 

7.  U.  biflbra,  Lam.     Scape  (2' -5'  high)  l-3-flowered,  at  the  base  bear- 
ing somewhat  elongated  submersed  branches  with  capillary  root-like  leaves  and 
numerous  bladders ;  spur  oblong,  equalling  the  lower  lip ;  seeds  scale-shaped ;  other- 
wise resembles  the  next.  —  Shallow  water,  Illinois  ana  southward. 

8.  U.  gibba,  L.     Scape  (l'-3'high),  l-2-Jtowered,  at  the  base  furnished 
with  very  slender  short  branches,  bearing  sparingly  dissected  capillary  root-like 
leaves  and  scattered  bladders ;  lips  of  the  corolla  broad  and  rounded,  nearly 
equal;  the  lower  with  the  sides  reflexed  (4" -5"  long),  exceeding  the  very  thick 
and  blunt  conical  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water,  Virginia  to  Massachusetts,  N. 
New  York  and  N.  Illinois. 

•w-  •*•+  Corolla  violet-purple. 

9.  U.  purptirea,  Walt.  ?    Leaves  whorled  along  the  long  immersed  free 
floating  stems,  petioled,  decompound,  capillary,  bearing  many  bladders ;  flowers 
2-4  (6"  wide) ;  spur  appressed  to  the  3-lobed  2-saccate  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
and  about  half  its  length.     (U.  saccata,  LeConte.)  — Ponds,  Maine  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.  —  Scape  3'  -  6'  high,  not  scaly  below. 

*  *  *  Scape  solitary,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales,  the  base  rooting 
in  the  mud  or  soil:  leaves  small,  awl-shaped  or  grass-like,  often  raised  out  of  the 
water,  commonly  few  or  fugacious:  air-bladders  few  on  the  leaves  or  rootlets,  or 


-t-  Flower  purple,  solitary:  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

10.  U.  resupinata,  Greene.     Scape  (2' -8'  high)  2-bracted  above;  leaves 
thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches ;  corolla  (4"  -  5"  long)  deeply  2-parted ; 
spur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip  and  remote 
from  it,  both  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transversely  on  the  summit  of  the  scape. 
—  Sandy  margins  of  pends,  E.  Maine  to  Rhode  Island. 

H-  •*-  Flowers  2-10,  (chiefly)  yelloiv:  leaves  entire,  rarely  seen. 

11.  U.  COrntlta,  Michx.     Stem  strict  (3'-l°  high),  2-10-flowered;  ped- 
icels not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  large  and  helmet-shaped,  its 
centre  very  convex  and  projecting,  while  the  sides  are  strongly  reflexed ;  upper 
lip  obovate  and  much  smaller ;  spur  awl-shaped,  turned  downward  and  outward, 


320  BIGNONIACE.-E.       (BIGNONIA   FAMILY.) 

about  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.  — Peat-bogs,  or  sandy  swamps  :  common  both 
northward  and  southward.  —  Flowers  close  together,  large. 

12.  U.  SUbul&ta,  L.  Stem  capillary  (3' -5'  high);  pedicels  capillary; 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  fiat  or  with  its  margins  recurved,  equally  3-hbed,  much 
larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  oblong,  acute,  straight,  oppressed  to  the 
lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine-barrens  of 
New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.  June.  —  Corolla  2"  -  4"  broad. 

U.  —  Walter  characterizes  his  U.  purpurea  as  with  "fioribus  parvis." 
Elliott  mentions  that  he  once  saw,  near  Savannah,  a  small  terrestrial  species, 
like  U.  subulata,  but  purple-flowered,  which  he  took  for  Walter's  plant.  Mr.  J. 
A.  Paine,  Jr.  found  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  in  Sept.,  1866,  a  few 
minute  specimens  of  this  sort,  with  "  faint  pink-purple  corolla,  not  larger  than 
a  pin's  head."  It  is  left  for  further  investigation. 

2.    PINGUiCULA,    L.        BUTTERWORT. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palate.  —  Small  and  stemless  perennials,  growing  on  damp  rocks, 
with  1 -flowered  scapes,  aud  broad  and  entire  leaves,  all  clustered  at  the  root, 
soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  pinguis,  fat). 

1.  P.  vulg£ris,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent ;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form  ;  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  rocks,  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 
July.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  66.    BIONONIACEJE.    (BIGNONIA  FAMILY.) 

Woody  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  monopetalous,  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous,  with  the  ovary  commonly  ^-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  parietal 
placentae  or  of  a  projection  from  them,  many-seeded :  the  large  seeds  with  a 
Jlat  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.  Corolla 
tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  somewhat  irregular  or  2-lipped,  deciduous ; 
the  lower  lobe  largest.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  the  fifth  or  pos- 
terior one,  and  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary : 
anthers  of  2  diverging  cells.  Ovary  free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a 
2-lipped  stigma.  —  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  opposite,  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  large  and  showy.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  :  to  which  are  ap- 
pended several  outlying  groups,  such  as  the  PEDALINE^E,  represented 
by  Martynia,  &c. 

*  Woody  plants,  with  dry  pods.    Seeds  transverse,  very  flat,  winged  ;  the  broad  and  leaf-like 

cotyledons  notched  at  both  ends. 

1.  Bignonia.    Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition.    Leaves  compound,  tendril-bearing. 

2.  Tecoma.     Pod  flattish  contrary  to  the  partition.    Leaves  compound,  without  tendrils. 

3.  Catalpa.     Pod  as  in  No.  2.    Fertile  stamens  only  2.    Trees  :  leaves  simple. 

*  *  Herbs.    Fruit  fleshy  outside,  woody  within.    Seeds  attached  by  one  end,  not  winged  ;  the 

cotyledons  thick  and  entire. 

4.  Martynia.    Fertile  stamens  2  or  4.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  6-lobed.    Fruit  beaked. 


BIGNONIACE^E.       (BIGNONIA   FAMILY.)  321 

1.    BIGNONIA,    Tourn.        BIGNONIA. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  5-lobed 
and  rather  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  often  showing  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  Pod 
2-celled,  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Seeds  transversely 
winged.  —  Woody  climbers,  with  chiefly  compound  leaves,  terminating  in  a  ten- 
dril .  ( Named  for  the  Abbt  Bignon. ) 

1.  B.  capreolata,  L.  Smooth;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  and  a 
branched  tendril,  often  with  a  pair  of  accessory  leaves  in  the  axil  resembling 
stipules;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1-flowered.  —  Kich  soil,  Virginia  to  S. 
Illinois  and  southward.  April.  —  Stems  climbing  tall  trees ;  a  transverse  sec- 
tion of  the  wood  showing  a  cross.  Corolla  orange,  2'  long.  Pod  6'  long.  Seeds 
with  the  wing  l£'  long. 

2.    TECOMA,    Juss.        TRUMPET-FLOWER. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Pod  2-celled,  the  partition  contrary  to  the  convex  valves.  Seeds 
transversely  winged.  —  Woody  climbers,  with  compound  leaves.  (Abridged  from 
the  Mexican  name.) 

1.  T.  radicans,  Juss.  (TRUMPET  CREEPER.)  Climbing  by  rootlets; 
leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5-11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  corymbed;  sta- 
mens not  protruded  beyond  the  tubular-funnel-form  corolla.  (Bignonia  radi- 
cans, L.)  —  Kich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward;  but  cultivated 
farther  north.  July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  2'  -  3'  long,  orange  and  scarlet,  showy. 

3.    CATALPA,    Scop.,  Walt.        CATALPA.    INDIAN  BEAN. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  swelling ;  the  undulate  5-lobed 
spreading  border  irregular  and  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  sometimes  4 ; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical,  2-celled ;  the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  winged  on 
each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.  (The  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C.  bignonioides,  Walt.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  downy  be- 
neath ;  flowers  in  open  compound  panicles.  —  S.  Illinois  ?  and  southward.  Cul- 
tivated in  the  Northern  States :  a  well-known  ornamental  tree,  with  large  leaves, 
and  showy  flowers,  which  are  white,  slightly  tinged  with  violet,  and  dotted  with 
purple  and  yellow  in  the  throat,  appearing  in  July.  Pods  hanging  till  the  next 
spring,  often  1°  long. 

4.    MABTYNIA,    L.    UNICORN-PLANT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  and 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  4,  or  only  2.  Pod  fleshy,  the  flesh  at  length 
falling  away  in  2  valves ;  the  inner  part  woody,  terminated  by  a  beak,  which  at 
length  splits  into  2  hooked  horns,  and  opens  at  the  apex  between  the  horns, 
imperfectly  5-celled,  owing  to  the  divergence  of  the  two  plates  of  each  of  the  two 
partitions  or  placentae,  leaving  a  space  in  the  centre,  while  by  reaching  and  co- 
hering with  the  walls  of  the  fruit  they  form  4  other  cells.  Seeds  several,  wing- 
21 


322  OROBANCHACE.E.       (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY.) 

less,  with  a  thickened  and  roughened  coat.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  clammy- 
pubescent,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor :  stems  thickish :  leaves  simple,  rounded. 
Flowers  racemed,  large.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  John  Martyn,  of  Cambridge.) 

1.  M.  probOSCidea,  Glox.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oblique,  entire,  or  un- 
dulate, the  upper  alternate ;  corolla  dull  white  or  purplish,  or  spotted  with  yel- 
low and  purple ;  endocarp  of  the  fruit  crested  on  one  side,  long-beaked.  —  Banks 
of  the  Mississippi  in  S.  Illinois  (probably  indigenous)  and  southwestward.  Also 
common  in  gardens.  July  -  Oct. 

ORDER  67.    OROBANCHACEJE.     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  foliage  (root-parasites)  monopetalous,  didyna- 
mous,  the  ovary  one-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placenta? ;  pod  very  many- 
seeded  :  seeds  minute,  with  albumen,  and  a  very  minute  embryo.  —  Calyx 
persistent,  4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2-lipped, 
ringent,  persistent  and  withering ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed,  the  low- 
er 3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla : 
anthers  2-celled,  persistent.  Ovary  free,  ovoid,  pointed  with  a  long  style 
which  is  curved  at  the  apex :  stigma  large.  Pod  1-celled,  2-valved ;  the 
valves  each  bearing  on  their  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, minute,  anatropous,  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  transparent 
albumen.  —  Low,  thick  or  fleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  leaves, 
lurid  yellowish  or  brownish  throughout.  Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts :  stems  branching. 

1.  Epipliejf us.    Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla  ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  the 

corolla  minute  and  not  expanding.    Bracts  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect :  stems  mostly  simple. 

2.  Conopliolls.     Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  and  split  on  the  lower  side.    Sta- 

mens protruded.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

3.  Pheliprea.    Flowers  spiked  or  panicled.    Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  and  regularly  5-cleft. 

Corolla  2-lipped.     Stamens  included. 

4.  Apliyllon.    Flowers  solitary,  without  bractlets.    Calyx  regularly  5-cleft.    Corolla  with 

the  border  almost  equally  5-lobed.    Stamens  included. 

1.    EPIPHEGUS,    Nutt.        BEECH-DROPS.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked,  scattered  on  the  branches ;  the  upper  sterile,  with 
a  long  tubular  corolla  and  long  filaments  and  style ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  a  very 
short  corolla  which  seldom  opens,  but  is  forced  off  from  the  base  by  the  growth 
of  the  pod  :  the  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, a  little  2-lobed.  Pod  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  approximate  placenta? 
on  each  valve.  —  Herbs  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish-brown,  much  branched, 
with  small  and  scattered  scales,  6' -12'  high.  (Name  composed  of  eVi',  upon, 
and  (prj-yos,  the  Beech,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree. ) 

1.  E.  Virgini&na,  Bart.  (E.  Americanus,  Nutt.)  —  Common  under 
Beech-trees,  parasitic  on  their  roots.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Corolla  of  the  upper  (ster- 
ile) flowers  whitish  and  purple,  6"  -  8''  long,  curved,  4-toothed. 


OROBANCHACE^E.       (BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY.)  323 

2.     CONOPHOLIS,    Wallroth.         SQUAW-ROOT.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike,  perfect,  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  irreg- 
ularly 4  -  5-toothed  calyx ;  its  tube  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, swollen  at  the  base,  strongly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  notched  at  the 
summit ;  the  lower  shorter,  3-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  protruded.  Stigma 
depressed.  Pod  with  4  placentae,  a  pair  on  the  middle  of  each  valve.  —  Upper 
scales  forming  bracts  to  the  flowers ;  the  lower  covering  each  other  in  regular 
order,  not  unlike  those  of  a  fir-cone  (whence  the  name,  from  K&VOS,  a  cone,  and 
<f)o\tSj  a  scale.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wallroth.  (Orobanche  American  a,  L.)  —  Oak  woods: 
not  rare,  growing  in  clusters  among  fallen  leaves.  May,  June.  —  A  singular 
plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thumb,  3'  - 
6'  long,  covered  with  scales,  which  are  at  first  fleshy,  then  dry  and  hard. 

3.    PHELIP.ZEA,    Toura.        BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  crowded  in  a  spike,  raceme,  or  clustered  panicle,  with  a  pair 
of  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  regular  4  -  5-cleft  calyx.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed  or  notched  ;  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  included.  Ovary 
with  a  gland  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  with  4  placentae,  two  on  the 
middle  of  each  valve.  —  Stems  rather  thick,  scaly.  (Named  for  L.  $•  J.  Pheli- 
peaux,  patrons  of  science  in  the  time  of  Tournefort.) 

1.  P.  Ludovieiana,  Don.  Glandular-pubescent,  branched  (3' -12' high); 
the  flowers  spiked  in  close  clusters ;  corolla  somewhat  curved,  twice  the  length 
of  the  narrow  lanceolate  calyx-lobes ;  the  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Illinois  (E. 
Hall]  and  westward.  Oct. 

4.    APHYLLON,     Mitchell.        NAKED  BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  long  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  without  bractlets. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  regular.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved  tube  and  a  spreading  bor- 
der, somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  deeply  2-cleft,  its  lobes  similar  to  the  3 
of  the  lower  lip.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  broadly  2-lipped.  Capsule  with 
4  equidistant  placentae,  2  borne  on  each  valve  half-way  between  the  midrib  and 
the  margin.  Plants  brownish  or  yellowish.  Flowers  (purplish)  and  scapes 
minutely  glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  a  privative  and  (f)v\\ov,  foliage, 
alluding  to  the  naked  stalks.)  —  Perhaps  rather  a  section  of  Phelipaea. 

1.  A.  unifl6rum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (ONE-FLOWERED  CANCER-ROOT.)    Stem 
subterranean  or  nearly  so,  very  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending 
up  1-3  slender  one-flowered  scapes  (3'- 5' high) ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
awl-shaped,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.     (Orobanche  uniflora,  L.)  —  Woods  : 
not  rare.    April,  May.  —  Corolla  1'  long,  with  2  yellow  bearded  folds  in  the 
throat,  the  lobes  obovate. 

2.  A.  fasciculatum,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Scaly  stem  erect  and  rising  3' -  4'  out 
of  the  ground,  mostly  longer  than  the  crowded  peduncles ;  divisions  of  the  calyx 
triangular,  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which   has   rounded  short  lobes. 
(Orobanche  fasciculata,  Nutt.)  —  Islands  in  Lake  Michigan  (Engelmann),  N. 
Illinois  (  Vasey),  and  northwestward.     May. 


324  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  68.     SCROPIIIJLAUIACEJE.      (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs  (rarely  trees),  with  didynamous  or  diandrous  (or  very  rarely 
5  perfect)  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  flipped  or  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  bud:  fruit  a  '2-celled  and 
usually  many-seeded  pod,  with  the  placenta  in  the  axis :  seeds  anatropous, 
with  a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  —  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or 
2  lobed.  Leaves  and  inflorescence  various  ;  but  the  flowers  not  terminal 
in  any  genuine  representatives  of  the  order.  —  A  large  order  of  bitterish, 
some  of  them  narcotic-poisonous  plants :  the  two  principal  groups  generally 
distinguishable  by  the  aestivation  of  the  corolla. 

I.  ANTIRRHINIDE^.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in 

the  bud  (with  occasional  exceptions  in  Mimulus,  &c.).     Pod  usually 
septicidal. 

Tribe  I.  "VERBASCEJE.  Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.  Flowers  in  a  simple  spike  or 
raceme.  Leaves  all  alternate. 

1.  Verbascum.     Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  and  3  or  all  of  them  with  bearded  filaments. 
Tribe  II.     ANTIRRHINEJE.     Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below, 

the  throat  usually  with  a  palate.    Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  holes.    Flowers  in  simple 
racemes  or  axillary.    Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  liinaria.     Corolla  spurred  at  the  base  ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  throat. 

3.  Antirrhinum.     Corolla  merely  saccate  at  the  base  ;  the  palate  closing  the  throat. 

Tribe  III.  <' IIELONE^E.  Corolla  tubular,  or  2-lipped,  not  spurred  nor  saccate  below. 
Pod  2-4-valved.  Leaves  opposite.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  ;  the  flowers  in  small 
clusters  or  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts,  the  clusters  spiked  or  racemed  ;  or 
when  reduced  to  a  single  flower  the  peduncle  2-bracteate.  Stamens  4,  with  mostly  a  rudi- 
ment of  the  fifth. 

4.  Scrophularia.    Corolla  inflated,  globular  or  oblong,  with  four  erect  lobes  and  one 

spreading  one.    Rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale  on  the  upper  lip. 

5.  Colliusia.    Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  middle  lobe  of 

the  lower  lip  sac-like  and  enclosing  the  declined  stamens. 

6.  Clielone.     Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above.     Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others. 

Anthers  very  woolly.    Seeds  wiuged. 

7.  Peiitstemon.   Corolla  tubular.   Sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  rest.  Seeds  wingless. 
Tribe  IV.     GRATIOLE^l.     Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  nor  spurred.     Pod  2-valved. 

Inflorescence  simple  ;  the  flowers  being  single  in  the  axil  of  the  bracts  or  leaves,  the  pe- 
duncles bractless.    Leaves  all  or  the  lower  ones  opposite.    No  rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen. 
*  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing  and  similar. 

8.  Mimulus.     Calyx  prismatic,  6-angled,  5-toothed.    Corolla  elongated. 

9.  Conobea.     Calyx  6-parted,  the  divisions  equal.    Corolla  short. 

10.  Herpestis.     Calyx  5-parted,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.    Corolla  short. 

*  *  Anther-bearing  stamens  2 :  usually  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 

II.  Gratiola.    Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 

12.   Ilysanthes.     Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 

11.  RHINANTHIDE^}.     Under  lip  or  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla 

covering  the  upper  in  the  bud.     Pod  commonly  loculicidal. 

Tribe  V.  SIBTHORPIE^E,  VERONICEJE,  &c.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  salver- 
shaped,  or  bell-shaped.  Stamens  2  or  4,  not  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  nor  strongly 
didynamous  :  anthers  2-celled. 


SCROPHULARIACE^J.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  325 

13.  Micranthemnm.    Calyx  4-toothed  or  cleft.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  short  or  none.    Sta- 

mens 2,  anterior  :  filaments  with  an  appendage.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  axillary. 

14.  Limosella.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  nearly  regular.    Sta- 

mens 4.    Leaves  alternate  or  fascicled,  fleshy.     Flowers  axillary. 

15.  Syiitliyris.    Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  2-4-lobed,  irregular.    Stamens  2 

or  4.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  raceuied. 

16.  Veronica.     Calyx  4-  (rarely  3-5-)  parted.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped, 

almost  regular.    Stamens  2.    Leaves  chiefly  opposite  or  whorled.    Flowers  racemed. 

Tribe  VI.     BUCHNEREJE.    Corolla  salver-shaped.   Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs  •. 
anthers  1-celled.     Upper  leaves  alternate.    Flowers  in  a  spike. 

17.  Bucb-iiera.    Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.    Limb  of  the  elongated  corolla  5-cleft. 
Tribe  VII.   GERARDIE^B.    Corolla  inflated  or  tubular,  with  a  spreading  and  slightly 

unequal  5-lobed  limb.    Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled.    Leaves  oppo 
site,  or  the  uppermost  alternate. 

18.  Seymeria.    Stamens  nearly  equal.    Tube  of  the  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobes. 

19.  Gerard ia.    Stamens  strongly  unequal,  included. 

Tribe  VIII.     EUPHRASIEJE.      Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  narrow, 
erect  or  arched,  enclosing  the  4  usually  strongly  didynamous  stamens. 

*  Anther-cells  unequal  and  separated.     Pod  many-seeded. 

20.  Castilleia.    Calyx  tubular,  cleft  down  the  lower,  and  often  also  on  the  upper,  side. 

*  *  Anther-cells  equal.     Pod  many  -  several-seeded. 

21.  Scliwalbea.     Calyx  5-toothed,  very  oblique,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  smallest 

22.  Euphrasia.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed.     Pod  oblong. 

23.  Rhiiiauthus.    Calyx  inflated,  ovate.    Pod  orbicular :  seeds  winged. 

24.  Pedicularis.     Calyx  not  inflated.    Pod  ovate  or  sword-shaped :  seeds  wingless. 

*  *  *  Anther-cells  equal.     Pod  1  -  4-seeded. 

25.  Melampyrum.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.    Pod  flat,  oblique. 

1.    VERBASCUM,    L.        MULLEIN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  open  or  concave,  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
broad  and  rounded,  a  little  unequal.  Stamens  5 ;  all  the  filaments,  or  the  3 
upper,  woolly.  Style  flattened  at  the  apex.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded.  — 
Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  those  of  the  stem 
sessile  or  decurrent.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes,  ephemeral ;  in  sum- 
mer. (The  ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbascum.) 

1.  V.  THAPSUS,  L.     (COMMON  MULLEIN.)    Densely  woolly  throughout ;  stem 
tall  and  stout,  simple,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves  ; 
flowers  (yellow,  very  rarely  white)  in  a  prolonged  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike; 
lower  stamens  usually  beardless.  —  Fields,  &c. :  common.     (Nat.  fromEu.) 

2.  V.  BLATTXRIA,  L.      (Moxn  M.)      Green  and  smoothish,  slender ;  lower 
leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped,  the  upper  partly 
clasping;   raceme  loose;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool.  —  Eoadsides : 
not  rare  eastward.     Corolla  either  yellow,  or  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
(Nat  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  LYCHN!TIS,  L.     (WHITE  M.)     Clothed  with  a  thin  powdery  woolliness ; 
stem  and  branches  angled  above ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurrent,  greenish 
above;  flowers  (yellow,  rarely  white)  in  a  pyramidal  panicJe ;  filaments  with 
whitish  wool.  —  Waste  places,  Penn.  to  New  York :  rare :  hybridizes  spontane- 
ously with  the  common  Mullein.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


326  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

2.     LIN ARIA,     Tourn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  with  the  prominent  palate  often  nearly 
closing  the  throat,  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Stamens  4.  Pod 
thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two  pores  or  chinks.  Seeds  many. 

—  Herbs,  with  at  least  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate  :  fl.  in  summer.     (Name 
from  Linum,  the  Flax,  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  resemble.) 

#  Leaves  sessile,  narrow :  plant  glabrous,  erect,  leafy. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Spreng.      (WILD  TOAD-FLAX.)      Slender  annual  or 
biennial,  mostly  simple,  with  scattered  linear  leaves  ;  those  from  prostrate  shoots 
oblong,  crowded,  and  mostly  opposite  or  whorled;  flowers  blue  (very  small),  in 
a  slender  raceme,  short-pedicelled  ;  spur  thread-shaped  (occasionally  wanting). 

—  Sandy  soil :  common. 

2.  L.  VTJLGARIS,  Mill.      (  TOAD-FLAX.     BTTTTEE-AND-EGGS.     RAMSTED.) 
Perennial,  pale  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  alternate,  crowded,  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acutish ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme,  yellow  (1'long);  spur  awl-shaped; 
seeds  flattened  and  margined.  —  Old  fields  and  roadsides  :  common  eastward,  ex- 
tending westward  :  a  showy  but  pernicious  weed.  —  The  Pdoria  state,  with  a 
regular  5-cleft  border  to  the  corolla,  5  spurs,  and  5  stamens,  has  been  observed 
in  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  Darlington.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  GENISTIF6LIA,  Mill.      Glaucous  perennial,  paniculate-branched  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  often  partly  clasping  ;  flowers  scattered,  yellow  (smaller  than  in 
No.  2) ;  seeds  angled  and  wrinkled.  — Roadsides,  New  York,  near  the  city  (Prof. 
H.  J.  Clark,  Lesquereux).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  petioled,  broad,  veiny,  hairy:  stems  procumbent. . 

4.  L.  ELATINE,  Mill.    Branching  annual ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  and  hal- 
berd-shaped, mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  axillary  peduncles  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow  and  purplish ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute.  —  Fields  and  banks,  east- 
ward: scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    ANTIRRHINUM,    L.        SNAPDRAGON. 

Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  the  throat  closed  by  the  large  bearded  palate. 
Seeds  oblong-truncate.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Linaria.  Corolla  commonly  showy, 
resembling  the  face  of  an  animal  or  a  mask ;  whence  the  name  (from  OVTI,  in 
comparison  with,  and  p«/,  a  snout.)  Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

1.  A.  ORONTIUM,  L.     A  small  flowered  annual  or  biennial,  low,  erect; 
leaves  lance-linear ;  spike  loose,  leafy  ;  sepals  longer  than  the  purplish  or  white 
corolla.  — About  gardens,  and  old  fields  in  Virginia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  MAJUS,  L.    (LARGE  SNAPDRAGON.)    A  large-flowered  perennial,  with 
oblong  smooth  leaves  and  a  glandular-downy  raceme ;  sepals  short ;  corolla  1^'  - 
2'  long,  purple  or  white.  —  Eastward  escaping  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.    SCROPHTJLARIA,     Tourn.        FIGWORT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  globular  tube ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  of  the  short  border  erect  (the  two  upper  longer),  the  lower  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  declined,  with  the  anther-cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one ; 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  327 

the  vestige  of  the  fifth  stamen  forms  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  the  sumnm  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  Pod  many-seeded.  —  Rank  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  and  small  greenish-purple  or  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes',  forming  a  ter- 
minal narrow  panicle.  (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  scrofula.) 

1.  S.  nodosa,  L.  Smooth  perennial  (3° -4°  high);  stem  4-sided;  leaves 
ovate,  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  cut-serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at 
the  base.  (S.  Marilandica,  L.)  —  Damp  copses  and  banks.  June-  Aug.  (Eu.) 

5.    COLLINSIA,    Nutt.        COLLINSIA. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  declined,  with  the  tube  saccate  or  bulging  at 
the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  its  lobes 
partly  folded  backwards ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  keeled  and  sac-like, 
enclosing  the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  slender  rudiment. 
Pod  4  -  many-seeded.  —  Slender  branching  annuals  or  biennials,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  handsome  party-colored  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing 
whorled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins, 
of  Philadelphia,  an  accurate  botanist.) 

1.  C.  v6rna,  Nutt.     Slender  (6' -20'  high);  lower  leaves  ovate;  the  up- 
per ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed ;  whorls  about 
6-jlowered ;  flowers  long-peduncled ;  corolla  (blue  and  white)  twice  the  length  of  the 

'calyx.  —  Moist  soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May,  June. 

2.  C.    parvifl6ra,    Dougl.       Small;   lower  leaves  ovate    or  rounded; 
the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  .entire  ;  whorls  2  -  6 flowered ;  flowers  short- 
peduncled;  the  small  (blue)  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  — Shore  of  Lake 
Superior  and  westward. 

6.    CHE  LONE,    Tourn.        TURTLE-HEAD.     SNAKE-HEAD. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  with  the 
mouth  a  little  open ;  the  upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle, 
notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  woolly-bearded  in  the  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  middle  lobe  smallest.  Stamens  4,  with  woolly  filaments  and  very  woolly 
heart-shaped  anthers ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  smaller  than  the  others.  Seeds 
many,  wing-margined.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  branching  stems,  op- 
posite serrate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  purple  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile 
in  spikes  or  clusters,  and  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts 
and  bractlets.  (Name  from  ^eXtoi/i/,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  resembling  in  shape 
the  head  of  a  reptile.) 

1.  C.  glabra,  L.  Leaves  very  short-petioled,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong, 
pointed,  variable  in  width*  &c.  :  the  flowers  white,  rose-color,  or  purple.  (Also 
C.  obliqua,  L.,  &c.)  —  Wet  places :  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Called  also  SHELL- 
FLOWER,  BALMONY,  &c. 

7.    PENTSTEMON,    Mitchell.       BEARD-TONGUE.     PENTSTEMON. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  inflated,  or  bell-shaped, 
either  decidedly  or  slightly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the  lower  3-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  declined  at  the  base,  ascending  above ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament 


328  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

usually  as  long  as  the  others,  either  naked  or  bearded.  Seeds  numerous,  wing- 
less.—  Perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  simple  above,  with  opposite  leaves, 
the  upper  sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  mostly  showy,  thyrsoid  or  ra- 
cemose-panicled.  (Name  from  7revrc,jive,  and  or^/wav,  stamen ;  the  fifth  stamen 
being  present  and  conspicuous,  although  sterile.) 

*  Sterile  filament  bearded  down,  one  side:  flowers  numerous  in  a  loose  and  somewhat 

clammy  panicle,  white  or  purplish. 

1.  P.  pub^SCenS,  Solander.    More  or  less  pubescent  (1°- 3°  high) ;  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  from  a  clasping  base,  serrate  or  sometimes  entire;  corolla  2- 
lipped,  gradually  widened  upwards,  somewhat  flattened  and  one-ridged  on  the  upper 
side,  and  with  2  infolded  lines  on  the  lower  which  are  bearded  inside ;  the  throat 
almost  closed ;  lower  lip  rather  longer  than  the  upper;  sterile  filament  densely 
yellow-bearded.  — Varies  greatly  in  the  foliage,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  when 
it  is  P.  Isevigatus,  Solander,  &c.  —  Dry  banks,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.    June -Sept. 

2.  P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous  (2° -4°  high);  stem-leaves  ob- 
long-or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  serrulate  or  entire ;  corolla  abruptly  inflated  and 
almost  bell-shaped  from  a  narrow  base,  beardless,  with  the  throat  widely  open,  the 
spreading  lobes  nearly  equal ;  sterile  filament  sparingly  bearded.    (Flowers  more 
showy  than  in  the  preceding,  mostly  white,  over  1'long).  —  Rich  soil,  Alexan- 
dria, Virginia  (A.  H.  Curtiss),  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    June -Aug. 

*  *  Sterile  filament  nearly  beardless,  dilated  and  hooked  at  the  end  (rarely  wanting), 

3.  P.  grandifldrus,  Fraser.     Very  smooth  and  glaucous ;  stems  simple 
(l°-3°  high);  leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  rounded,  the  upper  clasping ;  flowers 
(showy,  2'  long)  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme  rather  than 
panicle ;   corolla  oblong-bell-shaped,  almost  regular,  bluish  or  lilac-purple.  — 
Prairies,  W.  Wisconsin  (Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Lapham),  and  westward.    June. 

8.    MIMULUS,    L.        MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  largest.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar ;  the  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed-spreading,  2-lobed ;  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  2-lipped,  the  lips  ovate.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs, 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  handsome  flowers  on  solitary  axillary  and 
bractless  peduncles.  (Name  from  /zt/Ao>,  an  ape,  on  account  of  the  gaping  corolla. ) 
*  Erect  from  a  perennial  root,  glabrous:  leaves  feather-veined :  corolla  violet-purple. 

1.  M.  ringens,  L.     Stem  square  (1°-  2°  high);  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  serrate;    peduncles  longer  than  the 
flower ;  calyx-teeth  taper-pointed,  nearly  equal.  — Wet  places  :  common.    July- 
Sept.  —  Flower  1'- 1£'  long,  rarely  white. 

2.  M.  alatUS,  Ait.     Stem  somewhat  winged  at  the  angles ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  has  very 
short  abruptly  pointed  teeth  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Low  grounds,  Connecti- 
cut to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

*  *  Diffusely  spreading :  leaves  several-nerved  and  veiny :  corolla  yellow. 

3.  M.  Jamdsii,  Torr.     Smooth  or  smoothish  ;  stems  creeping  at  the  base ; 
stem-leaves  roundish  or  kidney-shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equalling  the  peduncles ; 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  329 

calyx  ovate,  inflated  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  largest.  —  In  cool  springs, 
N.  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Flowers  small,  little  larger 
than  in  the  cultivated  M.  MOSCHATUS  or  MUSK-PLANT. 

9.    CONOBEA,    Aublet.        (CAPRARIA,  Michx.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted. 
Stamens  4,  fertile :  anthers  approximate.  Style  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes 
wedge-form.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  small  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  2-bractleted  peduncles.  (Name  unex- 
plained.) 

I.  C.  multifida,  Benth.  Diffusely  spreading,  much  branched,  minutely 
pubescent,  annual;  leaves  petioled,  pinnately  parted,  divisions  linear-wedge- 
shaped  ;  corolla  (greenish-white)  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  — River-banks, 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward ;  also  adventive  below  Philadelphia.  July  -  Sept. 

10.    HERP33STIS,     Gasrtn.        HERPESTIS. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  upper  division  broadest,  the  innermost  often  very  narrow. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  all  fertile.  Style  dilated  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous. — Low 
herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers;  in  summer:  ours 
rather  succulent  perennials.  (Name  from  epirrjarTrjs,  a  creeping  thing,  the  species 
being  chiefly  procumbent.) 

*  Upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  merely  notched:  leaves  many-nerved. 

1 .  H.  rotundifblia,  Pursh.    Nearly  smooth,  creeping ;  leaves  round-olovate, 
half  clasping  (£'-!'  long) ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  upper 
sepal  ovate.  —  Wet  places,  Illinois  and  southward. 

2.  H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursh.     Stems  hairy,  creeping  at  the  base ;  leaves 
ovate,  clasping;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx;  upper  sepal  heart-shaped.  — Wet 
places,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  Aromatic  when  bruised. 

#  *  Corolla  (bluish)  almost  equally  5-cleJt,  the  upper  lip  being  2-parted:   calyx  2- 
bracted:  stamens  almost  equal:  leaves  nearly  nerveless. 

3.  H.  Monniera,  H.  B.  K.     Smooth,  somewhat  creeping ;  leaves  obovate 
or  wedge-shaped.  —  Maryland  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

11.    GRATIOLA,    L.        HEDGE-HYSSOP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  co- 
rolla entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  mere  sterile  filaments,  or  wanting.  Style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  the 
apex.  Pod  4-valved,  many-seeded.  — Low  herbs,  mostly  perennials,  some  appar- 
ently annuals,  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  peduncles, 
usually  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Flowering  all  summer;  all 
inhabiting  wet  or  damp  places.  (Name  from  gratia,  grace  or  favor,  on  account 
of  supposed  excellent  medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Anthers  with  a  broad  connective:  the  cells  transverse:  stems  mostly  diffusely 
branched,  or  creeping  at  base,  soft  viscid-pubescent  or  smooth. 


330  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

*  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  none:  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yellowish. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  L.      Stem   clammy-puberulent  above  (4' -6'  high); 
leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly  toothed ;  peduncles  almost  equal- 
ling the  leaves  (£' '-  1'  long) ;  pod  ovoid  (2"  long).  —  Very  common. 

2.  G.  sphaerocarpa,  Ell.     Smooth,  rather  stout  (5' -10'  high);  leaves 
lance-ovate  or  oblong,  toothed ;  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the 
large  (3")  globular  pod.  —  N.  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

*  *  Sterile  filaments  slender,  tipped  with  a  little  head:  leaves  short  (^'-1'  long). 

3.  G.  viscbsa,  Schweinitz.       Clammy -pubescent  or  glandular ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  corolla 
whitish,  yellow  within.  —  Kentucky  and  southward. 

4.  G.  atirea,  Muhl.     Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  entire, 
equalling  the  peduncles;  corolla  golden-yellow  (£'  long).  —  Sandy  swamps,  N. 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  to  Virginia,  and  southward, 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective  ;  the  cells  vertical :  hairy  plants,  with  erect  rigid 
and  more  simple  stems,  from  an  apparently  annual  root:  sterile  filaments  tipped 
with  a  head. 

5.  G.  pi!6sa,  Michx.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile 
(£'  long) ;  flowers  nearly  sessile;  corolla  white,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Low  ground,  Camden  Co.,  New  Jersey  ( C.  E.  Smith,  C.  F.  Parker),  Maryland, 
and  southward. 

12.    ILYSANTHES,    Raf.        (LINDEENIA,  Muhl.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed  ; 
the  lower  larger  and  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  2-lobed,  without 
anthers  ;  one  of  the  lobes  glandular  ;  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and  tooth- 
like.  Style  2-lipped  at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Small 
and  smooth  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  (purplish)  flowers, 
or  the  upper  racemed,  produced  all  summer.  (Name  from  iXvs,  mud,  or  mire, 
and  civQoSi  flower.) 

1.  I.  gratioloides,  Benth.  (FALSE  PIMPERNEL.)  Much  branched,  dif- 
fusely spreading  (4' -8'  high);  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or  oblong,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire,  the  upper  partly  clasping.  (Capraria  gratioloides,  L.  Lin- 
dernia  dilatata,  &  L.  attenuata,  Muhl. )  —  Wet  places  :  common. 

13.    MICRANTHEMUM,    Michx.      (Including  HEMIANTHUS,  Nutt.) 

Calyx  4-lobed  or  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted.  Corolla  short,  2-lipped,  with  the  up- 
per lip  considerably  shorter  than  the  lower,  or  1 -lipped,  the  upper  lip  obsolete  ; 
lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  longest.  Stamens  2,  anterior,  the  short  fila- 
ment with  a  glandular  (mostly  basal)  appendage  :  anthers  2-celled,  didymous. 
No  sterile  filaments.  Style  short,  its  apex  or  the  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  glob- 
ular, thin,  with  a  very  delicate  or  evanescent  partition,  several  -  many-seeded. 
—  Small,  smooth,  depressed  and  tufted  or  creeping  annuals,  in  mud  or  shallow 
water,  with  opposite  and  entire  rounded  or  spatulate  sessile  leaves,  and  minute 


SCROPHULARIACE^:.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  331 

white  or  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  leaves  (usu- 
ally one  axil  floriferous,  that  of  the  other  leaf  sterile).  (Name  formed  of  ptKpos, 
small,  and  avde p.ov^  flower. )  —  The  section  HEMIANTHUS  (from  rjp.i,  half,  and 
avdos,  flower)  includes  the  species  like  ours,  of  which  there  are  several  dis- 
covered by  C.  Wright  in  Cuba,  having  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  very  short 
or  obsolete,  and  mostly  slender  or  subulate  stigmas. 

1.  M.  Nuttallii.  (Hemianthus  micranthemoides,  Nutt.)  Branches  as- 
cending, l'-2'  high;  leaves  obovate-spatulate  or  oval;  peduncles  at  length 
recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which  is  bell-shaped,  4-toothed  and 
usually  split  down  on  one  side,  in  fruit  becoming  pear-shaped ;  middle  lobe  of 
the  corolla  linear-oblong,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones  ;  appen- 
dage of  the  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  tilament  itself;  stigmas  subulate.  — 
Tidal  muddy  bands  of  the  Delaware  River,  and  southward.  Aug.  -  Oct. 

14.    LIMOSELLA,    L.        MUDWORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  widely  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  confluently  1-celled.  Style  short,  club-shaped. 
Pod  globular,  many-seeded ;  the  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  —  Small  annuals, 
growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  sea-shore,  creeping  by  slender  runners,  with- 
out ascending  stems ;  the  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clusters  around  the  simple 
1 -flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  (Name  a  diminutive 
of  limus,  mud,  in  which  these  little  plants  delight  to  grow.) 

1.  L.  aquatica,  L.  :  var.  tenuif61ia,  Hoffm.  Leaves  (with  no  blade 
distinct  from  the  petiole)  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  (L.  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  L. 
subulata,  Ives.)  —  In  brackish  tidal  mud,  from  New  Jersey  northward.  Aug., 
Sept.  —Plant  l'-2'  high.  (Eu.) 

15.    SYNTHYBIS,    Benth.        SYNTHYKIS. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -4-lobed  or  cleft. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  occasionally  with  another  pair  from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted  :  anther- 
cells  not  confluent  into  one.  Style  slender :  stigma  simple.  Pod  flattened, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-grooved,  2-celled  (rarely  3-lobed  and  3-celled), 
many-seeded,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  cohering  below  with  the  columella.  —  Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  the  simple  scape-like  stems  beset  with  partly-clasping  bract- 
like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  petioled,  crenate.  Flowers 
in  a  raceme  or  spike,  with  bracted  pedicels.  (Name  composed  of  crui>,  together, 
and  6vpis,  a  little  door ;  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

1.  S.  Houghtoniana,  Benth.  Hairy;  root-leaves  round-ovate,  heart- 
shaped;  raceme  spiked,  dense  (5' -12');  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx, 
usually  2-3-parted.  —  High  prairies  and  hills,  Wisconsin,  Houghton,  Lapham. 
Michigan,  Wright.  Illinois,  Mead.  May.  —  Corolla  greenish-white,  for  the 
most  part  deeply  2-parted,  with  the  upper  lip  entire,  a  little  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  lower,  which  is  3-toothed ;  but  occasionally  3-parted,  with  the  upper 
lip  notched  or  2-lobed.  When  there  are  4  stamens  the  lower  are  later  than 
the  others. 


332  SCROPHULARIACE.E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

16.    VERONICA,    L.        SPEEDWELL. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  3-5-)  parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  the 
border  4-parted  (rarely  5-parted) ;  the  lateral  lobes  or  the  lower  one  commonly 
narrower  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  exserted :  anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire :  stigma 
single.  Pod  flattened,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  few -many- 
seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs :  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  whorled :  flowers  blue,  flesh- 
color,  or  white.  (Derivation  doubtful ;  perhaps  the  flower  of  St.  Veronica.) 
§  1 .  Tall  perennials,  with  mostly  whorled  leaves :  racemes  terminal,  dense,  spiked  : 

bracts  very  small :  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its  limb  and  much  longer  than 

the  calyx  ;  both  sometimes  5-cleft.     (Leptandra,  Nutt.) 

1.  V.  Virginica,  L.     (CULVER'S-ROOT.    'CULVER'S  PHYSIC.)     Smooth 
or  rather  downy  ;  stem  simple,  straight  (2° -6°  high) ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours 
to  sevens,  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  spikes  panicled ; 
stamens  much  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  southward : 
often  cultivated.    July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  small,  nearly  white.    Pod  oblong-ovate, 
not  notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. 

§  2.   Perennials  with  opposite  usually  serrate  leaves :  flowers  in  axillary  mostly  oppo- 
site racemes :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (pale  blue) :  pod  notched,  many-seeded. 

2.  V.  Anagallis,  L.      (WATER   SPEEDWELL.)      Smooth,  creeping  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  then  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  clasping  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  entire  (2'  -  3'  long) ;  pedicels  spread- 
ing ;  pod  slightly  notched.  —  Brooks  and  ditches,  especially  northward  :  rare 
eastward.    June- Aug.  —  Corolla  pale  blue  with  purple  stripes.     (Eu.) 

3.  V.  Americana,  Schweinitz.      (AMERICAN   BROOKLIME.)      Smooth, 
decumbent  at  the  base,  then  erect  (8' -15'  high) ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acutish,  serrate,  thickish,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
the  slender  pedicels  spreading;  pod  turgid.     (V.  Beccabiinga,  Amer.  authors.} 
—  Brooks  and  ditches  :  common.    June  -  Aug. 

§  3.  Perennials,  with  diffuse  or  ascending  branches  from  a  decumbent  base :  leaves 
opposite :  racemes  axillary,  from  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  axils :  corolla 
wheel-shaped:  pod  strongly  flattened,  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  SCUtellata,  L.     (MARSH  SPEEDWELL.)    Smooth,  slender  and  weak 
(6'-  12'  high)  ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute,  remotely  denticulate;  racemes  1  or  2,  very 
slender  and  zigzag ;  flowers  few  and  scattered,  on  elongated  spreading  or  reflexed 
pedicels ;  pod  very  flat,  much  broader  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends  or  didy- 
mous.  —  Bogs  :  common  northward.    June- Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  officinalis,  L.      (COMMON  SPEEDWELL.)     Pubescent;   stem  pros- 
trate, rooting  at  the  base  ;  leaves  short-petioled,  obovate-elliptical  or  wedge-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, se>~rate  ;  racemes  densely  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  pod 
obovate-triangular,  broadly  notched.  — Dry  hills  and  open  woods.   July.    (Eu.) 
§  4.   Leaves  opposite :  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  bracts  resembling  the 

stem-leaves:  corolla  wheel-shaped:  pods  flat,  several-seeded. 
#  Perennials  (mostly  turning  blackish  in  drying). 

6.  V.  alpina,  L.      Stem  branched  from  the  base,  -erect,  simple  (2(-6' 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire  or  toothed;  nearly  sessile; 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  333 

raceme  hairy,  few-flowered,  crowded  ;  pod  obovate,  notched.  —  Alpine  summits  of 
the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire.     (Eu.) 

7.  V.  serpyllifdlia,  L.    (THYME-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL.)  Much  branched 
at  the  creeping  base,  nearly  smooth ;  branches  ascending  and  simple  (2'  -  4'  high) ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the  lowest  petioled  and  rounded,  the  upper 
passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  raceme  loose ;  pod  rounded,  broader  than  long, 
obtusely  notched.  —  Roadsides  and  fields :  common  :  introduced  and  indigenous. 
May -July.  —  Corolla  whitish,  or  pale  blue,  with  deeper  stripes.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Annuals  or  biennials:  floral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem,  so  that  the  flowers 
appear  to  be  axillary  and  solitary :  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

8.  V.  peregrina,  L.     (NECKWEED,    PURSLANE  SPEEDWELL.)    Nearly 
smooth,  erect  (4' -9'  high),  branched;  lowest  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  toothed, 
thickish ;  the  others  sessile,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  longer 
than  the  almost  sessile  (whitish)  flowers ;  pod  orbicular,  slightly  notched,  many- 
seeded. —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds:  common:  appearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed.     April  -  June. 

9.  V.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SPEEDWELL.)     Simple  or  diffusely  branched 
(3' -8'  high),  hairy ;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate;  the  uppermost  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  pod  inversely  heart-shaped, 
the  lobes  rounded.  —  Cultivated  grounds  :  rather  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  5.  Annuals  or  biennials  (prostrate-spreading,  hairy)  :  stem-leaves  opposite  (all  peti- 
oled), the  upper  alternate  and  bearing  solitary  peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils : 
corolla  wheel-shaped:  pod  flat:  seeds  cup-shaped.  Rare  or  local  immigrants, 
and  only  near  the  coast,  from  Massachusetts  to  Virginia. 

10.  V.  AGRESTIS,  L.     (FIELD  SPEEDWELL.)     Leaves  round  or  ovate,  cre- 
nate-toothed ;  the  floral  somewhat  similar,  about  the  length  of  the  recurved  pedun- 
cles ;  calyx-lobes  oblong ;  flower  small ;  ovary  many-ovuled,  but  the  nearly  orbicu- 
lar and  sharply  notched  pod  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Sandy  fields.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  V.  BUXBAUMII,  Tenore.    Leaves  round  or  heart-ovate,  crenately  cut- 
toothed  (§'-!'  long),  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  flower  large  (nearly  ^' wide, 
blue) ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  widely  spreading  in  fruit ;  pod  obcordate-triangular, 
broadly  notched,  1 6  - 24-seeded.  —  Waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.  V.  HEDER^r6LiA,  L.      (IVY-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL.)      Leaves  rounded 
or  heart-shaped,  3  -  7 '-toothed  or  lobed,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  some- 
what heart-shaped;  flowers   small;  pod  turgid,  2-lobed,  2-4-seeded.  —  Shaded 
places.     April -June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

17.    BTJCHNERA,    L.        BLUE-HEARTS. 

Calyx  tubular,  obscurely  nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
straight  or  curved  tube,  and  an  almost  equally  5-cleft  limb  :  the  lobes  oblong  or 
wedge-obovate,  flat.  Stamens  4,  included,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  one- 
celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and  entire  at  the  apex.  Pod 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubtless  root-parasitic), 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate  ; 
the  flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  spike,  bracted  and  with  2  bractlets.  (Named 
in  honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.) 


334  SCOPHULARIACEuE.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

1.  B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  wand-like  (l°-2°  high); 
lower  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  others  oblong  and  lanceolate,  sparingly  and 
coarsely  toothed,  veiny;  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  spike  inter- 
rupted ;  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts,  one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purple 
corolla.  —  Plains,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June-  Aug. 

18.    SEYMERIA,    Pursh.        SETMERIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  somewhat  equal :  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
equal  and  pointless.  Pod  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs,  with  the  gen- 
eral aspect  and  character  of  Gerardia  :  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  dissected  or 
pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract-like.  Flowers  yellow,  interrupt- 
edly racemed  or  spiked.  (Named  for  Henry  Seymer,  an  English  naturalist.) 

1.  S.  macroph^lla,  Nutt.  (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.)  Rather  pubescent 
(4° -5°  high) ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly  lan- 
ceolate divisions  pinnatifid  and  incised,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  are  the  filaments  except  their  apex ;  style  short, 
dilated  and  notched  at  the  point ;  pod  ovate,  pointed.  —  Shady  river-banks,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  July. 

19.    GERARDIA,    L.        GERARDIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.     Corolla  campanulate-funnel-form,  or 
somewhat  tubular,  swelling  above,  with  5  more  or  less  unequal  spreading  lobes, 
the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  and  more  united.     Stamens  4,  strongly  di- 
dynamous,  included,  hairy :  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
parallel,  often  pointed  at  the  base.     Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flat- 
tened at  the  apex.  Pod  globular  or  ovate,  pointed,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branch- 
ing herbs  (more  or  less  root-parasitic) :  stem-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate, the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  and  subtending  1 -flowered  peduncles, 
which  often  form  a  raceme  or  spike.     Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow ;  in  late 
summer  and  autumn.     (Dedicated  to  the  celebrated  herbalist,  John  Gerarde. ) 
§  1.  GERARDIA  proper.     Calyx-teeth  short :  corolla  purple  or  rose-cofor :  anthers 
all  alike,  nearly  pointless :  leaves  linear,  entire.     ( Our  species  are  all  branching 
annuals.     They  still  need  revision,  in  connection  with  those  of  the  Southern  States. ) 
*  Peduncles  shorter  or  moderately  longer  than  the  calyx:  stem  ere«t. 

1.  G.  purpiirea,  L.     (PURPLE  GERARDIA.)     Stem  (8' -20'  high)  with 
long  and  rigid  widely  spreading  branches ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-margined; 
flowers  large   (!'  long),  bright  purple,  often  downy;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Low  grounds,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward, 
mostly  towards  the  coast. 

2.  G.  maritima,  Raf.     (SEA-SIDE  G.)    Low  (4' -12' high),  with  shorter 
branches ;  leaves  rather  fleshy  and  obtuse,  as  are  the  short  calyx-teeth ;  corolla  £'  long. 
—  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 

3.  G.  aspera,  Dougl.     Sparingly  branched  (l°-2°  high);   leaves  long 
and  narrowly  linear,  rough ;  pedicels  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which  has 


SCROPHULARIACE^:.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  335 

lanceolate  acute.teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;   corolla  larger  than  in  No.  1. — 
Damp  grounds,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 

*  #  Peduncles  long  and  filiform,  commonly  exceeding  the  leaves :    stems  diffusely 
branched,  slender  (8'  -  20'  high) :  corolla  light  purple,  5"  -  7"  long. 

4.  G.  tenu.if.61ia,  Vahl.     (SLENDER  G.)      Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute, 
the  floral  ones  mostly  like  the  others ;  calyx-teeth  very  short,  acute ;  pod  globular, 
not  exceeding  the  calyx.  — Dry  woods :  common. 

5.  G.  setacea,  Walt.    Leaves  bristle-shaped,  as  are  the  branchlets,  or  the 
lower  linear;  pod  ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  has  short  setaceous  teeth. 
(G.  Skinneriana,  Wood.)  —  Dry  grounds,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

§  2.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf.  Calyx  5-deft,  the  lobes  often  toothed:  corolla  yellow; 
the  tube  elongated,  woolly  inside,  as  well  as  the  anthers  and  filaments :  anthers  all 
alike,  scarcely  included,  the  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base :  leaves  rather  large,  all 
of  them  or  only  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  toothed.  (Perennials.) 

6.  G.  flava,  L.  partly.     ( DOWNY  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)     Pubescent  with  a 
fine  close  down ;  stem  (3° -4°  high)  mostly  simple;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid;  peduncles  very 
short ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Open  woods, 
especially  in  the  Middle  States.  —  Corolla  1^'  long. 

7.  G.  quercifblia,  Pursh.     (SMOOTH  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)     Smooth  and 
glaucous  (3°  -  6°  high),  usually  branching ;  lower  leaves  commonly  twice-pinnatifid; 
the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire  ;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
the  lance-linear  acute  lobes  of  which  are  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated  tube. 

—  Rich  woods,  especially  southward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

8.  G.  integrif  61ia,  Gray.    Smooth,  not  glaucous ;  stem  ( 1  °  -  2°  high )  mostly 
simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the.  calyx.    (Dasystoma  quercifolia,  var.  ?  integrifolia,  Benth.)  — Woods 
and  barrens,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  — 
Corolla  1'  long. 

9.  G.  grandifl6ra,  Benth.     Minutely  downy;  stem  much  branched  (3°- 
4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut,  the  lower  pinnatifid;  pedun- 
cles rather  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  (2'  long)  4  times  the  length  of  the 
broadly  lanceolate  entire  or  toothed  calyx-lobes.     (Dasystoma  Drummondii, 
Benth.)  —  Oak  openings,  Wisconsin  (Lapham),  Illinois  (Vasey)  and  southward. 

—  Intermediate  between  G.  flava  and  the  next. 

10.  G.  pedicularia,  L.     Smoothish  or  pubescent,  much  branched  (2°- 
3°  high,  very  leafy) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  and  the  lobes  cut  and  toothed; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  hairy  mostly  serrate  calyx-lobes.  —  Dry  copses  :  common. 

§  3.  OTOPHYLLA,  Benth.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  unequal:  corolla  pur- 
ple (rarely  white),  sparingly  hairy  inside,  as  well  as  the  very  unequal  stamens: 
anthers  pointless,  those  of  the  shorter  pair  much  smaller.  (Annuals  ?) 

11.  G.  auriculata,  Michx.     Rough-hairy;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple  (9'- 
20'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower  entire,  the 
others  with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base ;  flowers  nearly 
sessile  in  the  axils  (!'  long).  —  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and 
southward. 


336  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMILT.) 

20.  CASTILLEIA,     Mutis.        PAINTED-GUP. 

Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  cleft  at  the  summit  on  the  anterior,  and  usually  on 
the  posterior  side  also ;  the  divisions  entire  or  2-lobed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx ;  its  upper  lip  long  and  narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  flattened 
laterally,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens ;  the  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Anther- 
cells  oblong-linear,  unequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous. 
Pod  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  (root-parasitic),  with  alternate  entire  or  cut-lobed 
leaves ;  the  floral  ones  usually  dilated,  colored,  and  more  showy  than  the  yel- 
low or  purplish  spiked  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  C.  COCCinea,  Spreng.     (SCARLET  PAINTED-CUP.)     Hairy  biennial  or 
annual ;  stem  simple ;  root-leaves  clustered ;  those  of  the  stem  incised ;  the  floral 
3-cleft,  bright  scarlet  towards  the  summit  (rarely  yellow) ;  calyx  almost  equally  2- 
cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  pale  yellow  corolla.    (Euchroma 
cbccinea,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  low  grounds :  not  uncommon.     May- Aug. 

2.  C.  pallida,  Kunth.     Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy  perennial ;  at  the  sum- 
mit woolly ;  leaves  often  incised ;  the  floral  oblong  or  obovate,  whitish,  rarely 
tinged  with  purple;  calyx  deft  more  deeply  in  front,  the  divisions  2-cleft,  the  ovate- 
oblong  lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  whitish  corolla.      (C.   septentrionalis, 
Lindl.)  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Green 
Mountains,  Vermont,  Lake  Superior  and  northwestward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  sessiliflbra,  Pursh.    Hairy  and  low  perennial  (6' -9'  high);  leaves 
mostly  3-cleft,  with  narrow  diverging  lobes ;  the  floral  broader,  not  colored:  spike 
many-flowered,  crowded ;  calyx  deeper  cleft  in  front,  the  divisions  deeply  %-cleft, 
shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  long  and  narrow  greenish-yellow  corolla ;  which 
has  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  slender,  pointed,  about  half  the  length  of  the  upper. 
—  Prairies,  Wisconsin  (Lapham),  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

21.  SCHWALBEA,     Gronov.        CHAFF-SEED. 

Calyx  oblique,  tubular,  10-12-ribbed,  5-toothed;  the  posterior  tooth  much 
smallest,  the  2  anterior  united  much  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched,  oblong,  entire ;  the  lower  rather  shorter,  erect,  2-plaited,  with  3 
very  short  and  broad  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  upper  lip :  an- 
ther-cells equal  and  parallel,  obscurely  pointed  at  the  base.  Pod  ovate,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat-  —  A  perennial  minutely  pu- 
bescent upright  herb  (l°-2°  high),  with  leafy  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a 
loose  spike  of  rather  large  dull  purplish-yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  alternate, 
sessile,  3-nerved,  entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  into  nar- 
row bracts.  Pedicels  very  short,  with  2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated 
to  C.  G.  Schwalbe,  an  obscure  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.  Americana,  L.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Cape  Cod  at  Sandwich  (B.  D. 
Greene),  near  Albany,  New  York,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward 
near  the  coast.  May  -  July. 

22.     EUPHRASIA,     Tourn.        ETEBRIGHT. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  scarcely 
arched,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  337 

lobes  obtuse  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip :  anther-cells  equal, 
pointed  at  the  base.  Pod  oblong,  flattened.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs  with 
branching  stems,  and  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves.  Flowers  small,  spiked. 
(Name  eix^pao-ta,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  E.  officinalis,  L.  Low  annual;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  the  lowest 
crenate,  the  floral  bristly-toothed ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  (whitish,  yellow- 
ish, or  bluish)  corolla  notched.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire  (Oakes),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  A  dwarf  variety,  l'-5' 
high,  with  very  small  flowers.  (E.  pusilla,  Godet,  mss.)  (Eu.) 

23.    RHINANTHUS,    L.    YELLOW-RATTLE. 

Calyx  membrana,ceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  but  fur- 
nished with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  apex ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate,  hairy,  transverse  ;  the  cells 
equal,  pointless.  Pod  orbicular,  flattened.  Seeds  many,  orbicular,  winged.  — 
Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves ;  the  lower  oblong  or  linear ;  the 
upper  lanceolate,  toothed ;  the  floral  rounded  and  cut-serrate  with  bristly  teeth ; 
the  solitary  yellow  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their  axils,  and  crowded  in  a  one- 
sided spike.  (Name  composed  of  ptV,  a  snout,  and  avdos,  a  flower,  from  the 
beaked  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species  formerly  of  this  genus. ) 

1.  R.  Crista-galli,  L.  (COMMON  YELLOW-RATTLE.)  Leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate;  seeds  broadly  winged  (when  ripe  they  rattle  in  the  inflated  calyx, 
whence  the  popular  name). — Plymouth,  Mass,  (probably  introduced),  White 
Mountains,  N.  Hampshire  (Tuckerman),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

24.    PEDICTJIiARIS,    Tourn.        LOTJSEWOKT. 

Calyx  various.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  flattened, 
often  beaked  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect  at  the  base,  2-crested  above,  3-loT>ed ; 
the  lobes  commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Stamens 
4,  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  transverse ;  the  cells  equal,  pointless.  Pod 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
chiefly  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  floral  bract-like,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a  spike. 
(Name  from pediculus,  a  louse;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  P.    Canadensis,    L.      (COMMON    LOUSEWORT.      WOOD    BETONY.) 
Hairy;  stems  simple,  clustered  (5' -12'  high);   leaves  scattered;  the  lowest  pin- 
nately  parted;  the  others  half-pinnatifid ;  spike  short  and  dense;  calyx  split  in 
front,  otherwise  almost  entire,  oblique;  upper  lip  of  the  (dull  greenish-yellow 
and  purplish)  corolla  hooded,  incurved,  2-toothed  under  the  apex ;  pod  flat, 
somewhat  sword-shaped.  —  Copses  and  banks  :  common.     May  -  July. 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.      Stem  upright  (l°-3°  high),  nearly  simple, 
mostly  smooth;  leaves  partly  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  cut-toothed;   spike 
crowded;  calyx  2-lobed,  leafy-crested;  upper  lip  of  the  (pale  yellow)  corolla 
incurved  and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect,  so  as 
nearly  to  close  the  throat ;  pod  ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     (P.  pallida, 
Pursh.)  — Swamps,  Connecticut  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin.    Aug.,  Sept. 

22 


338  ACANTIIACEJE.       (ACANTHUS    FAMILY.) 

25.    MELAMPYRUM,    Tourn.        COW-WHEAT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-cleft;  the  taper  lobes  sharp-pointed.  Tube  of  the  co- 
rolla cylindrical,  enlarging  above;  upper  lip  arched,  compressed,  straight  in 
front;  the  lower  erect-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the 
equal  cells  minutely  pointed  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Pod  flattened,  oblique,  1  -  4-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  opposite 
leaves,  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  larger  and  fringed  with  bristly  teeth 
at  the  base.  Flowers  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  in 
our  species.  (Name  composed  of  p.e\as,  black,  and  Trupos,  wheat ;  from  the  color 
of  the  seeds  of  field  species  in  Europe,  as  they  appear  mixed  with  grain.) 

1.  M.  Americanum,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  the  lower 
entire ;  the  floral  ones  similar,  or  abrupt  at  the  base  and  beset  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  not  half  the  length  of  the  slender  tube  of 
the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla,  (M.  pratense,  var.  Americanum,  Benth.)  — 
Open  woods:  common.  June -Sept. — Plant  6' -12' high.  Corolla  5"  long, 
more  slender  than  in  M.  pratense,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple. 

ORDER  69.    ACANTHACEJE.     (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamous  or  diandrous  sta- 
mens, inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  2-lipped  corolla,  the  lobes  of 
which  are  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud;  fruit  a  2-celled  and  few-  (4- 
12-)  seeded  pod ;  seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen,  usually  flat  and  sup- 
ported by  hooked  projections  of  the  placentae.  —  Flowers  commonly  much 
bracted.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Style  thread-form:  stigma  simple  or  2-cleft. 
Pod  loculicidal,  usually  flattened  contrary  to  the  valves  and  partition. 
Seed  with  albumen  in  Elytraria  of  the  Southern  States,  according  to  Dr. 
Feay.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and  slightly  bitter,  not 
noxious.  A  large  family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  :  represented 
in  gardens  by  THUNBERGIA,  which  differs  from  the  rest  by  the  globular 
pod  and  seeds,  the  latter  not  on  hooks  (retinacula)  ;  in  the  Northern  States 
by  only  two  indigenous  genera. 

1.    DIANTHERA,    Gronov.        WATER-WILLOW. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-parted,  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2 :  anthers  2-celled, 
the  cells  separated  and  somewhat  unequal.  Pod  obovate,  flattened,  contracted 
at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  4-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  water  or 
wet  places,  with  entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  spikes 
or  heads.  (Name  formed  of  8i's,  double,  and  dvdrjpd,  anther;  the  separated  cells 
giving  the  appearance  of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  L.  .  Leaves  linear-lattceolate,  elongated;  spikes  ob- 
long, dense,  long-peduncled.  (Justicia  pedunculosa,  Michx.  Rhytiglossa,  Nees.) 
—  Borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  N.  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 


VERBENACE^E.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.)  339 

2.    RUlSIiIjIA,    L.        (DIPTERACANTHUS,  Nees,  &  Ed.  2.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  spreading  ample  border  almost 
equally  and  regularly  5-cleft,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  included,  di- 
dynamous :  cells  of  the  somewhat  arrow-shaped  anthers  parallel  and  nearly 
equal.  Pod  narrow,  in  our  species  (of  the  section  DIPTERACANTHUS)  somewhat 
flattened,  contracted  and  seedless  at  the  base,  above  8-12-seeded.  Seeds  with 
a  mucilaginous  coat,  when  wet  under  the  microscope  exhibiting  innumerable 
tapering  short  bristles,  their  walls  marked  with  rings  or  spirals.  —  Perennials, 
with  rather  large  and  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters, 
sometimes  also  with  small  flowers  precociously  close-fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx 
often  2-bracteolate.  (Named  for  the  early  herbalist,  John  Ruelle.) 

1 .  R.  Cilibsa,  Pursh.     Hirsute  with  soft  whitish  hairs  ( 1°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves 
nearly  sessile,  oval  or  ovate-oblong  (l'-2f  long) ;  flowers  1-3  and  almost  sessile 
in  the  axils ;  tube  of  the  corolla  ( 1'  - 1£'  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  setaceous 
calyx-lobes;  the  throat  short.    (Dipteracanthus  ciliosus,  Nees.)  — Dry  soil,  Mich- 
igan to  Illinois,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  R,.  str^pens,  L.     Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  (l°-4°  high);  leaves 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong  (2^'  -  5'  long) ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  (about  1'  long)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion,  slightly 
exceeding  the  lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes.      (Dipteracanthus  strepens,  Nees.)  — 
Flowers  1  -  5  in  each  axil,  rarely  on  a  slender  peduncle,  usually  almost  sessile ; 
sometimes  many  and  closely  crowded,  then  mostly  fruiting  in  the  bud,  (when  it 
is  D.  micranthus,  Engelm.  $-  Gr.}.—  Rich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.    July  -  Sept 

ORDER  70.    VERBENACE^E.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular 
corolla,  and  didynamous  stamens,  the  2 -^-celled  (in  Phryma  1 -celled)  fruit 
dry  or  drupaceous,  usually  splitting  when  ripe  into  as  many  1-seeded  inde- 
hiscent  nutlets ;  differing  from  the  following  order  in  the  ovary  not  being 
4-lobed,  the  style  therefore  terminal,  and  the  plants  seldom  aromatic  or 
furnishing  a  volatile  oil.  —  Seeds  with  a  straight  embryo  and  little  or  no 
albumen.  —  A  large  order  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  sparingly  rep- 
resented in  cool  regions. 

Tribe  I.     VERBEXE.E.    Ovary  2-  4-celled,  and  with  an  erect  anatropous  ovule  in  each 
cell :  radicle  inferior. 

1.  Verbena.    Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calyx  tubular.    Fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  Lippia.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.     Calyx  short,  2-cleft.     Fruit  splitting  into  2  nutlets. 

3.  Callicarpa.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.     Calyx  short.     Fruit  berry-like,  with  4  nutlets. 
Tribe  II.     PHRYME^E.     Ovary  1 -celled  :   ovule  erect,  orthotropous :  radicle  superior. 

4.  Phryma.     Flowers  in  slender  spikes.     Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped.     Fruit  an  achenium. 

1.    VERBENA,    L.        VERVAIN. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form ;  the  border  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft. 


34:0  VERBENACE.^.       (VERVAIN   FAMILY.) 

Stamens  included ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers.  Style  slender : 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Flowers  sessile,  in 
single  or  often  panicled  spikes,  bracted;  produced  all  summer.  (The  Latin 
name  for  any  sacred  herb  :  derivation  obscure.)  —  The  species  present  numerous 
spontaneous  hybrids. 

§  1.  Anthers  not  appendaged:  erect  herbs,  with  slender  spikes. 
#  Leaves  undivided :  root  perennial. 

1.  V.  angustifdlia,  Michx.     Low.  (6'-18'  high),  often  simple;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed ; 
spikes  few  or  single ;  the  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger  than  in  the  next.  —  Dry 
soil,  Amherst,  Mass.,  to  Wisconsin  and  southward :  rare  northward. 

2.  V.  hastata,  L.     (BLUB  VERVAIN.)     Tall  (4° -6°  high);  leaves  lance- 
olate or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  lower  often  lobedand 
sometimes  halberd-shaped  at  the  base ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  densely  Jlowered,  corymbed 
or  panicled.     (V.  paniculata,  Lam.,  when  the  leaves  are  not  lobed.)  — Low  and 
waste  grounds :  common.    At  the  north  probably  immigrant  from  the  south. 

3.  V.  urticifblia,  L.      (NETTLE-LEAVED  or  WHITE  V.)     Rather  tall; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled;  spikes  very  slender,  at 
length  much  elongated,  with  the  flowers  remote,  loosely  panicled,  very  small,  white. 
—  Old  fields  and  roadsides  :  apparently  immigrant. 

4.  V.  stricta,  Vent.     (HOARY  V.)     Downy  with  soft  whitish  hairs;  stem 
nearly  simple  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate;  spikes  thick 
and  very  densely  flowered,  somewhat  clustered,  hairy.  — Barrens,  Ohio  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southward.  —  Flowers  blue,  pretty  large. 

#  *  Leaves  cleft  or  pinnatijid,  narrowed  at  the  base :  root  perennial  ? 

5.  V.  OFFICINALIS,  L.     (EUROPEAN  V.)     Erect,  loosely  branched  (1° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  pinnatijid  or  3-cleft,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  smooth  above,  the  lobes 
cut  and  toothed ;  spikes  panicled,  very  slender ;  bracts  small,  much  shorter  than 
the  very  small  purplish  flowers.     (V.  spuria,  L.) — Roadsides;  chiefly  south- 
ward: scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  V.  bractedsa,  Michx.     Widely  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy;  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-c/eft,  short-petioled ;  spikes  single,  remotely 
flowered ;  bracts  large  and  leafy,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  pur- 
ple flowers.  —  Waste  places,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

§  2.  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  with  a  glandular  appendage. 

7.  V.  Aublfctia,  L.    Annual,  rather  hairy,  spreading  or  ascending ;  leaves 
obovate-oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  3-cleft  and  cut  or  pinnatifid ;  spikes 
peduncled,  flat-topped  in  flower ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  showy, 
light  purple.  —  Prairies  and  rocks,  from  Illinois  southward.    Also  cultivated. 

2.    LIPPIA,    L.        (ZAPANIA,  Juss.) 

Calyx  short,  often  flattened,  2-4-toothed,  or  2-lipped.  Corolla  2-lipped:  up- 
per lip  notched;  the  lower  much  larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style 
slender:  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  (Dedicated  to 
Augustus  Lippi,  an  Italian  naturalist  and  traveller.) 


LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  341 

1.  L.  lanceol&ta,  Michx.  (FOG-FRUIT.)  Procumbent  or  creeping,  rough- 
ish,  green ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  wedge-spatulate,  serrate  above ;  peduncles 
axillary,  slender,  bearing  solitary  closely  bracted  heads  of  bluish-white  flowers ; 
calyx  2-cleft,  the  divisions  sharply  keeled.  —  River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Illi- 
nois and  southward.  July-  Sept. 

3.    CALLICARPA,    L.        CALLICARPA. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed,  short.  Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  exserted  :  anthers  opening  at  the  apex.  Style 
slender,  thickened  upwards.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like  drupe,  with  4  nutlets.  — 
Shrubs,  with  scurfy  pubescence,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  (Name 
formed  of  /cuAAos,  beauty,  and  Kapnos,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  (FRENCH  MULBERRY.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong  with 
a  tapering  base,  toothed,  whitish  beneath ;  calyx  obscurely  4-toothed ;  fruits  vio- 
let-color. —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  May  -  July. 

4.    PHRYMA,    L.        LOPSEED. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-awl-shaped  teeth ;  the 
lower  shorter,  2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  notched ;  the  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  dry, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  oblong,  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded !  Seed  orthotropous. 
Radicle  pointing  upwards  :  cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  slender  branching  stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate  leaves,  the 
lower  long-petioled ;  the  small  opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and  slender  terminal 
spikes,  reflexed  in  fruit,  and  bent  close  against  the  axis.  .  Corolla  purplish  or 
pale  rose-color.  (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

1.  P.  LeptOSt£chya,  L.  —  Woods  and  copses :  common.  July.  —  Plant 
(2«> -3°  high)  :  leaves  3' -5'  long,  thin. 

ORDER  71.    LABIATE.    (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  square  stems,  opposite  aromatic  leaves,  more  or  less  2- 
lipped  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets  or  achenia,  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  filled  with  a  sin- 
gle erect  seed.  —  Nutlets  smooth  or  barely  roughish  and  fixed  by  their 
base,  except  in  the  first  tribe.  Albumen  mostly  none.  Embryo  straight 
(except  in  Scutellaria)  :  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Upper  lip  of 
the  corolla  2-lobed  or  sometimes  entire;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers 
axillary,  chiefly  .in  cymose  clusters,  these  often  aggregated  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  Foliage  mostly  dotted  with  small  glands  containing  a 
volatile  oil,  upon  which  depends  the  warmth  and  aroma  of  the  plants  of 
this  large  and  well-known  family.  (More  abundant  in  the  Old  World 
than  the  New.  One  third  of  our  genera  and  many  of  the  species  are 
merely  introduced  plants.) 


342  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.  A.TUGOIDE7E.  Stamens  4,  ascending  (curved  upwards)  and  parallel,  usually 
projecting  from  the  notch  of  the  upper  side  of  the  (not  evidently  2-lipped)  5-lobed  corolla. 
Nutlets  reticulated  and  pitted,  obliquely  attached  by  the  inside  near  the  base. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  all  declined  (turned  forwards) :  stamens  exserted. 

1.  Teucrium.     Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  much  larger  than  the  others.    Calyx  5-toothed. 

2.  Tricliostema.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  scarcely  unequal.     Calyx  5-cleft,  oblique. 

*  #  Lobes  of  the  corolla  almost  equally  spreading :  stamens  nearly  included. 

3.  Isauthus.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  almost  equalling  the  small  corolla. 

Tribe  II.  SATUREIE^E.  Stamens  4,  the  inferior  pah-  longer,  or  only  2,  distant, 
straight,  diverging,  or  converging  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-celled.  Lobes  of  the 
corolla  flat  and  spreading. 

*  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small.    Stamens  erect,  distant. 

4.  Mentha.     Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

5.  Lycopus.     Fertile  stamens  2  ;  and  often  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthers. 

*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped  ;  the  tube  naked  (not  bearded)  within. 

-i-  Stamens  only  2,  distant :  no  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 

6.  Cunila.    Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  small. 

•i-  1-  Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers. 

7.  Hyssopus.    Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.    Sta- 

mens exserted,  diverging. 

8.  Py  cnanthemum.     Calyx  ovate  or  short-tubular,  10  -  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat, 

equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  clusters. 

9.  Origanum.     Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  5-toothed.     Sta- 

mens diverging.     Flowers  spiked,  and  with  large  colored  bracts. 

10.  Tliymus.     Calyx  ovate,  nodding  in  fruit,  hairy  in  the  throat,  10 -  13-nerved,  2-lipped. 

Stamens  distant.    Bracts  minute.     Leaves  very  small. 

11.  Satureia.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.    Sta- 

mens somewhat  ascending. 

12.  Calamtntha.     Calyx  tubular,  often  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-lipped.  Tube  of 

the  corolla  straight.    Stamens  connivent  at  the  summit  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip. 

13.  Melissa.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  flattish  on  the  upper  side.    Tube  of  the 

corolla  curved  upwards.    Stamens  curved  above,  connivent  under  the  erect  upper  lip. 
•)-  •»-  •»-  Stamens  only  2  with  anthers,  ascending,  and  a  pair  of  small  sterile  filaments. 

14.  Hedeoma.     Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.    Flowers  loose. 

*  *  *  Corolla  2-lipped  and  with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged  throat. 

15.  Collinsonia.     Calyx  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped.    Lower  lobe  of  the  co- 

rolla much  larger  than  the  other  four.    Stamens  2  or  4,  long,  diverging. 

Tribe  III.  I»ION  ARDE^E.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  also  with  mere  rudiments  of  the 
upper  pair),  ascending  and  parallel :  anthers  either  apparently  or  really  1-celled.  Corolla 
2-lipped. 

16.  Sal  via.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Anthers  with  a 'long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing 

a  linear  cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  cell  on  the  lower. 

17.  Monarda.     Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothed.    Anthers  of  2  cells  con- 

fluent into  one ;  the  connective  inconspicuous. 

18.  Blephilia.     Calyx  ovate-tubular,  2-lipped.    Anthers  as  in  the  preceding. 

Tribe  IV.  NEPETEJE.  Stamens  4,  the  superior  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  inferior ! 
ascending  or  diverging.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  concave  9r  arched,  the  lower 
spreading.  Calyx  mostly  15-nerved. 

19.  Lopb.anth.u8.    Stamens  divergent ;  the  upper  pair  curved  downwards  ;  the  lower  as- 

cending :  anther-cells  nearly  parallel. 

20.  Nepeta.    Stamens  all  ascending ;  the  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  ;  the  cells  at  length 

widely  diverging.    Calyx  more  or  less  curved. 


LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  343 

21.  Dracocephalum.    Stamens  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.     Calyx  straight,  the  upper 

lip  or  upper  tooth  commonly  larger. 

22.  Cedroiiella.     Stamens  all  ascending.    Anther-cells  parallel. 

Tribe  V.  STACHYDE^E.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel;  the  inferior  (outer) 
pair  long-er  than  the  superior,  except  in  No.  33.  Anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs. 
Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched.  Calyx  5  -  10-nerved. 

*  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  thin  and  membranaceous,  inflated -bell-shaped  in  fruit. 

23.  Synaiiclra.     Calyx  almost  equally  4-lobed !     Anther-cells  widely  divergent. 

24.  Physogtegia.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.     Anther-cells  parallel. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 

25.  Brunella.     Calyx  nerved  and  veiny  ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft. 

26.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  with  a  helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  lip»  entire. 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  nor  the  tube  inflated,  5  -  10-toothed. 
•*-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

27.  Marrutoium.    Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  and  with  6  or  10  awl-shaped  teeth. 

•»-  -t-  Stamens  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
•H-  Anthers  opening  transversely  by  two  unequal  valves  ;  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

28.  Galeopsis.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped;  the  5  teeth  spiny -pointed. 

•H-  -H-  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

29.  Stachys.      Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped.     Nutlets  rounded  at  the  top.     Stamens  after 

shedding  the  pollen  often  turned  downward. 

30.  Leon  urns.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  and  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading.    Nut- 

lets truncate  and  acutely  3-angled  at  the  top. 

31.  Lamium.    Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-pointed.   Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  top. 

32.  Ball  ota.     Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  the  5-10  teeth  united  at  the  base  into  a  spread- 

ing border.     Nutlets  roundish  at  the  top.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

33.  Phlomis.    Calyx  tubular,  the  5  teeth  abruptly  awned.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched. 

1.    TEUCRIUM,    L.        GERMANDER. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  oblong,  turned 
forward,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  upper  lip ;  the  lower  one  much  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla : 
anther-cells  confluent.'  (Named  for  Teucer,  king  of  Troy.) 

1.  T.  Canad&ise,  L.  (AMERICAN  GERMANDER.  WOOD  SAGE.)  Her- 
baceous perennial,  downy ;  stem  erect  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  hoary  underneath;  the  floral  scarcely" 
longer  than  the  oblique  unequally-toothed  calyx ;  whorls  about  6-flowered, 
crowded  in  a  long  and  simple  wand-like  spike.  —  Low  grounds :  not  rare. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  pale  purple,  rarely  white. 

2.    TRICHOSTEMA,    L.        BLUE  CURLS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  3  upper  teeth  elongated  and 
partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short.  Corolla  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  ob- 
long, declined,  nearly  equal  in  length  ;  the  3  lower  more  or  less  united.  Sta- 
mens 4,  with  very  long  capillary  filaments,  exserted  much  beyond  the  corolla, 
curved  :  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  length  confluent.  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clammy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1 -flowered  pedicels  terminating  the  branches,  becoming  lateral  by  the 
production  of  axillary  branchlets,  and  the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed, 


344  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

namely,  the  short  teeth  of  the  calyx  upward,  &c.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to  pur- 
ple, rarely  white,  small ;  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  composed  of  Qpl£, 
hair,  and  OTJ//ua,  stamen,  from  the  capillary  filaments.) 

1.  T.  dich6tomum,  L.     (BASTARD  PENNYROYAL.)     Leaves  lance-oblong 
or  rhombic-lanceolate,  rarely  lance-linear,  short-petioled.  —  Sandy  fields,  New 
England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.  —  Stamens  £'  long. 
Corolla  blue  :  a  pink  variety  near  Hartford,  Conn.,  C.  H.  Olmstead. 

2.  T.  lineare,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  More  slender  and  less  forked  than  the  last. 

'  3 .     ISANTHUS,    Michx.        FALSE  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  equal,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  little  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  equal  and  obovate  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  slightly  didynamous,  incurved-ascending,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  corolla.  —  A  low,  much  branched  annual,  clammy-pubescent,  with  nearly  en- 
tire lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  1-3- 
flowered  peduncles.  (Name  from  «ros,  equal,  and  avdos,  flower,  referring  to  the 
almost  regular  corolla. ) 

1.  I.  CSeruleus,  Michx. —  Gravelly  banks  and  fields,  Maine  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  2"  long. 

4.    M^NTHA,    L.        MINT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a 
short  included  tube ;  the  bell-shaped  border  somewhat  equally  4-cleft ;  the  upper 
lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  distant.  —  Odorous 
perennial  herbs,  with  the  sjnall  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters,  forming  axil- 
lary capitate  whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  interrupted  spikes  ;  produced 
in  summer ;  of  two  sorts  as  to  the  length  of  the  stamens  in  most  species. 
Corolla  pale  purple  or  whitish.  (Mivdrj  of  Theophrastus,  from  a  Nymph  of  that 
name,  fablefl  to  have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  the  jealous  Proserpine.) 
#  Inflorescence  terminal,  forming  narrow  'spikes :  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  M.  ROTUNDIF6LIA,  L.     (ROUND-LEAVED  MINT.)     Soft-hairy  or  downy ; 
leaves  round-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  rugose,  crenate-toothed.  —  Wet 
places,  Maine,  J.  Blake,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.,  Porter.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  vfRiDis,  L.      (SPEARMINT.)      Nearly  smooth ;   leaves  oblong- or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  unequally  serrate.  —  Wet  places  :  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Inflorescence  mostly  terminal,  forming  interrupted  spikes  or  heads:  leaves  petioled. 

3.  M.  PIPER|TA,  L.     (PEPPERMINT.)     Smooth ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute ; 
spikes  loose.  —  Var.  SUBHIRSUTA,  Benth.,  has  the  petioles,  veins  of  the  leaves, 
&c.  rather  hairy.  —  Low  grounds/  and  along  brooks  :  less  naturalized  than  the 
last ;  and  like  it  multiplying  rapidly  by  running  under-ground  shoots.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  AQITATICA,  L.     (WATER  MINT.)     Pubescent  or  smoothish ;  leaves 
ovate  or  round-ovate;  flowers  in  a  terminal  globular  or  interrupted  and  oblong 
head,  often  with  one  or  more  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  calyx  and 


LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  345 

usually  the  pedicels  hairy.  The  common  form  has  the  stems  hairy  downwards. 
—  Muddy  shores,  Nanticoke  River,  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canby.  —  Var.  GLABRATA, 
Benth.,  a  nearly  smooth  form,  differing  from  Peppermint  in  the  rounder  leaves 
and  spike  of  2  or  3  rounded  heads  (M.  citrata,  Ehrh.). — Litchfield,  Connecti- 
cut, Dr.  T.  F.  Allen.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
*  *  *  Inflorescence  axillary,  the  globular  whorls  or  clusters  all  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 

the  uppermost  axils  not  flowei'-bearing :  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  toothed.    ( The 

species  apparently  run  together.) 

5.  M.  SAT!VA,  L.    (WHORLED  MINT.)    Stem  hairy  downwards ;  leaves  ovate  ; 
calyx  oblong-cylindrical  with  very  slender  teeth.     Intermediate  between  the  last 
and  the  next,  apparently  runs  into  both.  —  River-banks,  N.  Jersey  &Penn.,  Prof. 
Porter.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  M.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  MINT.)    Lower  and  smaller-leaved  than  the 
last;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  teeth  short  and  broader.  —  Moist  fields:  rare.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

7.  M.  Canadensis,  L.    (WILD  MINT.)    Leaves  varying  from  ovate-oblong 
to  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends ;   calyx  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  teeth  rather 
short ;  hairs  on  the  stem  when  present  not  conspicuously  reflexed.     The  com- 
moner form  is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  has  nearly  the  odor  of  Pennyroyal.  — 
Var.  GLABRATA,  Benth.  (M.  borealis,  Michx.)  is  smoothish,  "the  scent  pleas- 
anter,  more  like  that  of  Monarda."     (Prof.  Porter.)  —  Shady  wet  places,  New 
England  to  Kentucky  and  northward. 

5.    LYCOPUS,    L.        WATER  HOREHOUND. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  distant;  the 
upper  pair  either  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets  with  thickened  margins. 
—  Perennial  low  herbs,  resembling  Mints,  with  sharply  toothed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  than  the  dense  axillary  whorls  of 
small  mostly  white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  \VKOS,  a  wolf, 
and  novsjfoot,  from  some  fancied  likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  L.  Virginicus,  L.    (BUGLE-WEED.)    Stem  obtusely  4-angled  (6' -18' 
high),  producing  long  and  slender  runners  from  the  base ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  toothed,  entire  towards  the  base,  short-petioled ;  calyx-teeth  4,  ovate, 
bluntish  and  pointless.  —  Shady  moist  places:  common,  especially  northward. — 
Smooth,  often  purplish,  with  small  capitate  clusters  of  very  small  flowers.  —  The 
depauperate,  few-flowered  form,  often  tuberiferous  at  base  (L.  uniflorus,  Michx., 
and  L.  pumilus,  Vahl),  Lake  Superior  and  northward.    Plant  very  bitter. 

2.  L.  EUTOpJBUS,  L.    Stem  sharply  4-angled(l°- 3°  high);  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid,  usually  more  or  less 
petioled ;  whorls  many-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  5,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
rigid  very  sharp  point ;  nutlets  (smooth  or  glandular-roughened  at  the  top)  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  calyx-tube.     (Eu.)  —  Includes  several  nominal  species  (the 
sterile  filaments  variable) ;  among  them  in  our  district  is 

Var.  sessilif61ius.  Nearly  smooth,  producing  slender  leafy  runners  from 
the  decumbent  base ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  closely  sessile  or  almost  clasping,  re- 


346  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

motely  toothed ;  sterile  filaments  minute  and  slender.  —  Atsion  Creek,  New  Jer- 
sey, W.  M.  Canby.  —  Nearest  the  var.  parvifolius,  Miguel,  from  Japan :  proba- 
bly L.  rubellus,  Mcench,  is  a  closely  related  form. 

Var.  integrifdlius.  Stems  often  producing  slender  runners ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  narrowly  lanceolate  (L.  angustifolius,  Nutt.),  much  acu- 
minate at  both  ends  (2' -4'  long),  slender-petioled,  sharply  serrate.  —  Common 
westward. 

Var.  sinuatus.  (L.  sinuatus,  Bentk.  L.  exaltatus  &  L.  sinuatus,  Eli.) 
Much  branched,  smooth  or  smoothish ;  runners  short  or  none ;  leaves  mostly 
more  tapering  to  both  ends  than  in  the  European  form,  varying  from  cut-toothed 
to  pinnatifid ;  sterile  filaments  mostly  with  a  globular  or  spatulate  tip.  —  Com- 
mon in  wet  grounds. 

6.    CUNILA,    L.        DITTANY. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  equally  5-toothed,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2- 
lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  mostly  notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft. 
Stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant :  no  sterile  filaments.  —  Perennials,  with 
small  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in  corymbed  cymes  or  clusters.  (An  ancient 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  (COMMON  DITTANY.)  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely 
much  branched  (1°  high) ;  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted  (!'  long) ;  cymes  peduncled ;  calyx  striate.  — 
Dry  hills,  S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  south  ward.  July -Sept 

7.    HYSSOPUS,    L.        HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
short,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  with 
the  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  diverging.  —  A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  wand-like  simple  branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and 
blue-purple  flowers  in  small  clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.  (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  H.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  —  Roadsides,  &c.,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.    PYCNANTHEMUM,    Michx.       MOUNTAIN  MINT.    BASIL. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the 
three  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short,  more 
or  less  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly  notched ; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  distant,  the  lower 
pair  rather  longer  :  anther-cells  parallel.  —  Perennial  upright  hefbs,  with  a  pun- 
gent mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  above;  the  floral  leaves  often 
whitened;  the  many-flowered  whorls  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and  usually 
forming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  the  lips 
mostly  dotted  with  purple  Fl.  summer  and  early  autumn.  —  Varies,  like  the 
Mints,  with  the  stamens  exserted  or  included  in  different  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  TTVKVOS,  dense,  and  avQepov,  a  blossom,  from  the  dense  inflorescence.) 


LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  347 

*  Calyx  scarcely  at  all  2-lipped,  the  teeth  and  bracts  awl-shaped  and  awn-pointed, 

rigid,  naked,  as  long  as  the  corolla :  flowers  in  rather  dense  mostly  terminal  heads : 
leaves  rigid,  slightly  petioled. 

1.  P.    aristatum,    Michx.      Minutely  hoary-puberulent  (l°-2°high); 
leaves  ovate-oblong  and  obleng-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  denticulate-serrate 
(l'-2'  long),  roundish  at  the  base.  — Pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Var.  hyssopifblium,  Gray.     Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  broadly  linear, 
nearly  entire  and  obtuse.     (P.  hyssopifolium,  Benth. )  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped  from  the  greater  union  more  or  less  of  the  3  upper  teeth,  which, 

with  the  bracts,  are  subulate  and  bearded  with  some  spreading  hairs :  flowers  in 
dense  and  compound  flattened  cymes,  which  become  considerably  expanded  in  fruit : 
leaves  membranaceous,  petioled.  (Species  2-5  incline  to  run  together.) 

2.  P.  Tlillia,  Benth.     Leaves  greener  and  loosely  soft-downy,  only  the  floral 
ones  whitened,    otherwise  resembling  those  of  the  next ;  .cymes  dense ;  bracts 
much  surpassing  the  flowers,  their  long  awn-like  points  and  the  awn-pointed  calyx- 
teeth  bearded  with  long  loose  hairs.  — Dry  ground,  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
southward. 

3.  P.  incanum,   Michx.      Leaves  ovate-oblong,   acute,   remotely  toothed, 
downy  above  and  mostly  hoary  with  whitish  wool  underneath,  the  uppermost  whitened 
both  sides;  cymes  open ;  bracts  linear-awl-shaped  and,  with  the  calyx- teeth,  more 
or  less  awn-pointed.  —  Rocky  woods  and  hills,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and 
southward.  —  Plant  2° -4°  high,  the  taste  intermediate  between  that  of  Penny- 
royal and  Spearmint,  as  in  most  of  the  following  species.     Very  variable. 

4.  P.  Clinopodioides,    Torr.  &   Gr.      Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely 
toothed,  short-petioled,  not  whitened;  the  upper  surface  often  smooth,  the  lower 
as  well  as  the  stem  downy ;  cymes  contracted ;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  short-subu- 
late, the  latter  nearly  one  half  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Dry  copses,  S.  New  York 
to  Pennsylvania.     Connects  No.  3  with  No.  5. 

*  *  #  Calyx  usually  almost  equally  5-toothed :  flowers  crowded  in  loose  heads  or  dense 

clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches  and  in  the  uppermost  axils;  the  bracts  shorter 
than  the  2-lipped  corollas :  leaves  almost  sessile. 

5.  P.    Torrfeyi,    Benth.     Somewhat  pubescent ;  stem  strict  and  nearly 
simple  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  (mostly 
2'  long  and  2" -3"  wide),  nearly  entire;  the  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  bracts 
canescent. — Dry  soil,  S.  New  York  to  Pennsylvania. — Intermediate  in  aspect 
between  No.  4  and  No.  8. 

6.  P.  pil6sum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  downy  with  long  and  soft  whitish  hairs, 
much  branched  above;  leaves- lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, nearly  entire,  the  floral  not  whitened;  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
and  with  the  bracts  hoary-hairy.  —  Dry  hills  and  plains,  W.  Pennsylvania  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

7.  P.  mtlticum,  Pers.     Minutely  hoary  throughout,  or  becoming  almost 
smooth,  corymbosely  much  branched  ( 1°  -  2|°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sharp-toothed,  prominently  veined,  green 
when  old ;  the  floral  ones,  bracts,  and  triangular  or  ovate  calyx-teeth,  hoary  with  a 


348  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

fine  dose  down.  (Brachystemum  verticillatum,  Michx.) — Dry  hills,  Maine  to 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  in  very  dense  clusters ;  the  outer 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed,  the  others  pointless. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  collected  in  dense  and  globular,  often  fas- 

cicled, small  and  numerous  heads,  which  are  crowded  in  terminal  corymbs:  bracts 
rigid,  closely  oppressed,  shorter  than  the  flowers:  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short: 
leaves  narrow,  sessile,  entire,  rigid,  crowded  and  clustered  in  the  axils. 

8.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.      Smoothish  or  minutely  pubescent  (2°  high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  the  base ;  heads  downy ;  calyx-teeth  short 
and  triangular.  —  Dry  thickets :  not  rare. 

9.  P.  Iinif61ium,   Pursh,      Smoother  and  leaves  narrower  and  heads  less 
downy  than  in  the  last ;  the  narrower  bracts  and  lance-awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  pun- 
gently  pointed.  —  S.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

#  #  #  #  *  Calyx  equally  5-toothed :  flowers  collected  in  few  and  solitary  large  and 

globular  heads  (terminal,  and  in  the  upper  axils  of  the  metoibranaceous  petioled 
leaves) ;  the  bracts  loose,  ciliate-bearded. 

10.  P.  mont£num,  Michx.     Stem  (l°-3°  high)  and  ovate-  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  serrate  leaves  glabrous ;  bracts  very  acute  or  awl-pointed,  the  outer- 
most ovate  and  leaf-like,  the  inner  linear ;  teeth  of  the  tubular  calyx  short  and 
acute.  —  Alleghanies,  from  S.  Virginia  southward.  —  Flavor  warm  and  pleas- 
ant.   Foliage  and  heads  resembling  Monarda. 

9.    ORIGANUM,    L.        WILD  MARJORAM. 

v 
Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  striate,  5-toothed.     Tube  of  the 

corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect  and 
slightly  notched ;  the  lower  longer,  of  3  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  exserted,  diverging. — Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  purplish 
flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical  or  oblong  spikes,  imbricated  with  colored  bracts. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  be  composed  of  opos,  a  mountain,  and  ydvosi 
delight.) 

1 .  O.  VULG ARE,  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves  peti- 
oled, round-ovate ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish.  —  Dry  banks  :  scarce.  June  - 
Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    THYMUS,    L.        THYME. 

Calyx  ovate,  2-lipped,  13-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed, 
spreading;  the  lower  2-cleft,  with  the  awl-shaped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolla 
short,  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight  and  flattish,  notched  at  the  apex ; 
the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  straight  and  distant,  usually  exserted.  —  Low  per- 
ennials, with  small  and  entire  strongly-veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitish 
flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Thyme,  probably  from  6va>,  to  burn 
perfume,  because  it  was  used  for  incense.) 

1.  T.  SERPYLLUM,  L.  (CREEPING  THYME.)  Prostrate;  leaves  green,  flat, 
ovate,  entire,  short-petioled,  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  —  Old 
fields,  Eastern  New  England  to  Pennsylvania:  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.)  The 
GARDEN  THYME  is  T.  VULGARIS,  L. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  349 

11.    SATUREIA,    L.        SAVOEY. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
somewhat  ascending. — Aromatic  plants,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  often  clus- 
tered, and  somewhat  spiked  purplish  flowers.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  S.  HORTENSIS,  L.  (SUMMER  SAVORY.)  Pubescent  annual ;  clusters  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  small  or  none.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  and  rocky  islands  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  Short:  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.)  % 

12.    CALAMINTHA,    Moench.        CALAMINTH. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip 
3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  an  inflated  throat, 
distinctly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  entire  or  notched ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-parted,  the  middle  lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  mostly  ascend- 
ing; the  anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  pur- 
plish or  whitish  flowers ;  produced  all  summer:  inflorescence  various.  (Name 
composed  of  fcaXds,  beautiful,  and  pivBa,  Mint. ) 
§  1.  CALAMlNTHA,  Mcench.  Calyx  striate,  scarcely  gibbous  at  the  base :  clusters 

of  flowers  loose  and  peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  forming  a  raceme  at 

the  summit :  bracts  minute. 

1.  C.  NEPETA,  Link.     (BASIL-THYME.)    Soft  hairy;  stem  ascending  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate ;  corolla  (3"  long)  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — Dry  hills,  Virginia,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  CALOMELfSSA,  Benth.  Calyx  nearly  as  §  1 :  whorh  few  -  several-flow- 
ered, sessile ;  flowers  on  slender  naked  pedicels ;  the  bracts  at  their  base  linear  or 
oblong,  leaf-like. 

2.  C.  glabella,  Benth.    Smooth ;  stems  diffuse  or  spreading  (1°  -2°  long) ; 
leaves  slightly  petioled,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  the  base  (8" -2' 
long),  sparingly  toothed,  or  nearly  entire ;  clusters  6-10-flowered ;  corolla  (pur- 
plish, 5"  -  6"  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  of  the  latter 
awl-pointed.    ( Cunila  glabella,  Michx.    Micromeria,  Benth. )  —  Limestone  banks, 
near  Frankfort,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward. 

Var.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Smaller;  the  flowering  stems  more  upright  (5' -9' 
high),  with  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  fewer-flowered  clusters ;  while 
sterile  runners  from  the  base  bear  ovate  thickish  leaves  only  2"  - 5"  long.  (C. 
Nuttallii,  Benth.  Micromeria  glabella,  var.  angustifolia,  Torr. )  —  Wet  limestone 
rocks,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  Central  Ohio  (Sullivant),  and  southwestward. 
—  Appearing  very  distinct,  but  united  by  southwestern  specimens. 
§  3.  CLINOPODIUM,  L.  Calyx  more  or  less  gibbous  below:  clusters  sessile  and 
many-flowered,  dense,  crowded  with  awl-shaped  bracts. 

3.  C.  Clinopbdium,  Benth.   (BASIL.)   Hairy,  erect  (1°-  2°  high);  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  nearly  entire;  flowers  (pale  purple)  in  globular  clusters;  hairy 
bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.     (Clinopodium  vulgare,  L.) — Borders  of  thickets 
and  fields.    Naturalized  extensively :  but  apparently  also  indigenous  about  the 
upper  Great  Lakes  and  elsewhere.     (Eu.) 


350  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

13.    MELISSA,    L.        BALM. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurved-ascending  tube.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  conniving  under  the 
upper  lip.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Calamintha.  —  Clusters  few-flowered,  loose, 
one-sided,  with  few  and  mostly  ovate  bracts  resembling  the  leaves.  (Name  from 
p.rj\i(rtra,  a  bee ;  the  flowers  yielding  abundance  of  honey.) 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  BALM.)  Upright,  branching;  leaves 
bjoadly  ovate,  crenate- toothed,  lemon-scented ;  corolla  nearly  white.  —  Sparingly 
escaped  from  gardens.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

14.    HEDEOMA,    Pers.        MOCK  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-nerved, 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Co- 
rolla 2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-cleft  Fertile  stamens  2 ;  the  upper  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments  or 
wanting.  —  Low,  odorous  annuals,  with  small  leaves,  and  loose  axillary  clusters 
of  flowers  (in  summer),  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered  from 
*H8t;der/Lioi>,  an  ancient  name  of  Mint,  from  its  sweet  scent.) 

1.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.     (AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.)    Erect,  branch- 
ing, hairy ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong-ovate,  dscurely  serrate,  the  floral  similar ;  whorls 
few-flowered ;  corolla  (bluish,  pubescent)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx ;  sterile 
filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head.  —  Open  barren  woods  and  fields.  —  The  taste 
and  odor  nearly  of  the  true  Pennyroyal  (Mentha  Pulegium)  of  Europe. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.      Erect,  hairy  (2' -5' high);  leaves  sessile,  linear, 
entire,  the  floral  similar  and  exceeding  the  flowers;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ciliate  hispid  calyx.  —  Dry  hills,  W.  Illinois  and  westward. 

15.    COLLINSONIA,    L.       HORSE-BALM. 

Calyx  ovate,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the  throat, 
somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much  larger  and 
longer,  pendent,  toothed  or  lacerate-fringed.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  4,  the  up- 
per pair  shorter),  much  exserted,  diverging :  anther-cells  divergent.  —  Strong- 
scented  perennials,  with  large  ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, in  loose  and  panicled  terminal  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Peter  Collin- 
son,  a  well-known  patron  of  science  and  correspondent  of  Linna3us,  who  intro- 
duced it  into  England.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (RICH-WEED.  STONE-ROOT.)  Nearly  smooth 
(l°-3°  high);  leaves  serrate,  pointed,  petioled  (3' -6' long);  panicle  loose; 
stamens  2.  —  Rich  moist  woods  :  common.  July  -  Sept  —  Corolla  8"  -  9"  long, 
lemon-scented. 

16.    SAL VI A,    L.        SAGE. 

Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire,  the 
lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  ringent ;  the  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe- 
shaped,  entire  or  barely  notched ;  the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed,  the 


LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  351 

middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  2,  on  short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated 
transverse  connective,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  bears  a 
linear  1 -celled  (half-)  anther,  the  other  usually  descending  bears  an  imperfect  or 
deformed  (half-)  anther.  — Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  spiked,  racemed, 
or  panicled  whorls,  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  salvo,  to  save,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  reputed  healing  qualities  of  Sage.) 

1.  S.  lyrata,  L.     (LYRE-LEAVED  SAGE.)     Low  perennial  (10' -20' high), 
somewhat  hairy ;  stem  nearly  simple  and  naked;  root-leaves  obovate,  lyre-shaped  or  sin- 
uate-pirinatifid,  sometimes  almost  entire ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single  pair, 
smaller  and  narrower ;  the  floral  oblong-linear,  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  whorls 
loose  and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue-purple 
pubescent  corolla  short,  straight,  not  vaulted.  —  Woodlands  and  meadows,  New 
Jersey  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  S.  urticifblia,  L.    (NETTLE-LEAVED  SAGE.)    Downy  with  clammy  hairs, 
leafy ; -leaves  rhombic-ovate,  pointed,  crenate,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  the  floral  nearly  similar ;  whorls  remote, 
many-flowered ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  erect,  one  third  the  length  of  the 
lower;  style  bearded.  —  Woodlands, from  Maryland  southward.  —  Corolla  4" 
long ;  the  lateral  lobes  deflexed,  the  middle  notched. 

17.    MONARDA,    L.        HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  usually  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Corolla  elongated,  with  a  slightly  expanded  throat,  and  a  strongly 
2-lipped  limb ;  the  lips  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal ;  the  upper  erect,  entire 
or  slightly  notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  lobes 
ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narrower  and  slightly  notched.  Stamens  2, 
elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear  (the 
divaricate  cells  confluent  at  the  junction).  —  Odorous  erect  herbs,  with  entire  or 
toothed  leaves,  and  pretty  large  flowers  in  a  few  whorled  heads,  closely  surrounded 
with  bracts.  (Dedicated  to  Nicolas  Monardes,  author  of  many  tracts  upon 
medicinal  and  other  useful  plants,  especially  those  of  the  New  World,  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  16th  century.) 

*  Stamens  and  style  exserted  beyond  the  narrow  acute  upper  lip  of  the  corolla :  root  per- 
ennial: leaves  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base. 

1.  M.  didyma,  L.     (OSWEGO  TEA.)     Somewhat  hairy  (2°  high);  leaves 
petioled,  pointed ;  the  floral  ones  and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinged  with  red ; 
calyx  smooth,  incurved,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat;  corolla  smooth  (2'  long),  bright 
red.  showy.  —  Moist  woods  by  streams,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  northward, 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies :  often  cultivated  (under  the  name  of  Balm  or 
Bee-Balm}.     July,  Aug. 

2.  M.  fistulosa,  L.     (WILD  BERGAMOT.)     Smoothish  or  downy;  leaves 
petioled;  the  uppermost  and  outer  bracts  somewhat  colored  (whitish  or  purplish)  ; 
calyx  slightly  curved,  very  hairy  in  the  throat ;  corolla  purplish,  rose-color,  or  almost 
white,  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Woods  and  rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward,  especially  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Very  variable  in  appearance, 
2°  -  5°  high ;  the  pale  corolla  smaller  than  in  the  last. 


352  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

3.  M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.    Leaves  nearly  sessile,  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs, 
especially  underneath ;  the  floral  and  the  outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped,  pur- 
plish ;  calyx  smoothish,  contracted  above,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  with  awl-shaped 
awned  teeth ;  corolla  smoothish,  bearded  at  the  tip  of  the  upper  lip,  scarcely  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale  purplish,  the  lower  lip  dotted  with  purple.  —  Oak- 
openings  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  westward.     May  -  July. 

#  *  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla:  annuals  or  biennials. 

4.  M.  punctata,  L.      (HORSE-MINT.)     Minutely  downy  (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  purple ;  teeth  of  the  downy  calyx  short  and  rigid, 
awnless ;  corolla  nearly  smooth,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  spotted  with  purple, 
notched  at  the  apex,  the  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  fields  and 
dry  banks,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Very  odorous 
and  pungent. 

18.    BLEPHILIA,    Baf.        BLEPHILIA. 

Calyx  ovoid- tubular,  13-nerved,  2-lipped,  naked  in  the  throat;  upper  lip  with 
3  awned  teeth,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  awnless  teeth.  Corolla  inflated  in  the 
throat,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  lateral  lobes  ovate  and  rounded,  larger  than 
the  oblong  and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens  2,  ascending,  exserted  (the  rudi- 
ments of  the  upper  pair  minute  or  none) :  anthers,  &c.  as  in  Monarda.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  nearly  the  foliage,  &c.  of  Monarda ;  the  small  pale  bluish  purple 
flowers  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  globose  capitate  whorls ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  jSXe Copt's,  the  eyelash,  in  reference  to  the  hairy-fringed  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth. ) 

1.  B.  Ciliata,  Raf.     Somewhat  downy  (l°-29high);  leaves  almost  sessile, 
oblong-ovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  outer  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  colored,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  corolla  hairy.     (Monarda  ciliata, 
L.)  — Dry  open  places,  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin. 

2.  B.  hirstlta,  Benth.    Hairy  throughout ;  leaves  long-petiokd,  ovate,  pointed, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  the  lower  floral  ones  similar,  the  uppermost 
and  the  bracts  linear-awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the  long-haired  calyx ;  corolla 
smoothish,  pale,  with  darker  purple  spots.     (B.  nepetoides,  Raf.     Monarda  hir- 
suta,  Pursh.)  —  Damp  rich  woods,  E.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. — 
Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  with  spreading  branches,  and  numerous  close  whorls,  the 
lower  remote. 

19.    LOPHANTHTJS,    Benth.        GIANT  HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  rather 
longer  than  the  others.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4, 
exserted ;  the  upper  pair  declined ;  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
the  pairs  cross.  Anther-cells  nearly  parallel.  —  Perennial  tall  herbs,  with  peti- 
oled serrate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  in  interrupted  terminal  spikes ;  in 
summer.  (Name  from  Xd<£os,  a  crest,  and  avQos,  a  flower.} 


LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  353 

1.  L.  nepetoides,  Benth.     Smooth,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat 
pointed,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (2' -4'  long) ;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  little 
shorter  than  the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla.  —  Borders  of  woods,  W.  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Stem  stout,  4°  -  6°  high,  sharply  4-angled.  Spikes 
2'  -  6'  long,  crowded  with  the  ovate  pointed  bracts. 

2.  L.  SCrophularisefdlius,  Benth.     Stem  (obtusely  4-angled)  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; calyx4eeth  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  purplish  corolla  (spikes  4'  - 15'  long) : 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Same  geographical  range. 

3.  L.  anisatus,  Benth.     (ANISE  Hrssop.)     Smooth,  but  the  oVate  acute 
leaves  glaucous-white  underneath  with  minute  down ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute. 
—  Plains,  Wisconsin  and  northwestward.  —  Foliage  with  the  scent  of  anise. 

20.    N^PETA,    L.        CAT-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Corolla  dilated  in  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter.  Anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs ;  the  cells  divergent. — Perennial  herbs.  (The  Latin  name, 
thought  to  be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etrurian  city.) 

§  1.  Cymose  clusters  rather  dense  and  many-flowered,  forming  interrupted  spikes  or 
racemes :  upper  floral  leaves  small  and  bract-like. 

1.  N.  CATARIA,  L.     (CATNIP.)     Downy,  erect,  branched;  leaves  heart- 
shaped,  oblong,  deeply  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;   corolla  whitish, 
dotted  with  purple.  —  Near  dwellings  :   a  very  common  weed.     July  -  Sept. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.   GLECH6MA,  L.    Leaves  all  alike :  the  axillary  clusters  loosely  few-flowered. 

2.  N.  GLECH6MA,  Benth.     (GROUND  IVY.     GILL.)     Creeping  and  trail- 
ing ;  leaves  petioled,  round  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  green  both  sides ;  corolla 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.     (Glechoma  hederacea,  L.)  — Damp 
waste  grounds  near  dwellings.     May  -  Aug.  —  Anther-cells  diverging  at  a  right 
angle,  each  pair  approximate  and  forming  a  cross.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

21.    DRACOCEPHALUM,    L.        DRAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-15-nerved,  straight,  5-toothed;  the  upper  tooth  usually 
much  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched  and  notched  ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  its  middle  lobe  largest  and  2-cleft  or  notched  at  the 
end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  lower  pair  shorter.  An- 
thers approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  divergent. — Whorls  many-flowered,  mostly 
spiked  or  capitate,  and  with  awn-toothed  or  fringed  leafy  bracts.  (Name  from 
dpaKwi/,  a  dragon,  and  Ke^aXiy,  head,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla  in  the 
original  species.) 

1.  D.  parvifldrum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial;  stem  erect,  leafy  (8;- 
20' high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled  ;  whorls  crowded 
in  a  terminal  head  or  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  nearly  equalling 
23 


354  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

the  bluish  small  slender  corolla.  —  Rocky  places,  from  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  New 
York,  to  Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes,  northward.     May  -  Aug. 

22.    CEDRONELLA,    Moench.        CEDRONELLA. 

Calyx  rather  obliquely  5-toothed,  many-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded 
at  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed  ;  the  lower  3- 
cleft,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending ;  the  lower  pair 
shorter.  Anther-cells  parallel.  —  Sweet-scented  perennials,  with  pale  purplish 
flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Ktbpiov,  oil  of  Cedar,  from  the  aromatic  leaves 
of  the  original  species,  C.  triphylla,  the  Balm-of-Gilead  of  English  gardens.) 

1 .  C.  COrdata,  Benth.  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy ;  leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems ;  corolla  hairy  inside  ( 1  £'  long) ; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  (Dracocephalum  cordatum,  Nutt.)  — Low 
shady  banks,  W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.  June. 

23.    SYNANDRA,    Nutt.        SYNANDRA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaceous,  irregularly  veiny,  almost  equally 
4-toothed  !  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat ; 
the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  entire  ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate 
lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending : 
filaments  hairy  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  two 
upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller  sterile  cell,  the  latter  cohering  with 
each  other  (whence  the  name  ;  from  vvv,  together,  and  dvrjp,  for  anther). 

1.  S.  grandifl6ra,  Nutt.  —  Shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. June.  —  A  perennial  ?  hairy  herb,  1  °  high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled, 
broadly  ovate,  heart-shaped,  crenate,  thin ;  the  floral  sessile,  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower.  Corolla  l£'  long,  yellowish- white. 

24.    PHYSOSTEGIA,    Benth.        FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  obscurely  10-nerved,  short-tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  more  or  less  enlarged  and  slightly  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  with  a  much  inflated  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  entire  ; 
the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small :  its  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and  rounded, 
notched.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate ; 
the  cells  parallel.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  wand-like  stems,  and  ses- 
sile lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  rose 
or  flesh-color  variegated  with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  simple  or  panicled 
terminal  leafless  spikes.  (Name  from  (fivcra,  a  bladder,  and  ore'y?;,  a  covering.) 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  Corolla  1'  or  more  long,  gaping,  the  upper 
lip  slightly  arching ;  calyx-tube  oblong-  or  obconical-bell-shaped.  (Dracoceph- 
alum Virginianum,  L.)  —  Wet  banks,  &c.,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Varies  from  l°-4°  high,  stout  or  slender;  the 
leaves  from  oblong-obovate  (the  lower)  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  and  from  very 
sharply  toothed  to  nearly  entire  ;  the  flowers  either  crowded  or  scattered. 


LABIATJS.-    (MINT  FAMILY.)  355 

25.     BRTJNiELLA,     Tourn.     (Prunella,  L.)        SELF-HEAL. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  somewhat  10-nerved  and  reticulated-veiny,  flat- 
tened on  the  upper  side,  naked  in  the  throat,  closed  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  the  up- 
per lip  broad  and  flat,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth  ;  the  lower  2-clef't.  Corolla 
ascending,  slightly  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just 
beneath  it,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower  reflexed- 
spreading,  3-cleft ;  its  lateral  lobes  oblong ;  the  middle  one  rounded,  concave, 
crenulate.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  filaments  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs, 
their  cells  diverging. — Low  perennials,  with  nearly  simple  stems,  and  3-flow- 
ered  clusters  of  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  bract-like  membrana- 
ceous  floral  leaves,  imbricated  in  a  close  spike  or  head.  (Name  said  to  be  taken 
from  the  German  braune,  a  disease  of  the  throat,  for  which  this  plant  was  a 
reputed  remedy. 

2.  B.  vulg£ris,  L.  (COMMON  SELF-HEAL  or  HEAL-ALL.)  Leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  corolla  (violet  or  flesh- 
color,  rarely  white)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx.  —  Woods  and 
fields:  common.  June -Sept.  (Eu.) 

26.    SCUTELLARIA,    L.        SKULLCAP. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped  ;  the  lips  entire,  closed  in  fruit,  the  upper 
with  a  helmet-like  at  length  concave  and  enlarged  appendage  on  the  back  (the 
upper  sepal) ;  calyx  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  upper  lip  usually  fall- 
ing away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  at  the 
throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  barely  notched ;  the  lateral 
lobes  mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip  ;  the  lower  lobe 
or  lip  spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded ;  those  of  the 
lower  stamens  1-celled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-celled  and  heart-shaped.  —  Bit- 
ter perennial  herbs,  not  aromatic,  with  axillary  or  else  spiked  or  racemed  flow- 
ers; in  summer:  the  short  peduncles  or  pedicels  chiefly  opposite,  1-flowered, 
often  1 -sided.  (Name  from  scutdla,  a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  ap- 
pendage to  the  fruiting  calyx.) 

#  Flowers  (blue)  in  terminal  (single  or  panicled)  racemes;  the  floral  leaves,  except  the 

lower  ones,  being  small,  and  reduced  to  bracts. 

•*-  Lips  short,  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lateral  lobes  rather  distinct,  and  almost  as 
long  as  the  straightish  or  scarcely  incurved  upper  lip :  leaves  on  slender  petioles. 
1.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Soft  hairy,  the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence,  &c. 
partly  viscid-glandular;  stem  mostly  erect  (1°  — 3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ovate,  chiefly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  very  veiny,  rugose,  the  floral  reduced 
to  broadly  ovate  entire  bracts  about  equalling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx ;  ra- 
cemes mostly  simple.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
—  Corolla  9". long,  with  a  slender  tube,  below  whitish,  the  lower  lip  purple- 
spotted  ;  the  upper  deep  blue ;  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  as  much  to  the  lower 
as  to  the  upper  lip.  —  S.  saxatilis,  var.  1  pilosior,  Benth.,  is  probably  a  smaller 


356  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

form  of  this,  as  is  S.  rugosa,  Wood.  (The  latter  from  Harper's  Ferry,  Dr.  Aikin, 
according  to  Wood.) 

2.  S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Smoothish  or  slightly  hairy ;  stem  weak,  ascend- 
ing (6'  -  18'  long),  often  producing  runners,  branched ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong 
and  mostly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (l'-2'  long),  thin,  obtuse;  upper 
bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small;  racemes  loose.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  S.  Ohio, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  —  Corolla  8"  long, 
the  lateral  lobes  connected  with  the  straightish  upper  lip. 

-<-  -t-  Lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  small,  much  shorter  than  the  decidedly  arched  or  in- 
curved upper  Up,  and  connected  with  it:  stem  erect:  leaves  moderately  petiolcd, 
except  in  No.  6. 

,  3.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Stem  branched  (2° -4°  high)  above,  with  the 
panicled  many-flowered  racemes,  flowers,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crenate  leaves  whitish  with  fine 
so/I  down,  often  becoming  rather  glabrous ;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Rich  ground,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  Corolla  8"  long. 

4.  S.  serrata,  Andrews.     Green  and  nearly  glabrous;  stem  rather  simple 
(1°  — 3°  high),  with  single  loosely-flowered  racemes;  leaves  serrate,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong ;  calyx,  &c.  somewhat  hairy ;  lips  of  the  corolla 
equal  in  length  (corolla  1'  long,  the  tube  more  tapering  below  than  in  the  last, 
which  this  resembles). — Woods,  Penn.    to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

5.  S.  pi!6sa,  Michx.     Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  nearly  simple 
(1°  -3°  high) ;  leaves  rather  distant,  crenate,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  varying  to  round- 
ish-ovate, the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  long-petioled,  the 
upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate  ;  racemes  short, 
often  branched  ;  corolla  (6"-  8"  long)  rather  narrow,  the  lower  lip  a  little  shorter. 
(S.  hirsuta,  Short,  is  a  large  form.)  — Dry  ground,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan 
and  southward. 

6.  S.  integrif61ia,  L.     Downy  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness  ;  stem  com- 
monly simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire,  obtuse, 
very  short-petioled  ;  raceme  often  branched  ;  corolla  (!'  long)  much  enlarged  above, 
the  ample  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Borders  of  thickets,  from  Bridgewater,  Mass. 
(Mr.  Howard),  to  Pennsylvania  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  (blue  or  violet,  short-peduncled)  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  mostly 

sessile  leaves,  which  are  similar  to  the  lower  ones. 

-t-   Corolla  (2" -3"  long]  seldom  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  short  lips  nearly 
equal  in  length,  the  upper  lip  concave. 

7.  S.   nervdsa,  Pursh.      Smooth,  simple  or  branched,  slender  (10' -20' 
high)  ;  lower  leaves  roundish;  the  middle  ones  ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(!'  long) ;  the  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  ;  nerve-like  veins  prominent  beneath. 
(S.  gracilis,  Ntitt.)  —  Moist  thickets,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

8.  S.   parvula,  Michx.     Minutely  downy,  dwarf  (3f  -6'  high),  branched 
and  spreading  ;  lowest  leaves  round-ovate  ;  the  others  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  all 
entire  or  nearly  so,  slightly  heart-shaped  (6" -8"  long).     (S.  ambigua,  Nutt.)  — 
Dry  banks,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  357 

•»-  •«-  Corolla  (8" -9"  long),  with  a  slender  tube:  lower  Up  large  and  rather  longer 
than  the  somewhat  arched  upper  lip  :  stem  simple. 

9.  S.  galericulata,  L.     Smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base  ( 1'  -  2'  long).  —  Wet  shady  places  :  common  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  small  (blue,  3"  long),  in  axillary  and  often  also  in  terminal  one-sided 
racemes,'  the  lower  floral  leaves  like  the  others,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like. 

10.  S.  lateriflbra,  L.     Smooth;  stem  upright,  much  branched  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded 
at  the  base,  petioled  (2'- 3'  long).-:- Wet  shaded  places  :  common.  —  A  quack 
having  formerly  vaunted  its  virtues  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia,  this  species 
bears  the  name  of  Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

27.  MABBUBIUM,    L.        HOREHOUND. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5  -  10-toothed ;  the  teeth  more  or 
less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 
notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Whitish-woolly  bitter- 
aromatic  perennials,  branched  at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenate  or  cut  leaves, 
and  many-flowered  axillary  whorls.  (A  name  of  Pliny,  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

1.  M.  VULGARE,  L.  (COMMON  HOREHOUND.)  Stems  ascending;  leaves 
round-ovate,  petioled,  crenate-toothed  ;  whorls  capitate ;  calyx  with  10  recurved 
teeth,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Escaped  from  gardens 
into  waste  places.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

28.  GALEOPSIS,    L.        HEMP-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  somewhat  equal  and  spiny- 
tipped  teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire ; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading ;  the  lateral  lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely 
heart-shaped  ;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  transversely  2-valved ;  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell  bristly- 
fringed,  the  outer  one  larger  and  naked. — Annuals,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  several  —  many-flowered  whorls  in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  which  are  nearly 
like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  composed  of  yaAf'i;,  a  weasel,  and  ttyis,  resemblance, 
from  some  fancied  likeness  of  the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel.) 

1.  G.  TETRAHIT,  L.      (COMMON  HEMP-NETTLE.)     Stem  swollen  below  the 
joints,  bristly-hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  corolla  purplish,  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  or,  in  var.  GRANDIFL6RA,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  yellowish  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  lower  lip.  — 
Waste  places  :  rather  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  G.  LADANUM,  L.      (RED  H.)     Stem  smooth  or  pubescent;   leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  downy ;  corolla  red  or  rose-color  (the  throat  often  spotted 
with  yellow),  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Eastern  New  England  :  rare.     Aug. 
(Adv.  fromEu.) 


358  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

29.     STACHYS,    L.        HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the  upper  teeth 
united  to  form  an  upper  lip.  Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  often  arched,  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  the  lower  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  (often  reflexed  on  the  throat  after 
flowering)  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.  — 
Whorls  2  -  many-flowered,  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence 
the  name,  from  crra^us,  a  spike).  Flowering  in  summer. 
*  Root  annual:  stems  decumbent,  low. 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (WOUND  WORT.)    Hairy;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  obtuse, 
crenate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  axillary  whorls  4  -  6-flowered,  distant ;  corolla 
(purplish)   scarcely  longer  than  the   soon  declined  unarmed   calyx. : — Waste 
places,  E.  Massachusetts  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  stem  erect. 

2.  S.  pallistris,   L.      Stem  4-angled  (2° -3°  high),  leafy,  hirsute  with 
spreading  or  reflexed  hairs,  especially  on  the  angles ;  leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  crenately  serrate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  downy  or  hairy-pubescent,  obtusish  (2' -4'  long),  the  upper 
floral  ones  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx  ;  whorls  6  -  10-flowered,  the  up- 
per crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike ;  calyx  hispid ;  the  lance-subulate  teeth 
somewhat  spiny,  half  the  length  of  the  purple  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit.  —  Wet 
banks  of  streams,  &c.,  mostly  northward.     (Eu.)  —  To  this,  for  the  present,  we 
must  refer  all  the  following  as  varieties,  different  as  some  of  them  are :  — 

Var.  aspera.  (S.  aspera,  Michx.)  Stem  more  commonly  smooth  on  the 
sides,  the  angles  beset  with  stiff  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish, 
pointed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  lower  floral  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  spike  often 
slender  and  more  interrupted ;  calyx-tube  rather  narrower  and  the  teeth  more 
awl-shaped  and  spiny.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  —  This  passes  into 

Var.  glabra.  (S.  glabra,  Riddell,  suppl.  cat.  Ohio  pi.  1836.)  More  slender, 
smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  with  few  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  more  sharply  toothed,  mostly  rounded  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  a/,1  petioled.  —  W.  New  York  to  Michigan  and  south  westward. 

Var.  cor  data.  (S.  cordata,  Riddell,  L  c.  S.  Nuttallii,  Shuttlew.)  Stem 
beset  with  spreading  or  reflexed  bristly  hairs ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish,  oblong, 
heart-shaped  at  the  narrowed  base,  all  more  or  less  petioled ;  calyx-teeth  sometimes 
shorter.  —  Common  westward  and  southward. 

3.  S.  hyssopifblia,  Michx.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  stems 
slender  (1°  high),  the  angles  sometimes  reflexed-bristly ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  or 
narrowly  linear,  sessile,  obscurely  toothed  towards  the  apex  ;  whorls  4  -  6-flowered, 
rather  distant ;  corolla  (light  purple)  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangular- 
awl-shaped  spreading  calyx-teeth.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  Massachusetts  to  Vir- 
ginia ;  also  Michigan,  Illinois  and  southward. 

BETONICA  OFFICINALIS,  the  WOOD  BETONT  of  Europe,  —  of  a  genus  hardly 
distinct  from  Stachys,  —  was  found  by  C.  J.  Sprague  in  a  thicket  at  Newton, 
Massachusetts. 


LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  ,       359 

30,    IiEONUKUS,    L.        MOTHERWORT. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth  which  are  awl-shaped, 
and  when  old  rather  spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ob- 
long and  entire,  somewhat  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  its  middle  lobe 
larger,  broad  and  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lateral  ones  oblong.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the  valves  naked. 
Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  —  Upright  herbs,  with  cut-lobed  leaves, 
and  close  whorls  of  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  Aeeoi/,  a  lion, 
and  ovpa,  tail,  i.  e.  Lion's-tail.) 

1.  L.  CARDIACA,  L.     (COMMON  MOTHERWORT.)     Tall  perennial;  leaves 
long-petioled ;  the  lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed ;  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at 
the  base,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded. 

—  Waste  places,  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  MARRUBIASTRUM,  L.     Tall  biennial,  with  elongated  branches ;  stem- 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed;  corolla  (whitish)  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
teeth;  the  tube  naked  within;  lower  lip  rather  erect.  —  Roadsides,  Pennsyl- 
vania :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

31.     LAMIUM,    L.        DEAD-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  the  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  ones  small,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4.  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  apex. 

—  Herbs,  decumbent  at  the  base,  the  lowest  leaves  small  and  long-petioled,  the 
middle  ones  heart-shaped  and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  subtending  the  whorled 
clusters  of  flowers  ;  produced  from  spring  to  autumn.     (Name  from  Acu/xos,  the 
throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringent  corolla.) 

#  Annuals  or  biennials,  low:  flowers  small,  purple,  in  few  whorls  or  heads. 

1.  L.  AMPLEXICAULE,  L.     Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  or  cut, 
the  upper  ones  clasping;  corolla  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower  spotted; 
lateral  lobes  truncate.  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PURPUREUM,  L.     Leaves  roundish  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  crenate- 
toothed,  all  petiole d.  —  Cult,  grounds,  Pennsylvania.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial,  taller :  flowers  larger,  in  several  axillary  whorls. 

3.  L.  ALBUM,  L.     Hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  petioled ;  calyx-teeth 
very  slender,  spreading ;  corolla  white,  the  tube  curved  upwards,  obliquely  con- 
tracted near  the  base,  where  there  is  a  ring  of  hairs  inside ;  lateral  lobes  of  lower 
lip  bearing  a  long  slender  tooth.  —  Waste  ground  near  Boston,  D.  Murray. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

32.     BALLOTA,    L.        FETID  HOREHOTTND. 

Calyx  ncnrly  funnel-form  ;  the  10-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  into  a  spread- 
ing regular  border,  with  5-10  teeth.  Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of 


360  BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

the  corolla,  approximate  in  pairs.     Otherwise  much  as  in  Marrubium.     (The 
Greek  name,  of  uncertain  origin. ) 

1.  B.  NIGRA,  L.  (BLACK  HOREHOUND.)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green, 
erect ;  the  root  perennial ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed ;  whorls  many -flowered,  dense ; 
calyx-teeth  5,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  —  Waste  places,  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut:  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

33.    PH  LO  MIS,    L.        JERUSALEM  SAGE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-10-ribbed,  truncate  or  equally  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  approx- 
imate in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  filaments  of  the  upper  pair  with  an  awl- 
shaped  appendage  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  others  in  P.  tuberosa,  &c. :  anther- 
cells  divergent  and  confluent.  —  Leaves  rugose.  Whorls  dense  and  many-flow- 
ered, axillary,  remote,  bracted.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  species,  of 
olscure  derivation.) 

1.  P.  TUBER6SA,  L.  Tall  perennial  (3° -5°  high),  nearly  smooth;  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled ;  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate ;  bracts  awl- 
shaped,  hairy ;  upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs 
on  the  inside.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario  near  Rochester.  June,  July.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

ORDER  72.    BORRAGINACE^E.    (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs  (not  aromatic),  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
symmetrical  flowers  with  a  ^-parted  calyx,  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla  (except 
in  No.  1),  5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  4-lobed 
ovary  (as  in  Labi'atse),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  each  with  a 
single  seed.  —  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex :  radicle  pointing 
to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  im- 
bricated (in  Myosotis  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers  mostly  on  one  side 
of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme,  imitating  a  spike  or  raceme,  which  is 
rolled  up  from  the  end,  and  straightens  as  the  blossoms  expand  (circinate 
or  scorpioid),  often  bractless.  (A  rather  large  family  of  innocent,  muci- 
laginous, and  slightly  bitter  plants;  the  roots  of  some  species  yielding  a 
red  dye.) 

Tribe  I.     BORR AGE^E.     Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  as  many  separate  1-seeded 
nutlets  in  fruit ;  the  style  rising  from  the  centre  between  them.     (Root  frequently  red.) 

*  Corolla  naked  and  open  (without  scales)  in  the  throat,  somewhat  irregular  !     Nutlets  erect 

1.  Ecliiuiu.     Corolla  funnel-form,  unequally  5-lobed.    Stamens  protruded. 

*  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.     Nutlets  not  prickly,  erect ;  the  scar  broad. 

2.  L«ycopsis.     Corolla  funnel-form,  slightly  curved  and  oblique  :  scales  blunt  and  hairy. 

3.  Sy  mphy  turn.     Corolla  tubular,  and  enlarged  at  the  summit :  scales  awl-shaped. 

*  *  *  Corolla  open,  with  folds  rather  than  scales  in  the  throat.  Nutlets  smooth,  erect ;  scar  email. 
*-  Lobes  of  the  tubular  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

4.  Oiiosmodium.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  and  erect. 

5.  Ldtliospermum.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading,  rounded. 


BORRAGINACEJS.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  361 

6.  Merteiisia.     Nutlets  fleshy,  fixed  by  the  inner  angle.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded. 

•*-  +•  Lobes  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

7.  Myosotis.     Nutlets  hard  and  smooth.     Flowers  all  or  most  of  them  bractless. 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.     Nutlets  prickly,  laterally  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  the  base  of  the  style,  often  recumbent. 

8.  Ecliinospermum.     Corolla  salver-shaped.     Nutlets  elect,  prickly  on  the  margin. 

9.  Cy  uoglostfum.     Corolla  funnel-form.     .Nutlets  oblique  or  depressed,  prickly  all  over. 

Tribe  II.     HELIOTROPES.     Ovary  not  lobed,  tipped  with  the  simple  style :  the  fruit 
separating  when  ripe  into  2  or  4  nutlets. 

10.  Heliotropium.     Throat  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  open.     Nutlets  1-celled. 

11.  Heliophy  turn.    Throat  of  the  corolla  contracted.    Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled,  i.  e.  4  in  2 

pairs  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells. 

1.    ECHIUM,    Tourn.        VIPER'S  BUGLOSS. 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraceous  or  funnel-form  tube,  and  a  more  or  less  unequal 
spreading  5-lobed  border ;  the  lobes  rounded,  the  expanded  throat  naked.  Sta- 
mens mostly  exserted,  unequal.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  roughened  or 
wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base.  (A  name  of  Dioscorides,  from  e^is,  a  viper.) 

1.  E.  VULGARE,  L.  (BLUE-WEED.)  Hough-bristly  biennial;  stem  erect 
(2°  high),  mostly  simple;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  showy, 
in  short  lateral  clusters,  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme ;  corolla  reddish- 
purple  changing  to  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale).  —  Roadsides  and  meadows :  rather 
rare  northward ;  but  a  troublesome  weed  in  cultivated  fields  in  Virginia.  June. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    LYCOPSIS,    L.        BUGLOSS. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  curved  tube  and  a  slightly  unequal  limb ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  convex  obtuse  bristly  scales  placed  opposite  the  lobes.  Sta- 
mens and  style  included.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed- 
out  base.  — Annuals.  (Name  from  AUKOS,  a  wolf,  and  otyi$,face.} 

1.  L.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (SMALL  BUGLOSS.)  Very  rough-bristly  (l°high); 
leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  leafy  raceme-like  clusters ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  small  blue  corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields,  New  England  to  Virginia : 
scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    STTMPHYTUM,    Tourn.        COMFREY. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  inflated  above,  5-toothed ;  the  short  teeth  spreading ; 
the  throat  closed  with  5  converging  linear-awl-shaped  scales.  Stamens  included : 
anthers  elongated.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate,  erect,  fixed  by 
the  large  hollowed  base,  which  is  finely  toothed  on  its  margin.  —  Coarse  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  thickened  bitterish  mucilaginous  roots ;  the  nodding  raceme-like 
clusters  either  single  or  in  pairs.  (Name  from  trv/x^eti/,  to  grow  together,  proba- 
bly in  allusion  to  its  reputed  healing  virtues.) 

1.  S.  OFFICINALE,  L.  (COMMON  COMFRE^.)  Hairy,  branched,  winged 
above  by  the  decurrent  leaves ;  the  lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  into 
a  petiole,  the  upper  narrower ;  corolla  yellowish-white,  rarely  purplish.  —  Moist 
places ;  escaped  from  gardens.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


362  BORRAGINACK^E.       (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

4.    ONOSMODIUM,    Michx.        FALSE  GROMWELL. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular- 
ftmnei-form,  naked  in  the  throat  (the  sinuses  minutely  hooded-inflexed) ;  the  5 
acute  lobes  converging  or  barely  spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arrow- 
shaped,  mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  thread-form, 
much  exserted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  smooth,  erect,  fixed  by  the  base;  the  scar 
minute,  not  hollowed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  coarse  and  hispid,  with  ob- 
long and  sessile  ribbed-veined  leaves,  and  white,  greenish,  or  yellowish  flowers, 
in  at  length  elongated  and  erect  leafy  raceme-like  clusters;  in  summer. — 
Our  species  all  belong  to  true  ONOSMODIUM,  having  the  anthers  all  included, 
smooth,  and  on  very  short  filaments ;  the  corolla  only  once  or  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.  (Named  from  the  resemblance  to  the  genus  Onosma,  which  means 
ass-smell. ) 

1.  O.  Virgini£num,  DC.     Clothed  all  ova*  with  harsh  and  rigid  oppressed 
short  bristles ;  stems  rather  slender  (l°-2°high);  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate (l'-2£'  long),  the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;  lobes  of  the  nar- 
row corolla  lance-awl-shaped,  sparingly  bearded  outside  with  long  bristles.     (O. 
hispidum,  Miclix.     Lithospe'rmum  Virginianum,  L. !)  —  Banks  and  hillsides,  S. 
New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  O.  Caroliniknum,  DC.  (excl.  syn.  Michx.)     Shaggy  all  ovef  with  long 
and  spreading  bristly  hairs;  stem  stout,  upright  (3° -4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;  lobes  of  the  rather  broad  corolla  ovate-triangular 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  thickly  hirsute  outside.     (0.  molle,  Beck,  &c.     Lithosper- 
mum  Carolinianum,  Lam.)  —  River-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  Perhaps  passes  into  the  next. 

3.  O.  m611e,  Michx.     Hoary  with  finer  and  soft  mostly  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  strongly  ribbed,  lobes  of  the  rather  narrow  corolla  triangu- 
lar and  sharp-pointed,  thickly  hirsute  outside.  —  Dry  grounds,  Ohio  to  Illinois 
and  southward. 

5.    LITHOSPEBMUM,    Tourn.        GROMWELL.    PUCCOON. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  or  sometimes  salver-shaped ;  the  open  throat  naked,  or 
with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fbld  or  scale-like  appendage  opposite  each 
lobe ;  the  spreading  limb  5-cleft ;  its  lobes  rounded.  Anthers  oblong,  almost 
sessile,  included.  Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or  stony, 
fixed  by.  the  base ;  the  scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  and  commonly 
red  roots  and  sessile  leaves ;  the  flowers  solitary  ^nd  as  if  axillary,  or  spiked  and 
leafy-bracted :  sometimes  dimorphous  as  to  insertion  of  stamens  and  length  of 
style.  (Name  formed  of  At'tfos,  stone,  and  o-Treppa,  seed,  from  the  hard  nutlets.) 
§  1 .  Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull :  throat  of  the 
(nearly  white)  corolla  destitute  of  any  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

1.  L.  ARVENSE,  L.  (CORN  GROMWELL.)  Minutely  rough-hoary  annual 
or  biennial;  stems  erect  (6' -^2'  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  veinless; 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Sandy  banks  and  roadsides.  May- 
Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


BORUAGINACEJi.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  363 

§  2.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining,  mostly  white  like  ivory,  occasionally  dotted  with  pores: 
corolla  in  our  species  greenish-white  or  cream-color,  small,  with  5  small  but  distinct 
pubescent  scales  in  the  throat.  (Hoot  perennial.) 

2.  L.  angUStifblium,  Michx.     Minutely  and  slightly  hoary,  roughish, 
much  branched,  erect  or  spreading  (6' -15'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  \-nerved; 
corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  short  peduncles  in  fruit  mostly  recurved ; 
nutlets  more  or  less  pitted  when  young,  rarely  bright  white,  but  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. —  River-banks,  from  Illinois  southward  and  westward.     May. 

3.  L.  OFFICINXLE,  L.      (COMMON  GROMWELL.)     Much   branched  above, 
erect  (l°  — 2°  high) ;  leaves  thinnish,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  few  distinct 
veins,  rough  above,  soft-pubescent  beneath  ;  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx ;  nutlets  very 
smooth  and  even.  — Roadsides,  &c. :  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  L.  Iatif61ium,  Michx.     Stem  loosely  branched,  erect  (2° -3°  high), 
rough;  leavef  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  taper-pointed  (even  the  floral  ones 
2' -4'  long),  ribbed-veined,  roughish  above,  finely  soft-pubescent  beneath,  the 
root-leaves  large  and  rounded ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  nutlets  very  smooth  or 
sparingly  impressed-punctate,  shining,  turgid  (2"  long).  —  Borders  of  woods,  "W. 
New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.     June. 

§  3.  BATSCHIA,  Gmelin.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining :  corolla  large,  salver-shaped 
or  nearly  so,  deep  orange-yellow,  somewhat  pubescent  outside,  the  tube  2-4  times 
longer  than  the  calyx,  the  throat  more  or  less  appendaged.  (Roots  perennial,  long 
and  deep,  yielding  a  red  dye. ) 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much  longer  than 

its  ample  limb,  the  lobes  entire  ;  the  appendages  glandular  and  adherent  (especially 
when  the  stamens  are  at  the  base  of  the  tube),  or  slightly  arched. 

5.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.     (HAIRY   PUCCOON.)      Hispid  with  bristly  hairs 
(1°  -2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
ovate-oblong,  bristly-ciliate  ;  corolla  woolly-bearded  at  the  base  inside ;  flowers  dis- 
tinctly pedunded;  fruiting  calyx  (£'long)   3-4  times  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
(Also  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.     Batschia  Caroliniensis,  Gmel.     B.  Gmelini,  Mich.) 
—  Dry  woods,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward  and  westward. 
April- June.  —  Flowers  crowded,  showy:  limb  of  the  corolla  §'-!'  broad. 

6.  L.  canescens,  Lehm.     (HOARY  PCCCOON  or  ALKANET.)     Soflly  hairy 
and  more  or  less  hoary  (6;- 15'  high) ;  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  upper 
ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  downy  beneath  and  roughish  with  close  appressed  hairs 
above;  corolla  naked  at  the  base  within ;  flowers  sessile ;  fruiting  calyx  (3"  long) 
barely  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets.     (Batschia  canescens,  Michx.)  -. —  Open  woods 
and  plains,  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northwestward.     May. — Limb  of  the 
showy  corolla  smaller  and  the  calyx  shorter  than  in  the  last. 

#  #  Tube  of  the  corolla  2—4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  its  erose-toothed  or 

crenulate  lobes,  the  appendages  more  projecting.     (Pentalophus,  A.  DC.) 

7.  L.  longiflbrum,  Spreng.     Minutely  strigose-hoary ;  stem  simple  (6'- 
18  high) ;  leaves  linear;  tube  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx  (8"- 
li'  long).     (Batschia  longiflora,  Pursh.     L.  incisum,  Lehm.     Pentalophus  lon- 
giflorus,  A.  DC.) — Prairies  and  plains,  from  W.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  west- 
ward.    May. 


364  ,        BORRAGINACEJE.       (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

6.    MERTENSIA,    Roth.        SMOOTH  LUNGWORT. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped  or  bell-funnel-shaped,  longer  than  the  deeply  5-cleft 
or  5-parted  calyx,  naked,  or  with  5  small  glandular  folds  or  appendages  in  the 
open  throat.  Anthers  oblong  or  arrow-shaped.  Style  long  and  thread-form. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  fleshy  when  fresh,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  obliquely  attached  next 
the  base  by  a  prominent  internal  angle ;  the  scar  small.  —  Smooth !  or  soft-hairy 
perennial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves,  and  handsome  purplish-blue  (rarely 
white)  flowers,  in  loose  and  short  panicled  or  corymbed  raceme-like  clusters, 
only  the  lower  one  leafy-bracted :  pedicels  slender.  (Named  for  Prof.  Francis 
Charles  Mertens,  a  German  botanist.) 

§  1.   Corolla  perfectly  naked  in  the  throat;  the  broad  trumpet-mouthed  limb  almost 
entire :  Jitaments  sknder,  protruding,  much  longer  than  the  antheYs. 

1.  M-  Virginica,  DC.     (VIRGINIAN  COWSLIP  or  LUNGWORT.)     Very 
smooth,  pale,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  obovate,  veiny,  those  of  the  root  (4'- 
6' long)  petioled;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  1' long,  many  times  exceeding  the 
calyx,  rich  purple-blue,  rarely  white ;  lobes  of  the  disk  one  on  each  side  of  the 
ovary.      (Pulmonaria  Virginica,  L.)  — Alluvial  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wis- 
consin, Virginia,  and  southward.     May.  —  Cultivated  for  ornament. 

§  2.    Corolla  with  5  glandular  folds  or  appendages  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  b-lobed. 

2.  M.  maritima,  Don.      (SEA  LUNGWORT.)      Spreading  or  decumbent, 
smooth,  glaucous ;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  obovate,  the  upper  surface  becoming  pa- 
pillose ;  corolla  bell-funnel-form,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;  fila- 
ments longer  and  narrower  than  the  anthers  ;  nutlets  flattened.  —  Sea-coast,  on 
rocks  and  sand,  Cape  Cod  to  Maine  and  northward  :  scarce.  June- Aug.  (Eu.) 

3.  M.  paniculata,  Don.     Roughish  and  more  or  less  hairy,  erect  (l°-2° 
high),  loosely  branched ;    leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ribbed, 
thin;  corolla  (6" long)   somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the 
lance-linear  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  broader  and  shorter  than  the 
anthers.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward  and  westward.    July. 

7.    MYOSOTIS,    L.        SCORPION-GRASS.    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-toothed  or -5-cleft  calyx ; 
the  throat  with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages  opposite  the  rounded 
lobes  ;  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  included,  on  very  short  fila- 
ments. Nutlets  smooth,  compressed,  fixed  at  the  base;  the  scar  minute. — Low 
and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  and 
with  small  flowers  in  naked  (so  called)  racemes,  which  are  entirely  bractless,  or 
occasionally  with  one  or  two  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and  straight- 
ened in  fruit.  Flowering  through  the  season.  (Name  composed  of  pits,  mouse, 
and  ovsj  O>TOS,  ear,  in  allusion  to  the  aspect  of  the  short  and  soft  leaves  in  some 
species  :  one  popular  name  is  MOUSE-EAR.) 

*  Calyx  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  oppressed,  none  of  them  hooked  nor  glandular. 
1.   M.  pallistris,  Withering.    (TnuE FORGET-ME-NOT.)    Perennial;  stems 
ascending  from   an  oblique   creeping  base   (9'- 20'  high),  loosely  branched, 


BORRAGIXACE^E.        (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  3G5 

smoothish ;  leaves  rough-pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong ;  calyx 
moderately  5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels  ;  corolla  (rather  large  in 
the  genuine  plant)  pale  blue  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Nat.  from  Eu.  near  Boston, 
escaping  from  gardens.  —  Varies  into  smaller-flowered  forms,  among  which  high 
authorities  rank  M.  ca3spitosa,  and  (with  yet  more  reason)  the  intermediate 

Var.  laxa.     (M.  laxa,  Lekm.)     Creeping  base  of  the  stem  short ;  flowers  a 
third  or  half  smaller ;  pedicels  longer.  —  Wet  places,  northward.     (Eu.) 
*  *  Calyx  closing  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  spreading  hairs,  a  part  of 
them  minutely  hooked  or  glandular  at  the  apex:  corolla  small:  root  annual  or 
biennial. 

2.  M.  arvdnsis,  Hoffm.     Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing (6'-  15'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish;  racemes  naked  at  the  base 
and  stalked;  corolla  blue,  rarely  white ;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit  and  longer  than 
the  5-cleft  equal  calyx.     (M.  intermedia,  Link.     M.  scorpioides,  var.  arvensis,  L.) 
—  Fields,  &c. :  not  very  common,  perhaps  not  indigenous.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  v6rna,  Nutt.     Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  (4'- 
12' high);  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  racemes 
leafy  at  the  base;  corolla  very  small,  white,  with  a  short  limb;  pedicels  in  fruit 
erect  and  oppressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outwards  near  the  apex, 
rather  shorter  than  the  deeply  5-cleft  unequal  (somewhat  2-lipped)  very  hispid  calyx. 
(M.  inflexa,  Engelm.)  —  Dry  hills  :  rather  common.     May  -  July. 

4.  M.  VERsfcoLOR,  Pers.     More  slender  than  the  last,  simple  at  the  base  ; 
racemes  loose,  mostly  naked  at  the  base  ;  flowers  almost  sessile ;  corolla  pale  yel- 
}ow  changing  to  blue  or  violet ;  calyx  deeply  and  equally  5-cleft.  —  Fields,  Delaware, 
W.  M.  Canby.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  ECHINOSPERMTJM,    Swartz.        STICKSEED. 

Corolla  salver-form,  short,  nearly  as  in  Myosotis,  but  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
the  throat  closed  with  5  short  scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed 
laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style  or  central  column,  triangular  or  compressed, 
the  back  armed  with  1-3  marginal  rows  of  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the 
apex,  otherwise  naked.  — Rough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  flow- 
ers in  bracted  (so  called)  racemes;  ours  annuals  or  biennials,  flowering  all 
summer.  (Name  compounded  of  e^ti/os,  a  hedgehog,  and  oWp/xa,  seed.) 

1.  E.  LAPPULA,  Lehm.     Stem  upright,  branched  above  (l°-2°high);  the 
short  pedicels  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough-hairy ;  nutlets  each  with  a  double 
row  of  prickles  at  the  margins,  and  rough-tubercled  on  the  back.  — Waste  places  : 
common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  > 

2.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.    Nutlets  with  a  single  marginal  row  of  stout 
prickles,  and  granulate-roughened  on  the  back :  otherwise  much  like  the  last. 
(E.  patulum,  Hook.)  —  St.  Paul's,  Minnesota,  and  on  the  plains  westward. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,    Tourn.        HOTJND'S-TONGUE. 

Corolla  funnel-form ;  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-parted  calyx  ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  obtuse  scales ;  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  included.  Nut- 


366  BORRAGINACE.E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

lets  depressed  or  convex,  oblique,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the  style, 
roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with 
a  strong  scent  and  petioled  lower  leaves;  the  mostly  panicled  (so-called)  ra- 
cemes naked  above,  usually  bracted  at  the  base.  Fl.  all  summer.  (Name  from 
KUOOI/,  a  dog,  and  yXwacra,  tongue;  from  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  C.  OFFICINA.LE,  L.      (COMMON  HOUND'S-TONGUE.)     Biennial;  clothed 
with  short  soft  hairs,  Itafy,  panicled  above ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile 
by  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base ;  racemes  nearly  bractless ;  corolla 
reddish-purple  (rarely  white) ;    nutlets  flat  on  the  broad  upper  face,  somewhat 
margined.  —  Waste  grounds  and  pastures :  a  familiar  and  troublesome  weed ; 
the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the  fleece  of  sheep,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  Virginicum,  L.      (WiLD  COMFREY.)      Perennial;  rouyhish  with 
spreading  bristly  hairs ;  stem  simple,  few-lea ved  (2° -3°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, clasping  by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base  ;  racemes  feutyind  corymbed, 
raised  on  a  long  naked  peduncle,  bractless  ;  corolla  pale  blue ;  nutlets  strongly  con- 
vex. —  Rich  woods  :  rather  common,  especially  westward.  —  Flowers  interme- 
diate in  size  between  the  other  two. 

3.  C.  Moris6ni,  DC.      (BEGGAR'S  LICE.)      Biennial;  stem  hairy,  very 
broadly  branched,  leafy  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  also 
tapering  at  the  base,  thin;  minutely  downy  underneath  and  roughish  above; 
racemes  panicled,  forking,  diverging,  hairy,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base ;  flowers  very 
small;   corolla  white  or  pale  blue  (minute) ;    pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  nutlets 
convex,  the  prickles  with  barbed  points.      (Myosotis  Virgmica,  L.     Echino- 
spermum,  Lehm.)  —  Copses :  a  common  and  vile  weed. 

10.    HELIOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  salver-shaped,  short,  5-lobed ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  plaited  in  the 
bud;  the  throat  open.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  short:  stigma  conical,  or 
capitate.  Nutlets  4,  when  young  united  by  their  whole  inner  faces  into  a  4- 
celled  ovary,  but  separating  when  ripe,  each  1 -seeded.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby 
plants,  the  small  flowers  in  one-sided  spikes  ;  in  summer.  (The  ancient  name, 
from  77X10?,  the  sun,  and  rpoTrrj,  a  turn.) 

1.  H.  EUROPIUM,  L.    Erect  annual  (6'  - 18'  high),  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves 
oval,  long-petioled  ;  lateral  spikes  single,  the  terminal  in  pairs ;  calyx  spreading 
in  fruit,  hairy.  — Waste  places,  southward  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  H.  Curass&vicum,  L.    Apparently  annual,  glabrous  ;  stems  ascend- 
ing; leaves  lance-linear  or  spatulate,  thickish,  pale,  almost  veinless ;  spikes  in 
pairs.  —  Sandy  shores,  Norfolk,  Virginia,  S.  W.  Illinois,  and  southward. 

11.     HELl6PHYTTJM,     Cham.,  DC.        INDIAN  HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.  Style  very  short.  Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled, 
i.  e.  4,  in  pairs,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells  besides :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Heliotropium.  (Name,  rjXtos,  sun,  and  (pvrov,  plant. ) 

1.  H.  INDICUM,  DC.  Erect  and  hairy  annual ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or 
oval  and  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  spikes  single ;  fruit  2-cleft,  mitre-shaped, 
with  an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell.  (Heliotropium  Indi- 
cum,  L.)  — Waste  places,  S.  Illinois,  and  southward.  (Adv.  from  India.) 


HYDROPHYLLACE^:.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.)        367 

ORDER  73.     HYDROPHYLL-ACEJE.     (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and 
5-androus  flowers,  in  aspect  between  the  foregoing  and  the  next  order;  but 
the  ovary  entire  and  l-celled  with  2  parietal  4  -  many-ovuled  placentae,  or 
rarely  2-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placenta  in  .the  axis;  style  2-cleft  or  2 
separate  styles ;  fruit  a  2-valved  4  -  many-seeded  pod.  —  Seeds  mostly  retic- 
ulated or  pitted.  Embryo  small  in  copious  albumen.  —  Flowers  chiefly  blue 
or  white,  in  one-sided  cymes  or  racemes,  which  are  mostly  bractless  and 
coiled  from  the  apex  when  young,  as  in  the  Borage  Family.  (A  small  order 
of  plants  of  no  marked  properties,  some  cultivated  for  ornament.) 

Tribe  I.  HYDROPHYLL.EJE.  Ovary  and  pod  l-celled.  Seeds  amphitropous,  pitted 
or  reticulated,  and  with  cartilaginous  albumen.  Leaves  usually  cut-toothed,  lobed  or  pinnate. 
Style  2-cleft 

*  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae,  which  enclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in  our 
plants  these  are  only  4  in  number)  like  an  inner  pericarp. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.     Stamens  exserted  :  anthers  linear.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  Nemophila.     Stamens  included  :  anthers  short.     Calyx  with  appendages  at  the  sinuses. 

3.  Ellisia.     Stamens  included.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

*  *  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inwards  more  or  less. 

4.  Pliacelia.     Coralla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages 

Tribe  II.  H  YDROLEJE.  Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  the  placentas  often  projecting  from 
the  axis  far  into  the  cells.  Seeds  anatropous :  albumeu  fleshy.  Leaves  undivided. 

5.  Ilytlrolea.     Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped.    Styles  2     Leaves  entire. 

1.    HYDBOPHYLLUM,     L.        WATERLEAF. 

Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus,  early  open 
in  the  bud.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the 
tube  furnished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  which 
cohere  by  their  middle,  while  their  edges  are  folded  inwards,  forming  a  necta- 
riferous groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted :  filaments  more  or  less 
bearded :  anthers  linear.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  family) ;  the  2 
fleshy  placentae  expanded  so  as  to  line  the  cell  and  nearly  fill  the  cavity,  soon 
free  from  the  walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules 
on  the  inner  face.  Pod  ripening  1-4  seeds,  spherical.  —  Perennials,  with  petioled 
ample  leaves,  and  white  or  pale  blue  cymose-clustered  flowers.  (Name  formed 
of  v8a>p,  water,  and  (j)v\\ov,  leaf;  of  no  obvious  application  to  these  plants.) 

#  Calyx  with  minute  if  any  appendages:  rootstocks  creeping,  scaly-toothed. 

1.  H.   macroph^llum,    Nutt.      Rough-hairy;  leaves  oblong,  pinnate  and 
pinnatijid;  the  divisions  9-13,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  cut-toothed;  peduncle  very 
long;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-pointed  from  a  broad  base,  very  hairy.  —  Rocky, 
shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    July.  —  Root-leaves 
1°  long ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  globular  cluster. 

2.  H.  Virginicum,  L.     Smooihish  (l°-2°high);  leaves pinnately  divided ; 
the  divisions  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharply  cut-toothed,  the  lowest 
mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  of  the 
upper  leaves,  forked ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  bristly-cilia te.  —  Damp  woods. 
June  -  Aug. 


368        HYDROPHYLLACE^E.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

3.  H.  Canad6nse,  L.      Nearly  smooth  (1°  high);  leaves  palmately  5-7- 
lobed,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  unequally  toothed ;  those  from  the  root 
sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets;  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  long  petioles,  forked,  the  crowded  (nearly  white)  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels  ;  calyx-lobes  linear-awl-shaped,  nearly  smooth.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  W. 
New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and  northward.     June  -  Aug.  — 
Rootstocks  thickened  and  very  strongly  toothed  in  2  rows  by  the  persistent  bases 
of  the  stout  petioles :  leaves  3'  -  5'  broad. 

*  *  Calyx  with  a  small  reflexed  appendaye  in  each  sinus:  stamens  sometimes  not 
exserted  (probably  two  forms  of  flowers  y  as  in  some  Borraginacece,  $*c.). 

4.  H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.    Hairy ;  stem-leaves  palmately  5-lobed, 
rounded,  the  lobes  toothed  and  pointed,  the  lowest  pinnately  divided ;  cymes 
rather  loosely  flowered ;  pedicels  (at  length  slender)  and  calyx  bristly-hairy. — 
Open  woods.  New  York  to  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  westward,    dune,  July. 

2.    NEMOPHILA,    Nutt.        NEMOPHILA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  tooth  or  appendage  in  each  sinus,  more 
or  less  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Sta- 
mens included:  anthers  ovoid  or  heart-shaped.  Placentae  (bearing  each  2-12 
ovules),' pod,  and  seeds  as  in  Hydrophyllum.  — Diffuse  and  fragile  annuals,  with 
opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  one-flowered  pedun- 
cles ;  the  corolla  white,  blue,  or  marked  with  purple.  (Name  composed  of  vepos, 
a  grove,  and  (/uXe'o>,  to  love.)  Some  handsome  species  are  garden  annuals. 

1.  N.  micrdcalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Small,  roughish-pubescent;  stems 
diffusely  spreading  (2'  -  8'  long) ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3-5  roundish 
or  wedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  leaves  all  alternate ; 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles ;  flowers  minute; 
corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  placentae  each  2-ovuled ;  pod  1  -  2-seeded. 
(Ellisia  microcalyx,  Nutt.  Nemophila  evanescens,  Darby.)  —  Moist  woods, 
Virginia  (near  Washington),  and  southward.  April -June. 

3.    ELLISIA,    L.        ELLISIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  Corolla 
bell-shaped  or  cylindraceous,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed  above  ;  the  lobes 
imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appendages  within. 
Stamens  included.  Placentae  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hy- 
drophyllum.— Delicate  and  branching  annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves, 
the  lower  opposite,  and  small  whitish  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Ellis,  a  dis- 
tinguished naturalist,  an  English  correspondent  of  Linnaeus.) 

1.  E.  Nyct&lea,  L.  Minutely  or  sparingly  roughish-hairy,  divergently 
branched  (6' -12'  high) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  sparingly  cut-toothed  divisions ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves-,  1  -flowered ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate  lanceolate,  pointed,  about 
the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  (whitish)  corolla  (in  fruit  becoming  nearly  £' 
long) ;  pod  pendulous.  —  Shady  damp  places,  W.  New  Jersey  and  E.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Virginia.  May -July. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^E.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.)        369 

2.  E.  ambigua,  Nutt.  Later  peduncles  sometimes  2-  3-flowered;  corolla 
rather  more  bell-shaped,  the  upper  part  of  tube  5-angular :  otherwise  like  the 
preceding,  of  which  it  is  probably  a  variety.  —  Illinois  and  westward. 

4.    PHACELIA,    Juss.        ( Phacelia  &  Eutoca,  R.  Br. ) 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  open- bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  slender,  often  (with  the  2-cleft  style) 
exserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  with  2  narrow  linear  placenta?  ad- 
herent to  the  walls,  in  fruit  usually  projecting  inwards  more  or  less,  the  two 
often  forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid  4 -  many-seeded  pod.  (Ovules 
2  -  30  on  each  placenta, )  —  Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs,  with  either  simple, 
lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  commonly  handsome  (blue,  purple,  or  white)  flow- 
ers in  one-sided  raceme-like  clusters.  (Name  from  <£a'/ceXos,  a  fascicle.) 

§  1.  PHACELIA.     Seeds  and  ovules  only  4  (two  on  each  placenta) :  corolla  with 
narrow  folds,  appendages,  or  scales  within,  the  lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatiflda,   Michx.     Biennial;  stem  upright,  much  branched, 
hairy  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  3  -  5-divided ;  the  divisions 
or  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed 
or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  elongated,  loosely  many-flowered,  glandular-pubescent ; 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  spreading  or  recurved.  —  Shaded  banks, 
in  rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.    May,  June.  —  Corolla  bright  blue, 
6"  broad,  with  5  pairs  of  longitudinal  folds,  covering  as  many  externally  keeled 
deep  grooves.     Stamens  bearded  below ;  these,  with  the  style,  are  either  some- 
what included  (P.  brevistylis,  Bucklry)  or  exserted  in  different  individuals. 

§  2.  COSMANTHUS.  ( Cosmanthus,  Nolte.  Sect.  Eucosmanthus,  A.  DC., 
in  part.)  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4:  corolla  naked  within ;  its  lobes  beautifully 
fringe-toothed:  filaments  villous-bearded  below:  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  clasp- 
ing at  the  base:  flowers  long-pedicelled :  annuals  or  spring  biennials. 

2.  P.  Piirshii,  Buckley.    Sparsely  hairy ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched 
(8'  - 12'  high) ;  lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  5-9,  06/0^  or  lanceolate,  acute ;  raceme  many- 
flowered;  calyx-lobes  lance-linear;  corolla  light  blue,  varying  to  white  (about  ^'  in 
diameter).      (P.   fimbriata,   Pursh.,  not   of  Michx.      Cosmanthus   fimbriatus, 
Nolte,  Sf-c.)  — Moist  wooded  banks,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
April  -  June. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Michx.     Slightly  hairy,  slender;  stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending (5' -8'  long),  few-leaved;  lowest  leaves  3 -5-divided  into  roundish  leaf- 
lets; the  upper  5  -7-cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  obtuse;  raceme  3-W-flowered; 
calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  becoming  spatulate;  corolla  white  (3'  -4"  broad). 
—  Woods,  high  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  southward.     May. 

§  3.  EUTOCA.     (Eutoca,  R.  Br.)     Seeds  (or  at  least  the  ovules)  several  or  many, 
rarely  only  3  or  4  on  each  placenta :  corolla  usually  with  small  and  inconspicuous 
folds  or  appendages  within,  its  lobes  entire.     (Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials.) 

4.  P.  parviflbra,  Pursh.      Somewhat  hairy,  slender,  diffusely  spreading 
(T-8'  high)  ;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  the  lower  divided  into  3-7  short  lobes ; 
lacemes  solitary,  loosely  5  -15 flowered ;  pedicels  filiform,  at  length  several  times 

24 


370  POLEMONIACEJE.        (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes;  corolla  bluish-white  (3" -4"  broad) ;  pod 
few-seeded.  —  Shaded  banks,  S.  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward.  April  -  June. 
5.  P.  Pranklinii,  Gray.  Soft-hairy;  stem  erect  (6' -15'  high),  rather 
stout ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  many  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  lobes, 
which  are  crowded  and  often  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  short,  dense, 
crowded  into  an  oblong  spike ;  calyx-lobes  linear ;  corolla  blue  ;  pod  many-seeded. 
(Eutoca  Franklinii,  R.  Br.)  —  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  especially  on  Isle 
Royale ;  thence  northward  and  westward. 

5.    HYDRbliEA,    L.        HTDROLEA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short-campanulate  or  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-cleft. 
Filaments  dilated  at  the  base.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Pod  globular,  2-celled,  and 
the  cells  often  partly  divided  into  2  by  the  projection  of  the  many-seeded  pla- 
centas, thin-walled,  2  -  4-valved  or  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  minute,  striate- 
ribbed.  —  Herbs  or  scarcely  shrubby  plants,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places 
(whence  the  name,  from  v8o>p,  water),  with  entire  leaves,  often  having  spines 
in  their  axils,  and  clustered  blue  flowers. 

1.  H.  afiinis,  n.  sp.  Glabrous  throughout;  stem  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing base,  armed  with  small  axillary  spines ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
very  short  petiole ;  flowers  in  small  axillary  leafy-bracted  clusters ;  divisions  of 
the  calyx  lance-ovate,  equalling  the  corolla  and  the  irregularly-bursting  globose 
pod. — Banks  of  the  Ohio  in  S.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasey  (and  of  the  Missisippi  at 
Memphis,  A.  Fendler:  also  E.  Texas,  C.  Wright:  in  addenda  to  ed.  2,  referred 
to  H.  quadrivalvis,  Walt.,  of  the  Southeastern  States,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  smoothness  and  the  broader  sepals. 

ORDER  74.    POL-EMONIACE^E.     (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5-androus 
flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (in  one  tribe  imbricated)  in  the  bud, 
a  3-celled  ovary  and  3-lobed  style;  the  pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,few- 
many-seeded ;  the  valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central 
column.  —  Seeds  amphitropous,  the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when 
moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of 
copious  albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  usually  imbricated.  Corolla  with  a 
5-parted  border.  Anthers  introrse.  (Insipid  and  innocent  plants ;  many 
are  ornamental  in  cultivation.) 

Tribe  I.  POLEMONIE  JE.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Filaments 
filiform,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  cells  of  the  anther  parallel,  opening  length- 
wise. Flowers  cymose-panicled  or  clustered. 

1.  Polemonium.     Calyx  and  corolla  open-bell-shaped.    Filaments  slender,  equal. 

2.  Phlox.     Calyx  narrow.     Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  long  tube,  including  the  unequally 

inserted  filaments. 

Tribe  II.  DIAPENSIEJE.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  the  broad  and  flat  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  Anthers  opening  transversely. 

3.  Diupeiisia.     Anther-cells  pointless,  opening  by  an  obliquely  transverse  line. 

4.  Pyxidauthera.    Anther-cells  awn-pointed  underneath,  opening  straight  across. 


POLEMONIACE^l.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.)  371 

1.     POLEMONIUM,     Tourn.        GREEK  VALERIAN. 

Calyx  bell-shaped.  Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  very  short 
tube  of  the  open-bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form  corolla:  filaments  slender, 
declined,  hairy-appendaged  at  the  base.  Pod  few  -  several-seeded. — Perennials, 
with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  sometimes  confluent ;  the  (blue 
or  white)  corymbose  flowers  nearly  bractless.  (An  ancient  name,  from  TrdXe/zos, 
war,  of  doubtful  application.) 

1.  P.  r^ptans,  L.     Smooth  throughout;  stems  weak  and  spreading  (6'- 
10'  high,  never  creeping  as  the  name  denotes) ;  leaflets  7-11,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong  ;  corymbs  few-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  rather 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  stamens  and  style  not  protruding  beyond  the  corolla,  which 
is  light  blue,. about  £'  wide;  pods  about  3-seeded.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  P.  csertlleum,  L.     (JACOB'S  LADDER.)     Stem  erect  (l°-3°  high); 
leaflets  9-21,  linear-lanceolate,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  crowded; 
flowers  numerous,  in  a  thyrsus  or  contracted  panicle  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer 
than  the  tube  ;  stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted  beyond  the  bright  blue  corolla, 
which  is  nearly  1 '  broad ;  pod  several-seeded.  —  Swamps,  about  the  sources  of 
the  Susquehanna,  New  York:  East  of-Charlottesville,  Schoharie  Co.,  Dr.E.  C. 
Howe.    Elk  Creek,  near  Delhi,  Delaware  Co.,  B.  D.  Gilbert.     Head  of  Little 
Lakes,  Warren,  Herkimer  Co.,    G.  W.   Clinton.      Warren  Co.,  New  Jersey, 
A.  P.  Garber.     Wild  far  northwestward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.    PHLOX,    L.        PHLOX. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Pod  ovoid,  with  (sometimes  2  ovules  but  ripening  only)  a  sin- 
gle seed  in  each  cell. — Perennials  (except  a  few  Southern  species,  such  as  P. 
Drummondii  of  the  gardens),  with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly  entire  leaves, 
the  floral  often  alternate.  Flowers  cymose,  mostly  bracted  ;  the  open  clusters 
terminal  or  crowded  in  the  upper  axils.  ($Ao£,  flame,  an  ancient  name  of 
Lychnis,  transferred  to  this  North  American  genus.)  Most  of  the  species  are 
cultivated  in  gardens. 

#  Stem  strictly  upright :  panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong,  many-flowered :  peduncles  and 
pedicels  very  short :  lobes  of  the  corolla  entire.    '( Very  common  in  gardens.) 

1.  P.  paniculata,  L.     Stem  stout  (2° -4°  high),  smooth;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  large,  tapering  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  panicle  ample,  pyramidal-cory mbed ;  calyx-teeth  awn- 
pointed.    (P.  undulata,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  Var.  ACUMIN\TA  (P.  acuminata,  Pursh)  has 
the  broader  and  taper-pointed  leaves  beneath  downy,  like  the  stem,  which  is  some- 
times rough-hairy  and  spotted  below.  —  Rich  woods,  from  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     June,  July.  —  Flowers  pink-purple  varying  to  white. 

2.  P.  maculata,   L.     (WILD    SWEET-WILLIAM.)      Smooth,  or  barely 
roughish  ;  stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender  (l°-2°  high);  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the  broad 


372  POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.) 

and  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base ;  panicle  narrow,  oblong,  leafy  below ; 
calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  short,  scarcely  pointed;  corolla  purple  (sometimes 
white,  when  it  is  P.  suaveolens,  Ait.).  Lower  branches  of  the  panicle  rarely 
elongated,  so  as  to  become  pyramidal,  when  it  is  P.  pyramidalis,  Smith.  —  Rich 
woods  and  river-banks,  N.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June. 

*  *  Stems  ascending  or  upright,  often  from  a  dtcumbent  base:  flowers  in  terminal  co- 

rymbed  cymes :  the  whole  plant  smooth  and  glabrous :  lobes  of  the  corolla  round  and 
entire :  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate. 

3.  P.  Carolina,  L.     Stems  ascending  (£°-2°  high),  often  from  a  pros- 
trate base ;   leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  and  sometimes 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or  pointed ;  flowers  crowded,  short-peduncled ; 
calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Var.  ovlxA,  Benth.,  has  broader  leaves  (P.  ovata,  L.). — 
Var.  NfriDA,  Benth.,  has  narrower  leaves  (P.  nitida,  Pursh),  and  verges  to  the 
next.  —  Woods,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and  southward.    June, 
July.  —  Corolla  I '  long ;  the  limb  1 '  broad,  pink-purple. 

4.  P.  glab6rrima,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect  (1°- 3°  high) ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  rarely  oblong-lanceolate,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  sometimes 
revolute  margins),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point  (3' -4'  long) ;  cymes  few-flow- 
ered and  loosely  corymbed;  flowers  peduncled  (pink  or  whitish);  calyx-teeth 
sharp-pointed.  (P.  carnea,  Sims.    P.  revoluta,  Aikin.)  —  Prairies  and  open  woods, 
Ohio  and  Wisconsin  to  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

#  #  #  Stems  ascending  (or  in  No.  5  erect)  from  a  spreading  or  prostrate  base,  more 

or  less  clammy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  calyx  and  the  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear 
leaves:  flowers  in  terminal  corymbed  cymes,  mostly  pedicelled :  calyx  deeply  cleft, 
the  teeth  linear-awl-shaped  or  setaceous. 

5.  P.  pildsa,  L.     Stems  slender,  nearly  erect  (1°  - 1£°  high),  usually  hairy, 
as  are  the  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  which  commonly  taper  to  a  sharp  point ;  cymes 
at  length  open ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped  and  awn-like,  longer  than  the  tube, 
loose  or  spreading ;  lobes  of  the  pink-purple  or  rose-red  (rarely  white)  corolla 
obovate,  entire.     (P.  aristata,  Michx.    P.  aristata  &  pilosa  in  part,  Benth.  in 
DC.) — Borders  of  thickets  and  prairies,  New  Jersey  to 'Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    May,  June.  —  Leaves  1 '  -  2|'  long,  1"  -  3"  wide. 

6.  P.   prociimbens,   Lehm.     Stems  ascending  (£°-l£°  high),  mostly 
simple  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt 
(£'-  1^'  long,  on  sterile  shoots  often  ovate) ;  cyme  mostly  compact  and  sessile,  leafy- 
bracted;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped  or  linear,  sharp-pointed,  but  seldom  awned,  rather 
longer  than  the  tube,  straight ;  lobes  of.the  corolla  obovate  and  entire  (or  rarely 
notched),  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.     (P.  pilosa,  W^alt.,  Michx.,  Ell., 
Benth.  in  part,  not  L.     P.  pilosa,  var.  ?  Walteri,  Ed.  2.     P.  Walteri,  Chapm-m. 
P.  procumbens,  Lehm.  is  a  small  form.)  —  Dry  hills  and  barrens,  Kentucky, 
Virginia,  and  southward.    May,  June. 

7.  P.  r^ptans,  Michx.     Runners  creeping,  bearing  roundish-obovate  smooth- 
ish  and  thickish  leaves;  flowering  stems  (4' -8' high)  and  their  oblong  or  ovate 
obtuse  leaves  (£'  long)  pubescent,  often  clammy;  cyme  close,  few-flowered;  calyx- 
teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  reddish-purple 
corolla  round-obovate,  mostly  entire.  —  Damp  woods,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  and 


POLEMONIACE^E.        (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  373- 

southward.     May,  June.  —  Flowers  showy:  tube  of  the  corolla  an  inch  long; 
the  limb  nearly  as  broad. 

8.  P.  divaricata,  L.     Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
base  (9'- 18'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate  (!£'  long), 
acutish;  cyme  corymbose-panicled,  spreading,  loosely-flowered;  peduncles  slen- 
der ;  calyx- teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  pale 
lilac  or  bluish  corolla  obcordate  or  wedge-obovate  and  notched  at  the  end,  or  often  entire 
(var.  Laphamii,  Wood),  %'  -  %'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube,  with  rather 
wide  sinuses  between  them.  —  Rocky  damp  woods,  mountains  of  Virginia  to  N. 
New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

9.  P.  biflda,  Beck.    Stems  ascending,  branched  (5'  -  8'  high) ;  leaves  linear, 
becoming  nearly  glabrous  (£'-1^'  long,  1|"  wide) ;  flowers  few,  on  slender  pe- 
duncles ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  pale 
purple  corolla  2-cfeJl  to  or  below  the  middle  (4"  long),  equalling  the  tube,  the  divis- 
ions linear-oblong.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  Mead  (and  Missouri).     May. 

#  *  *  #  Stems  creeping  and  tufted  in  broad  mats,  the  short  flowering  slioots  ascending, 
glandular-pubescent ;  the  rigid  narrow  leaves  crowded  and  fascicled. 

10.  P.  subulata,  L.     (GROUND  or  Moss  PINK.)      Depressed,  in  broad 
mats;  leaves  awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or  narrowly  linear  (3" -6"  long);  cymes 
few-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  rigid ;  corolla  pink-purple  or  rose-color 
with  a  darker  centre  (sometimes  white) ;  the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched,  rarely 
entire.     (P.  setacea,  L.)  — Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks,  S.  New  York  to 
Michigan  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Common  in  cultivation. 

3.    DIAPENSIA,    L.        DIAPENSIA. 

Calyx  of  5  concave  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes 
rounded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  adherent  to  the  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses, 
short :  anthers  adnate,  of  2  ovoid  pointless  cells,  diverging  below,  each  opening 
therefore  by  a  transverse-descending  line.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  cartilagi- 
nous ;  the  cejls  few-seeded.  —  An  alpine  dwarf  evergreen,  growing  in  very  dense 
convex  tufts,  with  the  stems  imbricated  below  with  cartilaginous  narrowly  spat- 
ulate  mostly  opposite  leaves>  terminated  by  a  scape-like  1 -flowered  peduncle, 
3-bracted  under  the  calyx.  Corolla  white  (%'  wide).  (Ancient  Greek  name  of 
the  Sanicle,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  plant.) 

1.  D.  Lapponica,  L. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  New  York.  July.  (Eu.) 

4.    PYXIDANTHERA,    Michx.        PYXIDANTHERA. 

Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  strictly  transverse  line. 
Otherwise  much  as  in  Diapensia.  —  A  small  prostrate  and  creeping  evergreen, 
with  narrowly  oblanceolate  and  awl-pointed  crowded  leaves,  which  are  mostly 
alternate  on  the  sterile  branches,  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base.  Flowers 
solitary  and  sessile,  very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  TTU£I'S, 
a  small  box,  and  av6r)pa,  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if  by  a  lid.) 

1 .  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  south- 
ward. April,  May. 


374      CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  75.    CONVOl,VUL,ACEJE.    (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  juice,  ivith  alter- 
nate leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  5-androus  flowers  ;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated 
sepals  ;  a  5-plaited  or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  a  2- 
celled  (rarely  %-celled)  ovary,  or  in  one  tribe  2  separate  pistils,  with  a  pair 
of  erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition 
between  the  seeds,  so  becoming  ^-celled ;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled 
in  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Fruit  a  globular  2-6-seeded  pod.  Flowers 
mostly  showy,  on  axillary  peduncles :  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bracted. 
(Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  for  its  edi- 
ble farinaceous  roots :  those  of  several  species  are  cathartic ;  e.  g.  Jalap.) 
—  There  are  three  suborders,  or  rather  strongly  marked  tribes. 

Tribe  I.    CONVOLVULE^.    Leafy  plants,  mostly  twiners.    Ovary  2-4-celled.    Pod 
usually  septifragal.    Embryo  with  broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons,  crumpled  in  the  seed. 

*  Style  single  and  undivided. 
•«-  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  or  surrounded  by  leafy  bracts. 

1.  Quamoclit.    Stamens  and  style  exserted.    Corolla  salver-shaped  or  nearly  so.    Stigma 

capitate-2-lobed.    Pod  4-celled  ;  the  cells  1-seeded. 

2.  Ipomcea.    Stamens  included.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.    Stigma  capitate,  often 

2  -  3-lobed.    Pod  2 - 3-ceUed  •,  the  cells  2-seeded. 

3.  Convolvulus.    Stigmas  2,  elongated,  linear.    Otherwise  much  as  in  Ipomoea. 

•«-  •*-  Calyx  surrounded  and  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  broad  leafy  bracts. 

4.  Caly  stegia.    Stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.     Pod  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeded. 

*  *  Style  single  and  2-cleft,  or  styles  2,  rarely  more.     Prostrate  or  spreading  herbs. 

5.  Bonamia.    Styles  2  and  undivided,  or  a  single  one  2-cleft :  stigmas  capitate. 

6.  E  volvulus.     Styles  2,  and  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  obtuse. 

Tribe  II.     DICHONDRE£3.     Creeping  plants.    Ovaries  as  well  as  styles  2  or  more. 
Embryo,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding  tribe. 

7.  Dichondra.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft    Pistils  2,  one-seeded. 

Tribe  III.    CUSCUTINE^.    Leafless  parasitic  twiners.    Embryo  spiral,  slender,  desti- 
tute of  cotyledons.    Ovary  2-celled.    Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  fours ! 

8.  Cuscuta.    The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.    QUAMOCLIT,    Tourn.        CYPRESS-VINE. 

Sepals  mostly  mucronate  or  awned.  Corolla  cylindrical-tubul-ar,  with  a  small 
spreading  border,  not  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  and  style  protruded.  Stigma 
capitate-2-lobed.  Pod  4-celled;  the  cells  1-seeded. —  Annual  twiners,  with  red 
or  crimson  flowers ;  in  summer.  (An  aboriginal,  probably  Mexican,  name.) 

1.  Q.  cocciNEA,  Moench.    Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire,  or  an- 
gled; sepals  awn-pointed;  corolla  light  scarlet  (1'long).     (Ipomoea  coccinea, 
L.)  — River-banks,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from 
Trop.  Amcr.  or  Ind.) 

2.  Q.  VULG\RIS,  Choisy.     (CYPRESS- VINE.)     Leaves  pinnately  parted  into 
linear-thread-shaped  delicate  parallel  lobes ;  peduncles  1 -flowered;  corolla  nar- 
row, scarlet-red,  and  a  white  variety.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  south- 
ward.    (Adv.  from  India.) 


CONVOLVTJLACEJE.       (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.)  375 

2.    IPOMCEA,    L.         MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx  nailed  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  &c.,  twisted  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  capitate,  often  2  -  3-lobed.  Pod  2-celled, 
or  in  one  group  3-celled;  the  cells  2-seeded.  (Name,  according  to  Linnaus, 
from  tx//s  tTros,  a  Bindweed  [which  it  is  not],  and  O/ACHOS,  like.) 

§  1.  PHARBITIS,  Choisy.    Pod  3-  (rarely  4-)  celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 

1.  I.  puRptiREA,  Lam.     (COMMON  MORNING-GLORY.)     Annual ;  stems  re- 
trorsely  hairy;  leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire;  peduncles  long  umbellately 
3 - 5-flowered ;  calyx  bristly-hairy  below;  corolla  funnel-form  (2'  long),  purple, 
varying  to  white.     (Convolvulus  purpureus,  L.     Pharbitis  hispida,  Choisy.)  — 
Around  dwellings,  escaping  from  cultivation.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  I.  NIL,  Roth.    (  SMALLER  M. )    Stems  retrorsely  hairy ;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate;  peduncles  short,  or  rather  long,  1  -3 -flow- 
ered ;  calyx  densely  hairy  below ;  corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale  blue  ( 1 '  - 1£; 
long).     (Conv.  Nil.  &  C.  hederaceus,  L.)  —  Banks  and  near  dwellings,  from 
Maryland  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.?) 

§  2.  IPOMCEA,  Choisy.     Pod  2-celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 

3.  I.  Iacun6sa,  L.    Annual ;  rather  smooth ;  stem  twining  and  creeping, 
slender ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  or  angled-lobed ;  peduncles  short,  1  - 
3-flowered ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  pointed,  bristly-cUiate  or  hairy,  half  the  length  of 
the  sharply  5-lobed  (white,  £'-J'long)  corolla.     (C.  micranthus,  Riddell.)  — 
Woods  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.    Aug. 

4.  I.  pandurata,  Meyer.    (WILD  POTATO-VINE.    MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) 
Perennial,  smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimes  twining ;  leaves 
regularly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  occasionally  some  of  them  contracted  at  the 
sides  so  as  to  be  fiddle-shaped ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  1  -  5-flowered ; 
sepnls  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  very  obtuse;  corolla  open-funnel-form  (3'  long),  white 
with  purple  in  the  tube.  —  Sandy  fields  and  banks,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois 
and  southward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stems  long  and  stout,  from  a  huge  root,  which 
often  weighs  10-20  pounds.    Flowers  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

3.    CONVOLVULUS,    L.        BINDWEED. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.  Stamens 
included.  Style  1  :  stigmas  2,  linear,  often  revolute.  Pod  2-celled ;  the  cells  2- 
seeded.  —  Stems  twining,  procumbent,  or  often  erect-spreading.  Flowers  mostly 
opening  at  dawn.  (Name  from  convolvo,  to  entwine.) 

1.  C.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (BINDWEED.)  Perennial;  stem  procumbent  or  twin- 
ing, and  low ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  acute ; 
peduncles  mostly  1-flowered;  bracts  minute,  remote;  corolla  (9"  long)  white  or 
tinged  with  reddish.  —  Fields,  near  the  coast :  likely  to  become  a  troublesome 
weed.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.    CALYSTEGIA,    R.  Br.        BRACTED  BINDWEED. 

Calyx  enclosed  in  2  large  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leafy  bracts :  sepals  equal. 
Corolla  bell-funnel-form,  the  border  obscurely  5-lobed  or  entire.  Stamens  in- 


376       CONVOLVULACEJE.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

eluded.  Style  1 :  stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.  Pod  imperfectly  2-celled  or  1- 
celled,  4-seeded.  —  Perennials,  with  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped  leaves,  and 
axillary  1-flowered  peduncles;  fl.  in  summer.  (Name  from  KciXi/£,  calyx,  and 
a-Teyo),  to  cover,  alluding  to  the  bracts  enclosing  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  sepium,  R.  Br.     (HEDGE  BINDWEED.)     Stem  twining  or  sometimes 
trailing  extensively;  leaves  triangular-halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  acute  or 
pointed,  the  lobes  at  the  base  obliquely  truncate  and  often  somewhat  toothed 
or  sinuate-lobed ;  peduncles  4-angled ;  corolla  white,  or  in  the  American  plant 
more  commonly  light  rose-color  ( l£'  -  2'  long) :  the  typical  form  glabrous  through- 
out.    (Convolvulus  sepium,  and  C.  repens,  L.)  —  Varies  greatly,  often  slightly 

^  pubescent :  Var.  PDBESCENS  is  a  downy  form,  in  the  young  state  approaching 
the  next.  ( C.  Catesbyana,  Pursh. )  —  Common,  especially  along  the  moist  banks 
of  streams.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  spithamsea,  Pursh.     Downy;  stem  low  and  mostly  simple,,  upright  or 
ascending  (6' -12'  long) ;  leaves  oblong,  with  or  without  a  heart-shaped  or  auri- 
cled  base ;  corolla  white  (2'  long).  —  Dry,  mostly  sandy  ground :  not  rare. 

5.    BONAMIA,     Thouars.         (Breweria,  R.  Br.  &  Stylisma,  Raf. ) 

Styles  2,  or  rarely  3,  simple  and  distinct,  or  else  united  into  one  below :  stig- 
mas depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus.  —  Perennial 
prostrate  or  diffusely  spreading  herbs  (or  in  warmer  regions  sometimes  shrubby) ; 
flowers  small ;  in  summer :  corolla  more  or  less  hairy  or  silky  outside.  (Named 
for  Francis  Bonamy,  author  of  a  Flora  of  Nantes.) 

1.  B.  humistr&ta,  Gray.     (Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  5,  p.  337.)     Sparsely 
hairy  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  base  to  linear,  mucronate ;  peduncles  1  -  7-flowered ;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  pedicels ;  sepals  pointed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  corolla  white ;  JUaments  hairy ; 
styles  united  at  the  base.     (Convolvulus  humistratus,  Walt.,  who  well  distinguishes 
this  from  the  next.     Stylisma  evolvuloides,  Chois.,  in  part.     S.   humistrata, 
Chapm.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Virginia  (probably  not  in  Ohio),  and  southward. 

2.  B.  aquatica,  Gray.     Minutely  soft-downy  and  somewhat  hoary;  sepals 
silky ;  corolla  pink  or  purple ;  filaments  smooth ;  styles  separate  almost  to  the  base  : 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last.     ( Conv.  aquaticus,  Walt.     Stylisma  aquatica, 
Chapm.)  —  Margin  of  ponds,  S.  Virginia?  and  southward. 

3.  B.  Pickeringii,  Gray.     Soft-pubescent  or  smoothish ;  leaves  very  nar- 
rowly linear  or  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nearly  sessile ;  pe- 
duncles 1  -  3-flowered ;  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  mostly  exceeding  the  flowers ; 
sepals  hairy;  filaments  (scarcely  hairy)  and  styles  (which  are  united  far  'above  the 
middle)  exserted  from  the  open  white  corolla.     (Stylisma  Pickeringii,  Ed.  2.)  — 
Rather  dry  sandy  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  Stems  l°-3° 
long  :  leaves  1 '  - 1  £'  long.     Corolla  4"  -  5"  broad. 

6.    EVOLVULUS,    L.        EVOLVULUS. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  almost 
wheel-shaped.  Styles  2,  each  2-cleft :  stigmas  obtuse.  Pod  2-celled ;  the  cells 


CONVOLVULACE^l.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)       377 

2-seeded.  —  Low  and  small  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  mostly  diffuse,  never 
twining  (hence  the  name^from  evolvo,  to  unroll,  in  contrast  with  Convolvulus). 
1 .  E.  arg^nteus,  Pursh.  Many-stemmed  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
dwarf,  silky- villous  all  over ;  leaves  crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  oblong-spatulate  and  short-petioled,  about  %'  long ;  flowers  almost  sessile 
in  the  axils ;  corolla  purple,  3"  broad.  —  Potosi  lead-mines,  Missouri,  probably 
also  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi :  common  westward. 

7.    DICHONDRA,    Forst.        DICHONDEA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  included. 
Styles,  ovaries,  and  the  utricular  1- 2-seeded  pods  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick. 
—  Small  and  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  axillary  1-flowered'bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yel- 
lowish or  white.  (Name  composed  of  bis,  double,  and  ^d^Spos,  roundish  mass ; 
from  the  fruit.) 

1.  D.  ripens,  Forst. :  var.  Carolin6nsis,  Choisy.  Leaves  round-kid- 
ney-shaped, pubescent,  green  both  sides;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx  (!"- 
l£"  long).  (D.  Carolinensis,  Michx.)  —  Moist  ground,  Virginia,  near  Norfolk, 
and  southward.  (Widely  diffused  in  the  Southern  hemisphere.) 

8.    CltSCUTA,    Tourn.        DODDER. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft.  Stamens 
furnished  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.  Ovary  2-celled, 
4-ovuled:  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united.  Pod  mostly  4-seeded.  Embryo 
thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled  in  the  rather  fleshy  albumen,  destitute  of  cotyle- 
dons !  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate  scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule) :  ger- 
mination occurring  in  the  soil.  —  Leafless  herbs,  chiefly  annuals,  yellowish  or 
reddish  in  color,  with  thread-like  stems,  bearing  a  few  minute  scales  in  place  of 
leaves ;  on  rising  from  the  ground  becoming  entirely  parasitic  on  the  bark  of 
herbs  and  shrubs  on  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere  by  means  of 
papillae  developed  on  the  surface  in  contact.  Flowers  small,  cymose-clustered, 
mostly  white ;  usually  produced  late  in  summer  and  in  autumn.  (Name  of  un- 
certain, supposed  to  be  of  Arabic,  derivation.) 

The  following  account  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  DR.  ENGELMANN, 
whose  monograph  of  the  whole  genus  is  published  in  Transactions  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science. 

§  1.  Stigmas  elongated :  pod  opening  regularly  around  the  tjase  by  circumcissile  dehis- 
cence,  leaving  the  partition  behind.     (Natives  of  the  Old  World.) 

1.  C.  EpfLiNUM,  Weihe.  (FLAX  DODDER.)  Stems  very  slender,  low, 
flowers  globular,  sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads ;  corolla  5-parted,  short-cylin- 
drical, scarcely  exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx,  left  sur- 
rounding the  pod  in  fruit ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  limb ;  scales  short,  broad, 
crenulate,  shorter  than  the  globose  ovary. — Flax-fields;  in  Europe  very  in- 
jurious :  sparingly  introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States.  June 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


378       CONVOLVULACEuE.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

§  2.  Stigmas  capitate :  pods  indehiscent,  rarely  bursting  irregularly. 

*  Flowers  more  or  less  pedicelled :  the  scaly  bracts  few  artf  distant:  calyx  4-o-cleft. 

•t-  Corolla  cylindrical,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

2.  C.  tenuiflbra,  Engelm.     Much  branched,  twining  high,  pale-colored ; 
flowers  at  length  peduncled  and  in  rather  loose  cymes ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (ven- 
tricose  after  flowering)  twice  the  length  of  its  obtuse  spreading  lobes  and  of  the  ovate 
obtuse  calyx-lobes ;  scales  ovate,  cut-fringed ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla;  pod  depressed,  membranaceous,  thin,  yellowish.     (C.  Cephalanthi, 
Engelm.)  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  westward;  on  Cephalanthus 
and  other  shrubs,  and  on  various  tall  herbs. — Flower  the  narrowest  of  all  our 
Northern  species. 

3.  C.  infl^xa,  Engelm.    Flowers  peduncled,  in  umbel-like  cymes,  1"  long; 
tube  of  the  mostly  4-cleJt  fleshy  corolla  as  long  as  the  ovate  acutish  and  ininutdy  crenate 
erect  inflextd  lobes  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes ;  scales  minute  and  few -toothed, 
appressed ;  pod  depressed,  somewhat  umbonate,  of  a  thicker  texture,  brown,  its 
top  covered  with  the  remains  of  the  corolla.     (C.  Coryli,  Engelm.    C.  umbrbsa, 
Beyrich,  and  Ed.  2.)  — Prairies  and  barrens,  in  rather  dry  soil,  on  Hazels,  Ceano- 
thus,  and  other  shrubs  or  herbs ;  from  Western  Virginia  and  Illinois  southward 
and  westward. 

4.  C.  decdra,  Chois.,  altered  by  Engelm.    Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  3, 
from  1-J"  to  nearly  2"  long,  loosely  paniculate,  broadly  campanulate;  corolla  5- 
clejl ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  the  scales  large,  broadly  oval ;  pod  envel- 
oped by  the  remains  of  the  corolla.    (C.  /ndecora,  Chois.    C.  neuropetala,  Engelm. 
C.  pulcherrima,  Scheele.)  —  Wet  prairies,  S.  W.  Illinois  and  southward  ;  on  va- 
rious shrubs  and  herbs.  —  The  name  changed  by  Dr.  Engelmann,  because  this 
is  not  a  homely  but  the  handsomest  of  our  species. 

-i-  •»-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod. 

5.  C.  arvdnsis,   Beyrich.      Low;  flowers  small,  5-parted,  peduncled  in 
loose  umbel-like  cymes ;  tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  or  little  exceeding  the 
broad-lobed  calyx,  shorter  than  its  lanceolate  acuminate  spreading  or  reflexed 
lobes ;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  scales  ovate,  fim- 
briate,  converging  and  often  exceeding  the  tube ;  pod  globose,  thin,  yellowish. 
(C.  pentagona,  Engdm.)  —  In  fields,  prairies,  and  barrens,  from  S.  New  York 
(C.  F.  Austin)  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwestward ;  on  smaller  herbs,  and 
flowering  (in  June  and  July)  earlier  than  any  other  of  our  species.  —  Stems 
low,  scarcely  over  a  foot  high  ;  flowers  smaller  than  in  any  of  our  species,  and 
quite  variable  :  when  with  a  large  5-angled  calyx  it  is  C.  pentagona  (Virginia) : 
with  a  small  one,  it  is  var.  microcalyx  (Illinois) :  with  a  large  and  hemispherical 
one,  var.  calyciua  (Texas) :  with  a  fleshy  verrucose  calyx,  it  is  C.  verrucosa, 
Engelm.  (Texas.) 

6.  C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.     Low,  orange-colored;  flowers  mostly  4- 
cleft,  about  1"  long,  short-pedicelled,  in  scattered  clusters;  corolla  open  bell- 
shaped,  the  tube  nearly  the  length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  calyx-teeth ;  stamens 
as  long  as  the  lobes ;  scales  small,  appressed,  incised,  sometimes  almost  want- 
ing ;  the  thick  styles  as  long  as  the  large  depressed  ovary ;  pod  depressed,  thin, 
greenish-yellow.     (C.  polygonorum,  Engdm.)  —  Low  grounds,  on  Polygonum 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)        379 

and  other  herbs,  Delaware  to  Wisconsin,  and  southwestward.  —  The  large  ovary 
fills  the  shallow  tube  of  the^corolla. 

7.  C.  Gron6vii,  Willd.     Stems  coarse,  climbing  high ;  flowers  mostly  5- 
cleft,  peduncled,  in  close  or  mostly  open  paniculate  cymes  ;  corolla  bell-shaped, 
the  tube  longer  than  (or  sometimes  only  as  long  as)  the  ovate  obtuse  entire 
spreading  lobes;  scales  large,  converging,  copiously  fringed,  confluent  at  the 
base;  pod  globose,  umbonate,  brown.    ( C.  Americana,  Pursh,  &c.    C.  vulgivaga, 
Engelm.    C.  umbrbsa,  Torr.)  —Low,  damp  grounds,  especially  in  shady  places ; 
everywhere  common  both  east  and  west,  and  the  principal  species  northward 
and  eastward :  chiefly  on  coarser  herbs  and  low  shrubs.  —  The  close-flowered 
forms  occur  in  the  Northeastern  States;  the  loosely-flowered  ones  westward 
and  southward ;  a  form  with  4-parted  flowers  was  collected  in  Connecticut.    C. 
Saururi,  Engelm.,  is  a  form  with  more  open  flowers,  of  a  finer  texture,  in  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

8.  C.   rostrata,   Shuttleworth.      Stems  coarse,  climbing  high;    flowers 
(2" -3"  long)  5-parted,  peduncled,  in  umbel-like  cymes;   corolla  deep  bell- 
shaped,  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  teeth  of  the  calyx  and  its 
ovate  obtuse  entire  spreading  lobes  ;  the  large  scales  fimbriate,  confluent  at  the 
base ;  styles  slender,  as  long  as  the  acute  ovary ;   the  large  pod  pointed.  — 
Shady  valleys  of  the  Alleghanies,  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  southward  ;  on 
tall  herbs,  rarely  on  shrubs.    Flowers  and  fruit  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our 
species. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  and  mostly  continuous  clusters :  calyx  of  5  separate 
sepals  surrounded  by  numerous  similar  bracts:  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the 
top  of  the  globose  somewhat  pointed  pod.  (Lepidanche,  Engelm. ) 

9.  C.  COmpacta,  Juss.     Stems  coarse;  bracts  (3-5)  and  sepals  orbicular, 
concave,  slightly  crenate,  oppressed,  nearly  equalling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cy- 
lindrical tube  of  the  corolla  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading 
lobes  of  the  latter ;  scales  pinnatifid-fringed,  convergent,  confluent  at  the  base. 
C.  coronata,  Beyrich  (C.  compacta,  Choisy)  is  the  Eastern  and  Southern  form, 
with  a  smaller,  slenderer,  more  exserted  corolla.    C.  (Lepidanche)  adpressa, 
Engelm.,  is  the  Western  form,  with  a  larger,  shorter,  nearly  included  corolla. 
Both  grow  almost  entirely  on  shrubs  ;  the  first  from  N.  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey  southward ;   the  latter  from  Western  Virginia  to  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri,  in  fertile  shady  bottoms.     The  clusters  in  fruit  are  sometimes  fully 
2'  in  diameter. 

10.  C.   glomerata,  Choisy.     Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming 
knotty  masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated 
with  scarious  oblong  bracts,  their  tips  recurved-spreading ;  sepals  nearly  similar, 
shorter  than  the  oblong-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  scales 
large,  fringed-pinnatifid ;   styles  slender,  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary ;  the 
pointed  pod  mostly  1  -  2-seeded.    (Lepidanche  Compositarum,  Engelm.)  —  Moist 
prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward :  growing  commonly  on  tall  Com- 
positce.  —  The  orange-colored  stems  soon  disappear,  leaving  only  the  close  mat- 
ted coils  of  flowers,  appearing  like  whitish  ropes  twisted  around  the  stems. 


380  SOLANACE^E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  76.     SOLiANACE^S.    (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  rarely  shrubs),  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regu- 
lar 5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  on  bractless  pedicels;  the  corolla  imbri- 
cate, convolute,  or  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  mostly  plaited ;  the  fruit  a  2-celled 
(rarely  3  -  5-celled)  many-seeded  pod  or  berry.  —  Seeds  campylotropous  or 
amphitropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Calyx  usually  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  equal,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Style  and  stigma  single.  Placentas  in  the  axis,  often  projecting  far  into 
the  cells.  (Foliage  rank-scented,  and  with  the  fruits  mostly  narcotic, 
often  very  poisonous,  while  some  are  edible.)  —  A  large  family  in  the 
tropics,  but  very  few  indigenous  in  our  district.  It  shades  off  into  Scro- 
phulariaceae,  from  which  the  plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal  stamens 
generally  distinguish  it. 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  or  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  valvate  and  their  margins  usually 
turned  inwards  in  the  bud.    Anthers  connivent.    Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  Solatium.    Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

*  *  Corolla  various,  not  wheel-shaped,  nor  valvate  in  the  bud.    Anthers  separate. 
*-  Fruit  a  berry,  enclosed  in  the  bladdery -inflated  calyx.     Corolla  widely  expanding. 

2.  Physalis.     Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  5-lobed  or  nearly  entire.    Berry  juicy,  2-celled. 

3.  1\  icandra.     Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  nearly  entire.    Berry  dry,  3  -  5-celled. 

*-  •*-  Fruit  a  berry  with  the  unaltered  calyx  persistent  at  its  base. 

4.  Lycium.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  tubular,  not  plaited.    Berry  small,  2-celled. 

*          H-  t-  H-  Fruit  a  pod. 

5.  Hyoscyamus.    Calyx  urn-shaped,  enclosing  the  smooth  2-celled  pod,  which  opens  by 

the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.     Corolla  and  stamens  somewhat  irregular. 

6.  Datura.    Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.  Pod  prickly,  naked,  more  or  less  4-celled,  4-valved. 

Corolla  funnel-form. 

7.  Nicotiana.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.    Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-celled. 

1.    SO  LAN  TIM,    Tourn.        NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx  and  the  wheel-shaped  corolla  5-parted  or  5-cleft  (rarely  4-10-parted), 
the  latter  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  valvate  or  induplicate.  Stamens  exserted : 
filaments  very  short :  anthers  converging  around  the  style  :  opening  at  the  tip 
by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  —  Herbs,  or  shrubs  in  warm 
climates,  the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral  (rameal)  one; 
the  peduncles  also  mostly  lateral  and  extra-axillary.  —  A  vast  genus,  chiefly  in 
the  warmer  regions,  including  the  POTATO  (S.  TUBER6suM)  and  the  EGG- 
PLANT (S.  MELONGENA);  while  the  TOMATO  (LYCOPERSICUM  ESCDLENTUM) 
is  hardly  of  a  distinct  genus.  (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

#  Anthers  blunt.     (Plants  not  prickly,  smooth  or  nearly  so.) 

1.  S.  DULCAMARA,  L.      (BITTERSWEET.)      Stein  shrubby,  scarcely  climbing ; 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  the  upper  halberd-shaped,  or  with  two  ear-like  lobes  at  the 
base;  flowers  (purple  or  blue)  in  small  cymes;  berries  oval,  red.  —  Moist  banks 
and  around  dwellings.    June -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  N!GRUM,  L.     (COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.)   Annual,  low,  much  branched 
and  often  spreading,  rough  on  the  angles;   leaves  ovate,  wavy-toothed ;  flowers 


SOLANACE^E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  381 

(very  small,  white)  in  small  and  umbel-like  lateral  clusters,  drooping;  berries 
globular,  black.  —  Shaded  grounds  and  fields  :  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  A 
homely  weed,  said  to  be  poisonous.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  Anthers  elongated,  lanceolate,  pointed.  (Plants  mostly  prickly.) 
3.  S.  Carolin6nse,  L.  (HORSE-NETTLE.)  Perennial,  low  (1°  high); 
stem  erect,  prickly ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sinuate-toothed  or  angled, 
roughish  with  stellate  pubescence,  prickly  along  the  midrib,  as  also  the  calyx  ; 
flowers  (pale  blue  or  white,  large)  in  simple  loose  racemes;  berries  globular, 
orange-yellow.  —  Sandy  soil,  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June- 
Aug.  (S.  Virginianum,  L.,  is  not  here  identified  as  distinct.) 

2.    PHY  SALTS,    L.        GROUND  CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  flowering,  at  length  much  in- 
flated and  enclosing  the  2-celled  globular  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  between 
wheel-shaped  and  funnel-form,  the  very  short  tube  marked  with  5  concave 
spots  at  the  base ;  the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  barely  5  -  10-toothed. 
Stamens  5,  erect :  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Herbs  (in  this  coun- 
try), with  the  leaves  often  unequally  in  pairs,  and  the  1 -flowered  nodding  pe- 
duncles extra-axillary;  flowering  through  the  summer.  (Name,  <£uo-aXts,  a 
bladder,  from  the  inflated  calyx.) 

*  Root  annual:  anthers  tinged  with  blue  or  violet :  stems  1°  -3°  high. 
•*-  Corolla  white,  large. 

1 .  P.  gr  andiflbr  a,  Hook.     Clammy -pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 
pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  corolla  l'-2'  wide  when  expanded,  almost  entire, 
and  with  a  woolly  ring  in  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  globular,  apparently  nearly 
filled  by  the  berry. — Upper  Michigan,  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Dr.  Robbins, 
&c.)  and  northward,  springing  up  in  new  clearings. 

•H-  -i-  Corolla  pale  or  greenish-yellow,  small  or  smallish. 

2.  P.  Philad&Lphica,  Lam.     Almost  glabrous,  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
Jong-ovate,  oblique  at  base,  entire,  repand,  or  very  sparingly  angulate-toothed ; 
corolla  brownish- or  violet-spotted  in  the  centre,  7"  -10"  broad;  calyx  at  maturity 
globose  and  completely  filled  by  the  large  reddish  or  purple  berry  and  open  at 
the  mouth.  —  Rich  grounds,  not  rare,  especially  southward  :  also  cult. 

3.  P.  angulata,  L.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect,  much  branched  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply  and  irregularly  laciniate-toothed ;  peduncles  fili- 
form ;  corolla  unspotted,  very  small  (3"  -  6"  broad  when  expanded) ;  fruiting  calyx 
conical-ovate  with  a  truncate  or  sunken  base,  10-angled,  loosely  inflated,  but  at 
length  well  filled  by  the  greenish-yellow  berry.  —  Cult,  and  waste  grounds. 

4.  P.  pub6sc6IlS,  L.     Pubescent  or  clammy-hairy  (rarely  smoothish)  dif- 
fusely much  branched  or  at  length  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  angu- 
late-  or  repand-toothed  ;  corolla  spotted  with  brown-purple  in  the  centre,  5" -6" 
broad  when  expanded,  obscurely  5 -10-toothed  ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate  from  a 
truncate  or  impressed  base,  pointed,  sharply  5-angled,  loosely  enclosing  the 
yellow  or  greenish  berry.     (P.  hirsuta,  Dunal.     P.  obscura,  Michx.  in  part.)  — 
Low  grounds  :  common,  especially  southward  and  westward. 


382  SOLANACEJ2.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

#  *  Root  perennial:  stems  mostly  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  usually  low  (6'- 
20'  high) :  anthers  yellow ;  fruiting  calyx  loosely  inflated,  5-angled,  much  larger 
than  the  berry. 

•*-  Wild  species :  corolla  greenish-yellow  and  commonly  brown  or  purplish  in  the 
centre,  the  border  5-angled  or  barely  5  -  10-toothed,  6"  -  12"  broad. 

5.  P.  viscbsa,  L.     Clammy -pubescent,  diffusely  much  branched  and  widely 
spreading,  or  at  first  erect;  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  sometimes 
oblong,  repand  or  obtusely  toothed,  rarely  entire ;   corolla  dark  brown  in  the 
centre;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  barely  concave  or  truncate  at  base,  sharply  5- 
angled ;  berry  orange  or  reddish,  glutinous.     (P.  heterophylla,  Nees.    P.  nyc- 
taginea,  &  P.  viscido-pubescens,  Dunal?)  — Light  or  sandy  soil :  common. 

6.  P.   Pennsylvanica,   L.      Minutely  hirsute-pubescent  (not  clammy),  or 
nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  tapering  at  the 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  repand-toothed ;  corolla  merely  darker  or  purplish-veiny 
in  the  centre ;  fruiting  calyx  conical  or  globular-ovate,  pointed,  and  with  an  im- 
pressed base  ;  berry  red.  —  Var.  LANCEOLATA  ;  the  narrower-leaved  and  pubes- 
cent form  (5'- 15'  high),  especially  the  state  with  a  hairy  calyx.    (P.  lauceolata, 
Michx.    P.  maritima,  M.  A.  Curtis.)  — Dry,  often  sandy  soil,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward  and  westward,  even  northwestward  to  the  Winipeg  valley.  — 
Fruiting  calyx  I'-l^'  long.     Shape  of  calyx-lobes  very  variable. 

•«-  •«-  Introduced :  corolla  greenish-white,  unspotted,  5-lobed. 

7.  P.  ALKEKENGI,  L.     (STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.)     More  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  pointed  ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped ; 
fruiting  calyx  broadly  ovate,  turning  red ;  the  berry  bright  red,  pleasant.  —  Cult, 
and  waste  grounds,  eastward.     (Cult.  &  Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    NICANDBA,    Adans.        APPLE  OF  PERU. 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  divisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  3-5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla  with 
border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Physalis.  — An  annual  smooth  herb 
(2° -3°  high),  with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  leaves,  and  solitary  pale 
blue  flowers  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  (Named  after  the  poetNican- 
der  of  Colophon.) 

1.   N.  PHYSALO^DES,  Gsertn.  — Waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Peru.) 

4.    L'STCIUM,    L.        MATRIMONY- VINE. 

Calyx  3-  5-toothed  or  cleft,  not  enlarging,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry. 
Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  and  not 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender : 
stigma  capitate.  Berry  small,  2-celled.  Shrubby,  often  spiny  plants,  with 
alternate  and  entire  small  leaves,  and  mostly  axillary  small  flowers.  (Named 
from  the  country,  Lycia.) 

1.  L.  VULGA.RE,  Dunal.  (COMMON  M.)  Shrub  with  long  sarmentose  re- 
curved-drooping  branches,  smooth,  sparingly  if  at  all  spiny  ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
spatulate-lanceolate,  often  fascicled,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  flowers  on 
slender  peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  corolla  short  funnel-form,  greenish- 


SOLANACEvE.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.)  383 

purple  ;  style  and  slender  filaments  equalling  its  lobes  ;  berry  oval,  orange-red. 
(L.  Barbarum,  L.,  in  part.)  —  About  dwellings ;  and  escaped  into  waste  grounds 
in  Pennsylvania,  &c.  June- Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    HYOSCYAMTJS,    Town.        HENBANE. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lobed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.  Stamens  declined.  Pod  en- 
closed in  the  persistent  calyx,  2-celled,  opening  transversely  all  round  near  the 
apex,  which  falls  off  like  a  lid.  —  Clammy-pubescent,  fetid,  narcotic  herbs,  with 
lurid  flowers  in  the  axils  of  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Name  composed  of 
vs,  voy,  a  hog,  and  Kvapos,  a  bean;  said  by  JElian  to  be  poisonous  to  swine.) 

1.  H.  N!GER,  L.  (BLACK  HENBANE.)  Biennial  or  annual;  leaves  clasp- 
ing, sinuate-toothed  and  angled  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  one-sided  leafy  spikes ;  co- 
rolla dull  yellowish,  strongly  reticulated  with  purple  veins. — Escaped  from 
gardens  to  roadsides.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    DATURA,    L.        JAMESTOWN- WEED.    THORN-APPLE. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the  base  in  fruit, 
the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  large  and  spreading 
5  -  10-toothed  plaited  border.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  globular,  prickly,  4-valved, 
2-celled,  with  2  thick  placentae  projected  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the 
cells,  and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfect  false  partition,  so  that  the 
pod  is  4-celled  except  near  the  top,  the  placentae  as  if  on  the  middle  of  these 
false  partitions'.  Seeds  rather  large,  flat.  —  Rank  weeds,  narcotic-poisonous, 
with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks 
of  the  branching  stem;  produced  all  summer  and  autumn.  (Altered  from  the 
Arabic  name,  Tatorah.) 

1.  D.    STRAMONIUM,  L.     (COMMON    STRAMONIUM  or  THORN  APPLE.) 
Annual,  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate,  sinuate-toothed  or  angled ;  stem  green  ;  corolla 
white  (3'  long),  the  border  with  5  teeth.  —  Waste  grounds  :  a  well-known  weed. 
(Adv.  from  Asia.) 

2.  D.  TATULA,  L.     (PURPLE  T.)     Mostly  taller ;  stem  purple;  corolla  pak 
violet-purple.    Thought  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  the  last,  on  account  of  the 
behavior  of  the  cross-breeds.     (Adv.  from  trop.  Amer.  ?) 

7.    NICOTIANA,    L.        TOBACCO. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube ;  the  plaited  border  5-lobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Pod  2- 
celled,  2  -  4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  —  Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs, 
mostly  clammy-pubescent,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  racemed  or  pamcled 
flowers.  (Named  after  John  Nicol,  who  was  thought  to  have  introduced  the 
Tobacco  (N.  TABACUM,  L.)  into  Europe.) 

1.  N.  RUSTICA,  L.  (WILD  TOBACCO.)  Annual;  leaves  ovate,  petioled; 
tube  of  the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  lobes  rounded.  —  Old  fields,  from  New  York  westward  and  south- 
ward •  a  relic  of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 


384  GENTIANACEJE.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  77.     GENTIANACE.E.     (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
simple  leaves  (except  in  Tribe  II.)  without  stipules,  regular  Jlowers  with  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  convolute  (rarely  im- 
bricated and  sometimes  valvate)  in  the  bud,  a  1-celled  ovary  with  2  parietal 
placenta,  or  nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  ovary  ovuliferous  ;  the  fruit 
usually  a  2-valved  and  septicidal  many-seeded  pod.  —  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  withering-persistent  ;  the 
stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  fleshy  albumen.  (Bitter-tonic  plants.) 

Tribe  I.  GENTIANEJE.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud  (with  the  sinuses 
mostly  plaited),  or  in  Obolaria  imbricated.  Leaves  almost  always  opposite  or  whorled,  en- 
tire, those  of  the  stem  sessile.  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous,  with  a  cellular  coat ;  in 
Obolaria,  Bartonia,  and  several  Gentians,  the  ovules  and  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of 
the  pericarp  ! 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous. 

1.  Sabbatia.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-12-parted  :  anthers  at  length  recurved. 

2.  Ery  tlirsea.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  4  -  5-cleft :  anthers  soon  spiral. 

*  *  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent :  anthers  straight. 

3.  Fra  sera.    Corolla  4-parted,  wheel-shaped  5  a  fringed  glandular  spot  on  each  lobe. 

4.  Hal  en  ia.     Corolla  4  -  5-cleft,  bell-shaped,  and  4  -  5-spurred  at  the  base. 

5.  Gentiana.     Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-shaped,  mostly  plaited  in  the  sinuses,  not  spurred. 

6.  Bartonia.    Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  bell-shaped  -.  no  plaits.    Calyx  4-parted. 

7.  Obolaria.    Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  with  no  plaits,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 

the  bud  !     Calyx  2-leaved. 

Tribe  II.    MENYANTHE.3E.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  the  edges 
turned  inwards.    Stem-leaves  alternate,  petioled.    Seed-coat  hard  or  bony. 

8.  Menynutb.es.     Corolla  bearded  inside.    Leaves  3-foliolate. 

9.  Limnaiithemum.    Corolla  naked  or  bearded  on  the  margins  only.    Leaves  simple, 

rounded. 

1.    SABBATIA,    Adans.        AMERICAN  CENTAURY. 

Calyx  5-12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  5-12-parted,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  5-12:  anthers  soon  recurved.  Style  2-parted,  slender. — 
Biennials  or  annuals,  with  slender  stems,  and  cymose-panicled  handsome  (white 
or  rose-purple)  flowers  ;  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  L.  Sabbati,  an  early  Italian 
botanist. ) 

*  Corolla  5-parted,  or  rarely  6  -  7 -parted. 
••-  Corolla  white,  often  turning  yellowish  in  drying:  cymes  corymbed,  many-flowered. 

1.  S.  paniCUlata,  Pursh.     Stem  brachiateJy  much-branched  (l°-2°  high), 
rather  terete,  but  angled  with  4  sharp  lines  ;  leaves  linear  or  the  loivtr  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, \-nerved,  nearly  equalling  the  internodes ;  calyx-lobes  linear-thread-form, 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  S.  lanceolata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  simple  (l°-3°  high)  bearing  a  flat- 
topped  cyme ;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  3-nerved,  the  upper  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes  ;   calyx-lobes  longer  and  flowers  larger  than  in 


GENTIANACEuE.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  385 

No.  1.     (Chironia  lanceolata,  Walt.     S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.)  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens, from  New  Jersey  southward. 

•*-  •*-  Corolla  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  eye:  stem  erect, 
\o  _3O  JiigJi^  pyramidally  many-Jlowered :  branches  opposite:  peduncles  short. 

3.  S.  brachiata,  Ell.      Stem  slightly  angled,  simple  below  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  linear  and  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute ;  branches  rather  few- 
flowered,  forming  an  oblong  panicle ;  calyx -lobes  nearly  half  shorter  than  the 
corolla.    (S.  concinna,  Wood,  ex  char.)  — Dryish  grassy  places,  Virginia  (Indi- 
ana, Wood),  and  southward.  —  Corolla  rather  smaller,  and  its  lobes  narrower 
than  in  the  next. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Pursh.     Stem  somewhat  4- winged-angled,  much  branched 
above  (l°-2£°  high),  many-flowered;  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
somewhat  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  calyx-lobes  one  third  or  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla.  —  Dry  ground,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Corolla  l£' 
wide ;  the  lobes  obovate. 

•«-•«-•*-  Corolla  rose-purple  or  white :  stems  (5'  -  20'  high)  slender,  loosely  and  often 
alternately  branched,  or  merely  forked,  terete  or  scarcely  4-angled :  peduncles  elon- 
gated and  I -flowered. 

5.  S.  calycdsa,  Pursh.     Diffusely  forking,  pale  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ob- 
long, narrowed  at  the  base  ;  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  spatufate-lanceolate  (§'-!'  long), 
exceeding  the  almost  white  corolla.  — Marshes,  E.  Virginia,  and  southward. 

6.  S.  Stellaris,  Pursh.     Loosely  branched  and  forking ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped-linear,  varying  from 
half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla.  —  Salt  marshes,  Massachu- 
setts to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Too  near  the  next. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Salisb.     Stem  very  slender,  at  length  diffusely  branched; 
the  branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform  ;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lance-linear, 
the   uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the  rose-purple 
corolla.     (Chironia  campanulata,  L.) — Brackish  marshes,  Nantucket  (Oakes), 
banks  of  lower  Delaware  "River  (Mr.  Cooley,Mr.  Diffenbaugh),  and  southward. 

*  *  Corolla  9-12-parted,  large  (about  2'  broad).     (Lapithea,  Grisebach.) 

8.  S.  chloroides,  Pursh.     Stem  (l°-2°  high),  loosely  panicled  above; 
the  peduncles, slender,  1 -flowered  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  calyx-lobes  linear, 
half  the  length  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  corolla.  —  Borders  of 
brackish  ponds,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  One 
of  our  handsomest  plants. 

2.    EBYTHKJEA,    Pers.        CENTAURT. 

Calyx  4-  5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 
with  a  slender  tube  and  a  4  -  5-parted  limb.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  twisting 
spirally.  Style  slender,  single  :  stigma  capitate  or  2-lipped.  —  Low  and  small 
branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose-purple  or  reddish  flowers  (whence  the  name, 
from  eputfpoff,  red) ;  in  summer.  All  our  Northern  species  were  probably  intro- 
duced, and  occur  in  few  localities. 

1.  E.  CENT AtRiUM,  Pers.  (CENTAURY.)  Stem  upright,  corymbosely  branched 
above ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish ;  the  uppermost  linear ;  cymes  clus- 
25 


386  ,       GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

tered,  flat-topped,  the  flowers  all  nearly  sessile;  tube  of  the  (purple-rose-colored) 
corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes.  —  Oswego,  New  York.  —  Plant 
6'  - 1 2'  high :  corolla  3"  -  4"  long.  (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

2.  E.  RAMOSfssiMA,  Pers.,  VET.  PDLCHELLA,  Griseb.    Low  (2' -6'  high); 
stem  many  times  forked  above  and  forming  a  diffuse  cyme  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
oval ;  flowers  all  on  short  pedicels;  tube  of  the  (pink-purple)  corolla  thrice  the 
length  of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.     (E.  Muhlenbe'rgii,  Griseb.,  as  to  Penn. 
plant.    Exacum  pulchellum,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  or  shady  places,  Long  Island  to  E. 
Virginia  :  scarce.  —  Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  spicATA,  Pers.     Stem  strictly  upright  (6'- 10' high) ;  the  flowers  ses- 
sile and  spiked  along  one  side  of  the  simple  or  rarely  forked  branches ;  leaves  oval 
and  oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  acutish;  tube  of  the  (rose-colored  or  whitish) 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  oblong.      (E.  Pickeringii, 
Oakes.) —  Sandy  sea-shore,  Nantucket,  Massachusetts,  Oakes,  and  Norfolk,  Vir- 
ginia, Rugel.  —  Remarkable  for  the  spike-like  arrangement  of  the  flowers. 
(Nat.  fromEu.1?) 

3.  FRASERA,    Walt.        AMERICAN  COLUMBO. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  each  division 
with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  the  face.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  usually 
somewhat  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Style  persist- 
ent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oval,  flattened,  4  -  14-seeded.  Seeds  large  and  flat, 
wing-margined.  —  Tall  and  showy  herbs,  with  a  thick  root,  upright  and  mostly 
simple  stems,  bearing  whorled  leaves,  and  numerous  peduncled  flowers  in  open 
cymes,  which  are  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated  panicle.  (Dedicated  to  John 
Fraser,  an  indefatigable  collector  in  this  country  towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century.) 

1.  P.  Carolin6nsis,  Walt.  Smooth  biennial  or  triennial  (3° -8°  high) ; 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate,  veiny ;  panicle  py- 
ramidal, loosely  flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong,  mucronate,  longer 
than  the  narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  and  round  gland 
on  their  middle ;  pod  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  —  Rich  dry 
soil,  S.  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  July.  —  Root  very  thick 
and  bitter.  Corolla  1'  broad,  light  greenish-yellow,  marked  with  small  brown- 
purple  dots. 

4.  HA  LENT  A,    Borkh.        SPURRED  GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  short  bell-shaped,  4-5-cleft,  without  folds  or 
fringe,  prolonged  at  the  base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  are 
glandular  in  the  bottom.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattish 
pod.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with  yellow- 
ish or  purplish  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.  defl£xa,  Grisebach.  Leafy  annual  or  biennial  (9'- 18' high),  sim- 
ple or  branched  above ;  leaves  3  -  5-nerved,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and 
petioled  ;  the  others  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved, 
descending,  half  the  length  of  the  acutely  4-lobed  corolla.  (Swertia  corniculata, 


GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  387 

L.,  partly.)  —  Damp  woods,  from  the  northern  parts  of  Maine,  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.    July,  August. 

5.    GENTIANA,    L.        GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  intermediate 
plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Style  short  or 
none :  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved ;  the  innumerable  seeds 
either  borne  on  placentae  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  cover- 
ing nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.  (First  shown  by  Prof.  H.  J.  Clark !) 

—  Flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  showy,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.     (Name 
from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  used  some  species  medicinally.) 

§  1.  AMARELLOlDES,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  without 
crown  or  plaited  folds,  and  with  the  lobes  naked:  anthers  separate,  Jixed  by 
the  middle,  introrse  in  the  bud,  but  reflexed  after  the  flower  opens :  seeds  wing- 
less:  annuals. 

1.  G.  quinquefl6ra,  Lam.     (FIVE-FLOWERED  G.)     Stem  rather  slen- 
der, branching  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasping  and 
heart-shaped  base,  3  -  7-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  point ;  branches  racemed 
or  panicled,  about  5-flowered  at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-cleft  calyx 
awl-shaped-linear ;  lobes  of  the  pale-blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed, 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  slender  obconical  tube.  —  Var.  OCCIDENTALIS  has 
linear-lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  more  leaf-like,  about  half  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

—  Dry  hilly  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially  along  the 
Alleghanies :  the  var.  is  the  common  form  in  the  Western  States.  —  Corolla 
nearly  1'  long  ;  in  the  variety  proportionally  shorter. 

§  2.  CROSSOPETALUM,  Froel.  Corolla  funnel-form,  gland-bearing  between  the 
bases  of  the  filaments,  without  crown  or  plaited  folds ;  the  lobes  fringed  or  toothed 
on  the  margins :  anthers  as  in  §  1  :  pod  somewhat  stalked :  seeds  wingless,  clothed 
with  little  scales:  annuals  or  biennials. 

2.  G.  crinita,  Froel.     (FRINGED  G.)    Flowers  solitary  on  long  peduncles 
terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  from 
a  partly  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base ;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx  unequal,  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  tube  of  the  sky-blue  corolla,  the  lobes  of 
which  are  wedge-obovate,  and  strongly  fringed  around  the  summit ;  ovary  lanceolate. 

—  Low  grounds,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin :  rather  common.  — 
Plant  l°-2°  high :  the  showy  corolla  2'  long. 

3.  G.  detonsa,  Fries.     (SMALLER  FRINGED  G.)     Stem  simple  or  with 
slender  branches,  terminated  by  solitary  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles ;  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate-linear ;  lobes  of  the  4-  (rarely  5-)  cleft  calyx  unequal,  ovate  or 
triangular  and  lanceolate,  pointed ;  lobes  of  the  sky-blue  corolla  spatulate-oblong, 
with  ciliate-fringed  margins,  the  fringe  shorter  or  almost  obsolete  at  the  summit ; 
ovary  elliptical  or  obovate.  —  Moist  grounds,  Niagara  Falls  to  Illinois  and  north- 
westward.    Passes  into  the  last.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  PNEUMONANTHE,  Necker.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  obconical,  5-lobed, 
with  plaited  folds  which  project  into  appendages  in  the  sinuses :  anthers  erect, 


388  GENTIANACEJE.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

fixed  by  the  deep  sagittate  base,  extrorse,  often  cohering  with  each  other  in  a  ring 
or  tube:  pod  stalked:  perennials,  mostly  autumn-flowering, 

*  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary,  2-bracteolate. 
•»-  Seeds  wingless :  anthers  unconnected. 

4.  G.  ochroletica,  Froel.     (YELLOWISH- WHITE  G.)     Stems  ascending, 
mostly  smooth ;  the  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster  and  often  also  in  ax- 
illary clusters  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  lowest  -broadly  obovate  and  obtuse,  the 
uppermost  somewhat  lanceolate,  all  narrowed  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  un- 
equal, much  longer  than  its  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  greenish-white  open  corolla, 
which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins  and  lilac-purple  stripes ;  its  lobes  ovate, 
very  much  exceeding  the  small  and  sparingly  toothed  oblique  appendages  ;  pod 
included  in  the  persistent  corolla.  —  Dry  grounds,  S.  Pennsylvania  (rare)  to 
Virginia,  and  common  southward. 

-»-  •»-  Seeds  winged :  anthers  connivent  and  usually  more  or  cohering. 

5.  G.  alba,  Muhl.  Cat. !     (WHITISH  G.)     Stems  upright,  stout,  and  very 
smooth  ;  flowers  closely  sessile  and  much  crowded  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster, 
sometimes  also  clustered  in  the  upper  axils  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  heart- 
shaped  closely  clasping  base,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  reflex ed-spreading ;  corolla  white  more  or  less  tinged  with  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, inflated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its  short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  toothed  appendages ;   pod  nearly  included  ;    seeds  broadly  winged. 
(G.  flavida,   Gray,  in  Sill.  Jour.      G.  ochroleuca,  Sims.,  Darlingt.,  Grisebach, 
in  part.)  —  Glades  and  low  grounds,  S.  W.  New  York  to  Virginia  along  the 
Alleghanies,  and  west  to  Illinois  and  Lake  Superior.    Begins  to  flower  in  July, 
far  earlier  than  the  two  next. 

6.  G.  Andrews!!,  Griseb.     (CLOSED  G.)    Stems  upright,  smooth  ;  flow- 
ers closely  sessile  in  terminal  and  upper  axillary  clusters  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
and  lanceolate  from  a  narrower  base,  gradually  pointed,  rough-margined  ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  much 
shorter  than  the  inflated  club-shaped  and  truncate  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is 
closed  at  the  mouth,  its  proper  lobes  obliterated,  the  apparent  lobes  consisting  of 
the  broad  fringe- toothed  and  notched  appendages ;  pod  finally  projecting  out 
of  the  persistent  corolla;   seeds  broadly  winged.     (G.  Saponaria,  Fred.,  not 
of  L.) — Moist  and  rich  soil:    common,  especially  northward.  —  Corolla  an 
inch  or  more  in  length,  striped  inside,  the  folds  whitish;  occasionally  pure 
white  throughout. 

7.  G.  Saponaria,  L.    ( So  APWORT  G.)    Stem  erect  or  ascending,  smooth; 
the  flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  and  more  or  less  so  in  the  axils  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceulate-obovate,  with  rough  margins,  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  tube,  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla  ;  lobes  of  the  club-bell-shaped  light-blue  corolla  obtuse,  erect  or 
converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  less  longer  than  the  conspicuous 
2-cleft  and  minutely  toothed  appendages ;  seeds  acute,  narrowly  winged.     (G.  Cates- 
baei,  Walt.)  — Moist  woods,  New  Jersey  and  S.  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
southward  :  flowering  late. 


GENTIANACE^l.      (GENTIAN    FAMILY.)  389 

Var.  linearis.  Slender,  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear  or 
lance-linear  (2' -3' long),  acutish ;  appendages  of  the  corolla  shorter  and  less 
cleft,  or  almost  entire.  (G.  Pneumonanthe,  Amer.  auth.,  Sf  Ed.  1.  G.  linearis, 
Fred.)  —  Mountain  wet  glades  of  Maryland  and  Penn.,  to  Lake  Superior, 
Northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire  (near  Concord),  and  Maine  (near  Port- 
land) :  beginning  to  blossom  at  midsummer.  —  Seems  to  pass  on  one  side  into 
G.  Saponaria,  on  the  other  into  G.  Pneumonanthe  of  Europe. 

8.  G.  pub6rula,  Michx.     Stems  erect  or  ascending  (8'-  1 6'  high),  mostly 
rough  and  minutely  pubescent  above ;  leaves  rigid  varying  from  linear-lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  rough-margined  (l'-2'long) ;  flowers  clustered,  rarely  soli- 
tary ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the 
bell -funnel-form  oj>en  bright-blw  corolla,  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  acutish 
and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages.     (G.  Catesbifei, 
Ell     G.  Saponaria,  var.  puberula,  Ed.  1.)  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Flowering  near  the  end  of  summer.    Corolla  large 
for  the  size  of  the  plant,  1^-2' long.     Seeds  (also  in  G.  Pneumonanthe)  not 
covering  the  walls,  as  they  do  in  the  rest  of  this  division. 

#  *  Flowers  1-3,  pedunded :  seeds  wingless :  anthers  separate. 

9.  G.  angustif61ia,  Michx.    Stems  slender  and  ascending  (6'  - 15'  high) ; 
leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  rigid ;  corolla  open-funnel-form,  azure- 
blue,  also  a  greenish  and  white  variety  (2'  long),  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
thread-like  calyx-lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  cut- 
toothed  appendages.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

6.    BARTONIA,    Muhl.        ( CENTAURELLA,  Michx. ) 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  destitute  of  glands,  fringes,  or  folds. 
Stamens  short.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at  length 
2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner  surface 
of  the  pod.  —  Small  annuals  or  biennials  (3'  - 10'  high),  with  thread-like  stems, 
and  little  awl-shaped  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  peduncled. 
(Dedicated,  in  the  year  1801,  to  Prof.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  B.  tendlla,  Muhl.     Stems  branched  above;  the  branches  or  peduncles 
mostly  opposite,  1  -  3-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  acutish,  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx,  or  sometimes  twice  as  long ;  anthers  roundish ;  ovary  4-angled,  the 
cell  somewhat  cruciform.  —  Open  woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.    Aug.  —  Centaurella  Moseri,  Grisebach,  is  a  variety  with  the  scales  and 
peduncles  mostly  alternate,  and  the  petals  acute. 

2.  B.  verna,  Muhl.     Stem  1  -  few-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  spatulate, 
obtuse,  spreading,  thrice  the  length  of  the  caJyx ;  anthers  oblong ;  ovary  flat.  —  Bogs 
near  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.    March.  —  Flowers  3"  -  4"  long,  larger 
than  in  No.  1. 

7.     OBOLARIA,    L.        OBOLARIA. 

Calyx  of  2  spatulate  spreading  sepals,  resembling  the  leaves.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-bell-shaped, Avithering-persistent,  4-cleft ;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  or  with  age 


390  GENTIANACKE.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

spatulate,  imbricated  in  the  bud !  Stamens  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla, 
short.  Style  short,  persistent :  stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  ovoid,  1-celled,  the  cell 
cruciform  :  the  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of  the  walls.  —  A  low  and  very 
smooth  purplish-green  perennial  (3'  -  8'  high),  with  a  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stem,  opposite  wedge-obovate  leaves  ;  the  dull  white  or  purplish 
flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile  ;  in 
spring.  (Name  from  o/3oXos,  a  small  Greek  coin ;  to  which,  however,  the 
leaves  of  this  plant  bear  no  manifest  resemblance.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L.  (Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.-Am.,  t.  3.) —  Rich  soil,  in  woods, 
from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward  :  rather  rare. 

8.    MENYANTHES,    Tourn.        BUCKBEAN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  5-parted,  deciduous,  the  whole 
upper  surface  white-bearded,  valvate  in  the  bud  with  the  margins  turned  inward. 
Style  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  bursting  somewhat  irregularly, 
many-seeded.  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth,  and  shining.  —  A  perennial  alternate- 
leaved  herb,  with  a  thickish  creeping  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the  membranous 
bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  at  the  summit ; 
the  flowers  racemed  on  the  naked  scape  (l°high),  white  or  slightly  reddish. 
(The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  probably  from  \u\v,  month,  and  avQos,  a 
flower,  some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1 .  M.  trif oliata,  L.  —  Bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  May,  June.  (Eu.) 

9.    LIMNANTHEMUM,    Gmelin.        FLOATING  HEART. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  fringed 
or  bearded  at  the  base  or  margins  only,  folded  inwards  in  the  bud,  bearing  a 
glandular  appendage  near  the  base.  Style  short  or  none :  stigma  2-lobed,  per- 
sistent. Pod  few  -  many-seeded,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
hard. — Perennial  aquatics,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles, 
which,  in  most  species,  bear  near  their  summit  the  umbel  of  (polygamous) 
flowers,  along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  spur-like  roots,  sometimes  shooting 
forth  new  leaves  from  the  same  place,  and  so  spreading  by  a  sort  of  proliferous 
stolons  :  flowering  all  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  At'/uiry,  a  marsh  or  pool, 
and  avOepov,  a  blossom,  from  the  situations  where  they  grow.) 

1.  L.  lacunbsum,  Grisebach  (partly).     Leaves  entire,  round-heart-shaped 
(!'-  2'  broad),  thickish  ;  petioles  filiform  ;  lobes  of  the  (white)  corolla  broadly 
oval,  naked,  except  the  crest-like  yellowish  gland  at  their  base,  twice  the  length 
of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;   style  none;  seeds  smooth  and  even.     (Villarsia 
lacunosa,  Vent.      V.  cordata,  Ell.)  —  Shallow  water,  from  Maine  and  N.  New 
York  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  L.  trachysp6rmum,  Gray.    Leaves  larger  (2'  -6'  broad),  and  rounder, 
thicker,  often  wavy-margined  or  crenate,  roughish  and  dark-punctate  or  pitted 
beneath  ;  petioles  stouter  ;  seeds  g/andular-rouyhened.   (Menyanthes  trachysperma, 
Michx.)  — Ponds,  Maryland  (  W.  M.  Canby]  and  southward. 


LOGANIACE^E.       (LOGANIA    FAMILY.)  391 

ORDER  78.    L.OGANIACEJE.     (LOGANIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  or  a 
stipular  membrane  or  line  between  them,  and  with  regular  4  -  5-merous  4-5- 
androus  perfect  flowers,  the  ovary  free  from  the  calyx:  a  connecting  group 
between  Gentianaceae,  Apocynaceae,  Scrophulariaceae  (from  all  which  they 
are  known  by  their  stipules)  and  Rubiaceae,  from  which  they  differ  in  their 
free  ovary :  our  representatives  of  the  family  are  all  most  related  to  the 
Rubiaceae,  to  which,  indeed,  they  have  been  appended. 

*  Woody  twiners  :  leaves  evergreen. 

1.  Gelseuiium.     Corolla  large,  the  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender  •.  stigmas  4. 

*  *  Herbs. 

2.  Polypremum.     Corolla  4-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  Splgelia.    Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Style  single,  jointed  in  the  middle. 

4.  Mitreola.   Corolla  5-ldbed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Styles  2,  short,  converging,  united  at  the 

summit,  and  with  a  common  stigma. 

1.    GELSEMIUM,    Juss.        YELLOW  (FALSE)  JESSAMINE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  open-funnel-form,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  5,  with  oblong  sagittate  anthers.  Style  long  and  slender. 
Stigmas  2,  each  2-parted ;  the  divisions  linear.  Pod  elliptical,  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  narrow  partition,  2-celled,  septicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  many  or 
several,  winged.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyledons 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle.  —  Smooth  and  twining  shrubby  plants 
with  opposite  and  entire  ovate  or  lanceolate  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  showy 
yellow  flowers,  of  two  sorts  as  10  relative  length  of  stamens  and  style.  ( Gdse- 
mino,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine. ) 

1.  G.  semp6rvirens,  Ait.  (YELLOW  JESSAMINE  of  the  South.)  Stem 
climbing  high ;  leaves  short-petioled,  shining,  nearly  persistent ;  flowers  in 
short  axillary  clusters  ;  pedicels  scaly-bracted  ;  flowers  very  fragrant  (the  bright 
yellow  corolla  !'-!£'  long);  pod  flat,  pointed.  —  Low  grounds,  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.  March,  April. 

2.    POLYPREMUM,    L.        POLYPREMUM. 

Calyx  4-parted ;  the  divisions  awl-shaped  from  a  broad  scarious-margined 
base.  Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  almost  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  the 
throat ;  the  4  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  very  short :  anthers 
globular.  Style  1,  very  short :  stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Pod  ovoid,  a  little  flat- 
tened, notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  A 
smooth,  diffuse,  much-branched,  small  annual,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
shaped  leaves,  connected  at  their  base  across  the  stem  by  a  slight  stipular  line ; 
the  small  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches ;  corolla  inconspicuous,  white.  (Name  altered  from  iro\v7rpffj.vos, 
many-stemmed. ) 

1.  P.  proctimbens,  L. — Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Maryland  and 
southward;  also  adventivc  at  Philadelphia.  June -Oct. 


392  APOCYNACEuE.       (DOGBANE    FAMILY.) 

3.    SPIGELIA,    L.        PINK-ROOT.        WORM-GRASS. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  5-lobed  at 
the  summit,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  linear.  Style  1,  slender, 
hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.  Pod  short,  2-celled,  twin,  laterally  flat- 
tened, separating  at  maturity  from  a  persistent  base  into  2  carpels,  which  open 
loculicidally,  few-seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  the  pair  of  leaves  united  by 
means  of  the  stipules,  and  the  flowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for 
Adrian  Spiegel,  latinized  Spigdius,  who  wrote  On  botany  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  was  perhaps  ^the  first  to  give  directions  for 
preparing  an  herbarium.) 

1.  S.  Marilandica,  L.  (MARYLAND  PINK-ROOT.)  Stems  simple  and 
erect  from  a  perennial  root  (6' -18'  high)  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute ;  spike  simple  or  forked,  short ;  tube  of  the  corolla  4  times  the  length  of 
the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  anthers  and  style  exserted.  —  Rich  woods, 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward:  not  common  northward.  June, 
July.  —  Corolla  1^'  long,  red  outside,  yell&w  within. — A  well-known  officinal 
anthelmintic,  and  a  showy  plant. 

4.    MITREOLA,    L.        MITREWORT. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form, 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  included.  Ovary  at  the  base  slightly 
adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  2-celled :  styles  2,  short,  converging  and 
united  above ;  the  stigmas  also  united  into  one.  Pod  projecting  beyond  the 
calyx,  strongly  2-horned  or  mitre-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner  side  of  each 
horn,  many-seeded. — Annual  smooth  herbs,  6' -  2°  high,  with  small  stipules 
between  the  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  spiked  along  one  side  of  the 
branches  of  a  terminal  petioled  cyme.  (Name,  a  little  mitre,  from  the  shape 
of  the  pod.) 

1.  M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Leaves  thin,  oblong- lanceolate,  petioled. 
—  Damp  soil,  from  Eastern  Virginia  southward. 

2.  M.  sessilifolia,  Torr.   &   Gray,  with  thickish  sessile  and  roundish 
leaves,  probably  occurs  as  far  north  as  Virginia. 

ORDER  79.    APOCYNACE^E.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  almost  all  with  milky  acrid  juice,  entire  (chiefly  opposite)  leaves 
without  stipules,  regular  5-merous  and  n-androus  flowers  ;  the  5  lobes  of  the 
corolla  convolute  and  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on 
the  corolla,  and  the  pollen  granular;  the  calyx  entirely  free  from  the 
two  ovaries,  which  (in  our  genera)  are  distinct  (and  forming  pods), 
though  their  styles  or  stigmas  are  united  into  one.  —  Seeds  amphitro- 
pous  or  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  sparing  albumen, 
often  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (comose).  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  (of 
acrid-poisonous  plants),  represented  in  gardens  by  the  Oleander  and 
Periwinkle,  and  among  wild  plants  by  three  genera :  — 


APOCYNACE^E.       (DOGBANE    FAMILY.)  393 

1.  Amsonia.    Seeds  naked.    Corolla  with  the  tube  bearded  inside.    Anthers  longer  than  the 

filaments.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Forsteronla.     Seeds  comose.    Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.    Filaments  slen- 

der.   Calyx  glandular  inside.    Leaves  opposite. 

3.  Apocynum.    Seeds  comose.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  appendaged  within.    Filaments  short, 

broad  and  flat.    Calyx  not  glandular.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.    AMSONIA,    Walt.        AMSONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  bearded  in- 
side, especially  at  the  throat ;  the»limb  divided  into  5  long  linear  lobes.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  tube,  included :  anthers  obtuse  at  both  ends,  longer  than 
the  filaments.  Ovaries  2  :  style  1  :  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  with  a  cup-like 
membrane.  Pod  (follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  cylindri- 
cal, abrupt  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  pale  blue  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes.  (Said  to  be 
named  for  a  Mr.  Charles  Amson. ) 

1.  A.  Tabern8emont£na,  Walt.  Loosely  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy 
when  young,  or  soon  glabrous  ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  calyx-lobes  short,  awl-shaped ;  tube  of  the  bluish 
corolla  little  longer  than  the  lobes,  the  upper  part  either  hairy  when  young  or 
glabrous.  —  Low  grounds,  Illinois,  Virginia  1  and  southward.  May,  June. 

2.    FORSTERONIA,    Meyer.        FORSTERONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Corolla  funnel-form,  not 
appendaged  ;  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  included  :  filaments  slender :  an- 
thers arrow-shaped,  with  an  inflexed  tip,  adhering  to  the  stigma.  Pods  (follicles) 
2,  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  Twining  plants, 
more  or  less  woody,  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  cymes.  (Named 
for  Mr.  T.  F.  Forster,  an  English  botanist.) 

1.  F.  difformis,  A.  DC.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  thin ;  calyx-lobes  taper-pointed ;  corolla  pale  yellow.  — 
Damp  grounds,  Virginia,  S.  Illinois,  and  southward.  April. 

3.    APOCYNUM,    Tourn.        DOGBANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acute.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  bearing  5  trian- 
gular appendages  in  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
very  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  flat,  shorter  than  the  arrow-shaped  anthers, 
which  converge  around  the  ovoid  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma,  and  are  slightly  ad- 
herent to  it  by  their  inner  face.  Style  none  :  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  of  2  long  and  slender  follicles.  Seeds  comose  with  a  long  tuft  of 
silky  down  at  the  apex.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  branching  stems,  oppo- 
site mucronate-pointed  leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small  and  pale  cymose 
flowers  on  short  pedicels.  (An  ancient  name  of  the  Dogbane,  composed  of 
V7ro,from,  and  KVG>I/,  a  dog,  to  which  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  poisonous.) 

1.  A.  androsaemifdlium,  L.  (SPREADING  DOGBANE.)  Smooth, 
branched  above;  branches  divergently  forking;  leaves  ovate,  distinctly  petioled; 


394  ASCLEPIADACE^E.      (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

cymes  loose,  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  (pale  rose-color, 
4"  broad)  open-bell-shaped,  with  revolute  lobes,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  orate 
pointed  divisions  of  the  calyx.  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  downy  underneath.  — 
Borders  of  thickets  :  common  northward.  June,  July.  —  Pods  3'  -  4'  long, 
pendent. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  L.  (INDIAN  HEMP.)  Stem  and  branches  upright 
or  ascending,  terminated  by  erect  and  close  many-flowered  cymes,  which  are  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  (greenish-white)  with  nearly  erect  lobes,  the  tube 
not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  divisions  of  the  calyx.  —  Var.  GLABERRIMUM,  DC. 
Entirely  smooth ;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong'-fanceolate,  on  short  but  manifest 
petioles,  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  the  uppermost  mostly  acute  at  both  ends.  — 
Var.  PUBESCENS,  DC.  Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  soft-downy  underneath 
or  sometimes  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  cymes.  (A.  pubescens,  R.  Br.)  — 
Var.  HYPERICIF6LIUM.  Leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  .and  on 
very  short  petioles,  commonly  smooth  throughout.  (A.  hypericifolium,  Ait.) 
—  River-banks,  &c. :  common.  July,  Aug.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  much  more 
upright  than  the  last ;  the  flowers  scarcely  half  the  size. 

ORDER  80.    ASCL-EFIADACE^J.     (MILKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  scattered)  entire 
leaves;  the  follicular pods,  seeds,  anthers  (connected  with  the  stigma),  sensible 
properties,  Sj-c.,just  as  in  the  last  family ;  fram  which  they  differ  in  the  com- 
monly valvate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the 
stigma,  the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  &c.,  as 
explained  under  the  first  and  typical  genus. 

Tribe    I.     ASCLEPIADE^.      Filaments  monadelphous.     Pollen-masses  10,  waxy, 
fixed  to  the  stigma  in  pairs  by  a  gland,  hanging  vertically. 

1.  Asclepias.     Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed,  deeply  5-parted.    Crown  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bod- 

ies (nectaries,  L.),  with  an  incurved  horn  rising  from  the  cavity  of  each. 

2.  Acerates.     Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed  or  merely  spreading.     Crown  as  in  No.  1,  but 

without  a  horn  inside. 

3.  Ensleiiia.     Calyx  and  corolla  erect.     Crown  of  5  membranaceous  flat  bodies,  terminated 

by  a  2-cleft  tail  or  awn. 

4.  Viiicetoxlcum.    Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  spreading.    Crown  a  fleshy  5-10- 

lobed  ring  or  disk. 

Tribe  II.     CiONOLOBE^E.    Filaments  monadelphous.   Pollen-masses  10,  affixed  to  the 

stigma  in  pairs,  horizontal. 

5.  Gonolobus.    Corolla  wheel-shaped.    Crown  a  wavy-lobed  fleshy  ring. 

Tribe  III.    FERIPLOCE^E.    Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so.    Pollen-masses  granu- 
lar, separately  applied  to  the  stigma. 

6.  Periploca.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awiied  scales  in  the  throat. 

1,    ASCLEPIAS,    L.        MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  the  divisions  small,  spreading.  Corolla  deeply 
5-parted ;  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Crown  of  5 
hooded  bodies  (nectaries,  L.)  seated  on  the  tube  of  stamens,  each  containing 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  395 

an  incurved  horn.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  which  encloses  the  pistil :  anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma,  each 
with  2  vertical  cells,  tipped  with  a  membranaceous  appendage,  each  cell  con- 
taining a  flattened  pear-shaped  and  waxy  pollen-mass ;  the  two  contiguous  pol- 
len-masses of  adjacent  anthers,  forming  pairs  which  hang  by  a  slender  prolon- 
gation of  their  summits  from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on  the  angles  of  the 
stigma, extricated  from  the  cells  by  the  agency  of  insects,  and  directing  copious 
pollen-tubes  into  the  point  where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  styles. 
Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very  short  styles  :  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy 
mass  which  takes  the  place  of  stigma  common  to  the  two.  Follicles  2,  one  of 
them  often  abortive,  soft,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds  anatropous,  flat,  margined, 
downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large  placenta,  which  separates  from  the 
suture  at  maturity,  furnished  with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hilum. 
Embryo  large,  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  —  Perennial 
upright  herbs,  with  thick  and  deep  roots  :  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral  and  be- 
tween the  petioles,  bearing  simple  many-flowered  umbels  :  flowering  in  summer. 
(The  Greek  name  of  ^Esculapius,  to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.) 

*  Leaves  opposite  (or  some  of  them  in  No.  5-7  in  threes  or  fours.) 
H-  Stem  simple  or  nearly  so,  leafy  to  the  top,  and  bearing  lateral  umbels  as  well  as  a 

terminal  one :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong :  Jlowers  whitish,  pinkish,  or  dull  purple. 
•»-»•  Polls  beset  with  so/I  spinous  projections :  Jlowers  6"  -  9''  long  when  open,  greenish- 
purple,  numerous  in  dense  umbels. 

1.  A.  Corntlti,  Decaisne.     (COMMON  MILKWEED  or  SILKWEED.)    Stem 
tall  and  stout;  leaves  oval-oblong  (4' -8' long),  contracted  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  pale,  minutely  downy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  peduncles,  &c. ;  hoods  of  the 
crown  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  lobe  or  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  short  and  stout  claw-like 
horn ;  pods  ovate,  covered  with  weak  spines  and  woolly.     (A.  Syriaca,  L.,  but  the 
plant  belongs  to  this  country  only.)  —  Rich  ground,  everywhere. 

2.  A.  Sulliv^ntii,  Engelm.     Very  smooth  throughout,  tall ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  nearly  sessile ;  hoods  obovate,  entire,  ob- 
tusely 2-eared  at  the  base  outside;  flowers  larger  (9'  long)  and  more  purple  than 
in  the  preceding  ;  pods  obscurely  soft-spiny,  chiefly  on  the  beak,  ovate-lanceolate. 

—  Low  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  Illinois. 

•*•+  Pods  even,  not  warty-roughened,  mostly  glabrous. 

3.  A.  phytolaccoides,   Pursh.      (POKE-MILKWEED.)      Stem  (3° -5° 
high)  smooth  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  or  the  upper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  both 
ends,  short-petioltd,. smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath  (5' -8' long);  lateral 
umbels  several ;  pedicels  loose  and  nodding,  numerous,  long  and  slender  ( 1 '  -  3'  long), 
equalling  the  peduncle,  many  times  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  divisions  of  the  (green- 
ish) corolla;  hoods  of  the  crown  (white)  truncate,  the  margins  2-toothed  at  the 
summit,  the  horn  with  a  long  projecting  awl-shaped  point ;  pods  minutely  downy. 

—  Moist  copses  ;  flowering  early  in  summer.  —  Flower  6'  long. 

4.  A.  purpur&scens,    L.     (PURPLE  M.)     Stem  rather  slender  (1°-  3° 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  the  upper  taper-pointed,  minutely  velcety- 
downy  underneath,  smooth  above,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  pedicels 


396  ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

shorter  than  the  peduncle,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolate- 
ovate  divisions  of  the  corolla ;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed 
above ;  the  horn  broadly  scythe-shaped,  with  a  narrow  and  abruptly  inflexed  horizontal 
point.  (A.  amuena,  L.,  Michx.)  —  Borders  of  woods,  &c.,  New  England  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  — Flowers  6"  long. 

5.  A.  variegata,  L.     (VARIEGATED  M.)    Nearly  glabrous  (l°-2°high) ; 
leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  somewhat  wavy,  contracted  into  short  petioles ;  pedicels 
(numerous  and  crowded)  and  peduncle  short,  downy ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate 
(white) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  orbicular,  entire,  purplish  or  reddish,  the  horn 
semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point ;  pods  slightly  downy.    (A.  nivea,  L.,  in  part. 
A.  hybrida,  Michx.)  — Dry  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July.  —  Remarkable  for  its  compact  umbels  of  nearly  white  flowers.    Leaves 
4-5  pairs,  the  middle  ones  sometimes  whorled. 

6.  A.  ovalifolia,  Decaisne  in  DC.    Low  (6' -18' high),  soft-downy,  es- 
pecially the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  lanctolate-oblong  acute  short-petioled 
leaves;  umbels  loosely  10  -  18-flowered,  either  sessile  or  peduncled  ;  pedicels  slen- 
der ;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish,  with  a  small  horn,  about 
the  length  of  the  oval  greenish-white  divisions  of  the  corolla  (which  are  tinged 
with  purple  outside) ;  pods  downy.     (A.  lanuginosa,  Ed.  1,  probably  not  of 
Nutt.    A.  Vaseyi,  Carey).  —  Prairies  and  oak-openings,  N.  Illinois,  Vasey,  Wis- 
consin, Lapham,  and  northwestward.     June.  —  Leaves  l§-'-3'  long,  smoothish 
above,  the  upper  sometimes  scattered ;  the  middle  rarely  in  threes.    Flower 
4" -5"  long. 

7.  A.   quadrifblia,  Jacq.      (FOUR-LEAVED  M.)     Nearly  smooth;  stem 
slender  (l°-2°high),  mostly  leafless  below,  bearing  usually  owe  or  two  whorls 
of  four  in  the  middle  and  one  or  two  pairs  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  taper- 
pointed  petioled  leaves  (2' -4'  long);  pedicels  slender;  divisions  of  the  (pale 
pink)  corolla  oblong ;  hoods  of  the  white  crown  elliptical-ovate,  the  incurved 
horn  short  and  thick ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  smooth.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills : 
not  very  common.     June.  —  Flowers  4"  long. 


•»-  -*-  Stem  branching,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  lateral  as  well  as  terminal 
leaves  petioled :  flowers  small  (3"  long)  :  pods  smooth  and  glabrous. 

8.  A.  perdnnis,  Walt.     Nearly  glabrous;  stems  (l°-2°  high)  persistent 
or  somewhat  woody  at  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  thin,  rather  slender-pe doled  ;  flowers  white,  small ;  the  small  hoods  of  the 
crown  shorter  than  the  needle-shaped  horn ;    seeds  sometimes  destitute  of  a 
coma!    (A.  parviflora,  Pursh,  and  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  grounds,  S.  Indiana,  Illinois, 
and  southward. 

9.  A.  incarnata,  L.     (SWAMP  MILKWEED.)      Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  in 
the  typical  form,  the  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches  of 
the  peduncles  (2° -3°  high),  very  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed, 
obtuse  or  obscurely  heart-shaped  at  base ;  flowers  rose-purple ;  hoods  of  the  crown 
scarcely  equalling  the  slender  needle-pointed  horn.  — Var.  PI^LCHRA  has  broader 
and  shorter-petioled  leaves,  more  or  less  hairy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  stem.     (A. 
pulchra,  Willd. )  —  Wet  grounds ;  the  smooth  form  very  common  northward ; 
the  hairy  variety  more  so  southward.  — Milky  juice  scanty. 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  397 

•«-•«-  H~  Stem  perfectly  simple,  producing  only  a  single  conspicuously -pedunded  termi- 
nal umbel  of  dull-colored  largish  (6"  long)  flowers :  hoods  and  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla broad :  pods  smooth :  whole  plant  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  and  pale  or  glau- 
cous :  leaves  closely  sessile,  transversely  veiny. 

10.  A.  obtU.sif.61ia,  Michx.     Stem  tall  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  wavy,  oblong 
with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base,  very  obtuse  or  retuse  (2^' -5' long) ;  peduncle 
3' -12' long;  corolla  pale  greenish  purple;  hoods  of  the  crown  truncate  and 
somewhat  toothed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  slender  awl-pointed  horn.  — 
Sandy  woods  and  fields  :  not  rare,  especially  southward. 

11.  A.  Meadii,  Torr.  (in  Ed.  2,  addend.)      Stem  slender  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  not  wavy,  obtuse  or  acutish  (l£'-2^'  long) ;  peduncle 
only  twice  the  length  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  pedicels  rather  short ;  corolla  green- 
ish-white ;  hoods  of  the  crown  rounded-truncate  at  summit,  and  with  a  sharp 
tooth  at  each  margin,  somewhat  exceeding  the  stouter  horn  ;  pod  unknown.  — 
Augusta,  Illinois,  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead.     Clinton,  Iowa,  Dr.  Vasey.    June. 

•*-•«--«-•»-  Stem  simple  or  mostly  so  (2° -4°  high),  bearing  2-5  panicled  umbels  on 
a  naked  terminal  peduncle,  and  sometimes  single  axillary  ones :  flowers  pink-red, 
rather  large  (over  6"  long)  :  crown  conspicuously  elevated  above  the  base  of  the 
corolla :  pods  smooth :  whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

12.  A.  rtlbra,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  tapering  from  a  rounded  or 
heart-shaped  base  to  a  very  acute  point,  sessile  or  nearly  so  (2f-6'  long,  ^'-2^' 
wide),  bright  green ;  umbels  many-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  hoods 
of  the  crown  oblong-lanceolate,  purple-red  ;  the  horn  long  and  slender.    (A.  lauri- 
folia,  Michx.    A.  acuminata,  Pursh.)  — Wet  pine-barrens,  &c.,  New  Jersey  and 
Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

13.  A.  paup6rcula,  Michx.      Stem  slender  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  elon- 
gated lanceolate  or  linear  (5'  -10'  long),  tapering  to  both  ends,  slightly  petioled; 
umbels  5  -  12-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  red  corolla  narrowly  oblong  ;  the  bright  orange 
hoods  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  exceeding  the  incurved  horn.  —  Wet  pine-bar- 
rens on  the  coast,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  *  Leaves  scattered,  or  some  opposite :  milky  juice  little  or  none :  flowers  orange-red. 

14.  A.  tuberdsa,  L.     (BUTTERFLY-WEED.     PLEURISY-ROOT.)     Rough- 
ish-hairy ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the  summit,  and 
bearing  the  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled  ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong  (greenish- 
orange)  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  narrowly  oblong,  bright  orange,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  nearly  erect  and  slender  awl-shaped  horns  ;  pods  hoary.     (A.  deciim- 
bens,  L.)  —  Dry  hills  and  fields:  common,  especially  southward.  —  Plant  1°- 
2°  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  usually  with  numerous  and  corymbed  short- 
peduncled  umbels  of  showy  flowers. 

*  *  *  Leaves  nearly  all  whorled,  rarely  alternate,  crowded:  flowers  white,  small. 

15.  A.  verticillata,  L.      (WHORLED  M.)      Smoothish;   stems  slender, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  very  leafy  to  the  summit ;  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  with  re  volute  margins  (2' -3' long,  1"  wide),  3-6  in  a  whorl;  umbels 
small,  lateral  and  terminal;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate  (greenish-white): 


398  ASCLEPIADACE2E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

hoods  of  the  crown  roundish-oval,  about  half  the  length  of  the  incurved  claw- 
shaped  horns ;  pods  smooth.  —  Dry  hills :  common,  especially  southward. 

2.    ACERATES,    Ell.        GREEN  MILKWEED. 

Nearly  as  in  Asclepias  ;  but  the  hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn 
(whence  the  name,  from  a  privative  and  nepas,  -aroy,  a  horn).  —  Flowers  green- 
ish.   Leaves  varying  from  opposite  to  irregularly  alternate,  short-petioled  or 
sessile.    Pollen-masses  slender-stalked. 
§  1.  Divisions  of  ike.  corolla  reflexed,  oblong :  hoods  of  the  crown  erect  and  concave : 

umbels  compactly  many-flowend :  pods  not  muricate,  slender. 
*  Crown  not  elevated;  its  hoods  oblong,  nearly  equalling  the  anthers. 

1.  A.  viridifl6ra,  Ell.     Minutely  soft-downy,  becoming  smoothish ;  stems  as- 
cending (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  thick  (l^'-4'  long), 
umbels  nearly  sessile,  lateral,  dense  and  globose ;  flower  (when  the  corolla  is  re- 
flexed)  nearly  £'  long,  short-pedicelled.  —  Dry  soil :  common,  especially  south- 
ward.   July  -  Sept. 

2.  A.  lanuginbsa,  Decaisne.   Hairy,  low  (5' -12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate ;  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled ;  flowers  not  larger 
than  in  the  next ;  pedicels  slender.     (Probably  Asclepias  lanuginosa,  Nutt. :  cer- 
tainly A.  Nuttalliana,  Torr.  Acerates  monocephala,  Lapham,  in  Ed.  2,  addend.) 
—  Prairies,  Wisconsin  (Lapham)  and  westward.    July. 

#  #  Crown  short-stalked,  i.  e.  elevated  above  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  its  hoods  oval, 
strongly  concave,  and  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tips  of  the  anthers. 

3.  A.    longifolia,   Ell.     Minutely  roughish-hairy  or  smoothish;   stem 
erect  (1°  -3°  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  mostly  alternate-scattered,  linear  (3'-7' 
long) ;  umbels  lateral,  on  peduncles  of  about  the  length  of  the  slender  pedicels ; 
flowers  3"  long  when  expanded.  —  Moist  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.   July  -  Oct. 

§  2.  ANANTHERIX,  Nutt.  Divisions  of  the  corolla  ascending  or  barely  spread- 
ing :  hoods  of  the  crown  widely  spreading  and  somewhat  incurved,  slipper-shaped 
and  laterally  compressed,  the  cavity  divided  at  the  apex  by  a  crest-like  partition  : 
umbels  solitary  and  terminal  or  corymbed,  loosely-flowered:  pods  oblong  or  ovate, 
often  somewhat  muricate  with  soft  spinous  projections. 

4.  A.  paniculata,  Decaisne.    Almost  glabrous;  stems  short  (l°high); 
leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  elongated-oblong,  l'-2'  wide;  umbels  several  in 
a  cluster,  short-peduncled ;  flowers  large  (!'  in  diameter),  green,  with  a  purplish 
crown.  —  Prairies,  Illinois  ( Vasey,  Bebb),  and  southward.     June. 

3.    ENSLENIA,    Nutt.        ENSLENIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted;  the  divisions  erect,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown  of  5  free  membranaceous  leaflets,  which  are  truncate  or  obscurely  lobed 
at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  pair  of  flexuous  awns  united  at  their  base.  An- 
thers nearly  as  in  Asclepias :  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed 
below  the  summit  of  the  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Pods  oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth.  Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias.  —  A  perennial  twining  herb, 


ASCLEFIADACE^E.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.)  399 

smooth,  with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  (Dedi- 
cated to  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist  who  collected  in  the  Southern  United 
States  early  in  the  present  century.) 

1.  E.  alb i da,  Nutt.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward :  com- 
mon. July  -  Sept.  —  Climbing  8°  - 12°  high :  leaves  3'  -  5'  wide. 

4.    VINCETOXICUM,    Mcench.        VINCETOXICUM. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Crown  flat  and  fleshy, 
disk-like,  5  -  10-lobed,  simple.  Anthers  smooth,  pods  and  seeds  much  as  in 
Asclepias.  —  Herbs,  often  twining.  (Name  composed  of  Vinca,  the  Periwinkle, 
and  toxicum,  poison.) 

1.  V.  KIGRUM,  Mo3nch.  (  BLACK  V.)  More  or  less  twining,  nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate ;  flowers  small,  dark  purple,  in  an  axillary  cluster, 
on  a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Cambridge,  Mass.,  &c. :  a  weed  escap- 
ing from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    GONOLOBUS,    Michx.        GONOLOBUS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spread- 
ing ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  small  and  fleshy  wavy-lobed  ring 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  horizontal,  partly  hidden  under  the  flat- 
tened stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Pods 
turgid,  mostly  muricate  with  soft  warty  projections,  sometimes  ribbed.  Seeds 
with  a  coma.  —  Twining  herbs  or  shrubs  (ours  herbaceous),  with  opposite  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  corymbose-um  belled  greenish  or  dark  purple  flowers,  on  pe- 
duncles rising  from  between  the  petioles.  (Name  composed  of  yavos,  an  angle, 
and  Xo/3os,  a  pod,  from  the  angled  or  ribbed  follicles  of  some  species.) 

1 .  G.  Isevis,  Michx.     Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stems  and  petioles  sparingly 
hirsute  and  finely  puberulent ;  calyx  and  corolla  glabrous,  the  latter  tapering-con- 
ical in  the  bud,  the  expanded  divisions  lanceolate,  yellowish-green ;  pods  ribbed, 
smooth.     ( Vincetoxicum  gonocarpos,  Walt.    Periploca  late-scandens,  Clayt.     G. 
macrophyllus,  Michx.,  also  Decaisne,  excl.  syn.  Jacq.  &  Bot.  Mag.     G.  tilisefo- 
lius,  Decaisne. )  —  River-banks,  Virginia,  to  Illinois  and  southward.     July. 

2.  G.  Obliquus,  R.  Br.     Stems,  petioles  and  often  the  ribs  of  the  leaves 
beneath  hirsute  with  spreading  viscid  hairs  ;  calyx  and  corolla  pubescent  or  puberu- 
lent outside,  the  latter  narrow-conical-oblong  in  the  bud,  its  divisions  ligulate- 
linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  dark  dull  crimson-purple  within ;  pods  copiously  muri- 
cate, ribless.      (Cynanchum  obliquum,  Jacq.,  1786.      C.  discolor,  Sims,  Bot. 
Mag.     Gonolobus  hirsutus,  Ed.  2,  &c.     G.  discolor,  R.  fr  S.     G.  macrophyllus, 
Decaisne  in  part. )  —  River-banks,  Penn.  to  Virginia.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Lobes  of 
the  corolla  nearly  6"  long.     Pod  5'  long. 

3.  G.  hirsutus,  Michx.     (Apdcynumhirsutum.  Pluk. ;  perhaps  Periploca 
Carolinensis,  DHL,  and  P.  late-scandens  fl.  ferrugineo,  Clayt. ;  Vincetoxicum 
acanthocarpos,  Walt. ;  and  clearly  Cynanchum  Carolinense,  Jacq.)     Known 
from  the  last  by  its  short-ovate  flower-buds,  and  the  oval  or  oblong  divisions  of  the 
purple  corolla  (only  about  3"  long) ;  perhaps  occurs  in  S.  E.  Virginia. 


400  OLEACE2E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

6.    PERIPLOCA,    L.        PERIPLOCA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  in  the 
throat.  Filaments  distinct :  anthers  coherent  with  the  apex  of  the  stigma, 
bearded  on  the  back :  pollen-masses  5,  each  of  4  united,  singly  affixed  directly 
to  the  glands  of  the  stigma.  Stigma  hemispherical.  Pods  smooth,  widely 
divergent.  Seeds  with  a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  shrubby  plants,  with  smooth 
opposite  leaves,  and  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  from  nepinXoKr),  a  coiling 
round,  in  allusion  to  the  twining  stems.) 

1 .  P.  GR^CA,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  loosely- 
flowered  cymes;  divisions  of  the  brownish-purple  corolla  linear-oblong,  very 
hairy  above.  —  Near  Rochester,  &c.,  New  York.  Probably  hardly  established. 
Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  81.    OLJEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  a  k-cleft  (or 
sometimes  obsolete)  calyx,  a  regular  ^-cleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4-petalous 
corolla,  sometimes  apetalous;  the  stamens  only  2  (rarely  or  accidentally  3 
or  4)  ;  the  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  (rarely  more)  ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Seeds 
anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  hard  fleshy  albumen,  or  with- 
out albumen.  —  The  Olive  is  the  type  of  the  true  Oleaceas,  to  which  be- 
longs the  LILAC  (STRING A),  &c. ;  while  the  JESSAMINE  (JASMINUM) 
represents  another  division  of  the  order. 

Tribe  I.  OLEINE^E.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  with 
both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the  latter  valvate  in  the  bud.  Ovules  suspended.  Leaves  simple, 
mostly  entire. 

1.  Ligustrum.     Corolla  funnel-form,  its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-cleft 

2.  Olea.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped  or  salver-shaped  ;  the  limb  4-parted. 

3.  Chionanthus.     Corolla  4-parted  or  4-petalous,  the  divisions  or  petals  long  and  linear. 
Tribe  II.     FRAXINE.33.     Fruit  dry  and  winged  (a  samara).     Flowers  dioecious  or 

polygamous,  mostly  apetalous,  and  sometimes  also  without  a  calyx.     Ovules  suspended. 
Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

4.  Fraxinus.    The  only  genus  of  the  Tribe. 

Tribe  III.  FORESTIEREjE.  Fruit  a.drupe  or  berry.  Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect, 
apetalous.  Ovules  suspended.  Leaves  simple. 

5.  Forestiera.     Flowers  dioecious,  from  a  scaly  catkia-like  bud.     Stamens  2-4. 

1.    LIGTJSTBUM,    Tourn.        PRIVET. 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed ;  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Stigma 
2-cleft.  Berry  spherical,  2-celled,  2-1-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles.  (The  clas- 
sical name.) 

1.  L.  VULG\RE,  L.  (COMMON  PRIVET  or  PRIM.)  Leaves  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  very  smooth,  thickish,  deciduous ;  berries  black.  —  Used  for  low 
hedges  :  naturalized  in  copses  by  the  agency  of  birds  in  E.  New  England  and 
Pennsylvania.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


OLEACE^E.       (OLIVE    FAMILY.)  401 

2.     6  LEA,     Tourn.        OLIVE. 

Calyx  short,  4-toothed,  rarely  entire.  Corolla  with  a  short  bell-shaped  tube 
and  a  4-parted  spreading  limb.  Stamens  2.  Drupe  with  a  bony  stone,  2-1- 
seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  coriaceous  mostly  entire  leaves, 
and  perfect,  or  (in  our  species)  polygamous  or  dioecious  small  white  flowers,  in 
panicles  or  corymbs.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Olive,  O.  EUROP^A.) 

1.  O.  Americana,  L.  (DEVIL-WOOD.)  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth 
and  shining  (3' -6'  long)  ;  fruit  spherical. — Moist  woods,  coast  of  S.  Virginia, 
and  southward.  May.  —  Tree  1 5°  -  20°  high. 

3.    CHIONANTHTJS,    L.        FRINGE-TREE. 

Calyx  4-parted,  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  and  linear  petals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very  base 
of  the  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched.  Drupe  fleshy,  globular,  becoming 
1 -celled,  1  -3-seeded.  —  Low  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  and  entire  petioled 
leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and  drooping  graceful  panicles,  from  lateral 
buds.  (Name  from  \ia>v,  snow,  and  avdos,  blossom,  alluding  to  the  light  and 
snow-white  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate-lanceolate ;  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels;  drupe  purple,  with  a  bloom,  ovoid  (6" -8"  long).  — River- 
banks,  S.  Pennsylvania  and  southward:  very  ornamental  in  cultivation.  June. 
—  Petals  1'  long,  narrowly  linear,  acute,  varying  to  5-6  in  number. 

4.    FRAXINUS,    Tourn.        ASH. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  (in  our  species)  dioecious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  slightly  cohering  in  pairs  at  the  base, 
or  only  2,  oblong  or  linear,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species.  Stamens  2, 
sometimes  3  or  4  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single :  stigma  2-cleft. 
Fruit  a  1  -  2-celled  samara  or  key-fruit,  flattened,  winged  at  the  apex,  1-2- 
seeded.  Cotyledons  elliptical :  radicle  slender.  —  Light  timber-trees,  with  peti- 
oled pinnate  leaves  of  3-15  either  toothed  or  entire  leaflets;  the  small  flowers 
in  crowded  panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (The  clas- 
sical Latin  name,  thought  to  be  derived  from  <ppd£is,  a  separation,  from  the 
facility  with  which  the  wood  splits. ) 

*  Fruit  winged  from  the  aper  only,  barely  margined  or  quite  terete  towards  the  base : 

calyx  minute,  persistent :  corolla  none :  leaflets  stalked. 

1.  F.  Americana,  L.  (WHITE  ASH.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous ; 
leaflets  7-9,  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubescent 
underneath,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit  terete  and  marginless  below,  above 
extended  into  a  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  wedge-linear  wing.  (F.  acuminata,  and 
F.  juglandifolia,  Lam.  F.  epiptera,  Michx.)  —  Rich  or  moist  woods:  common. 
April,  May.  — A  large  forest  tree,  with  gray  furrowed  bark,  smooth  gray  branch- 
lets,  and  rusty-colored  buds.  (The  figure  of  the  fruit  in  Michaux's  Sylva  is 
misplaced,  apparently  interchanged  with  that  of  the  Green  Ash. ) 
26 


402  OLEACEJE.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

2.  F.  pub^SCens,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety-pu- 
bescent; leaflets  7-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  almost  entire, 
pale  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  flattish  and  2-edged, 
the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  long  (l^'-2')  oblanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate 
wing.     (F.  tomentosa,  Miclix.)  —  With  No.  1 :  rare  west  of  the  Alleghanies  :  a 
smaller  tree,  less  valuable  for  timber :  passes  by  gradations  into  the  next. 

3.  P.  viridis,  Michx.  f.    (GREEN  ASH.)     Glabrous  throughout ;  leaflets  5  - 9, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate  above, 
bright  green  both  sides ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  striate,  2-edged  or  margined,  gradually 
dilated  into  an  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate  wing,  much  as  in  No.  2.     (F. 
cdncolor,  MuhL    F.  juglandifolia,  Willd.,  DC.,  and  Ed.  1,  but  not  of  Lam.)  — 
Near  streams,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward;  most  common  west- 
ward. —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.  ( Tlje  figure  of  the  fruit  given  in  Michaux's 
Sylva  evidently  belongs  to  F.  Americana.) 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion. 
•t-  Calyx  wanting,  at  least  in  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  entirely  naked! 

4.  F.  sambucifblia,  Lam.     (BLACK  or  WATER  ASH.)     Branchlets  and 
petioles  glabrous ;  leaflets  7-11,  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point, 
serrate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides,  when  young 
with  some  rusty  hairs  along  the  midrib ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  ellipti- 
cal, blunt  at  both  ends.  —  Swamps,  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  everywhere  north- 
ward.    April,  May.  —  Small  tree ;  its  tough  .wood  separable  into  thin  layers, 
used  for  coarse  basket-work,  &c.    Bruised  leaves  with  the  odor  of  Elder. 

-«-  •»-  Calyx  present,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

5.  F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.     (BLUE  ASH.)     Branchlets  square,  at  least 
on  vigorous  shoots,  glabrous ;  leaflets  7-9,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate  or  lance- 
olate, pointed,  sharply  serrate,  green  both  sides ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  blunt,  and 
of  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  notched  at 
the  apex  (1|'  long,  \'  - J'  wide).  —  Dry  or  moist  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  Kentucky.  —  Tree  large,  with  timber  like  No.  1. 

6.  F.  platycarpa,  Michx.     (CAROLINA  WATER-ASH.)     Branchlets  terete, 
glabrous  or  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  short- 
stalked  ;  fruit  broadly  winged  (not  rarely  3-winged),  oblong  (9''  wide),  with  a  taper- 
ing base.  —  Wet  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     March. 

5.    FORESTIERA,    Poir.        (ADELIA,  Michx.} 

Flowers  direcious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  scaly  buds  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  imbricated  with  scales.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  early  deciduous, 
of  4  minute  sepals.  Stamens  2-4:  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  slender :  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed. 
Drupe  small,  ovoid,  l-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fasci- 
cled deciduous  leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fertile  peduncles  short,  1  -3-flowered. 
(Named  for  M.  Forestier,  a  French  physician.) 

1.  F.  acuminata,  Poir.  Glabrous;  leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  often  serrulate;  drupe  oblong,  usually 
pointed.  — Wet  river-banks,  W.  Illinois  and  southward.  April. 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.       (BIRTHWORT    FAMILY.)  403 

DIVISION  El.    APETALOUS  EX6GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Corolla  none ;  the  floral  envelopes  in  a  single  series  (calyx),  or 
sometimes  wanting  altogether. 

ORDER  82.    ARISTOL-OCHIACE^E.     (BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.) 

Twining  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid 
calyx  valvate  in  the  bud  and  coherent  (at  least  at  the  base)  with  the  6-celled 
ovary,  which  forms  a  many-seeded  ^-celled  pod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens 
6-12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  style:  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  —  Leaves 
petioled,  mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large 
fleshy  rhaphe,  and  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family  of 
bitter-tonic  or  stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic  plants. 

1.    AS  ARUM,     Tourn.        ASARABACCA.    WILD  GINGER. 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  filaments,  their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point. 
Pod  rather  fleshy,  globular,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  large,  thick.  —  Stem- 
less  herbs,  with  aromatic-pungent  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  then 
one  or  two  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  termi- 
nated by  a  short-peduncled  flower,  close  to  the  ground ;  in  spring.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  obscure  derivation. ) 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  wholly  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  tips  inflexed  in  bud:  filaments 
slender,  united  only  with  the  base  of  the  style,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers : 
styles  united  into  one,  which  is  barely  6-lobed  at  the  summit,  and  with  6  radiating 
thick  stigmas :  leaves  unspotted,  a  single  pair,  with  the  peduncle  between  them. 

1.  A.  Canad6nse,  L.     Soft-pubescent;   leaves  membranaceous,  kidney- 
shaped,  more  or  less  pointed  (4'  -  5'  wide  when  full  grown) ;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
with  the  upper  part  of  the  short-pointed  lobes  widely  and  abruptly  spreading, 
brown-purple  inside;  at  each  sinus  is  usually  a  small  awl-shaped  appendage 
(abortive  petal).  —  Hillsides  in  rich  woods  :  common,  especially  northward. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  inflated  bell-shaped,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  throat,  only  its  base 
coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  3-cleft,  short :  filaments  very 
short  or  none :  anthers  oblong-linear :  styles  6,  fleshy,  diverging,  2-cleft,  each  bear- 
ing a  thick  extrorse  stigma  below  the  cleft :  leaves  thickish,  persistent,  usually  only 
one  each  year,  the  upper  surface  often  whitish-mottled :  peduncle  very  short :  root- 
stocks  clustered,  ascending. 

2.  A.  Virginiciim,  L.     Nearly  glabrous  ;  feaves  round-heart-shaped  ( about 
2' wide) ;  calyx  short,  reticulated- within ;    anthers  pointless.  —  Virginia,  and 
southward,  in  and  near  the  mountains. 

3.  A.  arifdlium,  Michx.     Leaves  halberd-heart-shaped  (2' -4'  long);  calyx 
oblong-tubular,  with  very  short  and'  blunt  lobes  ;  anthers  obtusely  short-pointed.  — 
Virginia  and  southward. 


404  NYCTAGINACE^E.       (FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY.) 

2.    ARISTOIiOCHIA,    Tourn.        BIRTHWORT. 

Calyx  tubular ;  the  tube  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly  contracted 
at  the  throat.  Stamens  6 ;  the  sessile  anthers  wholly  adnate  to  the  back  of  the 
short  and  fleshy  3  -  6-lobed  or  angled  stigma.  Pod  naked,  6-valved.  Seeds  very 
flat.  — Twining,  climbing,  or  sometimes  upright  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or  axillary  greenish  or  lurid-purple  flowers.  (Named 
from  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  bent  like  the  letter  S,  enlarged  at  the  two  ends,  the  small  limb  obtusely 
3-lobed :  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs  ( making  4  cells  in  a  row  under  each  of  the 
three  truncate  lobes  of  the  stigma) :  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpent£ria,  L.     (VIRGINIA  SNAKEROOT.)    Stems  (8' -15' high) 
branched  at  the  base,  putfescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  from  a  heart-shaped 
base,  or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed ;  flowers  all  next  the  root,  short- 
peduncled.  —  A  narrow-leaved  variety  is  A.  sagittata,  MuhL,  A.  hastata,  Nutt., 
&c.  —  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Indiana  and  southward  :  not  common  except 
near  the  Alleghany  Mountains.    July.  —  The  fibrous,  aromatic-stimulant  root 
is  well  known  in  medicine. 

§  2.    Calyx-tube  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  short 
limb  obscurely  3-lobed:  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs  under  each  of  the  3  short  and 
•     thick  lobes  of  the  stigma :  twining  shrubs ;  flowers  from  one  or  two  of  the  super- 
posed accessory  axillary  buds. 

2.  A.  Sipho,  L'Her.      (PiPE-ViNE.      DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE.)      Nearly  gla- 
brous; leaves  round-kidney-shaped;  peduncles  with  a  clasping  bract;  calyx  (!£' 
long)  with  a  brown-purple  abrupt,  fiat  border.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Kentucky, 
and  southward,  along  the  mountains.    May.  —  Stems  sometimes  2'  in  diameter, 
climbing  trees  :  full-grown  leaves  8'- 12'  broad. 

3.  A.  tomentbsa,  Sims.     Downy  or  soft-hairy;   leaves  round-heart-shaped, 
very  veiny  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  calyx  yellowish,  with  an  oblique  dark  purple  closed  orifice 
and  a  rugose  reflexed  limb.  —  Rich  woods,  from  S.  Illinois  southward.     June. 

ORDER  83.    NYCTAOINACE^E.     (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  mostly  opposite  and 
entire  leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form 
calyx  which  is  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the 
l-celled  l-seeded  ovary,  and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp  ;  the 
stamens  few,  slender,  and  hypogynous ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  out- 
side of  mealy  albumen,  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledons.  —  Represented  in 
our  gardens  by  the  FOUR-O'CLOCK,  or  MARVEL  OF  PERU  (MIRABILIS 
JALAPA),  in  which  the  calyx  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla,  the  cup- 
like  involucre  of  each  flower  exactly  imitating  a  calyx ;  —  and  by  a  single 

1.    OXYBAPHUS,    Vahl.        OXYBAPHUS. 

Flowers  1  -  5  in  the  same  5-lobed  membranaceous  broad  and  open  involucre, 
which  enlarges  and  is  thin  and  reticulated  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  very  short 


CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  405 

tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous  limb,  plaited  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  achenium-like, 
several-ribbed  or  angled.  —  Herbs,  abounding  on  the  western  plains,  with  very 
large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flow- 
ers. (Name  o^vfiafyov,  a  vinegar-saucer,  or  small  shallow  vessel ;  from  the  shape 
of  the  involucre.) 

1.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  repeatedly  forked 
(l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate,  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  to  lanceo- 
late ;  involucres  3  -  5-flowered.  —  Rocky  places,  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois 
southward  and  westward.  June  -  Aug. 

ORDER  84.    PHYTOL.ACCACE.E.     (POKEWEED  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  having  the  general 
characters  of  Chenopodiaceae,  but  usually  a  several-celled  ovary  composed 
of  as  many  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit;  —  repre- 
sented only  by  the  typical  genus 

1.    PHYTOLACCA,    Tourn.        POKEWEED. 

Calyx  of  5  rounded  and  petal-like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  5-12 
carpels,  united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  separate  styles,  in  fruit  forming  a 
depressed-globose  5-12-celled  berry,  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennials, 
with  large  petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  which  become  lateral  and  op- 
posite the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  <f>vrov,  plant,  and  the  French  lac, 
lake,  in  allusion  to  the  crimson  coloring  matter  resembling  that  pigment  which 
the  berries  yield.) 

1.  P.  decandra,  L.  (COMMON  POKE  or  SCORE.  GARGET.  PIGEON- 
BEERY.)  Stamens  10:  styles  10. — Low  grounds.  July -Sept. — A  smooth 
plant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very  large  poisonous  root,  often 
4' -6'  in  diameter,  sending  up  stout  stalks  (which  are  in  early  spring  sometimes 
eaten  as  a  substitute  for  Asparagus),  at  length  6° -9°  high.  Calyx  white: 
ovary  green ;  the  long  racemes  of  dark-purple  berries  filled  with  crimson  juice, 
ripe  in  autumn. 

ORDER  85.     CHENOPODIACEAE.     (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  of  homely  aspfct,  more  or  less  succulent,  with  mostly  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  no  stipules  nor  scarious  bracts,  minute  greenish  flowers,  with, 
the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or 
occasionally  fewer,  and  inserted  opposite  them  or  on  their  base ;  the  1-celled 
ovary  becoming  a  1-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achenium.  Embryo  coiled 
into  a  ring  around  the  mealy  albumen,  when  there  is  any,  or  else  condupli- 
cate,  or  spiral.  —  Calyx  persistent,  mostly  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  or 
stigmas  2,  rarely  3-5.  (Mostly  inert  or  innocent,  weedy  plants :  several 
are  pot-herbs,  such  as  Spinach  and  Beet.) 


406  CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

*  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  copious  central  albumen.    Leaves  flat,  not  spiny  nor  fleshy. 
"-  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,' or  merely  polygamous  by  the  want  of  stamens  in  some  of  them, 

clustered  or  panicled.  .  Calyx  obvious.    Seed-coat  crustaceous. 

1.  Cycloloma.     Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  continuous  membrana- 

ceous  wing.    Seed  horizontal. 

2.  Chenopodium.     Calyx  3  -  5-cleft  or  parted,  the  lobes  naked  or  merely  keeled  in  fruit. 

Seed  horizontal,  rarely  vertical. 

3.  Blitum.    Calyx  of  3  -  5  sepals,  mostly  juicy  or  fleshy  in  fruit.    Seed  vertical. 

-«-  •*-•  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  and  of  2  distinct  sorts ;  the  staminate  with  a  regular 
calyx,  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  spiked. 

4.  A  triplex.    Fertile  flowers  without  calyx,  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  bracts. 

.»-  H-  t-  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike,  single  in  the  axil  of  bracts,  naked  or  1-sepalled. 
ft.  Corispermum.    Fruit  oval,  flattened -.  pericarp  adherent  to  the  seed.    Leaves  linear. 

*  *  Embryo  narrowly  horseshoe-shaped  or  conduplicate :  no  albumen.     Stem  fleshy,  jointed  : 

leaves  reduced  to  opposite  fleshy  scales  or  teeth.     Flowers  densely  spiked,  perfect. 

6    Salicornia.    Flowers  sunk  in  hollows  of  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  spike.    Calyx  utricle-like. 

*  *  *  Embryo  coiled  into  a  spiral :  albumen  mostly  none.    (Leaves  alternate.) 

7.  Suseda.    Embryo  flat-spiral.    Calyx  wingless.    Leaves  succulent. 

8.  Salsola.    Embryo  conical-spiral.    Calyx  in  fruit  horizontally  winged.    Leaves  spinescent. 

1.    CYCLOLOMA,    Moquin.        WINGED  PIGWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  concave  lobes  strongly 
keeled,  enclosing  the  depressed  fruit,  at  length  appendaged  with  a  broad  and 
continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3.  Seed  horizontal, 
flat.  Embryo  encircling  the  mealy  albumen.  —  An  annual  and  much-branched 
coarse  herb,  with  alternate  sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves,  and  small  panicled 
clusters  of  sessile  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  KVK\Q>,  round  about,  and  Ao>/ia, 
a  border,  from  the  encircling  wing  of  the  calyx  in  fruit. ) 

1.  C.  platyph^-llum,  Moquin.  ( Salsola  platyphylla,lf/cfo:.)  —  Illinois, 
on  sandy  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  northwestward. 

2.    CHENOPODIUM,    L.        GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  bractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  rarely  2  -  4-cleft  or  parted,  with 
the  lobes  sometimes  keeled,  but  not  appendaged  nor  becoming  succulent,  more 
or  less  enveloping  the  depressed  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5 :  filaments  filiform. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3.  Seed  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Nos.  3,  7  -  9),  lenticu- 
lar ;  the  coat  crustaceous  :  embryo  coiled  partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  albumen. 
—  Weeds,  usually  with  a  white  mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in 
small  clusters  collected  in  spiked  panicles.  (Named  from  XT/I/,  a  goose,  and  TTOVS, 
foot,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  —  Our  species  are  all  annuals  (ex- 
cept the  last  two),  flowering  through  late  summer  and  autumn,  growing  around 
dwellings,  in  manured  soil,  cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places.  ' 

§  1.    Smooth  or  mealy,  never  glandular  nor  sweet-scented:  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

1.  C.  POLYSPERMUM,  L.  Low,  often  spreading,  green  and  wholly  destitute  of 
mealiness  throughout ;  leaves  all  entire,  oblong  or  ovate  and  on  slender  petioles ; 
flowers  very  small,  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx  very  incompletely  enclosing  the 
fruit ;  seed  obtuse-edged.  —  In  and  around  Boston  :  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  407 

2.  C.  ALBUM,  L.     (LAMB'S-QUARTERS.    PIGWEED.)    Erect  (1°- 3°  high), 
mealy  and  pale,  sometimes  green  and  the  mealiness  obscure  ;  leaves  varying  from 
rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate  or  the  uppermost  even  linear,  acute,  all  or  only  the  lower 
•more  or  less  anyulate-t oothed ;  clusters  spiked-panicled,  mostly  dense;  seed  with 
acute  or  bluntish  margins.  —  Common,  especially  in  cult,  ground :  extremely 
variable.  —  The  genuine  C.  album  is  considerably  whitish-mealy,  at  least  the 
inflorescence,  which  is  dense ;  the  calyx  with  strongly  keeled  lobes,  and  com- 
pletely enclosing  the  fruit.    A  green  form  with  somewhat  entire  leaves  and  less 
dense  inflorescence  is  C.  viride,  L.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  BOSCIANUM.  Loosely  branched,  more  slender,  the  mealiness  obscure 
or  slight  and  only  on  the  inflorescence,  which  is  laxer,  the  flowers  smaller ;  calyx 
incompletely  covering  the  fruit,  its  lobes  moderately  or  slightly  if  at  all  keeled ; 
leaves  inclined  to  be  entire.  (C.  Boscianum,  Moquin.  C.  Berlandieri,  Moquin, 
an  intermediate  form.  C.  polyspermum,  var.  spicatum,  Ed.  2.) —  More  shady 
places,  Pennsylvania  and  southward.  In  some  forms  appears  as  if  a  distinct 
species ;  seemingly  indigenous  southwestward. 

3.  C.  GLATJCUM,  L.      (OAK-LEAVED   GOOSEFOOT.)     Low  (5'- 12{  high), 
spreading,  glaucous-mealy,  leaves  sinuately  pinnatijid-toothed,  oblong,  obtuse,  pale 
green  above ;  clusters  spiked,  small ;  calyx-lobes  not  at  all  keeled ;  'seed  sharp- 
edged,  often  vertical.  —  Streets  of  towns :  rather  scarce.     Brackish  borders  of 
Onondaga  Lake.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  URBICUM,  L.     Rather  pale  or  dull  green,  nearly  destitute  of  meali- 
ness, with  erect  branches  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  triangular,  acute,  coarsely  and 
sharply  many-toothed ;  spikes  erect,  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  racemose  panicle ; 
calyx-lobes  not  keeled  ;   seed  with  rounded  margirts.  —  Var.  RHOMBir6LiUM, 
Moquin  (C.  rhombifolium,  Muhl.},  is  a  form  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  and  with  longer  and  sharper  teeth.  —  Not  rare  eastward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  C.  MURALE,  L.  Resembles  No.  4,  but  less  erect,  loosely  branched  (l°-l£° 
high)  ;  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally  toothed,  thin, 
bright  green;  spikes  or  racemes  diverging,  somewhat  corymbed;  calyx-lobes  scarcely 
keeled  ;  seed  sharp-edged.  — Boston  to  Illinois  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  C.    HTBRIDUM,    L.      (MAPLE-LEAVED    GOOSEFOOT.)      Bright    green 
throughout;  stem  widely  much  branched  (2° -4°  high);    leaves  thin  (2' -8' 
long),  somewhat  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled,  the 
angles  extended  into  afew  large  andpointed  teeth ;  racemes  diffusely  and  loosely 
panicled,  leafless ;  calyx  not  fully  covering  the  fruit,  its  lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp- 
edged,  the  thin  pericarp  adhering  closely  to  it.  — Common.    Heavy-scented,  like 
Stramonium.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  BOTRYOIS,  Moquin.  (AMBRINA,  Moquin,  in  part.)  Not  mealy,  but 
more  or  less  viscid-glandular  and  pleasant-aromatic :  seed  frequently  vertical, 
obtuse-edged:  embryo  forming  only  two  thirds  or  three  quarters  of  a  ring. 

7.  C.  B6TRYS,  L.     (JERUSALEM  OAK.     FEATHER  GERAXIUM.)     Glan- 
dular-pubescent and  viscid ;  leaves  slender -petioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate  pin- 
natifid;  racemes  cymose-diverging,  loose,  leafless;  fruit  not  perfectly  enclosed. — 
Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


408  CHENOPODIACEJS.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

8.  C.  AMBROSioiDES,  L.      (MEXICAN    TEA.)      Smoothish ;    leaves  slightly 
petioled,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  upper  taper- 
ing to  both  ends  ;  spikes  densely  flowered,  leafy,  or  intermixed  with  leaves  ;  fruit 
perfectly  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  — Waste  places  :  common,  especially  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.)  —  Passes  into 

Var.  ANTHELMfNTicuM.  (WoRMSEED.)  Root  perennial  (?) ;  leaves  more 
strongly  toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniate-pinnatifid  ;  spikes  mostly 
leafless.  (C.  anthelmmticum,  L.)  —  Common  in  waste  places  southward.  (Nat. 
from  Trop.  Amer.) 

9.  C.  MULTLFIDUM,  L.      Glandular-pubcrulent,  diffusely  branched;   leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnatifld,  pale ;  flowers  small  in  axillary  clusters ;  calyx  only  5- 
cleft,  compressed  and  completely  closed  over  the  glandular-dotted  utricle ;  seed  always 
vertical.     (Roubieva  multifida,  Moquin,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Waste  places,  City  of  New 
York  (the  station  now  seemingly  extinct),  and  Philadelphia.     Introduced  in 

ballast  from  South  America,  not  permanently  established. 

\ 

3.    BLITUM,    Tourn.        ELITE. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.     Calyx  3-5-parted,  becoming  fleshy  or  berry-like 
in  fruit ;  the  genus  also  made  to  include  some  with  calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  1  -  5  :  filaments  filiform.     Styles  or  stigmas  2.     Seed  vertical,  com- 
pressed-globular ;  the  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  quite  around  the  albumen.  — 
Herbs,  with  petioled  triangular  or  halberd-shaped  and  mostly  sinuate-toothed 
leaves.     (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  some  insipid  pot-herb.) 
§  1.  MOROCARPUS,  Mcench.     Glabrous  annuals  or  biennials,  not  mealy :  flowers 
in  axillary  heads,  the  upper  ones  often  spiked :  calyx  in  fruit  commonly  becoming 
fleshy  or  berry-like,  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle. 

1.  B.  maritimum,  Nutt.  (COAST  ELITE.)  Stem  angled,  much  branched ; 
leaves  thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below  into  a  wedge-shaped  base 
and  above  into  a  slender  point,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate;  clusters  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  spikes;  calyx-lobes  2-4,  rather  fleshy  ; 
stamen  1 ;  seed  shining,  the  margin  acute.  —  Salt  marshes,  New  Jersey  to  Mas- 
sachusetts:  salt  springs,  at  Syracuse,  New  York  (G.   W.  Clinton),  and  north- 
westward.    Probably  a  variety  of  B.  rubrum  of  Eu. 

2.  B.  capitatum,  L.     (STRAWBERRY  ELITE.)    Stem  ascending,  branch- 
ing; leaves  triangular  and  somewhat  halberd -shaped,  sinuate-toothed ;  clusters 
simple  (large),  interruptedly  spiked,  the  upper  leafless  ;  stamens  1  -5  ;  calyx  berry- 
like  in  fruit ;  seed  ovoid,  flattish,  smooth,  with  a  very  narrow  margin.  —  Dry 
rich  ground,  common  from  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 
June.  —  The  calyx  becomes  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit,  when  the  large  clus- 
ters look  like  Strawberries.     (Eu.) 

§2.  AGATH6PHYTON,  Moquin.  Somewhat  mealy :  root  perennial :  flowers 
in  clusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike :  calyx  not  fleshy,  shorter  than  the  half- 
naked  fruit.  Intermediate  between  Blitum  and  Chenopodium. 

3.  B.   BONUS-HENRICUS,   Reichenbach.     ( GOOD-KING-HENRY.)     Leaves 
triangular-halberd-form;  stamens   5.     (Chenopodium  Bonus-Henricus,  L.)  — 
Around  dwellings  :  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CHENOPODIACE^l.       (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.)  409 

4.    ATRIPLEX,     Tourn.        ORACHE. 

Flowers  moncecious  or  dioecious ;  the  staminate  like  the  flowers  of  Chenopo- 
dium,  only  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  pistil ;  the  fertile  flowers  consisting 
simply  of  a  naked  pistil  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaceous  (ovate 
or  halberd-shaped)  bracts,  which  are  enlarged  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  united. 
Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  In  one  section, 
to  which  the  Garden  Orache  belongs,  there  are  also  some  fertile  flowers  with  a 
calyx,  like  those  of  Chenopodium,  but  without  stamens,  and  with  horizontal 
seeds.  —  Herbs  usually  mealy  or  scurfy  with  bran-like  scales,  with  triangular 
or  halberd-shaped  angled  leaves,  and  spiked-clustered  flowers ;  in  summer  and 
autumn.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

1.  A.  patula,   L.      Erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  annual,  scurfy,  green   or 
rather  hoary,  branching;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite,  petioled,  varying 
from  triangular  and  halberd-form  to  lance-linear;  fruiting  bracts  ovate-trian- 
gular or  rhombic,  entire  or  1  -  2-toothed  below,  united  to  near  the  middle,  their 
flat  faces  either  even  or  sparingly  warty -muricate ;  radicle  inferior  or  some- 
what ascending.  •*-  The  two  extreme  forms  are,  Var.  HASTA.TA  (A.  hastata,  L.), 
with  the  leaves  nearly  all  triangular-halberd-shaped,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed. 
—  Var.  LITTORALIS  (A.  littoralis,  L.),  with  lanceolate  or  linear  mostly  entire 
leaves.  —  Salt  marshes,  brackish  river-banks,  &c.,  Virginia  to  Maine,  and  spar- 
ingly on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.     The  plant  on  the  shore  is  more 
scurfy  and  hoary  ;  more  inland,  sometimes  far  from  saline  soil,  it  is  greener  and 
thinner-leaved.    *(Eu.) 

2.  A.  arenaria,  Nutt.     Silvery-mealy  annual,  diffusely  spreading ;  leaves 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile;  fruiting  bracts  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  united,  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with  a  few  prickly  points  on 
the  sides;   radicle  superior.      (Obione  arenaria,  Moquin,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy 
beaches,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.    CORISPERMUM,    Ant.  Juss.        BUG-SEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  single  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  leaves  reduced  to 
bracts,  usually  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  of  a  single  delicate  sepal  on  the  inner 
side.  Stamens  1  or  2,  rarely  5.  Styles  2.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  the  outer  face 
rather  convex  and  the  inner  concave,  sharp-margined,  a  caryopsis,  i.  e.  the  thin 
pericarp  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed.  Embryo  slender,  coiled  around  a  cen- 
tral albumen.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  with  narrow  linear  alternate  1 -nerved 
leaves.  (Name  formed  of  Kopis,  a  bug,  and  o-Tre'p/tta,  seed.} 

1.  C.  hyssopifblium,  L.  Somewhat  hairy  when  young,  pale;  floral 
leaves  or  bracts  awl-shaped  from  a  dilated  base  or  the  upper  ovate  and  pointed, 
scarious-margined  ;  fruit  wing-margined.  —  Sandy  beaches  of  the  Great  Lakes 
from  Buffalo,  a  recent  immigrant  ( G.  W.  Clinton),  Chicago  (Dr.  Scammon,  &c.), 
to  Lake  Superior  and  northwestward.  Aug. -Oct.  (Eu.) 

6.    SALICORNIA,    Tourn.        GLASSWORT.     SAMPHIRE. 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together  immersed  in  each  hollow  of  the  thickened  upper 
joints,  forming  a  spike ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.  Calyx  small  and 


410  CHENOPODIACE^E.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

bladder-like,  with  a  toothed  or  torn  margin,  at  length  spongy  and  narrowly 
wing-bordered,  enclosing  the  flattened  thin  utricle.  Stamens  1  or  2.  Styles  2, 
united  at  base.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  thick,  conduplicate  :  no  albumen.  — 
Low  saline  plants,  with  succulent  leafless  jointed  stems,  and  opposite  branches ; 
the  flower-bearing  branchlets  forming  the  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  sal,  salt, 
and  cornu,  a  horn  ;  saline  plants  with  horn-like  branches. ) 

§  1 .  Annuals :  spikes  very  thick  and  fleshy :  flowers  and  seeds  deeply  immersed. 

1.  S.  herbacea,  L.     Erect  or  at  length  spreading  (6' -12'  high),  green ; 
scales  obscure  and  very  blunt,  making  a  truncate  barely  emarginate  termination 
of  the  joints  of  stem  or  elongated  spike ;  middle  flower  much  higher  than  the 
lateral  ones ;  seed  oval  or  oblong.  —  Salt  marshes  of  the  coast  and  interior  salt 
springs.     Aug. —  Oct.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  Virginica,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.)      Erect,  less  branched,  naked  below 
(2' -9'  high),  turning  red  in  age;  spike  shorter  and  thicker;  scales  mucronate- 
pointed  and  conspicuous,  especially  when  dry ;  middle  flower  little  higher  than 
the  lateral  ones ;  seed  round-oval.    (S.  mucronata,  Lagasca?  1818,  Bigelow,  and 
•Ed.  2.)  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  Virginia  to  Maine.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.  ?) 

§  2.  Perennial. :  spikes  less  thick,  and  flowers  less  immersed;  middle  one  hardly  higher. 

3.  S.  fruticbsa,  L.,  var.  ambigua.     (S.  ambigua,  Michx.)    Numerous 
tufted  stems  (3' -12'  long)  decumbent  or  ascending  from  a  hard  and  rather 
woody  creeping  base  or  rootstock,  greenish,  turning  lead-colored ;  the  cylindri- 
cal joints  rather  strongly  notched  at  the  end ;  seed  round-oyal.  —  Sandy  wet 
beaches,  £c.,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward.    Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

7.    SU  JED  A,    Forskal.        SEA  BLITE. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  not  appendaged,  fleshy,  becoming  somewhat  inflated  and  closed  over  the 
fruit  (utricle).  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  with 
a  flat-spiral  embryo,  dividing  the  scanty  albumen  (when  there  is  any)  into  2 
portions.  —  Fleshy  maritime  plants,  with  alternate  nearly  terete  linear  leaves. 
(An  Arabic  name.)  CHENOPODINA,  Moquin  was  founded  for  those  species, 
like  ours,  which  have  horizontal  seeds,  —  a  wholly  insufficient  and  inconstant 
difference. 

1.  S.  maritima,  Dumortier.  Annual,  smooth,  diffusely  much  branched; 
leaves  slender  (!'  long),  acute;  calyx-lobes  keeled  ;  stigmas  2  ;  seed  horizontal. 
(Chenopodma  maritima,  Moquin.)  —  Salt  marshes  of  the  sea-shore,  and  on  the 
northwest  plains.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

9.     SAL  SOL  A,    L.        SALTWORT. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent  and  enclosing 
the  depressed  fruit  in  its  base ;  its  divisions  at  length  horizontally  winged  on  the 
back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  and  circular  scarious  border.  Stamens  mostly 
5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo,  which  is 
coiled  in  a  conical  spiral  (cochleate).  —  Herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  branching 
plants  of  the  sea-shore,  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  and 


AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)          411 

sessile  axillary  flowers.     (Name  from  sal,  salt ;  in  allusion  to  the  alkaline  salts 
these  plants  copiously  contain.) 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  (COMMON  SALTWORT.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching, 
bushy,  rough  or  smoothish;  leaves  all  alternate,  awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed; 
flowers  single ;  calyx  with  the  converging  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over  the 
fruit,  the  large  rose  or  flesh-colored  wings  nearly  orbicular  and  spreading.  — 
Sandy  sea-shore :  common.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  86.    AMARANTACE^E.     (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Weedy  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  last  family,  but  thejlowers 
mostly  imbricated  with  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts  ;  these  often  colored, 
commonly  3  in  number;  the  one-celled  ovary  sometimes  many-ovuled. 
(The  greater  part  of  the  order  tropical,  but  several  have  found  their  way 
northward  as  weeds.) 

*  Anthers  2-celIed  :  filaments  separate.    Ovule  and  seed  solitary. 

1.  Amarantus.    Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  of  3  or  5  distinct 

erect  sepals,  not  falling  off  with  the  fruit. 

2.  Moiitelia.    Flowers  dioecious.    Calyx  none  in  fertile  flowers.    Utricle  thin,  circumcissile. 

3.  Acuitla.    Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  3  -  5-angled. 

*  *  Anthers  1-celled.    Ovule  and  seed  solitary. 

4.  Iregine.    Calyx  of  5  sepals.    Filaments  united  below  into  a  cup. 

5.  Frcelichia.     Calyx  5-cleft  at  the  apex.    Filaments  united  throughout  into  a  tube. 

1.    AMARANTHS,    Tourn.        AMARANTH. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3, 
equal  erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  2  or  3,  separate  :  anthers  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1 -seeded  utricle,  2-3-beaked  at  the 
apex,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  opening  transversely  or  sometimes  bursting 
irregularly.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  — Annual  weeds, 
of  coarse  aspect,  with  alternate  and  entire  peiioled  leaves,  and  small  green  or 
purplish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters ;  in  late  summer  and 
autumn.  ('A/iapai/Toy,  unfading,  because  the  dry  calyx  and  bracts  do  not  wither. 
The  Romans,  like  the  Greeks,  wrote  Amarantus,  which  the  early  botanists  in- 
£orrectly  altered  to  Amaranthus.) 

§  1.   Utricle  thin,  circumcissile,  the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid:  flowers  polygamous. 
*  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  simple  or  mostly  panicled  spikes:  stem  erect 

(1°-  6°  high) :  leaves  long-petioled :  stamens  and  sepals  5. 
H-  RED  AMARANTHS.     Flowers  and  often  leaves  tinged  with  crimson  or  purple. 

1.  A.  HYPOCHOXDRIACUS,  L.    Smooth  or  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  pointed ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  thick,  crowded,  the  terminal  one  elon- 
gated and  interrupted  ;  bracts  long-aumed;  fruit  2-3-cleft  at  the  apex,  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Rarely  spontaneous  around  gardens.    (Virginia,  ex  L. ;  but  doubt- 
less adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  A.  PANicuiATUS,  L.     Stem  mostly  pubescent;   leaves  oblong-ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate ;  spikes  numerous  and  slender,  panicled,  erect  or  spreading ;  bracts 
awn-pointed ;  fruit  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx. — Flowers 


412          AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

small,  green,  tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  crimson  as  in  A,  caudatus,  L.,  the 
PRINCE'S  FEATHER  of  the  gardens.     (A.  sangumeus,  L.)  —  In  gardens,  &c. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 
4-  •*-  GREEN  AMARANTHS,  PIGWEED.     Flowers  green,  rarely  a  little  reddish. 

3.  A.  RETROFLEXUS,  L.     Roughish  and  pubescent,  or  smoothish;  leaves 
dull  green,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  undulate  ;  spikes  crowded  in  a 
stiff  or  glomerate  panicle ;  bracts  awn-pointed,  rigid,  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Var. 
CHLOR6STACHYS  (A.  chlorostachys,  Witld.)  is  smoother,  with  brighter  green 
leaves  and  less  thick  and  crowded  spikes,  apparently  passing  into  var.  HY'BRIDUS 
(A.  hybridus,  L.),  which  is  smooth  and  more  loosely  panicled,  —  perhaps  not  in 
our  district.  —  Cultivated  and  manured  soil,  gardens,  &c.    Probably  indigenous 
south  westward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.?) 

#  #  Flowers  crowded  in  close  and  small  axillary  clusters:  stems  low,  spreading  or 
ascending :  stamens  and  sepals  3,  or  the  former  only  2. 

4.  A.  ALBUS,  L.     Smooth,  pale  green ;  stems  whitish,  mostly  spreading  next 
the  ground ;  leaves  long-petioled,  obovate  and  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse  or 
retuse;  flowers  greenish;  sepals  mucronate,  half  the  length  of  the  rugose  fruit, 
much  shorter  than  the  rigid  pungently  pointed  bracts.  —  Waste  grounds,  near 
towns,  and  roadsides  :  common.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

§  2.  Utricle  thinnish,  bursting  or  imperfectly  circumcissile :  flowers  monoecious. 

5.  A.  SPiN6sus,  L.     (THORNY  AMARANTH.)      Smooth,  bushy-branched ; 
stem  reddish ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green,  a  pair  of 
spines  in  their  axils ;  upper  clusters  sterile,  forming  long  and  slender  spikes ; 
the  fertile  globular  and  mostly  in  the  axils ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  small.  — 
Waste  grounds,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

§  3.  EUXOLUS,  Raf.     Utricle  rather  fleshy,  remaining  closed  or  bursting  irregu- 
larly :  no  spines :  bracts  inconspicuous. 

6.  A.  LfviDUS,  L.     Smooth,  somewhat  succulent,  much  branched  (l°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  livid-purplish,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oval ;  flower-clusters  greenish, 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  crowded  in  a  terminal  interrupted  spike  ;  stamens  3 ;  se- 
pals mostly  3,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  smoothish  fruit.     (Euxolus  lividus, 
Raf.)  —  Coast  of  Virginia,  Clayton.    Probably  an  introduced  species,  and  to  in- 
clude A.  oleraceus,  L.,  and  the  next. 

7.  A.  ptimilus,  Raf.    Low  or  prostrate;  leaves  more  fleshy  and  obovate, 
emarginate,  the  ribs  stouter  and  transverse ;  flower-clusters  small  and  axillary ; 
stamens  and  sepals  5,  the  latter  half  the  length  of  the  obscurely  5-ribbed  fruit : 
probably  a  maritime  form  of  the  preceding.     (Euxolus  pumilus,  Raf.)  —  Sandy 
beaches,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.  A.  vfRiDis,  L.     Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  spreading  or  ascending 
(6' -18'  high);  leaves  pale  green,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  long-petioled;  flowers 
much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  in  axillary  clusters  and  usually  also  in  a 
terminal  spike;  sepals  and  stamens  3,  the  latter  thin,  shorter  than  the  small 
globose-ovate  roughish  fruit.     (Euxolus  deflexus,  Ed.  2 ;  but  that  has  a  larger 
and  more  elongated  smooth  3-nerved  utricle.)  —  Streets  of  Albany,  New  York  : 
depauperate  form  with  the  terminal  spike  undeveloped.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


AMARANTACE^.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)          413 

2.    MONTELIA,     Moquin  (under  ACNIDA). 

Flowers  dioecious,  2  -3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and  mu- 
cronate-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  oblong 
anthers;  the  cells  of  the  latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flowers 
without  any  calyx,  their  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  1-ovuled 
ovary :  stigmas  2-4,  very  long,  bristle-awl-shaped,  plumose-hispid.  Fruit  a  thin 
and  membranaceous  globular  utricle,  smooth  and  even,  opening  transversely 
around  the  middle ;  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid.  Radicle  of  the  annular 
embryo  inferior.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall,  with  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-ovate alternate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters  of  greenish  flow- 
ers, usually  crowded  into  elongated  and  panicled  interrupted  spikes.  (Probably 
a  personal  name.) 

1.  M.  tamariscina.'  (Amarantus  tamariscinus,  Nutt.  A.  altissimus  & 
Miamensis,  Riddell.  Acnida  altissima,  Michx.  herb.  A.  rusocarpa,  Moquin,  &c. ) 
—  Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
southward,  especially  westward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Var.  CONCATENATA  is  a  form 
with  the  lower  clusters  in  the  fertile  plant  forming  thickish  distant  heads  (5"  -  6" 
in  diameter)  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  the  stems  often  low  and  spreading  or 
decumbent.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  as  to  inflorescence,  height  (l°-6°high), 
the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (l'-5'  long,  the  petioles  often  of  the  same 
length),  the  bracts  more  or  less  awl-shaped,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  fruit 
(which  is  that  of  Amarantus) :  but  all  are  forms  of  one  species.  The  sterile 
plant  is  Acnida  rusocarpa,  Michx.,  or  was  mixed  with  it  in  Michaux's  collec- 
tion, but  the  fruit  is  neither  obtuse-angled,  rugose,  nor  indehiscent.  That  name 
is  unmeaning,  perhaps  a  misprint  of  ruscocarpa. 

3.    ACNIDA,    L.        WATER-HEMP. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  and  indehiscent  utricle,  3-5-angled,  the  angles  often  rugose  or 
tubercled-crested.  Stigmas  3-5,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  linear-awl-shaped. 
Flowers  in  rather  loose  panicled  spikes.  Otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  genus. 
(Name  formed  of  a  privative  and  Kvidr),  a  nettle.) 

1.  A.  cannabina,  L.  Annual,  tall  (2° -6°  high);  leaves  elongated-lan- 
eeolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-petioled ;  fruit  globular  (l£"-2"  long),  much 
exceeding  the  pointless  bracts.  —  Salt  marshes  on  the  coast,  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia  and  southward.  Aug. -Oct. — Probably  the  only  species;  for  A. 
rusocarpa,  Michx.,  is  certainly  to  be  divided  between  this  and  Montelia  tamaris- 
cina ;  and  A.  tuberculata,  Moquin,  must  be  one  or  the  other. 

4.    I  R  E  S I N  E ,    P.  Browne.        IRESINE. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  5  :  filaments  slender,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base  :  anthers 
1-celled,  ovate.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  scarious-white  flowers,  crowded  into  clusters  or  spiked 
and  branching  panicles ;  the  calyx,  &c.  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence  the 
name,  from  eipeo-icbi/j/,  a  branch  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool  borne  in  proces- 
sions at  festivals.)  • 


414  POLYGONACEJE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

1.  I.  celosioides,  L.  Nearly  glabrous  annual,  erect,  slender  (2° -4° 
high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  panicles  narrow,  naked;  bracts  and  calyx  sil- 
very-white, the  latter  woolly  at  the  base.  —  Dry  banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  Sept. 

5.    FRCELICHIA,    Moench.        (OPLOTHECA,  Nutt.) 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5- 
crested  lengthwise,  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  indehiscent 
thin  utricle.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  1 -celled  anthers, 
and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  herbs,  with 
opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  spiked  scarious-bracted  flowers.  (Named  for  J.  A. 
Frolich,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Floridkna,  Moquin.  Root  annual;  stem  leafless  above  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath ;  spikelets  crowded  into  an  inter- 
rupted spike ;  calyx  very  woolly.  —  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug. 

ORDER  87.    POLYGONACE^.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  (ochreae, 
these  sometimes  obsolete)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem;  the  flowers 
mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  ovary  bearing 
2  or  3  styles  or  stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  orthotropous  seed.  Embryo 
curved  or  straightish,  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  or  rarely  in  its  centre; 
the  radicle  pointing  from  the  hilum  and  to  the  apex  of  the  dry  seed-like 
fruit.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3  -  6-cleft  calyx.  Leaves 
usually  entire.  (The  watery  juice  often  acrid,  sometimes  agreeably  acid, 
as  in  Sorrel ;  the  roots,  as  in  Rhubarb,  sometimes  cathartic.) — West  of  the 
Mississippi  are  a  great  number  of  ERIOGONE^E,  having  their  flowers  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre.  Our  few  genera  are  all  of  the  true  Polygona- 
ceae,  except  the  anomalous  Brunnichia. 

#  Stipular  sheaths  (ochrea)  manifest.    Ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 
•*-  Sepals  5.  sometimes  4,  somewhat  equal  and  erect  in  fruit. 

1.  Polygoiium.     Embryo  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen :  cotyledons  narrow. 

2.  Fngopy  rum.     Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited. 

t-  •*-  Sepals  4-6,  the  outer  row  reflexed,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging  in  fruit. 

3.  Oxyria.     Sepals  4     Stigmas  2.    Fruit  2-winged,  samara-like. 

4.  Rum  ex.    Sepals  6.    Styles  3.    Fruit  3-angled,  enclosed  by  the  inner  sepals. 

*  *  Stipules  obsolete.    Ovule  hanging  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk. 

5.  Brnnnichia.    Calyx  5-parted,  in  fruit  with  a  wing  decurrent  on  the  pedicel.    Tendril- 

climber. 

1.    POLYGONUM,    L.        KNOT-WEED. 

Calyx  mostly  5-parted ;  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  with- 
ering or  persistent  and  surrounding  the  lenticular  or  3-angular  achenium.  Sta- 
mens 4-9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Embryo  placed  in  a  groove  on  the  outside 
of  the  albumen  and  curved  half-way  around  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually  the  cotyl- 


POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  415 

cdons  slender.  —  Pedicels  jointed.     Ours  all  herbaceous,  flowering  through  late 
summer  and  early  autumn.     (Name  composed  of  iro\v,  many,  and  yow,  knee, 
from  the  numerous  joints.) 
§  1.  BIST6RTA,  Tourn.     Calyx  petal-like,  deeply  5-cleft:  stamens  8  or  9  :  styles 

3,  slender :  achenium  3-sided :  stems  low  and  simple  from  a  thick  and  woody 

creeping  rootstock :  flowers  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 

1.  P.  Viviparum,  L.    (ALPINE  BISTORT.)    Smooth,  dwarf  (4' -8' high), 
bearing  a  linear  spike  of  flesh-colored  flowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets  in  their 
place) ;.  leaves  lanceolate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  WhUe  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire, shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§2.  PERSICARIA,  Tourn.  Calyx  petal-like,  5-parted:  stigmas  capitate :  ache- 
nium lenticular,  or  (when  there  are  3  stigmas)  3-sided  cotyledons:  accumbent  and 
albumen  Jiard  and  horny  except  in  No.  2  :  roots  fibrous :  flowers  crowded  in 
spikes  or  spike-like  racemes. 

#  Sheaths  some  of  them  with  an  abrupt  spreading  and  more  or  less  foliaceous  (some- 
times deciduous)  border :  tall  branching  annuals,  with  panicled  and  nodding  dense 
cylindrical  spikes:  flowers  rose  or  flesh-color :  achenium  flat. 

2.  P.  ORIENTALS,  L.      (PRINCE'S  FEATHER.)      Soft-hairy ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  pointed,  distinctly  petioled;  flowers  large,  bright  rose-color;  stamens  7; 
style    2-cieft ;   cotyledons    incumbent ;    albumen    floury.  —  Sparingly  escaped 
from  gardens  into  waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  India.) 

3.  P.  Careyi,  Olney.     Stem  (3°  -5°  high)  and  peduncles  glandular-bristly; 
leaves  lanceolate,  roughish ;  flowers  purplish  ;  stamens  mostly  5 ;  style  2-parted.  — 
Shady  swamps,  Rhode  Island  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

*  #  Sheaths  all  cylindrical  and  truncate,  without  a  border. 

•*-  Annuals:  spikes  oblong  or  linear,  densely  Jlowered :  flowers  rose  or  flesh-color,  or 
occasionally  varying  to  white,  slightly  or  not  at  all  glandular-dotted :  stamens  6  -  8  : 
styles  2  or  2-cleft  and  achenium  flattened,  except  sometimes  in  No.  1)  which  alone 
has  the  sheaths  at  all  or  more  than  slightly  ciliate. 

4.  P.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.      Stem  (l°-3°high),  smooth  below,  the 
branches  above,  and  especially  the  peduncles,  beset  with  bristly-stalked  glands;  leaves 
lanceolate,  roughish  on  the  midrib  and  margins  (l£'-5'  long) ;  spikes  oblong, 

x  obtuse  (!'  — 2'  long),  erect,  thick;  stamens  mostly  8,  somewhat  exserted;  style  2-clefl ; 
achenium  with  flat  sides.  —  Moist  soil,  in  open  waste  places  :  common. 

5.  P.  incarnatum,  Ell.     Nearly  glabrous  (3° -6°  high);  the  peduncles, 
&c.  often  minutely  rough  with  scattered  sessile  glands ;  sheaths  wholly  naked 
and  glabrous ;  leaves  rough  pn  the  midrib  and  margins,  elongated-lanceolate 
(4' -12'  long,  l'-3'  wide  below),  tapering  gradually  from  towards  the  base  to  a 
narrow  point;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  slender  (l£'-3'  long) ;  stamens 
6  and  styles  2,  both  included;  achenium  with  concave  sides.     (P.  nodosum,  var. 
incarnatum,  Ed.  2.     P.  lapathifolium,  Amer.  authors,' ^c.) — Wet  borders  of 
ponds  and  streams ;   rather  common  everywhere,  especially  southward  and 
westward. — Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last,  lighter  rose-color,  or  flesh-color, 
varying  to  white. 

6.  P.  Iapathif61ium,  Ait,  is  lower,  with  shorter  and  much  less  pointed 
leaves ;  sheaths  often  somewhat  hairy  or  ciliolate ;  spikes  oblong  and  blunt ;  flowers 


416  POLYGOXACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

pale  or  whitish ;  style  2-clcft,  or  not  parted  to  the  base.  We  have,  sparingly,  ran 
INCAXUM,  Koch  (P.  incamim,  Wittd.'),  and  only  a  depauperate  form  of  it, 
3' -6'  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  white-downy  beneath;  spikes  barely  6" 
long,  erect.  — Borders  of  Cayuga  Lake,  New  York  ( Chickering  and  Brewer),  of 
Lake  Superior  (0.  B.  Wheeler)  and  farther  northward  (Bourgeau) .  —  The  true 
P.  nodosum,  Pers.,  which  connects  this  species  with  the  next,  has  not  been 
detected.  (Eu.) 

7.  P.  PERSIC\RIA,  L.      (LADY'S  THUMB.)     Nearly  smooth  and  glabrous 
(12' -18'  high);  sheaths  more  or  less  bristly -ciliate ;   leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
roughish,  usually  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  spot  near  the  middle  ; 
spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not  glandular)  peduncles  ; 
stamens  mostly  6  ;  styles  half  2  -  3-cleft ;  achenium  gibbous-flattened  or  some- 
times triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Waste  and  damp  places :  very  com- 
mon.—  Flowers  greenish-purple.     (Nat.  from»Eu.) 

•i-  -»-  Annuals  or  perennials:  spikes  slender,  filiform,  loosely -flowered  or  inter- 
rupted: flowers  greenish  or  whitish,  sometimes  purplish-tinged:  sepals  dotted 
with  conspicuous  glands :  leaves  pellucid-dotted :  sheailis  fringed  with  bristles : 
whole  herbage  pungently  acrid! 

8.  P.  Hydr6piper,  L.      (COMMON  SMARTWEED  or  WATER-PEPPER.) 
Annual,  l°-2°  high,  smooth;    spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted; 
flowers  mostly  greenish  ;  stamens  6 ;  style  2  -  3-parted  ;  achenium  dull,  minutely 
striate,  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular.  —  Moist  or  wet  grounds ;  apparently 
introduced  eastward,  but  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  &ere,  H.  B.  K.    (WATER  SMARTWEED.)    Perennial,  nearly  smooth ; 
stems  rooting  at  the  decumbent  base,  2° -5°  high;  leaves  larger  and  longer 
than  in  the  last,  taper-pointed ;  spikes  erect ;  flowers  whitish,  sometimes  flesh- 
color  ;    stamens  8 ;   style  mostly  3-parted,  and  the  achenium  sharply  triangular, 
smooth  and  shining.      (P.  punctatum,  Ell.      P.  hydropiperoides,  Pursh.) — Wet 
places  :  common,  especially  southward. 

•«-•»--*-  Perennials,  not  acrid,  aquatic  or  amphibious :  sepals  not  glandular-dotted. 

10.  P.   hydropiperoides,    Michx.      (MILD  WATER-PEPPER.)      Stem 
smooth  (l°-3°  high),  branching  ;  the  narrow  sheaths  hairy ,  fringed  with  bristles ; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  sometimes  oblong  ;  spikes  erect,  slender,  sometimes 
filiform,  often  interrupted  at  the  base  (l'-2£'  long);  flowers  small,  flesh-color 
or  nearly  white  ;  stamens  8 ;  style  3-cleft ;  nchenium  sharply  triangular,  smooth  and 
shining.     (P.  mite,  Pers.,  not  of  Schrank.)  — Wet  places,  and  in  shallow  water : 
common,  especially  southward. 

11.  P.  amphibium,  L.     (WATER  PERSICARIA.)     Stems  somewhat  sim- 
ple, and  usually  terminated  by  a  single  ovate  or  oblong  and  very  dense  spike 
(6"  thick)  of  rather  large  bright  rose-red  flowers ;  sheaths  not  fringed  with  bris- 
tles ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2-defl ;  achenium  biconvex ;  leaves  varying  greatly,  from 
elliptical  or  cordate-oblong  to  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate.  —  The  typical  plant  is 
var.  AQUATICUM,  Willd.    (Var.  natans,  Moench.    P.  coccineum,  Muhl.,  &c.),  in 
water,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  floating,  elliptical  or  oblong,  some- 
times  heart-shaped  at  base ;  spikes  short.  —  Var.  TERRESTRE,  Willd.,  grows 
in  shallow  water,  or  in  wet  soil,  or  even  "  in  sandy  prairies "  in  Illinois 


POLYGONACEJE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  417 

(Dr.  Mead),  cither  almost  glabrous  or  strigose-hirsute ;  leaves  short-petioled, 
varying  from  elongated-lanceolate  to  lance-ovate  and  taper-pointed;  spikes 
cylindrical  (l'-3'long)  often  in  pairs. — Common.  (Eu.) 

§  3.  TOVARIA,  Adans.  CalyX  rather  herbaceous  (greenish),  unequally  ^-parted: 
stamens  5 :  styles  2,  distinct,  rigid  and  pei'sistent  on  the  smooth  lenticular  ache- 
n  in  in  :  cotyledons  oblong,  accumbent :  perennial :  flowers  loosely  disposed  in  naked 
long  and  slender  spikes. 

12.  P.  Virginian um,  L.     Almost  smooth ;  stem  terete,  upright  (2° -4° 
high) ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  rounded  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  rough-ciliate  (3'  -  6'  long) ;    sheaths  cylindrical,  truncate, 
hairy  and  fringed ;  flowers  1-3  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved,  the  styles 
in  fruit  obliquely  bent  down,  minutely  hooked  at  the  tip.  —  Thickets  in  rich 
soil :  common. 

§  4.  PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA.  Characters  of  the  next  section,  except  that  the 
sheaths  are  truncate,  naked  and  rigid  ;  the /lowers  racemed,  solitary  from  each  trun- 
cate bract ;  pedicels  jointed  below  the  middle  ;  calyx  expanding  and  petaloid. 

13.  P.  articulatum,  L.     (JOINTWEED.)     Annual;  stem  upright,  panic- 
ulately  branched  (4' -12' high),  slender;  leaves  linear-thread-form,  deciduous; 
flowers  rose-color,  crowded  in  slender  and  spike-like  panicled  racemes,  on  re-s 
curved  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  crowded  joint-like  bracts ;  stamens  8 ; 
achenium  triangular,  smooth  and  shining.      (Polygonella  articulata,  Meisner, 
but  has  not  the  enlarged  connivent  inner  sepals,  nor  the  axile  embryo  of  that 
genus.)  —  Dry,  sandy  soil ;  along  the  coast  and  the  Great  Lakes,  and  in  inter- 
mediate places  in  New  York.  —  Singular  for  its  many-jointed  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  1'  -  3'  long ;  the  lower  bracts  tooth-pointed  on  one  side.    Three  inner 
filaments  dilated  at  the  base. 

§  4.  AVICULARIA,  Meisn.  Calyx  more  or  Jess  petal-like,  5-parted:  stamens 
3  -  8  ;  the  filaments  awl-shaped,  3  of  them  broader  at  the  base  :  stigmas  3,  g/o- 
bose,  nearly  sessile:  achenium  3-sided:  cotyledons  incumbent:  albumen  horny: 
flowers  inconspicuous,  greenish-white,  2  or  3  together  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the 
axils  of  the  small  leaves,  appearing  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  more  or  less  spiked 
along  the  leajless  summits  of  the  branches  :  ours  all  annuals  or  nearly  so  :  sheaths 
scarious,  usually  2  -  3-cleJl  or  cut-fringed  and  torn. 

14.  P.   aviculare,    L.      (KNOTGRASS.      GOOSE-GRASS.     DOOR-WEED.) 
Prostrate  or  spreading  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pale  ;  stamens  chiefly 
5  in  the  American,  8  in  the  European  plant;   achenium  dull,  minutely  granular 
under  a  lens,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  The  commonest  weed,  in  yards,  waste 
places,  &c.     (Eu.) 

Var.  erectum,  Roth.  Stems  upright  or  ascending;  leaves  broader  (ob- 
long or  oval)  and  larger.  (P.  erectum,  L.) — In  richer  soil  or  more  shaded 
places :  common. 

15.  P.  maritimum,  L.     (COAST  KNOTGRASS.)   Prostrate,  Raucous,  with 
a  hard  and  sometimes  woody  and  perennial  root ;  stems  very  short-jointed ; 
scarious  sheaths  large ;  leaves  thickened,  elliptical-lanceolate  or  narrow  oblong ; 
flowers  larger  than  in  the  last;  achenium  very  smooth  and  shining.     (P.  glaucum, 

27 


418  POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

Nutt.    F.  aviculare,  var.  littorale,  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy  sea-beach,  Mass,  to  Virginia 
and  southward  :  at  the  north  apparently  only  annual.     (Eu.) 

1 6.  P.  ramosissimum,  Michx.    Stems  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched 
(2° -4°  high),  rigid,  many-striate ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  tapering  into  a 
petiole;  sheaths  mostly  short;  calyx  (drying  yellowish)  6-parted  and  with  6  or  3 
stamens,  or  5-parted  and  with  4  or  5  stamens ;  achenium  very  smooth  and  shining. 
—  Sandy  shores  and  banks  of  streams,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
Salt  marshes,  Rhode  Island,  Olney.  —  Larger  leaves  2'  long. 

17.  P.  t6nue,  Michx.     Stemslender,  upright,  sparingly  branched  (6'-12'  high), 
sharp-angled ;  leaves  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  very  acute ;  sheaths  capillary  fringed ; 
flowers  axillary  and  loosely  spiked  on  the  filiform  branches ;  achenium  smooth  and 
shining.  —  Dry  soil,  and  rocky  hills. 

§  6.  TINLARIA,  Meisn.  Calyx  5-parted  (rarely  4-parted),  greenish  tinged  with 
rose-color  or  white :  stamens  mostly  S  :  styles  or  capitate  stigmas  3  and  achenium 
3-sided  (except  in  No.  18)  :  leaves  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  petioled:  sheaths 
semicylindricaL 

#  Annuals,  erect  or  somewhat  climbing  by  the  reflexed  prickles  which  beset  the  angles 

of  the  stem  and  petioles:  divisions  of  the  (pale  rose-colored  or  white)  calyx  not 
keeled:  bracts  chaff-like. 

18.  P.  arif61ium,  L.     (HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)     Stem  grooved- 
angled;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petioled ;  flowers  somewhat  ra- 
cemed  (few) ;  peduncles  glandular-bristly ;  calyx  often  4-parted ;  stamens  6 ;  styles 
2, .very  short;  achenium  lenticular  (large).  —  Low  grounds. 

19.  P.  sagittatum,  L.    (ARROW-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)    Sterna-angled; 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  flowers  capitate;  peduncles  smooth;  stamens 
mostly  8  ;  styles  3,  slender ;  achenium  sharply  3-angled.  — Low  grounds  :  common. 
—  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  midrib  beneath :  these  are 
armed  with  a  line  of  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles,  which  cut  the 
hand  drawn  against  them. 

*  #  Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  calyx  with  the  3  outer  divisions  keeled,  at  least  in 

fruit :  flowers  in  loose  panicled  racemes :  bracts  like  the  stipules. 

20.  P.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.     (BLACK  BINDWEED.)     Annual;  stems  twining 
or  procumbent,   low,   roughish,   the  joints  naked;  leaves   halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed ;  flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes ;  outer  calyx-lobes  keeled; 
achenium  smoothish.  —  Cult,  and  waste  grounds  :  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.  P.  cilinbde,  Michx.     Perennial,  minutely  downy ;  the  sheaths  fringed  at 
the  base  with  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd-shaped, 
taper-pointed;    racemes  panicled;   calyx-lobes  obscurely  keeled;    achenium  very 
smooth  and  shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills.     Climbing  3°  -  9°  high. 

22.  P.  dumetbrum,  L.     (CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.)     Perennial, 
smooth;  sheaths  naked ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  slightly  halberd-shaped,  pointed; 
racemes  interrupted,  leafy ;  the  3  outer  calyx-lobe.s  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit 
winged;  achenium  smooth  and  shining.     (Eu.) 

Var.  scandens  (P.  scandens,  Z.)  has  more  panicled  flowers,  and  usually 
much  broader  wings  to  the  fruiting  calyx  than  the  European.  —  Moist  thickets. 
Twining  8° -12°  high  over  bushes. 


POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  419 

2.    FAGOPYRTJM,    Tourn.        BUCKWHEAT. 

Calyx  petal-like,  equally  5-parted,  withering  and  nearly  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  8.  Styles  3:  stigmas  capitate.  Achenium  3-sided,  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  which  it  divides  into  2  parts, 
with  very  broad  and  foliaceous  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  — Annuals,  with, 
triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  semicylindrical  sheaths,  and 
corymbose  racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers,  often  tinged  with  green  or  rose- 
color.  (Name,  $1770?,  the  beech,  and  irvpos,  wheat,  from  the  shape  of  the  grain 
being  that  of  the  beech-nut ;  whence  also  the  English  name  Buckwheat,  from 
the  German  Budje,  beech.) 

I.  F.  ESCULENTUM,  Moench.  (BUCKWHEAT.)  Smoothish;  flower  with  8 
honey-bearing  yellow-glands  interposed  between  the  stamens;  the  fruit  acute 
and  entire.  (Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  L.)  —  Old  fields,  remaining  as  a  weed 
after  cultivation,  and  escaping  into  copses.  June -Sept.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    OXYRIA,    Hill.        MOUNTAIN  SORKEL. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  sepals ;  the  two  outer  smaller  and  spreading,  the  two 
inner  broader  and  erect  (but  unchanged)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  ses- 
sile, tufted.  Achenium  lenticular,  thin,  flat,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad  and  veiny  wing.  Seed  flattened  in  the  opposite  direction 
from  the  wing.  Embryo  straight,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  slender. 
— Low  alpine  perennials,  with  round-kidney-form  and  long-petioled  leaves 
chiefly  from  the  root,  obliquely  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers 
clustered  in  panicled  racemes  on  a  slender  scape.  (Name  from  o£vs,  sour,  in 
allusion  to  the  acid  leaves,  like  those  of  Sorrel. ) 

1.  O.  digyna,  Campdera.  Leaves  all  round-kidney -form,  usually  notched 
at  the  end ;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  Ookes,  &c.,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

4.    RUMEX,    L.        DOCK.    SORREL. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  sometimes  united  at  the  base, 
Spreading  in  fruit ;  the  3  inner  larger,  somewhat  colored,  increasing  after  flow- 
ering and  convergent  over  the  3-angled  achenium,  veiny,  often  bearing  a  grain- 
like  tubercle  on  the  back  (in  fruit  called  valves).  Stamens  6.  Styles  3: 
stigmas  tufted.  Embryo  slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen, 
slender.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and  homely  (mostly  green)  flowers,  which 
are  crowded  and  commonly  whorled  in  panicled  racemes ;  the  petioles  somewhat 
sheathing  at  the  base.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  these  plants ;  of  unknown 
etymology. ) 

§  1.  DOCK.     Flowers  perfect  or  monceciously  polygamous:  herbage  not  sour:  none 
of  the  leaves  halberd-sha/>ed.     (Flowering  through  the  summer.) 

*  Perennials,  2°  -  7°  high :  valves  not  bearing  bristles. 
•i-  Valves  (large,  3"  broad,  thin)  all  naked  or  one  with  a  small  grain. 
1.  R.  PATIENTIA,  L.     (PATIENCE  DOCK.)     A  very  tall  species,  with  ovate- 
oblong  and  lanceolate  leaves,  those  from  the  root  2°  -  3°  long,  and  one  of  the 


420  POLYGONACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.) 

heart-shaped  nearly  entire  valves  bearing  a  small  grain,  or  its  midrib  thickened 
at  the  base,  was  found  spontaneous  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  by  Prof.  Tuckerman,  in 
the  form  with  undulate  leaves,  R.  orientalis,  Bernh.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  R.  LOXGIF6LIUS,  DC.  (R.  domesticus,  Hartm.,  and  too  near  R.  aquat- 
icus,  L.),  known  by  the  rounded  somewhat  heart-shaped  valves  all  without  a 
grain,  —  is  indigenous  at  the  northwest,  perhaps  in  Northern  Wisconsin.   (Eu.) 

•»-        Valves  (smaller)  one  or  more  of  them  conspicuously  grain-bearing. 
**  Indigenous:  leaves  not  wavy,  none  heart-shaped,  except  the  lowest  of  No.  6. 

3.  R.  orbiculatus,  Gray.       (GREAT   WATER-DOCK.)      Tall  and  stout 
(5° -6°  high);  racemes  upright  in  a  large  compound  panicle,  nearly  leafless ; 
whorls  crowded ;  pedicels  capillary,  nodding,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  fruiting 
calyx ;  the  valves  orbicular  or  round-ovate,  very  obtuse,  obscurely  heart-shaped  at 
base;  membranaceous,  finely  reticulated,  entire   or   repand-denticulate  (2" -3" 
broad),  all  grain-bearing;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute  at  both  ends, 
transversely  veined,  and  with  obscurely  erose-crenulate  margins  (the  lowest,  in- 
cluding the  petiole,  l°-2°  long,  the  middle  rarely  truncate  or  obscurely  cordate 
at  base ) .    ( R.  Hydrolapathum,  var.  ?  Americanus,  Ed.  2.    R.  Britannica,  Pursh  9 
Biyelow,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.     R.  aquaticus,  Pursh  ?)  —  Wet  places  •  rather  common 
northward.  —  Root  yellow.     Leaves  occasionally  abruptly  contracted  a  little  be- 
low the  enlarging  apex.     Valves  very  much  rounder,  thinner,  larger  in  propor- 
tion to  the  grain,  and  more  reticulated  than  in  the  European  R.  Hydrolapathum, 
resembling  those  of  "R.  longifolius  except  in  bearing  a  conspicuous  grain. 

4.  R.  Britannica,  L.     (PALE  DOCK.)     Rather  tall  (2°-6°  high);  ra- 
cemes spike-like  and  panicled,  nearly  leafless ;  whorls  crowded  :  pedicels  nodding, 
shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  the  vahes  broadly  ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  membranaceous,  loosely  reticulated  (about  2"  broad), 
one  with  a  conspicuous  grain,  the  others  with  a  small  grain  or  thickened  midrib, 
or  naked ;  leaves  ocate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  thickish.  obscurely 
veiny  (those  of  the  stem  3' -6'  long,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole),  none 
heart  shaped.     (R.  Claytonii,  Campdera,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted  if  we 
reject  that  inconsiderately  assigned  by  Linnaeus,  who  transferred  the  obscure 
Herba  Britannica  of  the  old  writers  to  a  Virginian  species.    R.  xanthorhizus, 
Hojfmansegg,  ex  Meisner.     R.  altissimus,  Wood. )  —  Moist  grounds,  New  York 
to  Illinois  and  southward. 

5.  R.  salicifblius,  Weinmann.     (WHITE  DOCK.)     Rather  low  (l°-3° 
high);    root  white;  leaves  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong; 
whorls  much  crowded ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  vahes  deltoid- 
ovate,  obtusish  or  acutish  (about  l£"  long),  one,  two  or  sometimes  all  three  with 
a  conspicuous  often  very  large  grain  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.    (R. 
pallidus,  Bigelvw.)  —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England;  also  far  westward 
and  northward. 

6.  R.  verticillatus,  L.     (SWAMP  DOCK.)     Rather  tall  (3°-5°  high); 
racemes  nearly  leafless,  elongated,  loose ;  the  whorls  crowded  or  the  lower  ones 
distant;    fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender,  club-shaped,  abruptly  refiexed,  3-4  times 
longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  dilated-rhomboid,  obtusely  somewhat  pointed, 
.strongly  rugose-reticulated,  each  bearing  a  very  large  grain ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 


POLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  421 

oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  thickish,  pale-green,  the  lowest  often  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base.  —  Wet  swamps :  common. 

•M-  •*-«•  Naturalized  weeds :  lower  leaves  mostly  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 

7.  R.  CRLSPUS,  L.     ( CURLED  DOCK.)     Smooth;  leaves  with  strongly  wavy- 
curled  margins,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  truncate  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  at 
the  base ;  whorls  crowded  in  prolonged  wand-like  racemes,  leafless  above. ;  valves 
round-heart-shaped,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire,  mostly  all  of  them  grain-bearing. 
—  A  very  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.     Stem  3°  -  4°  high, 
from  a  deep  spindle-shaped  yellow  root.     There  is  a  hybrid  of  this  with  the 
next.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  R.  OBTDSIF6LIUS,  L.     (BITTER  DOCK.)     Stem  roughish ;  lowest  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  underneath,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined,  the  upper  oblong -lanceolate,  acute  ;  whorls  loose  and  distant ;  valves  ovate- 
hiilberd-shaped,  and  with  some  sharp  awl-shaped  teeth  at  the  base,  strongly  reticulated, 
one  of  them  principally  grain-bearing.  —  Fields,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  R.  CONGLOMERATUS,  Murray.     (SMALLER  GREEN  DOCK.)     Leaves  ob- 
long, pointed,  slightly  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  whorls 
distant,  leafy ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  linear-oblong,  rather  broader  next  the  base  ; 
obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing  a  single  reddish  grain.     (R.  acutus,  /Smith.) — Moist 
places;  sparingly  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.  R.  SANGufNEUS,  L.    (BLOODY-VEINED  DOCK.)    Leaves  lanceolate,  wavy- 
margined,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  whorls  distant,  in  long  and  slender 
leafless  interrupted  spikes ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
one  at  least  grain-bearing ;  veins  of  the  leaf  red,  or,  in  var.  vfRiois,  green.  — 
Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  i 

#  #  Annuals,  low :  valves  bearing  long  awns  or  bristles. 

11.  R.  maritimus,  L.     (GOLDEN  DOCK.)    Minutely  pubescent,  diffusely 
branched ;  leaves  lance-linear,  wavy-margined,  the  lower  auricled  or  heart-shaped 
at  base  ;  whorls  excessively  crowded  in  leafy  and  compact  or  interrupted  spikes ; 
valves  rhombic-oblong,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing  2- 3  long  awn-like  bristles 
on  each  side,  and  a  large  grain  on  the  back.    (Also  R.  persicarioides,  L.)  —  Sea- 
shore, Virginia  to  Massachusetts :  also  Illinois  and  westward.  —  Plant  6' -12' 
high ;  remarkable  for  the  crowded  and  almost  orange-colored  fruiting  calyx, 
the  bristles  usually  longer  than  the  width  of  the  valves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  SORREL.     Flowers  dioecious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle :  herbage  sour  : 
some  leaves  halberd-shaped :  smooth  perennials,  flowering  in  spring. 

12.  R.  Engelmanni,  Ledeb.     Stem  simple,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  nearly 
as  in  the  next ;  pedicels  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle ;  valves  of  the  fruiting  calyx 
round-heart-shaped,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  naked,  many  times  larger  than  the 
achenium.      (R.  hastulatus,  Baldwin.)  —  S.  W.  Illinois,  thence  southward  and 
westward. 

13.  R.  ACETOSELLA,  L.    (FIELD  or  SHEEP  SORREL.)    Low  (6' -12' high) ; 
leaves  lance-halberd-form,  at  least  those  of  the  root,  the  narrow  lobes  entire ; 
}>edicels  jointed  with  the  flower  ;  valves  scarcely  enlarging  in  fruit,  ovate,  naked.  — 
An  abundant  weed  in  waste  places  and  all  sterile  and  worn  fields.  —  The  fertile 
panicles  usually  turn  reddish  in  summer.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


422  LAURACE^E.       (LAUREL    FAMILY.) 

5.    BRUNNICHIA,    Banks.        BRUNNICHIA. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  somewhat  petal-like,  oblong,  connivent  and 
coriaceous  in  fruit.  Stamens  8  :  filaments  capillary  :  styles  3,  slender :  stigmas 
depressed-capitate.  Ovule  hanging  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  erect  funiculus : 
the  seed  erect,  6-grooved.  Embryo  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  mealy  albumen, 
somewhat  curved.  Achenium  obtusely  triangular,  partly  3-celled,  enclosed  in 
the  indurated  calyx,  its  base  and  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  pedicel  winged 
on  one  side.  (Named  for  F.  Brunnich,  a  Danish  naturalist.) 

1.  B.  cirrhdsa,  Banks.  —  A  somewhat  shrubby  smooth  plant,  with  grooved 
stems,  climbing  by  tendrils  extended  from  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Leaves 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  :  petioles  dilated  at  base  and  partly  clasp- 
ing ;  but  no  distinct  sheath  or  stipules.  Flowers  greenish,  2  -  5  in  a  fascicle 
from  the  axil  of  an  awl-shaped  bract,  these  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes  :  pedicel  jointed  near  the  base.  Fruiting  calyx  with  the  wjng  1'  long. 
—  Pulaski  Co,,  S.  W.  Illinois,  Dr.  F.  Brendel:  also  southward. 

ORDER  88.    L.AURACEJE.     (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots,  and /lowers  with  a  regular  calyx  of  '4  or  6  colored  sepals, 
imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from  the  l-celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary, 
and  mostly  fewer  than  the  stamens;  anthers  opening  by  2  or  4  uplifted 
valves.  —  Flowers  clustered.  Style  single.  Fruit  a  1 -seeded  berry  or 
drupe.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen,  filled  by  the  large 
almond-like  embryo.  —  A  well-marked  family,  very  numerous  in  the  trop- 
ics, represented  in  our  district  by  only  five  species,  in  four  genera. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  panicled :  stamens  12,  three  of  them  sterile. 

1.  Persea.    Calyx  persistent.    Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  three  stamens  turned  outward. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  or  nearly  so :  stamens  in  the  male  flowers  9. 

2.  Sassafras.    Flowers  in  corymb-  or  umbel-like  racemes.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

3.  Lin tl era.    Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved. 

4.  Tetranthera.    Flowers  few  in  involucrate  umbels.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

1.    PERSEA,    Gartn.        ALLIGATOR  PEAR. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-parted  calyx,  which  persists  at  the  base  of  the  berry- 
like  fruit.  Stamens  12,  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  re- 
duced to  a  sort  of  glands :  the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.  e.  each  of  the 
two  proper  cells  is  divided  transversely  into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted 
valves ;  the  anthers  of  3  stamens  turned  outward,  the  others  introrse.  —  Trees, 
with  persistent  entire  leaves,  and  small  panicled  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of 
some  Oriental  tree.) 

1.  P.  Carolin^nsiS,  Nees.  (RED  BAT.)  Hoary  at  least  when  young 
with  a  fine  down  ;  leaves  oblong,  pale,  soon  becoming  smooth  above ;  peduncle 
bearing  few  flowers  in  a  close  cluster ;  sepals  downy,  the  outer  shorter ;  berries 
dark  blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  (Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesb.  L.  Borbonia,  L.)  — 
Swamps,  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  southward.  May.  —  A  small  tree. 


LAURACE^.   .(LAUREL  FAMILY.)  423 

2.    SASSAFRAS,    Nees.        SASSAFRAS. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind  with  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each ;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved  :  fertile  flowers 
with  6  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue), 
supported  on  a  club-shaped  and  rather  fleshy  reddish  pedicel.  —  Trees,  with 
spicy-aromatic  bark,  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage ;  the  latter  decidu- 
ous, often  lobed.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corymbed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  involucrate  with  scaly  bracts. 
Leaf-buds  scaly.  (The  popular  name,  of  Spanish  origin.) 

1.  S.  officinale,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed, 
soon  glabrous.  (Laurus  Sassafras,  L.) — Rich  woods:  common.  April. — 
Tree  15° -50°  high,  with  yellowish-green  twigs. 

3.    LINDERA,    Thunberg.        WILD  ALLSPICE.    FEVER-BUSH. 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind 
with  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  filaments  1  -  2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at 
the  base ;  anthers  2-celled  and  2-valved  :  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments 
of  stamens  in  2  forms,  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not 
thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  deciduous  leaves,  and  honey-yellow  flowers  in  almost 
sessile  lateral  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  (in  our  species) ; 
the  clusters  composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4-6  flowers  and 
surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  (Named 
for  John  Linder,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century. 
Benzoin,  Nees,  adopted  in  Ed.  2,  is  a  much  later  name. ) 

1.  L.    Benz6in,   Meisner.      (SPICE-BUSH.      BENJAMIN-BUSH.)     Nearly 
smooth;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  pale  underneath.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  L.     Benzoin 
odoriferum,  Nees,  &  Ed.  2.)  — Damp  woods  :  rather  common.    March,  April. — 
Shrub  6° -15°  high. 

2.  L.  melisssefolia,  Blume.     Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  downy  beneath  ;  umbels  few.     (Laurus 
melissffifolia,  Walt.    L.  diospyroides,  Michx.    Benzoin  melissasfolium,  Nees.)  — 
Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois  1  and  southward.     April. 

4.     TETRANTHERA,    Jacq.        TETRANTHERA. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  deciduous  calyx  ;  the  sterile  with  9  stamens 
in  3  rows  ;  their  anthers  all  introrse,  4-celled,  4-valved  :  fertile  flowers  with  12 
or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  globular. — 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered  um- 
bels. (Name  composed  of  rcTpa,four,  and  avQrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  T.  geniculata,  Nees.  (POND  SPICE.)  Flowers  (yellow)  appearing 
before  the  deciduous  oblong  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath  ; 
branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag  ;  hrvolucres  2-4-leavcd, 
2  - 4-flowered ;  fruit  red.  (Laurus  geniculata,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia 
and  southward.  April. 


424  EL^EAGNACE^E.       (OLEASTER   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  89.     TmnnELEACEJE.     (MEZEREUM  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  and  very  tough  (not  aromatic)  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfects/lowers  with  a  regular  and  simple  colored  calyx,  bearing  usually  twice 
as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  l-celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary, 
which  forms  a  berry-like  drupe  in  fruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatro- 
pous  seed.  Embryo  large :  albumen  little  or  none.  —  A  small  family,  rep- 
resented in  cultivation  by  DAPHNE  MEZEREUM,  and  one  or  two  other 
species ;  in  North  America  only  by  a  single  species. 

1.    D I R  C  A ,    L.        LEATHERWOOD.    MOOSE-WOOD. 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  wavy  or  obscurely 
about  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  on  the  calyx  above  the 
middle,  protruded,  the  alternate  ones  longer.  Style  thread-form  :  stigma  capi- 
tate. Drupe  oval  (reddish).  —  A  much-branched  bush,  with  jointed  branchlets, 
oval-obovate  alternate  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  deciduous,  on  very  short  peti- 
oles, the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers  light 
yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  or  4  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  as  many  dark- 
hairy  scales,  forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds  a  leafy  branch. 
(At'picj;,  the  name  of  a  fountain  near  Thebes,  applied  by  Linnaaus  to  this  North 
American  genus,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  unless  because  the  bush  frequently 
grows  near  mountain  rivulets.) 

1.  D.  palftstris,  L.  — Damp  rich  woods,  seldom  in  swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  (especially)  northward.  April. —  Shrub  2° -5°  high ; 
the  wood  white,  soft,  and  very  brittle ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably  tough, 
used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs,  whence  the  popular  names.  In  Northern  New 
England  also  called  WICOPY. 

ORDER  90.    EL,jEAGNACEjE.    (OLEASTER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  silvery-scurfy  leaves  and  mostly  dioecious  flow- 
ers; further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereum  Family  by  the  erect  or 
ascending  albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  becoming  pulpy  and 
berry-like  in  fruit,  and  strictly  enclosing  the  achenium ;  and  from  the 
following  or  by  the  calyx-tube  not  cohering  with  the  ovary,  &c.  A 
small  family,  represented  by  only  three  North  American  species,  only 
one  strictly  within  our  limits. 

1.    SHEPH^RDIA,    Nutt.        SHBPHERDIA. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  with  a  4-parted  calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  and 
8  stamens,  alternating  with  as  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk  ;  the  fertile  with 
an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the  teeth 
of  the  disk),  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender:  stigma  1-sided. 
' —  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous ;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their 
axils  on  the  branchlets,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for  John  Shep- 
herd, formerly  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 


SANTALACE^:.       (SANDALWOOD    FAMILY.)  425 

1.  S.  Canad6nsis,  Nutt.     (CANADIAN  SHEPHERDIA.)     Leaves  elliptical 
or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and  green  above,  silvery-downy  and  scurfy  with  rusty 
scales  underneath  ;  fruit  yellowish-red,  insipid.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  Ver- 
mont to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     May.  —  Shrub,  3°  -  6°  high  ;  the  branch- 
lets,  young  leaves,  yellowish  flowers',  &c.,  covered  with  the  rusty  scales. 

2.  S.  arg^ntea,  Nutt.,  the  BUFFALO-BERRY  of  Upper  Missouri,  has  nar- 
rower leaves,  tapering  at  base,  silvery  on  both  sides,  and  edible,  acid,  scarlet 
fruit ;  probably  in  Minnesota :  sometimes  cultivated. 

EL.EAGNUS  ARGENTEA,  Pursh,  the  SILVER-BERRY,  with  oval  silvery  leaves, 
and  silvery  and  mealy  edible  fruit,  differing  from  Shepherdia  in  its  perfect  flow- 
ers with  only  4  stamens,  —  abounds  not  far  beyond  our  northwestern  limits. 

ORDER  91.     SANTALACE^E.    (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves  ;  the  4  -  5-cleft  calyx  valvate  in 
the  bud,  its' tube  coherent  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  which  contains  2-4  ovules 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  which  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  but  the  (indehiscent)  fruit  always  1-seeded. —  Seed  des- 
titute of  any  proper  seed-coat.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious  al- 
bumen :  radicle  directed  upward :  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  at  their  base.  Style  1.  A  small  order,  the  greater 
part  belonging  to  warm  regions,  here  represented  only  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.    COMANDRA,    Nutt.        BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or  soon  urn-shaped,  lined  above  the  ovary 
with  an  adherent  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
edge  of  the  disk  between  its  lobes,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  to  the  middle 
of  which  the  anthers  are  connected  by  a  tuft  of  thread-like  hairs.  Fruit  drupe- 
like  or  nut-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  cavity  filled  by  the 
globular  seed.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  herbaceous  stems  from  a 
rather  woody  base  or  root,  alternate  and  almost  sessile  leaves,  and  greenish-white 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  small  umbel-like  clusters.  (Name  from  Kop.rj, 
hair,  and  (ivSpfs,  for  stamens,  in  allusion  to  tlje  hairs  on  the  calyx-lobes  which 
are  attached  to  the  anthers.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.    Leaves  oblong,  pale  (!'  long) ;  peduncles  several 
and  corymbose-clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  several-flowered ;  calyx-tube  con- 
spicuously continued  beyond  the  ovary,  forming  a  neck  to  the  globular-urn- 
shaped  fruit ;  the  lobes  oblong;  style  slender ;  fruit  dry.  —  Dry  ground  :  common. 
May,  June.  —  Stems  8' -10'  high,  very  leafy.     Root  forming  parasitic  attach- 
ments to  the  roots  of  trees  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Staujfer). 

2.  C.  livida,  Richardson.     Peduncles  axillary,  3  -  5-Jloivered,  shorter  than  • 
the  oval  leaves ;  calyx-tube  not  continued  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  ovate ;  style 
short;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward. —  Leaves  larger  than  in  the  last. 


426  LORANTHACE^E.       (MISTLETOE    FAMILY.) 

2.    PYRTJLARIA,    Michx.        OIL-NUT.    BUFFALO-NUT. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved;  a 
tuft  of  hairs  at  their  base  in  the  male  flowers.  Stamens  4  or  5,  on  very  short 
filaments,  alternate  with  as  many  rounded  glands.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  pear- 
shaped  ovary  invested  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx,  naked  at  the  flat  sum- 
mit :  disk  with  5  glands :  style  short  and  thick  :  stigma  capitate-flattened.  Fruit 
fleshy  and  drupe-like,  pear-shaped;  the  globose  endocarp  thin.  Embryo  small: 
albumen  very  oily.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  short-petioled  and  decidu- 
ous leaves ;  the  small  greenish  flowers  in  short  and  simple  spikes  or  racemes. 
(Name  a  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  from  the  fruit,  which  in  the  original  species  looks 
like  a  small  pear.) 

1.  P.  Qleifera,  Gray.  Shrub  straggling  (3°  -12°  high),  minutely  downy 
when  young,  at  length  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  pointed 
at  both  ends,  soft,  very  veiny,  minutely  pellucid-punctate  ;  spike  small  and  few- 
flowered,  terminal;  calyx  5-cleft.  (P.  pubera,  Michx. ;  a  little  older  than  the 
other  specific  name,  but  much  less  appropriate.  Hamiltonia  oleifera,  Muhl. )  — 
Rich  woods,  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  southward  through  the  Allegha- 
nies.  May.  —  Whole  plant  imbued  with  an  acrid  oil,  especially  the  fruit,  which 
is  an  inch  long. 

ORDER  92.     IX>RANTHACE.E.     (MISTLETOE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  plants  with  coriaceous  greenish  foliage,  parasitic  on  trees,  repre- 
sented in  the  northern  temperate  zone  chiefly  by  the  Mistletoe  and  its 
near  allies  ;  distinguished  from  the  preceding  family  more  by  the  parasitic 
growth  and  habit,  and  by  the  more  reduced  flowers,  than  by  essential 
characters :  represented  by  an  American  genus  nearly  allied  to  Viscum,  or 
true  Mistletoe,  viz. 

1.     PHORADiENDRON,    Nutt.     FALSE  MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  and  catkin-like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several  under 
each  short  and  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globular,  3- 
(rarely  2-4-)  lobed :  in  the  staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on  the 
base  of  each  lobe,  and  is  transversely  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  pore  or 
slit :  in  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary :  stigma  sessile, 
obtuse.  Berry  1-seeded,  pulpy.  Embryo  small,  half  imbedded  in  the  summit 
of  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Yellowish-green  woody  parasites  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  with  jointed  much-branched  stems,  thick  and  firm  persistent  leaves  (or 
only  scales  in  their  place),  and  axillary  small  spikes  of  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  <£&>p,  a  thief,  and  Sev&pov,  tree;  because  these  plants  steal  their  food 
from  the  trees  they  grow  upon.) 

1.  P.  flav^SCens,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  MISTLETOE.)  Leaves  obovate  or 
oval,  somewhat  petioled,  longer  than  the  spikes  in  their  axils,  yellowish ;  berries 
white.  (Viscum  flavescens,  Pursh.) — New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward, 
on  various  deciduous-leaved  trees. 


CALLITRICHACEvE.       (WATER-STARWORTS.)  427 

ORDER  93.    SAtlRURACEjE.     (LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers  in 
spikes,  entirely  destitute  of  any  floral  envelopes,  and  with  3-5  more  or  less 
separate  or  united  ovaries.  —  Ovules  few,  orthotropous.  Embryo  heart- 
shaped,  minute,  contained  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  An 
offshoot  of  the  (tropical)  Pepper  Family,  and  represented  only  by 

1.    SAUBURUS,    L.        LIZABD'S-TAIL. 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  distinct  filaments.  Fruit  somewhat 
fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3-4  pistils  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  recurved.  Seeds 
usually  solitary,  ascending.  —  Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  heart-shaped  con- 
verging-ribbed petioled  leaves,  without  distinct  stipules ;  flowers  (each  with  a 
small  bract)  crowded  in  a  slender  wand-like  and  naked  peduncled  terminal 
spike  or  raceme  (its  appearance  giving  rise  to  the  name,  from  (ravpos,  a  lizard 
and  ovpd,  tail).  Bract  adnate  to  or  borne  on  the  pedicel. 

1.  S.  c6rnuus,  L.  Flowers  white,  in  a  dense  spike  nodding  at  the  end; 
bract  lanceolate ;  filaments  long  and  capillary.  —  Swamps  :  common.  June  - 
Aug. 

ORDER  94.     CERATOPHYL.L.ACEjE.      (HORNWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary 
and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8-12- 
cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  l-celled  ovary,  with  a 
suspended  orthotropous  ovule :  seed  filled  by  a  highly  developed  embryo  with  4 
cotyledons  !  and  a  conspicuous  plumule.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.    CEBATOPHYLLUM,    L.        HOKNWORT. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12-24  stamens,  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under  water, 
in  ponds  or  slow-flowing  streams  :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  thread- 
like rigid  divisions  (whence  the  name  from  Kepas,  a  horn,  and  (pv\\ov,  leaf). 

1.  CJ.  d6mersum,  L.  —  Var.  COMMUNE  has  a  smooth  marginless  fruit 
beaked  with  a  long  persistent  style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the 
base  on  each  side.  —  Var.  ECHINATUM  (C.  echinatum,  Gray]  has  the  fruit 
mostly  larger  (3"  long),  rough-pimpled  on  the  sides,  the  narrowly  winged  mar- 
gin spiny-toothed.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  :  common,  but  rarely  seen  in  fruit. 
Probably  there  is  only  one  species.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  95.     eALMTRICHACEJE.     (WATER-STARWORTS.) 

Small  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  aquatics,  with  opposite  entire  leaves 
and  axillary  monoecious  flowers  without  any  proper  floral  envelopes,  and  with 
a  4-lobed  and  ^-celled  4-seeded  fruit ; —  consisting  only  of  the  genus  Calli- 
tricke  (regarded  by  many  botanists,  perhaps  with  good  reason,  as  repre- 


428  CALLITRICHACE^E.       (WATER-STAR  WORTS.) 

senting  the  most  reduced  form  of  the  Halorageae,  p.  1 74.     The  so-called 
perfect  flower  is  considered  to  be  a  staminate  and  a  pistillate,  or  two  stam- 
inate  and  one  pistillate  naked  flowers  in  the  same  axil,  each  of  a  single 
stamen  or  pistil.) 
The  elaboration  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  DR.  G.  ENGELMANN. 

1.    CALLITBICHE,    L.        WATER-STARWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious,  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axil  of  the  same  leaf, 
wholly  naked  or  between  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts.  Sterile  flower  a  sin- 
gle stamen :  filament  bearing  a  heart-shaped  4-celled  anther,  which  by  confluence 
becomes  one-celled,  and  opens  by  a  single  slit.  Fertile  flower  a  single  4-celled 
ovary,  either  sessile  or  pedicelled,  bearing  2  distinct  and  filiform  sessile,  usually 
persistent  stigmas.  Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  nut-like,  compressed,  4- 
lobed,  4-celled,  separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  closed  1-seeded  portions. 
Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  filling  the  cell :  embryo  slender,  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  in  the  axis  and  nearly  the  length  of  the  oily  albumen.  —  Smooth,  or  beset 
with  minute  stellate  scales  (visible  only  under  the  microscope),  with  spatulate  or 
linear  leaves,  both  forms  often  occurring  on  the  same  stem.  (Name  from  KaXos-, 
beautiful,  and  6pi£,  hair,  from  the  almost  capillary  and  usually  tufted  stems  of 
the  commoner  species.) 

§  1.  TERRESTRIAL  SPECIES.  Small  annuals,  forming  tufts  on  merely  moist  soil ; 
destitute  of  stellate  scales  and  of  bracts :  leaves  uniform,  very  small,  obovate  or 
wedge-shaped '/  3-nerved,  crowded,  provided  with  stomata :  filament  not  lengthen- 
ing :  carpels  connate. 

1.  C.  Austin!,  Engelm.    Fruit  small,  broader  than  high,  deeply  notched 
above  and  below,  on  a  pedicel  often  nearly  of  its  own  length ;  lobes  of  the  fruit 
narrowly  winged  and  with  a  deep  groove  between  them,  wings  denticulate ;  per- 
sistent stigmas  shorter  than  the  fruit,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  leaves  obovate.  — 
On  damp  soil  in  open  woods,  fields  and  roads,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  ( C.  F. 
Austin)  to  Illinois,  Missouri,  Texas,  Mexico,  and  South  America.    April- June. 
—  Half  an  inch  or  an  inch  high  :  leaves  1"  -  2"'long :  fruit  J"  in  diameter. 

C.  PEPLOIDES,  Nutt.  and  C.  NUTTALLII,  Torr.  (C.  pedunculosa,  Nutt.), — 
the  former  with  subsessile  curiously  gibbous  fruit,  the  latter  with  long-peduncled 
fruit  with  eversed  keels,  —  are  southwestern  species  of  this  section. 

§  2.  AMPHIBIOUS  SPECIES.  Perennials  ?  with  elongated  stems  (occasionally  quite 
terrestrial  as  in  the  former,  or  wholly  submersed  as  in  the  next  section)  :  leaves 
with  stellate  scales  and  stomata,  the  floating  ones  obovate  and  3-nerved,  the  sub- 
mersed linear:  flowers  usually  between  a  pair  of  bracts,  rarely  naked:  pollen  shed 
only  in  the  air  ;  the  filament  elongating  afterwards:  carpels  in  fruit  connate. 

2.  C.  verna,  L.     Fruit  (|-"  long)  higher  than  broad,  obovate,  slightly  ob- 
cordate,  usually  thicker  at  the  base  than  upwards,  sessile,  its  lobes  sharply  keeled 
or  very  narrowly  winged  upwards,  and  with  a  wide  groove  between  them ;  stig- 
mas shorter  than  the  fruit,  almost  erect,  usually  deciduous ;    floating  leaves 
crowded  in  a  tuft,  obovate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  —  Common  in  stagnant 
waters,  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  north  and  northwestward.     April  - 


rODOSTEMACE^E.       (RIVER-WEED    FAMILY.)  429 

Aug.  — From  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  and  more  in  length  :  upper  leaves  3" -5" 
long ;  lower  ones  twice  as  long.  A  terrestrial  form  with  smaller,  narrower,  and 
more  uniform  leaves  (C.  brevifolia,  Pursh),  occurs  where  the  waters  recede  in 
summer  and  fall.  (Eu.) 

3.  C.  heteroph^lla,   Pursh.     Fruit  smaller,  as  broad  or  broader  than 
high,  deeply  emarginate,  thick,  almost  ventricose,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes 
obtusely  angled,  with  a  small  groove  between  them;  stigmas  as  long  as  the 
fruit,  erect,  persistent ;  floating  leaves  crowded  in  a  tuft,  broadly  spatulate,  often 
retuse,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  petiole.     (C.  Asagrayi,  Hegelmaier.)  — 
Stagnant  water,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward  :  common.     April -Aug. 
—  Similar  to  the  last,  of  same  size,  but  with  smaller  leaves  (2" -4"  long),  and 
fruit  scarcely  larger  than  in  No.  1',  but  much  thicker.     A  terrestrial  form  (which 
conies  also  under  C.  brevifolia,  Pursh)  and  a  submerged  one,  with  linear  leaves 
often  an  inch  long  (C.  linearis,  Pursh),  are  not  rare. 

§3.  SUBMERSED  SPECIES.  Perennials,  entirely  under  water,  with  crowded  and  uni- 
form linear  l-nerved  leaves,  without  scales  or  stomata : /lowers  bractless,  fertilized 
under  water:  filament  not  elongating:  carpels  separate  nearly  to  the  axis. 

4.  C.  autumnalis,  L.     Fruit  large,  flattened,  circular,  deeply  and  nar- 
rowly notched,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes  broadly  winged,  and  with  a  very 
deep  and  narrow  groove  between  them ;  stigmas  very  long,  reflexed,  deciduous  ; 
leaves  all  linear  from  a  broader  base,  retuse  or  notched  at  tip.  — In  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  near  Ogdensburgh  (G.  W.  Clinton),  Lake  Superior  (C.  G.  Loring, 
Jr.),  and  northwestward.     Aug. -Sept.  —  Stems  3" -6"  high:   leaves  2"- 5" 
long  :  fruit  variable  in  size,  usually  1"  or  more  in  diameter.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  96.    PODOSTEIflACE^E.     (RIVER-WEED  FAMILY.) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  some  with  the  aspect  of 
Sea-weeds  or  others  of  Mosses  or  Liverworts ;  the  minute  naked  flowers 
bursting  from  a  spathe-like  involucre  as  in  Liverworts,  producing  a  2  -  3- 
celled  many-seeded  ribbed  pod;  —  represented  in  North  America  by 

1.    PODOSTEMON,    Michx.        RIVER-WEED. 

Flower  solitary,  pedicelled,  from  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes.  Stamens  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
sterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 
Pod  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute,  very  numerous  on  a  thick 
persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen. — Leaves  2-ranked.  (Name 
from  irovStfoot,  and  OTIJ/ICOI/,  stamen;  the  two  stamens  being  apparently  raised 
on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratoph^llus,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid  or  horny,  dilated  into  a 
sheathing  base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  Not  rare 
in  the  bottom  of  shallow  streams.  July  -  Sept.  —  A  small  olive-green  plant,  of 
firm  texture,  resembling  a  Sea-weed,  tenaciously  attached  to  loose  stones,  in 
the  manner  of  a  Fur.us,  by  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 


430  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  97.     EUPHORBIACEJE.     (SPURGE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  usually  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flow- 
ers, mostly  apetalous,  sometimes  achlamydeous  (occasionally  polypetalous  or 
monopetalous)  ;  the  ovary  free  and  usually  3-celled,  with  a  single  or  some- 
times a  pair  of  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell;  stigmas  or 
branches  of  the  style  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells  ;  fruit  commonly 
a  3-lobed  pod,  the  lobes  or  carpels  separating  elastically  from  a  persistent 
axis  and  elastically  2-valved ;  seed  anatropous ;  embryo  straight,  almost  as 
long  as  and  the  flat  cotyledons  mostly  as  wide  as  the  fleshy  or  oily  albumen. 
Stipules  often  present.  —  A  vast  family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world 
(the  acrid  juice  poisonous) ;  most  numerously  represented  in  Northern 
countries  by  the  genus  Euphorbia,  which  has  very  remarkable  reduced 
flowers  enclosed  in  an  involucre  that  imitates  a  calyx.  Our  last  genus 
belongs  to  the  Box-Family,  which  some  botanists  of  late  separate  from  the 
EuphorbiacesB,  on  account  of  the  rhaphe  being  on  the  outer  or  dorsal  side 
of  the  suspended  ovule,  &c. 

*  Seeds  and  ovules  only  one  in  each  cell. 

•«-  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  destitute  of  calyx  as  well  as  corolla,  and  contained  in 
the.  same  cup-shaped  involucre,  which  imitates  a  calyx,  —  the  whole  liable  to  be  mistaken 
for  a  single  flower. 

1.  Euphorbia.    Involucre  surrounding  many  staminate  flowers  (each  of  a  single  naked 

stamen)  and  one  pistillate  flower  (a  3-lobed  pistil). 

••-  *-  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  with  a  calyx,  not  involucrate. 
•M-  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud. 

2.  Jatropha.    Flowers  cymose  or  panicled.    Calyx  corolla-like,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  imbri- 

cated in  the  bud.    Stamens  10  or  more. 

3.  Still  in  gia.     Flowers  in  a  spike,  pistillate  at  the  base.    Calyx  2- 3-parted,  the  lobes  im- 

bricated in  the  bud.    Stamens  2  or  3.     Stigmas  or  branches  of  the  style  3,  simple. 
4:   Acalypha.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate,  the  pistillate  in  the  axil  of  bracts.    Calyx  3-5- 
parted  ;  in  staminate  flowers  valvate  in  the  bud.    Stamens  mostly  8 :  anthers  with  2 
separate  pendulous  cells.    Styles  or  stigmas  3,  dissected. 

5.  Tragia.     Flowers  in  racemes,  pistillate  at  the  base.    Calyx  in  staminate  flowers  valvate  in 

the  bud.    Anther-cells  united.    Styles  united  at  the  base,  simple. 
•M-  -M-  Stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud. 

6.  Croton.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.    Ovary  and  fruit  3- (rarely  2-4-)  celled. 

7.  Crotonopsis.    Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlets.    Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled. 

*  *  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell.    Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud . 

8.  Pliy llaiitliiis.    Flowers  axillary.    Stamens  mostly  3,  and  usually  monadelphous. 

9.  Pachy sandra.    Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  4-parted.     Stamens  4,  separate. 

1.    EUPHORBIA,    L.        SPURGE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  4  -  5-lobed  involucre  (flower  of 
older  authors)  resembling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  and  usually  bearing  large  thick 
glands  (with  or  without  petal-like  margins)  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flowers 
numerous  and  lining  the  base  of  the  involucre,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little 
bract,  and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the  fila- 
ment :  anther-cells  globular,  separate.  Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of 


EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE   FAMILY.)  431 

the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long  pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed  and  3- 
celled  ovary  with  no  calyx,  or  a  mere  vestige.  Styles  3,  each  2-cleft ;  the  stig- 
mas therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  3  one-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elasti- 
cally  into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled.  —  Plants  (herbs  in  the  United  States), 
with  a  milky  acrid  juice.  Peduncles  terminal,  often  umbellate-clustered  ;  in  the 
first  section  mostly  appearing  lateral,  but  not  really  axillary.  (Named  after 
Euphorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

Genus  newly  elaborated  for  this  work  by  DR.  GEORGE  ENGELMANN. 

A.  APPEND  I  CULAT^E.  Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like,  usually  white 
or  rose-colored,  and  entire  or  toothed  margins  or  appendages ;  these  almost  obsolete 
in  No.  1. 

§  1.  ANISOPHYLLUM.  Leaves  all  similar,  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  small, . 
oblique  at  base,  furnished  with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  and  often  fringed  persistent 
stipules :  stems  much  branched,  spreading  or  usually  procumbent :  involucres  soli- 
tary in  the  forks  of  the  branches  or  in  terminal  or  pseudo-lateral  clusters,  small, 
always  with  4  glands :  seeds  without  a  caruncle :  all  our  species  are  annuals, 
flowering  throughout  summer  and  autumn. 

#  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  ash-colored :  leaves  entire,  glabrous,  as  is  the  whole  plant, 
and  pale  green  or  glaucous. 

1.  E.  polygOnif61ia,  L.      Prostrate-spreading;   leaves  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base  (4" -8"  long) ;  stipules  seta- 
ceously  divided ;  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  as  long  as  the  petioles ; 
lobes  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  minute  not  appendaged  glands ;  pods  ob- 
tusely angled;  seeds  ovate  (over  1"  long,  the  largest  of  this  section).  —  Sandy 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  E.  G(§yeri,  Engelm.     Procumbent ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
mucronate,  mostly  acutish  at  base,  lowermost  coraate  (3" -6"  long) ;  stipules 
setaceously  divided ;  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  foliaceous 
lateral  clusters ;  glands  of  the  involucre  with  narrow  white  or  red  appendages  ; 
pods  acutely  angled ;  seeds  ovate,  acute  at  one  end  (£"  long).  —  Sandy  soil, 
Illinois  (Geyer,  Vasey)  to  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  (T.  J.  Hale). 

The  nearly  allied  E.  PETALOIDEA,  Engelm.,  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  extends 
into  Western  Missouri  and  Iowa,  and  may  cross  the  upper  Mississippi ;  it  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  half-erect  spreading  growth ;  longer,  narrower,  and  retuse  or 
emarginate  leaves ;  peduncles  longer  than  petioles ;  larger  involucres,  the  broadly 
oampanulate  appendages  much  larger  and  conspicuous ;  capsule  obtusely  angled  ; 
seeds  nearly  a  line  long. 

3.  E.  serpens,  H.  B.  K      Stems  filiform,  prostrate,  and  often  rooting ; 
leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base  (only  £"-  l£"  long) ;  stipules  mem- 
branaceous,  triangular;  peduncles  much  longer  than  petioles,  at  length  in  loose 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters ;  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  minute  crenu- 
late  appendages  ;  pods  acutely  angled ;  seeds  obtusely  angled  (£"  long  or  less). 
(E.  herniarioides,  Nutt.  and  Ed.  2.) — In  rich  soil,  Illinois,  especially  in  the 
alluvions  of  the  larger  rivers,  and  southwestward :  also  adventive  on  ballast 
sand-banks  of  the  Delaware  near  Philadelphia.    (/.  Martindale,  C.  F.  Parker.) 


432  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened,  or  transversely  wrinkled,  or  pitted,  nsh-colored,  or  (in 
the  last  species)  blackish :  leaves  more  or  less  serrulate,  smooth  or  often  hairy. 

4.  E.  serpyllif61ia,  Pers.     Glabrous,  prostrate-spreading ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharply  serrulate  towards  the  obtuse 
apex  (3"  -  6"  long,  often  with  a  red  spot) ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate ;  pe- 
duncles as  long  or  longer  than  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  foliaceous  lateral  clus- 
ters ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages ; 
pods  sharply  angled  ;  seeds  acutely  quadrangular,  slightly  cross-wrinkled  and  often 
pitted  (nearly  f"  long).  —  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  southwestward. 

5.  E.  glyptosp^rma,  Engelm.     Glabrous  (or  very  rarely  puberulent), 
erect-spreading ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  mostly  falcate,  veVy  unequal  at  base,  slightly 
serrulate  towards  the  obtuse  apex  (2" -5"  long) ;  stipules  lanceolate,  setaceously 
divided  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles,  in  dense  foliaceous  lateral  clusters  ;  glands 
of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages ;  pods  sharply 
angled  ;  seeds  sharply  4-angled  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  wrinkles  (^"  long). 
—  Wisconsin  (Hale,  Lapham)  to  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  where  is  also  the 
pubescent  form  (Riehl),  and  southwestward. 

6.  E.  maculata,  L.     Prostrate  ;  stems  puberulent  or  hairy ;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  upwards,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  some- 
times smoothish  (4" -6"  long),  usually  with  a  brown-red  spot  in  the  centre; 
stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  j>etiole.s,  in  dense  foliaceous 
lateral  clusters ;    glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow  slightly 
crenate  (usually  red)  appendages;  pods  acutely  angled,  puberulent;  seeds  ovate 
(^"  long),  sharply  4-angled  and  with  about  4  shallow  grooves  across  the  con- 
cave sides.     (E.  thymifolia,  Pursh,  not  L.     E.  depressa,  Torr.)  —  Open  places, 
roadsides,  &c.  :  everywhere. 

7.  E.  hlimistrata,  Engelm.      Procumbent,  puberulent  or  hairy;  leaves 
elliptical  or  obovate,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  underneath  (4"  -  9"  long,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  above) ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fimbriate ;  peduncles  rather  shorter  than  petioles,  in  dense  scarcely 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters ;  involucre  cleft  on  the  back,  its  (red  or  white)  appen- 
dages truncate  or  crenate  ;  pods'  sharply  angled,  puberulent ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely 
angled,  minutely  roughened  (^"  long).  —  Rich  soil,  in  the  alluvions  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  lower  Ohio  and  their  tributaries  ;  and  also  southward. 

8.  E.  hypericifdlia,  L.     Smooth  or  with  scattered  hairs,  ascending  or 
erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  base,  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  sometimes  falcate,  serrate  (^'-la'  long),  often  with  a 
red  spot  or  red  margins ;  stipules  triangular ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  peti- . 
oles,  collected  in  loose  leafy  cymes  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  appendages  of  the 
involucre  entire,  larger  and  white,  or  smaller  and  sometimes  red ;  pod  glabrous, 
obtusely  angled  ;   seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and  tuberclcd  (^"  long), 
blackish.     (This  character  is  from  the  U.  S.  plant,    E.  Preslii,  Gussone  and 
Boissier,  the  E.  hypericifolm,  var.  communis,  Engelm.     The  West  Indian  origi- 
nal E.  hypericifolia,  L.  (found  also  in  Florida)  has  more  compact  and  usually 
lateral  inflorescence,  smaller  flowers  and  small  reddish  seeds.)  —  Open  places, 
cultivated  soil :  verv  common. 


EUPHORBIACEJ2.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  433 

§  2.  PETAL6MA.  Uppermost  or  floral  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  petal-like 
margins,  whoiied  or  opposite,  the  others  scattered :  erect  annuals,  with  the  leaves 
equal  at  the  base  and  entire,  and  with  lanceolate  deciduous  stipules:  involucres 
mostly  5-lobed,  collected  in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence :  no  caruncle  to  the  seed. 

9.  E.  MARGINATA,  Pursh.     Stem  stout  (2° -3° high),  erect,  hairy;  leaves 
sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute ;  umbel  with  3  dichotomous  rays ;  glands  of  the 
involucre  with  broad  white  appendages.  —  Frequently  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
its  showy  broadly  white-margined  floral  leaves :  native  of  the  plains  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska. 

§  3.  TITH  YM  AL6PSIS.  Only  the  uppermost  or  floral  leaves  whorled  or  opposite  : 
erect  perennials,  with  entire  leaves  equal  at  the  base:  stipules  none:  involucres 
mostly  5-lobed,  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  and  terminal,  in  an  umbelliform  inflo- 
rescence: seeds  without  caruncle. 

10.  E.  COrollata,  L.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy  (2° -3°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse;  umbel  5-  (3-7-)  forked,  and 
the  forks  again  2-3-  (or  rarely  5-)  forked;  involucres  long-peduncled ;   pod 
slender-pedicelled,  smooth ;  seeds  thick  (1"  long  or  more),  ash-colored,  the  surface 
slightly  uneven.  —  Eich  or  sandy  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July  -  Oct.  —  Conspicuous  for  the  showy  false  lobes  of  the  involucre,  which  ap- 
pear like  five  white  petals,  the  true  lobes  minute  and  incurved. 

B.  EXAPPENDICULAT^E.   Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petaloid  appendages. 

§  4.  POINSETTIA.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4  -  Globed,  with  few  (or 
often  solitary)  cup-shaped  glands:  seed  without  a  caruncle:  ours  erect  annuals, 
with  variable,  entire.,  dentate,  or  sinuate  leaves,  all  of  them  or  only  the  upper  ones 
opposite ;  the  uppermost  often  colored,  especially  at  the  base :  stipules  small  and 
glandular. 

11.  E.  dentata,  Michx.    Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate,  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  (l'-2'  long),  only  the  lowest  ones 
alternate,  all  others  opposite,  upper  ones  often  paler  at  base ;  involucres  almost 
sessile,  with  5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  sometimes .  more  short-stalked 
glands ;  seeds  ovate-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     July  -  Sept. 

12.  E.  heteroph^lla,  L.     Erect  (1°-  3°  high),  glabrous;  leaves  alternate, 
petioled  f  ovate-fiddle-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceolate  or  linear  and  en- 
tire, often  only  those  of  the  branches  linear ;  the  upper  ones  usually  with  a  red 
base ;   involucres  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  with  5  ovate  incised  lobes 
and-  a  single  or  few  and  almost  sessile  glands :  seeds  nearly  globular,  tubercled. 
(E.  cyathophora,  Jacq.)  —  Slopes  and  rocky  soil,  W.  Illinois  and  south  ward. 
July  -  Sept. 

§  5.  TITHYMALUS.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dichotomous  or  commonly  umbelli- 
form inflorescence,  5-  or  usually  4-lobed,  with  as  many  flat  or  convex  entire  or 
crescent-shaped  glands:  seeds  mostly  carunculate:  ours  ascending  or  erect,  and 
glabrous  (except  No.  \5)  annuals  or  perennials;  with  entire  or  serrulate  leaves, 
and  no  stipules. 

#  Perennials  with  entire  haves,  all  or  only  the  upper  ones  opposite :  involucres  long- 
28 


434  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

• 

pedunded  in  a  dichotomous  inflorescence,  mostly  ivith  5  obtuse  glands :  seeds  with- 
out caruncle. 

3.  E.  Ipecacuanhas,  L.  Stems  many  from  a  very  long  perpendicular 
root,  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  (5'- 10'  long),  forking  from  near  the  base; 
leaves  varying  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  almost  sessile,  gla- 
brous ;  peduncles  elongated  (£'-!'  long) ;  pod  long-pedicelled,  obtusely  angled, 
nearly  smooth ;  seed  ovate,  white,  sparsely  marked  with  impressed  dots.  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  New  York  to  Virginia  and  southward.  May- July. 

#  *  Perennials  or  mostly  annuals,  with  serrulate  or  rarely  entire  scattered  leaves,  only 
the  floral  leaves  in  the  umbeJliform  inflorescence  whorled  or  opposite  and  of  differ- 
ent shape:  glands  of  the  involucre  mostly  4,  transversely  oval,  obtuse. 
•»-  Seeds  smooth  and  even :  pod  warty  or  rough. 

14.  E.  Darlingtbnii,  Gray.     Tall  perennial  (2°  -4°  high) ;  leaves  entire, 
minutely  downy  beneath ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong  from  a  narrow  base ; 
the  floral  ones  oval,  very  obtuse ;  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate 
base;  umbel  5-8-rayed,  then  simply  forked;  pod  minutely  warty ;  large  globular 
seed  with  a  small  caruncle.     (E.  nemoralis,  DarL,  not  of  Kitaibel.)  —  Copses, 
Penn.  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    July-  Sept. 

15.  E.  PLATYPHYLLA,  L.      Erect  annual  (8' -18'  high);   upper  stem-leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  cordate  at  base,  minutely  serrulate,  mostly  with  scattered 
hairs  beneath ;  floral  ones  triangular-ovate,  subcordate ;  umbel  5-rayed ;  involucre 
with  ciliate  lobes  and  large  sessile  glands ;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary,  united  at 
the  base,  slightly  2-cleJl;  pod  covered  with  depressed  warts. — Along  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  L.  Champlain.    June -Aug.    (Adv.  from  En.) 

16.  E.  obtusata,  Pursh.     Erect  annual  (1°- 2°  high);  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late,  minutely  serrulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base ;  floral  ones 
ovate,  dilated,  barely  mucronate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays,  then 
into  2 ;  involucre  with  naked  lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands ;  styles  distinct  and 
longer  than  the  ovary,  rect,  2-deJl  to  the  middle ;  pod  beset  with  long  warts.  — 
Damp  woods,  Virginia  to  Illinois.     May  -  July. 

••-  H-  Seeds  rugose  or  reticulated:  leaves  serrulate:  annuals. 

17.  E.  dictyosperma,  Fischer  &  Meyer.      Stem  erect  (8' -18'  high); 
leaves  oblong-  or  obovate-spatulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse  and  obtusely  serrate ;  upper 
ones  cordate  at  base;   floral  ones  roundish-ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped, 
slightly  mucronate;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked;  involucre 
with  nearly  naked  lobes  and  small  almost  sessile  glands ;  styles  shorter  than  the 
ovary,  spreading  or  recurved ;  pod  warty ;  seeds  delicately  reticulated.     (E.  Arkan- 
sana,  Engdm.  fr  Gray. )  —  Prairies  and  roadsides,  Kentucky  (Short),  and  west 
and  south  westward.    May -July. 

18.  E.  HELiosc6piA,  L.     Stems  ascending  (6'- 12' high),  stout;  leaves  all 
obovate  and  very  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  end,  flnely  serrate,  smooth  or  a  little 
hairy,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped ;  umbel  divided  into  5  rays,  then  into  3, 
or  at  length  simply  forked;  glands  orbicular,  stalked;  pod  smooth  and  even;  seeds 
with  coarse  honeycomb-like  reticulations.  —  Waste  places,  especially  eastward  and 
along  the  Great  Lakes.    July-  Sept.     (Nat  from  Eu.) 


EUPHORBTACE^:.       (SPURGE   FAMILY.)  435 

*  *  *  Perennials  or  annuals;  ours  ivith  entire  and  scattered  leaves,  only  the  floral  ones 

in  the  umbel-like  inflorescence  whorled  or  opposite  and  of  different  shape :.  glands 
of  the  involucre  mostly  4,  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned, 

•*-  Seeds  smooth  and  dark-colored :  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks. 

19.  E.  ESULA,  L.     Stems  clustered  (1°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ;  the 
floral  (yellowish)  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate  ;  umbel  divided  into  many  rays, 
then  forking;  glands  short-horned  (brown);   pods  smoothish  and  granular. — 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Oakes.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

20.  E.  CYPARfssiAS,  L.     Stems  densely  clustered  (6'- 10' high) ;  stem-leaves 
linear,  crowded,  the  floral  ones  heart-shaped;  umbel  many-rayed;  glands  crescent- 
shaped  ;  |*>ds  granular.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides,  in  a  few  places  in 
New  England.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  •«-  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored:  pod  smooth:  annuals  or  biennials. 

21.  E.  PEPLUS,  L.     Erect  or  ascending  (5' -10'  high);  leaves  petioled,  thin, 
round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then  forking ;  glands 
long-horned ;  lobes  of  the  pod  ^.-wing-crested  on  the  back ;  seeds  2-grooved  on  the 
inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back  (scarcely  over  half  a  line  long).  —  Waste  places  east- 
ward :  not  common.     July,  Aug. 

22.  E.  commutata,  Engelm.      Stems  branched  from  a  commonly  de- 
cumbent base  (6' -12'  high);  leaves  obovate,  obtuse;  the  upper  all  sessile,  the 
upper  floral  ones  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long ;  umbel  3-forked ;  glands 
with  slender  horns ;  pod  obtusely  angled,  crestless ;  seeds  ovate,  pitted  all  over  (a  line 
long).     (E.  Ohidtica,  Steudel  $•  Hochstetter.)  — Along  streams  and  shady  slopes, 
from  Virginia  towards  the  mountains  to  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 
May,  June.  —  Leaves  often  persistent  over  the  winter  on  sterile  shoots,  turning 
red.    Larger  in  all  its  parts  than  E.  Peplus,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded ; 
but  the  characters  of  the  pod  and  seeds  readily  distinguish  it. 

*  #  *  *  A  glabrous  annual  or  biennial,  with  entire  opposite  and  decussate  leaves,  an 

umbelliform  inflorescence,  and  short-homed  glands :  seeds  carunculate. 

23.  E.  LATHYRIS,  L.    Stem  stout  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  thick,  linear  or  ob- 
long, the  floral  ones  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped ;  umbel  4-rayed,  then  forking. 
—  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  where  it  is  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    JATROPHA,    L.        (CNIDOSCOLUS,  Pohl.,  Ed.  2.) 

Flowers  monoacious,  rarely  dioecious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme ;  the 
fertile  ones  usually  in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like,  in  the  staminate 
flowers  often  salver-shaped,  5-lobed;  in  the  pistillate,  5-parted,  imbricated  or 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  apparently  united  petals,  or  in 
our  species  none.  Glands  of  the  disk  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  10-30, 
in  2  or  more  whorls :  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Ovary  mostly  3- 
celled  :  styles  3,  united  below,  their  summits  once  or  twice  forked.  Pod  3-celled, 
3-seeded,  separating  into  3  two-valved  carpels.  Seed  carunculate.  —  Perennial 
herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  chiefly  tropical,  with  alternate  mostly  lorig- 
petioled  palmately-veined  leaves,  and  stipules. — Our  species  is  of  the  section 
CNIDOSCOLUS  ;  of  plants  mostly  armed  with  stinging  bristles.  (Name  said  by 
Linnaeus  to  be  formed  of  larpov,  a  remedy,  and  </>ayo>,  to  eat.) 


436  EUPHORBIACE^E.       (SPURGE   FAMILY.) 

1.  J.  urens,  L.,  var.  stimu!6sa,  J.  Miiller.  (TREAD-SOFTLY.  SPURGE- 
NETTLE.)  Herbaceous,  from  a  long  perennial  root,  branching  (6' -2°  high) ; 
leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  divisions  toothed,  cut,  or  even  pin- 
natifid,  often  discolored ;  flowers  slender ;  filaments  10,  monadelphous  only  at 
the  woolly  base,  or  the  outer  set  almost  distinct.  ( J.  stimulosa,  Michx.  Cni- 
doscolus  stimulosus,  Ed.  2.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  on  the  coast,  and  south- 
ward. June  -  Sept. 

3.    STILLINGIA,    Garden.        STILLINGIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike.  Petals  and  glands  of 
the  disk  none.  Calyx  2  -  3-cleft  or  parted ;  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  2  or  3  :  anthers  adnate,  turned  outwards.  Style  thick :  stigmas  3,  di- 
verging, simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  3-seeded.  Seed  carunculate.  —  Smooth 
upright  plants,  with  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glandular  at  the  base ;  the 
fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarely  separate) ;  the 
bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  gland  on  each  side.  (Named  for  Dr.  B.  Stillinyfleet.) 

1.  S.  sylvatica,  L.  Herbaceous  (1°- 3°  high);  leaves  almost  sessile,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, serrulate ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and  dry 
soil,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.  June  -  Sept. 

4.    ACALYPHA,    L.        THKEE-SEEDED  MERCURY. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes,  with  the  few 
or  solitary  fertile  flowers  at  their  base,  or  sometimes  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx 
of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted  and  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  of  the  fertile  3  -  5-parted. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  8-16:  filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base: 
anther-cells  separate,  long,  often  worm-shaped,  hanging  from  the  apex  of  the 
filament.  Styles  3,  the  upper  face  or  stigmas  cut-fringed  (usually  red).  Pod 
separating  into  3  globular  carpels  which  split  into  2  valves,  rarely  of  only  one 
carpel.  — Herbs  (ours  annuals),  or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs,  with  the  appear- 
ance of  Nettles  or  Amaranths  ;  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules. 
Clusters  of  sterile  flowers  with  a  minute  bract ;  the  fertile  surrounded  by  a 
large  and  leaf-like  cut-lobed  persistent  bract.  ('AKaAj^q,  an  ancient  name  of 
the  Nettle.) 

#  Fruit  smooth  or  merely  pubescent :  seeds  nearly  smooth. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusely  and  sparsely 
serrate,  long-petioled  ;  sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
deeply  palmately-cleft  fruiting  bracts.  —  Fields  and  open  places  :  common. 
July -Sept. — A  homely  weed,  l°-2°  high,  smoothish  or  rather  hairy,  often 
turning  purplish  in  autumn.  Fertile  flowers  1  -3  in  each  axil,  along  with  the 
small  and  short-peduncled  sterile  spike :  bracts  large  and  leaf-like,  unequally 
cut  into  5-9  lanceolate  lobes.  —  Passes  by  various  forms  (belonging  to  var. 

INTERMEDIA,  J.  Mull.)  HltO 

Var.  gracilens,  with  lanceolate  or  even  linear  leaves,  less  toothed  and 
shorter-petioled ;  the  slender  sterile  spike  often  1 '  long,  and  much  surpassing 
the  less  cleft  or  few-toothed  fruiting  bracts.  "  (A.  gracilens,  Ed.  1  $°  2.  A.  Vir- 
giniana,  var.  gracilescens,  J.  Mull.  A.  monocdcca,  Engdm.j  a  reduced  form  with 


EUPHORBIACEJE.       (gPUltGE    FAMILY.)  437 

two  cells  of  the  ovary  abortive.)  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois, 
and  common  southward. 

*  *  Fruit  echinate  with  soft  bristly  green  projections  :  seeds  rough-wrinkled. 
2.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  Ell.  Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and 
closely  serrate-toothed,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled  ;  sterile  spikes  short, 
axillary ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  its  bracts  deeply  cut 
into  many  linear  lobes.  (A.  ostryaefolia,  Riddell.)  —  New  Jersey  (Princeton, 
Torrey),  Ohio,  and  southward. 

5.    TRAGIA,    Plumier.        TRAGIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Ster.  FL  Calyx  3-5-  (chiefly 
3-)  parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  or  3  :  filaments  short :  anther-cells 
united.  Fert.  FL  Calyx  3  -  8-parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft  or  3-parted ; 
the  branches  3,  simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into  three 
2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  not  carunculate. — Erect  or  climbing  plants 
(perennial  herbs  in  U.  S.),  pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  stinging,  with  mostly 
alternate  stipulate  leaves ;  the  small-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the 
leaves ;  the  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 
(Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Bock,  latinized  Tragus.) 

1.  T.  innocua,  Walt.     Erect,  paniculate-branched,  softly  hairy-pubescent 
( 6' -12' high) ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  acute  at 
the  base,  obtusely  or  sinuately  few-toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  entire,  short-peti- 
oled  or  sessile,  paler  beneath;  stamens  2.     (T.  urens,  L.,  having  been  discarded 
as  a  false  name,  the  next  oldest,  and  a  good  one,  is  adopted,  rather  than  the 
recent  one  of  T.  discolor,  Mtiller.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   May  -  Aug. 

2.  T.  urticaefolia,  Michx.     Erect  or  reclining  or  slightly  twining,  hirsute 
with  stinging  hairs ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  the  lower 
ovate,  all  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  short-peti- 
oled. —  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  common  southward. 

3.  T.  macrocarpa,  Willd.      Twining,  somewhat  hirsute,  not  stinging ; 
leaves  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  sharply  serrate  (3'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  long- 
petioled  (pod  £'  broad).    (T.  cordata,  Michx.)  — Kentucky  (Michaux,)  and  south- 
ward. —Apparently  quite  distinct. 

6.    CROTON,    L.        CROTON. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  mostly  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes  or 
spikes.  Ster.  FL  Calyx  5- (rarely  4-6-)  parted;  the  divisions  lightly  imbri- 
cated or  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  usually  present,  but  mostly  small  or 
rudimentary,  hypogynous,  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx.  Glands  or 
lobes  of  the  disk  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals.  Receptacle  usually 
hairy.  Stamens  5  or  more :  filaments  with  the  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud. 
Fert.  FL  Calyx  5  -  10-cleft  or  parted,  nearly  as  in  the  staminate  flowers  :  but 
petals  none  or  minute  rudiments.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  rarely  2-celled,  with 
a  single  ovule  in  each  cell :  styles  ^is  many,  from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.  Pod  3- 
( rarely  2-4-)  celled,  separating  into  as  many  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  Seeds 


438  EUPHORBIACB^E.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

carunculate.  —  Stellate-downy,  or  scurfy,  or  hairy  and  glandular  plants,  mostly 
strong-scented ;  the  sterile  flowers  above ;  the  fertile  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
same  spike  or  cluster.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite, 
with  or  without  obvious  stipules.  (Kporwi/,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil 
Plant,  of  this  family.) 

§  1.  GEISELERJA,  Klotzsch.  Sterile  flowers  mostly  with  a  ^-parted  calyx, 
as  many  ovate-lanceolate  petals,  a  Grayed  disk,  and  8  stamens :  fertile  flowers 
with  a  ^-parted  calyx,  and  very  minute  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  petals ;  the 
3  styles  2-cle/l. 

1.  C.  glanduldsus,  L.   Annual,  rough-hairy  and  glandular  (1°  -  2°  high), 
somewhat  umbellately  branched ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtusely  toothed, 
the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland  on  each  side ;  fertile  flowers  capitate-clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile  in  the  forks  and  terminal.  —  Open 
waste  places,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

§  2.  PILIN6PHYTUM,  Klotzsch.  Sterile  flowers  with  the  calyx  equally  5- 
parted,  as  many  glands  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  10-14  stamens:  fertile 
flowers  with  a  7-12-parted  calyx  and  without  petals;  the  3  styles  twice  or 
thrice  2-parted. 

2.  C.   capitatus,   Michx.      Annual,  densely  soft- woolly  and  somewhat 
glandular  (1° -2°  high),  branched;  leaves  long-petioled, " lance-oblong  or  elon- 
gated-oblong, rounded  at  the  base,  entire ;  petals  obovate-lanceolate,  densely 
fimbriate ;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-crowded  at  the  base  of  the  short  ter- 
minal sterile  spike.  —  Barrens  of  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Knieskern  !    July  -  Sept. 

§  3.  GYNAMBL6SIS,  Torr.  (Engelmannia,  Klotzsch.)  Sterile  flowers  with 
an  unequally  3  -  5-parted  calyx,  and  as  many  petals  and  scale-like  glands ;  the 
stamens  varying  from  3-11:  fertile  flowers  with  an  equally  5-parted  calyx, 
and  with  no  petals,  5  glands,  and  a  2  -  3-cetted  ovary,  crowned  with  as  many 
sessile  2-parted  stigmas. 

3.  C.  monanthogynus,  Michx.    Annual,  whitish-stellate-pubescent  and 
rusty-glandular;  stems  (l°-2°  high),  slender,  erect,  below  often  umbellately 
3-4-forked,  then  repeatedly  2  -  3-forked  or  alternately  branched ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  often  acutish  (6" -12"  long,  about  twice 
the  length  of  their  petioles) ;  flowers  in  the  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  short  and  erect  peduncle,  the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly  soli- 
tary on  short  recurved  peduncles ;  stamens  3  -  8 ;  ovary  2-celled ;  fruit  often 
by  abortion  1-celled  and  1-seeded;  the  seed  broadly  oval.     (C.  ellipticum,  Nutt. 
Engelmannia  Nuttalliana,  Klotzsch.      Gynamblosis    monanthogyna,   Torr.)  — 
Barrens  and  dry  prairies,  from  Illinois  and  Kentucky  southward  and  west- 
ward.   June  -  Sept. 

(C.  EDTRfGYNus,  as  it  may  be  named,  is  the  related  Texan  species, — with 
more  silvery  down,  rounder  leaves  on  longer  petioles,  7-12  stamens,  more  pe- 
duncled  fertile  flowers,  and  a  3-celled  ovary  generally  ripening  3  oblong-oval 
seeds,  —  mentioned  by  Torrey  as  a  possible  variety  of  this,  and  taken  by 
Baillon  and  Miiller  for  C.  ellipticus  of  Nuttall.) 


EUPHORBIA CE^:.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.)  439 

7.  CROTONOPSIS,    Michx.        CKOTONOPSIS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  very  small  terminal  or  lateral  spikes  or  clusters,  the 
lower  fertile.  Ster.  FL  Calyx  equally  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spalulate:  Sta- 
mens 5,  opposite  the  petals  :  filaments  distinct,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  enlarged  at 
the  apex.  Feri.  FL  Calyx  unequally  3  -  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Glands 
(petal-like  scales)  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1 -celled,  simple,  1-pvuled,  bear- 
ing a  twice  or  thrice  forked  style.  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  small,  1-seeded. 
—  A  slender  low  annual,  with  alternate  or  opposite  short-petioled  linear  or 
elliptical-lanceolate  leaves,  which  are  green  and  smoothish  above,  but  silvery 
hoary  with  starry  hairs  and  scurfy  with  brownish  scales  underneath,  as  well  as 
the  branches,  &c.  (Name  compounded  of  Kpdro>i>,  and  cty-is,  appearance,  for  a 
plant  with  the  aspect  and  general  character  of  Croton.) 

1.  C.  linear  is,  Michx. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  (Knieslcern,  C.  E. 
Smith),  Bristol,  Pennsylvania  (E.  Diffenbaugh),  Illinois,  and  southward.  July- 
Sept  The  form  with  shorter  and  broader  leaves  is  C.  elliptica,  Willd.,  and  C. 
arge'ntea,  Pursh. 

8.  PHYLLANTHUS,    L.        PHYLLANTHUS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Calyx  usually  5  -  6-parted,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  3,  erect  in  the  bud,  often  united.  Ovules  2 
in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Pod  depressed;  each  carpel  2-valved,  2-seeded.  Seeds 
not  carunculate.  — Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  with  small  stipules.  (Name  com- 
posed of  <j)v\\ovj  leaf,  and  w6os,  blossom,  because  the  flowers  in  a  few  species 
are  borne  upon  leaf-like  dilated  branches.) 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched ;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  commonly  2  in  each  axil,  almost  sessile, 
one  staminate,  the  other  fertile ;  calyx  6-parted ;  stamens  3 ;  styles  3,  each 
2-cleft;  glands  of  the  disk  in  the  fertile  flowers  united  in  a  cup.  —  Gravelly 
hanks,  E.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

9.    PACHYSANDRA,    Michx.        PACHYSANDRA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  none.  Ster. 
FL  .Stamens  4,  separate  :  filaments  long-exserted,  thick  and  flat-:  anthers  ob- 
long-line^r.  Fert.  FL  Ovary  3-celled :  styles  3,  thick,  awl-shaped,  recurved, 
stigmatic  down  their  whole  length  inside.  Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell,  suspended, 
with  the  rhaphe  dorsal  (turned  away  from  the  placenta).  Pod  deeply  3-horned, 
3-celled,  splitting  into  3  at  length  2-valved  2-seeded  carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous, 
low  and  procumbent,  perennial  herbs,  with  matted  creeping  rootstocks,  and  alter- 
nate, ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole. 
Flowers  each  1  -  3-bracted,  the  upper  staminate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  the  base, 
unpleasantly  scented  :  sepals  greenish  or  purplish  :  filaments  white  (the  size 
and  thickness  of  the  latter  giving  the  name,  from  Tra^i'y,  thick,  and  avdpa,  used 
for  stamen). 

1.  P.  proctimbens,  Michx.  Stems  (6' -9'  long)  bearing  several  ap- 
proximate leaves  at  the  summit-  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  few  many-flowered 
spikes  along  the  base ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales. 


440  EMPETRACE^E.      (CROWBERRY   FAMILY.) 

(P.  erecta,  Raf.,  Baillon,  is  the  same.)  —Woods,  mountains  of  Kentucky,  W. 
Virginia,  and  southward.     March  -  May. 

• 
ORDER  98.    EMPETRACE^.     (CROWBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubby  evergreens,  with  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  of 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  divided  or 
laciniate  stigmas,  &c.  of  some  Euphorbiaceae :  —  probably  only  an  apetalous 
and  polygamous  or  dioecious  degenerate  form  of  Ericaceae,  —  comprising 
three  genera,  two  of  which  occur  within  the  limits  of  this  work,  and  the 
third  farther  south. 

1.    EMPETRUM,    Tourn.        CROWBERRY. 

Flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short :  stigma  6  -  9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe, 
with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets,  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  Embryo 
terete,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  with  a  slender  inferior  radicle  and  very 
small  cotyledons.  (An  ancient  name,  from  eV,  upon,  and  Tre'rpoy,  a  rock.) 

1.  E.  nigrum,  L.  (BLACK  CROWBERRY.)  Procumbent  and  spreading ; 
leaves  linear-oblong,  scattered;  fruit  black.  — Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains 
of  New  England  and  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

2.    CO  BE  MA,    Don.        (BROOM-CROWBERRY.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  collected  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  scaly  bract,  and  with  5  or  6  thin  and  scarious  imbricated  bractlets,  but  no 
proper  calyx.  Stamens  3,  rarely  4,  with  long  filaments.  Style  slender,  3- 
(or  rarely  4-5-)  cleft:  stigmas  narrow,  often  toothed.  Drupe  small,  with  3 
(rarely  4-5)  nutlets.  Seed,  &c.  as  in  the  last.  —  Diffusely  much-branched 
little  shrubs,  with  scattered  or  nearly  whorled  narrowly  linear  heath-like  leaves. 
(Name  Koprj/ia,  a  broom,  from  the  bushy  aspect.) 

1.  C.  Conr£dii,  Torrey.  Diffusely  branched,  nearly  smooth;  drupe  very 
small,  dry  and  juiceless  when  ripe.  (Empetrum,  Torr.  Tuckermania,  Klotzsch. 
Oakesia,  Tuckermann.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  and  dry  rocky  places,  New  Jersey ; 
Long  Island  ;  Plymouth  and  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts ;  Bath,  and  islands  of 
Penobscot  Bay,  Maine.  (Also  Newfoundland.)  April.  —  Shrub  6' -9'  high: 
the  sterile  plant  handsome  in  flower,  on  account  of  the  tufted  purple  filaments 
and  brown-purple  anthers.  (Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.-Am.  t.  1.) 

ORDER  99.    URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  rarely  (in  the  Elm 
Family)  perfect  flowers,  furnished  ivith  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  1- 
celled  (rarely  2-celled)  ovary  which  forms  a  l-seeded  fruit ;  the  embryo  in 
the  albumen  when  there  is  any,  its  radicle  pointing  upwards;  stamens  as 


URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  441 

many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Coty- 
ledons usually  broad.  Stipules  often  deciduous.  —  A  large  order  (far  the 
greater  part  tropical),  comprising  the  following  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    UL,UIACEjE.    ELM  FAMILY.  ^ 

Flowers  perfect  or  moneeciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  or 
moderately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara 
or  drupe.  Seed  suspended.  —  Trees,  with  a  watery  juice  (no  active  or 
noxious  properties),  and  alternate  leaves. 

*  Fruit  dry,  winged  or  crested  (a  samara) :  anthers  extrorse. 

1.   Ulmus.    Flowers  sometimes  perfect.    Ovary  2-ovuled.    Fruit  1-celled,  winged. 
2. .  Plauera.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-ovuled.    Fruit  wingless,  nut-like. 

*  *  Fruit  a  drupe  :  anthers  introrse. 

3.  Celtis.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  1-ovuled.    Cotyledons  curved  and  crumpled. 

SUBORDER  II.    ARTOCARPE.E.    BREAD-FRUIT  &  FIG  FAMILY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  spikes  or  heads ; 
the  calyx,  &c.  becoming  fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit,  but  the  1-  (rarely  2-) 
celled  ovary  ripening  as  a  dry  achenium.  Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 
—  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  or  yellow  (acrid  or  poisonous) 
juice,  and  alternate  (rough  or  smooth)  leaves.  —  Stamens  inflexed  in 
the  bud,  and  elastically  spreading  when  the  flower  opens,  in  the  Tribe 
MOREJE. 

4.  Morns.    Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.    Calyx  berry-like  in  fruit. 

SUBORDER  HI.    URTICE^E.    NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  transversely  wrinkled  and 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  or  spreading  elastically  when  the  flower 
opens.  Style  or  stigma  simple.  Ovary  always  1-celled,  with  an  erect  or- 
thotropous  ovule,  forming  an  achenium  in  fruit.  Embryo  straight  in  the- 
axis  of  albumen.  —  Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  a 
watery  bland  juice,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  opposite  or  alternate  leaves: 
many  ar6  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

*  Calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  -  5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals. 
•»-  Plant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

5.  Urtica.    Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.    Achenium  straight  and  erect,  en- 

closed by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.    Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 

6.  Laportea.     Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the  two 

exterior  minute  and  obscure.    Achenium  very  oblique  and  bent  down,  nearly  naked. 
Stigma  long  and  awl-shaped.    Leaves  alternate. 

H-  ••-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  bristles. 

7.  Pllea.    Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  unequal,  all  or  all  but  one  small- 

Achenium  partly  naked,  straight  and  erect.    Stigma  pencil-tufted. 

*  *  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  achenium. 
•8.   Boehmeria.     Flowers  monoecious,  glomerate,  the  clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate. 

Style  long  and  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side. 
9.  Parie taria.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.    Stigma  tufted. 


442  URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.). 

SUBORDER  IV.    CANNABINEJS.  (HEMP  FAMILY.) 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled ;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  indexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  an  ere'ct  orthotropous  ovule,  forming  a  glandular  acheniuin  in  fruit. 
Seed  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  coiled  or  bent.  —  Herbs,  with  a  watery 
juice,  mostly  opposite  and  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  a  fibrous  inner 
bark  (yielding  bitter  and  narcotic  products). 

10.  Cannabis.     Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered.    Anthers  drooping.    Leaves  5  -  7-divided. 

11.  Hum ul us.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membrauaceous  catkin  in  fruit. 

Anthers  erect.    Leaves  3  -  5-lobed. 

1.    ULMUS,    L.        ELM. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with  long  and  slendef  filaments. 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of 
each  cell,  rarely  1-celled :  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
edge.  Fruit  (by  obliteration)  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  membranaceous  samara, 
winged  all  around.  Albumen^none  :  embryo  straight;  the  cotyledons  large. — 
Flowers  polygamous,  purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  in  our  species 
preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight-veined,  short-petioled,  and 
oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Stipules  small,  cadu- 
cous. (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  appearing  nearly  sessile :  fruit  orbicular,  not  ciliate :  leaves  very  rough  above. 

1.  U.  ftilva,  Mich.     (SLIPPERY  or  RED  ELM.)     Buds  before  expansion 
soft-downy  with  rusty  hairs  (large) ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  doubly 
serrate  (4' -8'  long,  sweet-scented  in  drying),  soft-downy  underneath  or  slightly 
rough  downwards;    branchlets  downy;   calyx-lobes  and  stamens  7-9;  fruit 
(8" -9"  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent.  — Rich  soil  from  W.  New  England  to 
Lake  Superior  and  southward.    March,  April.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree, 

„  with  tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 

*  #  Flowers  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  or  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  above  the 

middle:  fruit  ovate  or  oval,  fringed-ciliate :  leaves  smooth  above,  or  nearly  so. 

2.  U.  Americana,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.),  Willd.  (AMERICAN  or  WHITE  ELM.) 
Buds  and  branchlets  glabrous ;  branches  not  corky ;  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval, 
abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  (2' -4'  long),  soft-pubescent 
beneath,  or  soon  glabrous;  Jlowers  in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9  roundish 
lobes ;  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins  (£'  long),  its  sharp  points  incurved  and 
closing  the  notch.  — Moist  woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich  soil.    April.  — 
A  large  and  well-known  ornamental  tree,  variable,  usually  with  spreading 
branches  and  drooping  branchlets. 

3.  U.  racembsa,  Thomas.     (CORKY  WHITE  ELM.)      Bud-scales  downy- 
ciliate,  and  somewhat  pubescent,  as  are  the  young  branchlets  ;  branches  often  with 
corky  ridges ;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  with  veins  more  simple  and  straight ; 
Jlowers  racemed;  fruit  much  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  larger.  —  River-banks,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    April. 


URTICACE.E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  443 

4.  U.  alata,  Michx.  (WHAHOO  or  WINGED  ELM.)  Bud-scales  and  branch- 
lets  nearly  glabrous ;  branches  corky-winged,  at  least  some  of  them ;  leaves  downy 
beneath,  ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thickish,  small  (l'-2£'  long) ; 
calyx-lobes  obovate ;  fruit  downy  on  the  face,  at  least  when  young.  —  Virginia 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.  March.  —  Wood  fine-grained,  valuable. 

2.    PLANER  A,     Gmelin.        PLANER-TREE. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4 -5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  crowned  with  2  spreading  styles  which  are  stigmatose 
down  the  inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  and  nut-like,  not  winged.  Al- 
bumen none :  embryo  straight.  —  Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of  Elms, 
the  flowers  appearing  with  them,  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named  for  J,  J. 
Planer,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  small ;  fruit 
stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular  rough  projections.  —  Wet  banks,  Ken- 
tucky (Michaux)  and  southward.  April. 

3.    CELTIS,    Tourn.        NETTLE-TREE.    HACKBERRT. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens 
5-6.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule:  stigmas  2,  long  and 
pointed,  recurved.  Fruit  a  globular  drupe.  Embryo  curved,  nearly  enclosing 
a  little  gelatinous  albumen  :  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled.  —  Leaves  pointed, 
petioled.  Stipules  caducous.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  peduncled,  appealing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usually  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles,  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Lotus;  the  fruit  of  the  European  Nettle-tree 
supposed  to  have  been  the  food  of  the  Lotophagi. ) 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  L.     (SUGARBERRY.      HACKBERRY.)     Leaves  reticu- 
lated, ovate,  cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  usually  conspicu- 
ously and  sharply  so,  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes 
sparingly  so  or  only  towards  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above, 
usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young  ;  fruit  reddish  or  yellowish, 
turning  dark  purple  at  maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the 
petiole.     (Also  C.  Audibertiana,  Spach.,  &c.) — Woods  and  river-banks,  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized 
tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Elm,  bearing  sweet  and  edible  fruits  as  large  as  bird- 
cherries,  at  first  obovate,  ripe  in  autumn ;  the  flesh  thin.  —  Var.  ptnviiLA.    Low 
and  straggling  (4°  - 10°  high) ;  leaves  thin  when  mature,  and  smooth,  slightly 
acuminate.     (C.  pumila,  Pursh.)     River-banks,  on  rocks,  from  Maryland  south- 
ward. —  Var.  CRAS8IF6LIA.     A  tall  or  low  tree ;  leaves  thicker,  usually  serrate 
all  round,  and  with  a  long  tapering  point,  dull  above,  pale  beneath.     (C.  cras- 
sifolia,  Lam,}  —  Common  southward  and  westward. 

2.  C.    Mississippi6nsis,    Bosc.      Leaves  entire,   very  long  taper-pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  oblique,  thin,  and  smooth ;  fruit  small.    (C.  integri- 
folia,  Nutt.) — W.  Kentucky,  Illinois'?  and  southwestward. — Even  this  proba- 
bly runs  into  the  last. 


444  URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

4.     MO  HITS,    Tourn.        MULBERRY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  two  kinds  in  separate  axillary  and 
catkin-like  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted  ;  lobes  ovate.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  elastical- 
ly  expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and  disappearing :  styles  2, 
thread-form,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  covered 
by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx,  the  whole  fertile  spike  thus  becoming  a  thick- 
ened oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit. — Trees  with  milky  juice  and 
rounded  leaves  :  sterile  spikes  rather  slender.  (Mope'a,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  M.  rtlbra,  L.     (RED  MULBERRY'..)     Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  rough 
above,  downy  underneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  lobed) ;  flowers  frequently 
dioecious ;  fruit  dark  purple,  long.  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Illinois  and 
southward.     May.  —  Small  tree,  ripening  its  blackberry-like  fruit  in  July. 

2.  M.  ALBA,  L.      (WHITE    MULBERRY.)      Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  smooth  and  shining ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Spontaneous 
near  houses  :  introduced  for  feeding  silk- worms.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    URTICA,     Tourn.        NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious ;  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in  ra- 
cemes, spikes,  or  loose  heads.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  4,  inserted  around 
the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Pert.  FL  Sepals  4,  in  pairs  ;  the  2  outer 
smaller  and  spreading ;  the  2  inner  flat  or  concave,  in  fruit  membranaceous  and 
enclosing  the  straight  and  erect  ovate  flattened  achenium.  Stigma  sessile,  cap- 
itate and  pencil-tufted.  —  Herbs  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  opposite : 
stipules  in  our  species  distinct.  Flowers  greenish ;  in  summer.  (The  classical 
Latin  name;  from  uro,  to  burn.) 

*  Perennials :  flower-clusters  in  branching  panicled  spikes,  often  dioecious. 

1.  TJ.  gracilis,  Ait.     Sparingly  bristly,  slender  (2° -6° high);  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3  -  5-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped 
base,  almost  glabrous,  the  elongated  slender  petioles  sparingly  bristly;  spikes  slender 
and  loosely  panicled.     (U.  prbcera,  Willd.) — Fence-rows  and  moist  ground: 
common.     Stings  few. 

2.  U.  DIOICA,  L.     Very  bristly  and  stinging  (2°  -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  very  deeply  serrate,  downy  underneath  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem  ;  spikes  much  branched.  —  Waste  places  and  roadsides,  chiefly  eastward. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  Annuals :  flower-clusters  chiefly  axillary  and  shorter  than  the  petiole,  androgynous. 

3.  U.  URENS,  L.     Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  very  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate 
with  long  spreading  teeth,  the  terminal  not  longer  than  the  lateral  ones ;  flower- 
dusters  2  in  each  axil,  small  and  loose.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings,  east- 
ward :  scarce.     Plant  8'- 12'  high,  with  sparse  stings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  U.  Chamsedryoides,  Pursh.     Leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  the 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed ;  flower-clusters  globular,  1  -  2  in 
each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.     (U.  gracilis  &  U.  verna,  Raf.     U.  purpu- 
rascens,  Nutt.) — Alluvial  shaded  soil,  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Slender, 
6'  -  30'  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stings. 


URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  445 

6.    LAPORTEA,    Gaudichaud.        WOOD-NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioacious,  clustered,  in  loose  cymes ;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  chiefly  or  entirely  fertile ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Star.  FL 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  of  4 
sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  usually  minute,  and  the  two  inner  much 
larger.  Stigma  elongated  awl-shaped,  hairy  down  one  side,  persistent.  Ache- 
nium  ovate,  flat,  extremely  oblique,  reflexed  on  the  winged  or  margined  pedicel, 
nearly  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  large  alternate  serrate 
leaves,  and  axillary  stipules.  (Named  for  M.  Laporte.) 

1.  L.  Canad6nsis,  Gaudichaud.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined  (3' -I1  long),  long-petioled ;  fertile  cymes  divergent;  stipule  single, 
2-cleft.  (U.  Canadensis  and  U.  divaricata,  L.) — Moist  rich  woods.  July- 
Sept.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

7.    PILE  A,    Lindl.        RICHWEED.    CLBARWEED. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ster.  FL  Sepals  and  stamens  3-4.  Fert. 
FL  Sepals  3,  oblong,  more  or  less  unequal :  a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  commonly 
before  each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale.  Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted.  Ache- 
nium  ovate,  compressed,  erect,  partly  or  nearly  naked.  —  Stingless,  mostly  gla- 
brous and  low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  united  stipules ;  the  staminate 
flowers  often  mixed  with  the  fertile.  (Named  from  the  shape  of  the  larger  sepal 
of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  original  species,  like  the  pileus,  or  felt  cap,  of  the 
Romans,  which  partly  covers  the  achenium.  In  our  solitary  species  the  three 
sepals  are  nearly  equal,  small,  and  not  hooded.) 

1.  P.  ptimila,  Gray.  (RICHWEED.  CLEARWEED.)  Low  (3' -18' high); 
stems  smooth  and  shining,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed ; 
3-ribbed  and  veiny ;  flower-clusters  much  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  sepals  of  the 
fertile  flowers  lanceolate,  scarcely  unequal.  (Urtica  pumila,  L.  Dubrueflia 
pumila,  Gaudichaud.  Adice  pumila,  Raf.)  —  Cool  and  moist  shaded  places. 
July  -  Sept. 

8.    BCEHMEBIA,    Jacq.        FALSE  NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica ;  the 
fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  enclosing  the 
ovary.  Style  elongated  awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  papillose  down  one  side. 
Achenium  elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  and  persistent  compressed 
calyx.  —  No  stings.  (Named  after  G.  R.  Bohmer,  Professor  at  Wittenberg  in 
the  last  century.) 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Perennial,  smoothish;  stem  (l°-3°  high) 
simple;  leaves  chiefly  opposite,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved,  long-petioled;  stipules  distinct;  flowers  dioecious,  or  the  two 
kinds  intermixed,  the  small  clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated 
axillary  spikes,  the  sterile  interrupted,  the  fertile  often  continuous.  —  A  state 
with  alternate  leaves  is  B.  lateriflora,  MM.  —  Moist  or  shady  ground :  very 
common  throughout. 


446  URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

9.    PARIETARIA,    Tourn.        PELHTORY. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous ;  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  in- 
termixed in  the  same  involucrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  clusters ;  the  sterile 
much  as  in  the  last ;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped  4-lobed  and  nerved 
calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  and  the  ovoid  achenium.  Style  slender  or  none : 
stigma  pencil-tufted.  —  Homely,  diffuse  or  tufted  herbs,  not  stinging,  with  alter- 
nate entire  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  because 
growing  on  old  walls.) 

1 .  P.  Pennsylv£nica,  Muhl.  Low,  annual,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
minutely  downy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque 
dots ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  ^  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded 
rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

10.    CANNABIS,    Tourn.        HEMP. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  drooping  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered,  1-bracted: 
the  calyx  of  a  single  sepal  enlarging  at  the  base  and  folded  round  the  ovary. 
Embryo  simply  curved.  —  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with  digitate  leaves  of  5-7 
linear-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  the  upper  alternate ;  the  inner  bark 
of  very  tough  fibres.  (The  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etymology.) 

1.  C.  SATIVA,  L.  (HEMP.)  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 

11.    HUMULUS,    L.       HOP. 

Flowers  dioacious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and  5 
erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins : 
bracts  foliaceous,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  mem- 
branaceous  strobile.  Calyx  of  a  single  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Achenia 
invested  with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  flat  spiral. — 
Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost  prickly  downwards,  mostly  oppo- 
site heart-shaped  and  palmately  3  -  7-lobed  leaves,  with  persistent  ovate  stipules 
between  the  petioles.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  diminutive  of  humus,  moist  earth, 
from  the  alluvial  soil  where  the  Hop  spontaneously  grows.) 

1.  H.  Ltlpulus,  L.  (COMMON  HOP.)  Leaves  mostly  3-5-lobed,  and 
commonly  longer  than  the  petioles;  bracts,  &c.,  smoothish;  the  fruiting  calyx, 
achenium,  &c.,  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  grains,  giving  the  bitterness  and 
aroma  of  the  hop.  —  Alluvial  banks :  common  northward  and  westward,  where 
it  is  clearly  indigenous,  July.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  100.    PL.ATANACE^E.     (PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  palmately-lobed  leaves,  sheathing  stip- 
ules, and  monoecious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  spherical  heads,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  merely  club-shaped  l-seeded  nutlets,  furnished 
with  bristly  down  along  the  base :  consists  only  of  the  following  genus  (of 
uncertain  relationship). 


JUGLANDACE^.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.)  447 

1.    PLATANUS,    L.        PLANE-TREE.    BUTTONWOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  of  numerous  stamens,  with  club-shaped  little  scales  intermixed : 
filaments  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consisting  of  inversely 
pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  rather  lateral,  awl-shaped  or 
thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  below,  containing 
a  single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  TrXarvs,  broad.) 

1.  P.  occident&lis,  L.  (AMERICAN  PLANE  or  SYCAMORE.)  Leaves 
mostly  truncate  at  base,  angularly  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed,  the  short  lobes 
sharp-pointed;  fertile  heads  solitary,  hanging  on  a  long  peduncle. — Alluvial 
banks :  very  common,  especially  westward.  May.  —  A  very  large  and  well- 
known  tree,  with  a  white  bark,  separating  early  in  thin  brittle  plates. 

ORDER  101.    JUGLAXDACEJE.     (WALNUT  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and'  no  stipules  ;  flowers  monoecious, 
the  sterile  in  catkins  (aments}  with  an  irregular  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract ; 
the  fertile  solitary  or  in  a  small  cluster  or  spike,  with  a  regular  3-5-lobed 
calyx  adherent  to  the  incompletely  2  -  ^-celled  but  only  l-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit 
a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  crustaceous  or  bony  nut-shell,  containing  a  large 
4-lobed  orthotropous  seed.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily, 
sinuous  or  corrugated,  2-lobed :  radicle  short,  superior.  Petals  sometimes 
present  in  the  fertile  flowers.  ^—  A  small  family  of  important  trees,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    jtJGLANS,    L.        WALNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  long  and  simple  lateral  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  preced- 
ing year ;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  entire  bracts  or  scales,  unequally  3  -  6-cleft. 
Stamens  12-40:  filaments  free,  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  several 
together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  bear- 
ing 4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses.  Styles  2,  very  short:  stigmas  2,  somewhat 
club-shape^l  and  fringed.  Fruit  with  a  fibrous-fleshy  indehiscent  epicarp,  and  a 
mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed  endocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees,  with  strong- 
scented  or  resinous-aromatic  bark,  few-scaled  or  almost  naked  buds  (3  or  4  su- 
perposed, and  the  uppermost  far  above  the  axil),  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  many 
serrate  leaflets ;  and  the  embryo  sweet  and  edible.  Pith  in  plates.  (Name  con- 
tracted from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 

1.  J.  cin^rea,  L.      (BUTTERNUT.)      Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  downy,  especially  underneath,  the  petioles  and  branchlets 
dcnvny  with  clammy  hairs ;  fruit  oblong,  clammy,  pointed,  the  nut  deeply  sculptured 
and  rough  with  ragged  ridges,  2-celled  at  the  base.  —  Rich  woods :  common. 
May :  fruit  ripe  in  Sept.  —  Tree  30°  -  50°  high,  with  gray  bark  and  widely 
spreading  branches ;  wood  lighter  brown  than  in  the  next- 

2.  J.  nigra,  L.    (BLACK  WALNUT.)    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed, 
somewhat  heart-shaped  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface 


448  JUGLANDACE^E.       ("WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

and  the  petioles  minutely  downy ;  fruit  spherical,  roughly  dotted,  the  nut  corrugated, 
4-celled  at  top  and  bottom.  —  Rich  woods ;  rare  in  the  Eastern,  very  common 
in  the  Western  States.-  May:  the  fruit  ripe  in  Oct.  — A  large  and  handsome 
tree,  with  brown  bark,  and  valuable  purplish-brown  wood  turning  blackish 
with  age.  Seed  less  oily  than  the  butternut,  more  so  than  in  the  European 
Walnut  (J.  REGIA). 

2.    OAKY  A,    Nutt.        HICKORY. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  lateral  and  clustered  catkins :  calyx  naked,  adherent 
to  the  bract,  unequally  2-3-parted.  Stamens  3-10:  filaments  short  or  none, 
free.  Fertile  flowers  2-5  in  a  cluster  or  short  spike,  on  a  peduncle  terminating 
the  shoot  of  the  season :  calyx  4-toothed :  petals  none.  Stigmas  sessile,  2  or  4, 
large,  papillose,  persistent.  Fruit  with  a  4-valved,  firm  and  at  length  dry 
exocarp,  falling  away  from  the  smooth  and  crustaceous  or  bony  endocarp  or 
nut-shell,  which  is  incompletely  2-celled,  and  at  the  base  mostly  4-celled.  —  Fine 
timber-trees,  with  hard  and  very  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds,  from  which  in 
spring  are  put  forth  usually  both  kinds  of  flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fer- 
tile above  the  leaves.  Nuts  ripen  and  fall  in  October.  (Kapua,  an  ancient 
name  of  the  Walnut.) 

§  1.  Sterile  catkins  fascicled  (no  common  peduncle  or  sometimes  a  very  short  one)  from 
separate  lateral  scaly  buds  near  the  summit  of  shoots  of  the  preceding  year :  bud- 
scales  few:  fruit  elongated-oblong :  the  thin-shelled  nut  2-celled  below:  seed  sweet: 
leaflets  short-stalked,  numerous. 

1.  C.  olivsefdrmis,  Nutt.      (PECAN-NUT.)     Minutely  downy,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  13-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  slen- 
der point,  falcate,    serrate  ;  nut  olive-shaped.  —  River  bottoms,  from  Illinois 
southward.  —  A  large  tree ;  its  delicious  nuts  well-known. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  in  threes  (or  rarefy  more)  on  a  common  peduncle  from  the  axil  of 
the  inner  scales  of  the  common  bud,  therefore  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the 
season,  which,  then  bearing  3  or  4  leaves,  is  terminated  by  the  fertile  flowers : 
fruit  globular  or  oval :  nut  4-celled  at  base :  leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

#  Bud-scales  numerous,  about  1 0,  successively  enwrapping  ;  the  inner  ones  accrescent, 
becoming  thin  and  membranaceous  and  rather  tardily  deciduous :  husk  of  the  fruit 
splitting  promptly  into  4  thick  (but  variable  in  this  respect)  and  when  dry  hard 
or  woody  valves :  seed  sweet  and  delicious.  ( The  hickory  nuts  of  the  market. ) 

2.  C.  alba,  Nutt.     (SHELL-BARK  or  SHAG-BARK  HICKORY.)    Bark  of 
trunk  shaggy,  exfoliating  in  rough  strips  or  plates  ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming 
large  and  conspicuous,  persistent  till  the  flowers  are  fully  developed  ;  leaflets  5, 
when  young  minutely  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate,  the  three  upper  obovate- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper-pointed ; 
fruit  globular  or  depressed ;  nut  white,  flattish-globular,  barely  mucronate,  the 
shell  thinnish.  —  Large  and  handsome  tree,  furnishing  most  valuable  wood  and 
the  principal  hickory  nuts  of  the  market. 

3.  C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.     (SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY.)  'Nut  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  smaller  (7" -9"  long),  and  the  husk  much  thinner;  while  the 
foliage  resembles  that  of  No.  6 ;  the  leaflets  5  -  7,  oblong-lanceolate  glandular  under- 


CUPULIFER^E.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  449 

neath,  and  the  bark  of  the  trunk  is  said  to  be  close :  an  uncertain  species.  —  New 
York  to  Penn.  and  southwestward. 

4.  C.  sulcata,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.)    Bark,  &c.  as 
in  No.  1 ;  leaflets  7-9,  more  downy  beneath ;  fruit  oval  or  ovate,  4-ribbed  above 
the  middle,  the  husk  very  thick;  nut  large  (l£'-2'  long)  and  usually  angular, 
dull  white  or  yellowish,  thick-walled,  usually  strongly  pointed  at  both  ends.  — Pennsyl- 
vania to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Seed  as  sweet  as  in  No.  1.     Heart- wood 
light-colored. 

5.  C.   tomentosa,  Nutt.     (MOCKER-NUT.     WHITE-HEART  HICKORY.) 
Bark  dose,  rough,   but  not  shaggy   and  exfoliating  on  old  trunks ;  catkins, 
shoots,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomentose  when  young,  resinous-scented ; 
leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed ;  fruit  globular 
or  oi-oid,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  husk ;  nut  globular,  not  compressed,  ^-ridged 
towards  the  slightly  pointed  summit,  brownish,  very  thick-shelled,  1'  in  diameter  or 
smaller.  —  Dry  woods.  New  England  to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  southward.  — 
Wood,  &c.  as  in  the  last:  seed  more  oily.  —  A  var.  MAXIMA,  of  Nuttall  bears 
"  fruit  as  large  as  an  apple,"  the  husk  exceedingly  thick. 

#  *  Bud-scales  numerous  or  few ;  husk  of  the  fruit  thin  and  rather  friable  at  maturity, 
4-valved  only  to  the  middle  or  tardily  to  near  the  base :  seed  more  or  less  bitter : 
bark  of  old  trunk  not  exfoliating. 

6.  C.  porcina,  Nutt.     (PIG-NUT  or  BROOM  H.)     Bud-scales  nearly  as  in 
No.  5,  but  smaller,  caducous ;  shoots,  catkins,  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so ; 
leaflets  5-7,   oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate  and  taper-pointed,  serrate  ;  fruit 
pear-shaped,  oblong,  or  oval ;  nut  oblong  or  oval  (1^'  to  nearly  2'  long),  with  a 
thick  bony  shell ;  the  oily  seed  at  first  sweet  in  taste,  then  bitterish.     (C.  glabra, 
Torr.  &  Ed.  2.     Juglans  glabra,  Wang.,  MuhL,  &c.,  is  much  the  oldest  name, 
but  not  quite  clear  in  application.     The  ordinary  forms  of  the  present  species 
are  J.  ovata  and  J.  obcordata,  Wang.) — Woodlands:  common.  —  Wood  very 
tough  :  heart-wood  reddish  or  dark-colored :  bark  of  trunk  rough. 

7.  C.  amara,  Nutt.     (BITTER-NUT  or  SWAMP  H.)     Scales  of  the  small 
yellowish  buds  about  6,  valvate  in  pairs,  caducous  in  leafing ;  catkins  and 
young  herbage  more  or  less  pubescent,  soon  becoming  almost  glabrous  ;  leaflets 
7-11,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  globular,  narrowly  6-ridged;  nut 
globular,  short-pointed,  white  (barely  1'  long),  thin-walled;  seed  at  first  sweet- 
tasted,  soon  extremely  bitter.  —  Moist  soil  :   common.  —  Wood  less  valued, 
husk  and  nut-shell  thinner  and  less  hard  than  in  other  species :  bark  of  trunk 

close  and  smooth. 

• 

ORDER  102.    CUPUWFER^.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  very 
deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers  :  the  sterile  in  catkins  (aments) 
(or  capitate-clustered  in  the  Beech)  ;  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered  or  spiked, 
furnished  with  an  involucre  which  forms  a  cup  or  covering  to  the  1-cetted 
and  l-seeded  nut.  Ovary  more  or  less  2  -  7-celled,  with  1  or  2  pendulous 
anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  all  the  cells  and  ovules  except  one 
29 


450  CUPULIFER^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

disappearing  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  minute  teeth 
crowning  its  summit.  Seed  with  no  albumen,  filled  with  the  embryo : 
cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  in  many  edible :  radicle  short,  superior.  Stip- 
ules forming  the  bud-scales.  Leaves  usually  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 

Tribe  I.  Q,rERCI]VE^E.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  distinct  4-7-lobed  calyx,  including 
5-20  stamens  :  filaments  slender,  free,  exserted  :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  one  or 
few  enclosed  in  a  cupule  consisting  of  bracts  variously  consolidated.  Ovary  imperfectly 
3-7-celled,  crowned  with  3-8  (mostly  6)  calyx-teeth,  forming  a  nut  (gland),  in  fruit 
surrounded  or  enclosed  by  the  indurated  scaly  or  prickly  cupule. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins. 

1.  Quercns.     Cupule  1-flowered,  scaly,  and  entire :  nut  hard  and  terete. 

2.  Castauea.     Cupule  2 -4-flowered,  forming  a  prickly  hard  bur,  2-4-valved  when  ripe. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  small  head. 

3.  Fagus.     Cupule  2-^owered,  4-valved,  containing  2  sharply  triangular  nuts. 

Tribe  II.  CARPINE^J.  Sterile  flowers  destitute  of  true  calyx,  consisting  of  several 
stamens  included  under  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  bract :  filaments  short :  anthers  1- 
celled.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  catkin,  or  head,  twp  together  under  each  fertile 
bract,  each  with  one  or  more  bractlets,  which  form  a  foliaceous  or  membranaceous  invo- 
lucre to  the  nut.  Ovary  imperfectly  2-celled,  2-ovuled.  Seed-coat  ^single. 

*  Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  inside. 

4.  Corylus.     Involucre  enclosing  the  large  bony  nut,  leafy -coriaceous. 

*  *  Bract  of  staminate  flower  simple  :  nut  small,  achenium-like. 

5.  Ostrya.     Each  ovary  and  nut  included  in  a  bladdery  and  closed  bag. 

6.  Carpinus.     Each  nut  subtended  by  an  enlarged  leafy  bractlet. 

1.    QUERCUS,    L.        OAK. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  and  naked  catkins :  bracts  caducous :  calyx  2-8- 
parted  or  lobed  :  stamens  5  -  12  :  anthers  2-celled.     Fertile  flowers  scattered  or 
somewhat  clustered,  consisting  of  a  nearly  3-celled  and  6-ovuled  ovary,  with  a 
3-lobed  stigma,  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes  an  indu- 
rated cup  (cupule)  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.     Cotyledons 
remaining  underground  in  germination :  radicle  very  short,  included.  —  Flowers 
greenish  or  yellowish.     Sterile  catkins  single  or  often  several  from  the  same 
lateral  scaly  bud,  filiform  and  hanging  in  all  our  species.     (The  classical  Latin 
name.)     All  flower  in  spring,  and  shed  their  nuts  in  October. 
§  1.  ANNUAL-FRUITED  ;  i.  e.  acorns  perfected  in  the  autumn  of  the  first  year,  borne 
therefore  on  the  wood  of  the  season,  usually  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves,  and  often 
raised  on  a  peduncle ;  the  kernel  commonly  sweet-tasted :  lobes  or  teeth  of  the 
leaves  if  any  not  bristle-pointed:  abortive  ovules  persistent  under  the  seed:  sterile 
flowers  mostly  4  -  ^-parted  and  S-androus. 

#  WHITE  OAKS.  Leaves  lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  pale  beneath. 
1.  Q.  £lba,  L.  (WHITE  OAK.)  Mature  leaves  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous 
underneath,  bright  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  cut  into  3-9  oblong  or 
linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire  lobes ;  cup  hemispherical-saucer-shaped,  rough  or 
tubercled  at  maturity,  naked,  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid  or  oblong  acorn.  —  Rjch 
woods  :  common.  —  A  valuable  large  tree.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad 
3  -  5,  or  5  -  9  deep  and  narrow.  Acorn  about  1 '  long ;  kernel  edible. 


CUPULIFERjE.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  451 

2.  Q.  obtusiloba,  Michx.     (POST-OAK.     ROUGH  or  Box  WHITE-OAK.) 
Leaves  grayish  or  yellowish-downy  underneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  thickish,  sinu- 
ately  cut  into  5-7  rounded  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones  much  larger  and 
often  1  -  3-notched  ;  cup  deep  saucer-shaped,  naked,  one  third  or  .half  the  length  of  the 
ovoid  acorn.     (Q.  stellata,  Willd.)  —  Sandy  or  sterile  soil:   common,  especially 
southward.  —  A  small  tree,  with  very  durable  wood.     Acorn  6"  -  9"  long. 

3.  Q.   macrocarpa,   Michx.      (BUR-OAK.      OVER-CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP 
WHITE-OAK.)     Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately-pinnatijid  or  deeply  sinuate- 
lobed,  or  nearly  parted,  irregular,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the  lobes  sparingly 
and  obtusely  toothed,  or  the  smaller  ones  entire ;  cup  deep,  thick  and  woody, 
conspicuously  imbricated  with  hard  and  thick  pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  awne.d, 
so  as  usually  to  make  a  mossy-fringed  border;  acorn  broadly  ovoid  (!'-!£' 
long),  half  immersed  in  or  entirely  enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southwestward.  —  A  handsome,  middle-sized 
tree.      Cup  very  variable,  especially  in  size,  from  9"  to  2'  across. 

Var.  oliV89f6rmis  (Q-  olivseformis,  Michx.)  is  apparently  a  mere  state  of 
this  (figured  by  Michaux  with  unripe  or  imperfect  fruit),  with  narrower  and 

more  deeply  lobed  Reaves,  and  oblong  acorns  and  cups. 
« 

*  *  CHESTNUT-OAKS.  Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  but  not  lobed,  except  slightly 
in  No.  4,  whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath :  cup  hoary,  hemispherical  or  a 
little  depressed,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong -ovoid  edible  acorn. 

4.  Q.  bicolor,  Willd.      (SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.)     Leaves  obovate  or  ob- 
long-obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  coarsely  sinuate-crenate  and  often  rather  pin- 
natifid  than  toothed,  sofl-downy  and  white-hoary  underneath,  the  main  primary 
veins  6-8  pairs,  lax  and  little  prominent ;  fruiting  peduncle  much  longer  than  the 
getiole ;  upper  scales  of  the  cup  awn-pointed,  sometimes  forming  a  mossy-fringed 
margin ;  acorn  scarcely  1'  long.    (Q.  Prinus,  var.  tomentosa,  Michx.   Q.  Prinus, 
discolor,  Michx.  f.  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  ground :  common.     A  tall  tree. 

5.  Q.  Prinus,  L.     (CHESTNUT-OAK.)    Leaves  varying,  obovate  or  oblong, 
with  an  obtuse  or  acute  base,  undulately  crenate-toofhed,  minutely  downy  beneath,  the 
main  primary  ribs  10-16  pairs,  straight,  prominent  beneath;  fruiting  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  petioles,  often  vrry  short;  cup  thick  (6" -12"  wide),  mostly 
tuberculate  with  hard  and  stout  scales  ;  acorn  1'  or  less  in  length.  — Dry  or  moist 
ground :  common  southward,  scarce  northward :  a  middle-sized  or  small  tree. 

Var.monticola,  Michx.  (RocK  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  ( Q.  montana,  Willd. ) 
Connects  with  the  next  variety,  but  has  large  acorns  ;  the  cup  is  figured  and  de- 
scribed as  top-shaped  :  but  I  have  not  seen  the  like  when  the  acorn  is  well  grown. 
—  From  Vermont  southward  along  the  upper  country.  A  small  tree. 

Var.  acuminata,  Michx.  (YELLOW  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  (Q.  Castanea, 
Muhl.  &  Ed.  2.)  Leaves  slender-petioled,  often  oblong  or  even  lanceolate,  usu- 
ally acute  or  pointed,  mostly  obtuse  or  roundish  at  the  base,  almost  equably  and 
rather  sharply  toothed;  cup  hemispherical,  thin,  of  small  appressed  scales,  5"- 
7"  broad;  acorn  7" -9"  long.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin: 
common  in  the  Middle  States.  — Leaves  more  like  those  of  Chestnut  than  any 
other ;  the  primary  veins  very  straight,  impressed  above,  prominent  beneath.  A 
middle-sized  tree. 


452  CUPULIFER^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Var.  htimilis,  Marsh.  (DWARF  CHESTNUT-  or  CHINQUAPIN-OAK.) 
(Q.  pumila,  Michx.  Q.  Prinus,  var.  Chincapin,  Michx.  /.,  A.  DC.  Q.  pri- 
noides,  Witid.  &  Ed.  2.)  Foliage  as  in  one  other  of  the  preceding  forms; 
acorns  and  cups  similar,  but  mostly  smaller  (abundant,  sessile  or  nearly  so) ; 
but  is  a  shrub,  only  2° -4°  high;  seemingly  therefore  a  distinct  species,  but 
no  good  character  is  found.  —  Poor  soil,  sandy  barrens,  &c.,  S.  New  England 
and  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

*  *  *  LIVE  OAKS.     Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire  or  rarefy  spiny-toothed. 

6.  Q.  virens,  Ait.      (LIVE  OAK.)     Leaves  small,  oblong  or  elliptical, 
hoary  beneath  as  well  as  the  branchlets ;  peduncle  usually  conspicuous,  1-3- 
fruited ;  cup  top-shaped  ;  acorn  oblong ;  cotyledons  completely  united  into  one 
mass.  —  Coast  of  Virginia  and  southward.     Farther  south  becoming  a  large 
tree :  timber  invaluable. 

§  2.  BIENNIAL-FRUITED  ;  i.  e.  acorns  perfected  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year, 
therefore  on  old  wood  below  the  leaves  of  the  season :  peduncles  short  and  thick  or 
none:  kernel  bitter;  the  abortive  ovules  at  the  apex  of  the  seed:  calyx  of  sterile 
flowers  2  -  5-parted :  stamens  3-5. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  or  somewhat  3-5-lobed  at  t%  summit,  coriaceous, 
inclined  to  be  persistent  southward,  but  none  of  them  really  evergreen  at  the  north, 
the  tips  or  lobes  commonly  bristle-pointed:  acorns  globular,  small,  at  most  only  6" 
long.  (Intermediate  forms,  in  certain  cases  probably  hybrids,  occur  between  all 
these  species  and  some  of  the  next  section.) 

H-  Leaves  not  dilated  upwards,  generally  entire :  acorn  globose. 

7.  Q.  cinferea,  Michx.     (UPLAND  WILLOW-OAK.)     Hoariness  and  shape 
of  the  leaves  as  in  No.  6,  but  commonly  more  lance-oblong  or  lanceolate,  and 
rather  more  downy  beneath,  and  the  shallow  cups  and  globular  acorns  as  in  the 
next.  —  Dry  pine-barrens,  from  E.  Virginia  southward. 

8.  Q.  Phf§llos,  L.     (WiLLOW-OAK.)     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  to 
both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  light  green  (3' -4'  long);  cup  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy 
low  woods,  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Tree 
30°  -  50°  high,  remarkable  for  the  willow-like  leaves. 

9.  Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.      (LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  OAK.)     Leaves  lan- 
ceolate-oblong, thickish,  smooth   and  shining  above,  downy  underneath,  the  down 
commonly  persistent ;  cup  between  saucer-shaped  and  top-shaped.  —  Barrens  and 
open  woodlands,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -50° 
high ;  the  wood  used  for  shingles  in  the  Western  States,  whence  the  specific 
name. 

-»-  •*-  Leaves  thick,  widening  or  often  much  dilated  upwards,  when  they  are  more  or  kss 
sinuate  or  somewhat  3  -  5-lobed:  acorns  globular-ovoid. 

10.  Q.  aquatica,  Catesby,     (WATER-OAK.)     Leaves  glabrous  and  shining, 
oboi-ate-spatulate  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  and  an  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed  summit,  varying  to  oblanceolate ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemi- 
spherical. —  Wet  grounds,  around  ponds,  &c.,  Maryland  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. —  Tree  30°  -40°  high ;  running  into  many  varieties,  especially  southward ; 
the  leaves  on  seedlings  and  strong  shoots  often  incised  or  sinuate-pmnatind ; 
then  mostly  bristle-pointed. 


CUPULIFER^E.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  453 

11.  Q.  nigra,  L.    (BLACK-JACK  or  BARREN  OAK.)    Leaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  but  sometimes  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  at  the  base,  widely  dilated 
and  somewhat  3-lobed  (rarely  5-lobed)  at  the  summit,  occasionally  with  one  or 
two  lateral  conspicuously  bristle-tipped  lobes  or  teeth,  rusty-pubescent  beneath, 
shining  above,  large  (4' -9'  long);   cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly;  acorn  short- 
ovoid.     (Q.  ferruginea,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  —  Tree  8°  -  25°  high. 

•»-  •»-•*-  Anomalous  or  occasional,  probably  some  or  all  of  them  hybrid  forms,  derived 
wholly  or  in  part  from  the  foregoing  species. 

Q.  TRIDENTATA,  Engelm.,  arranged  by  DC.  as  a  var.  of  Q.  nigra,  is 
just  intermediate  between  it  and  Q.  imbricaria.  —  Near  St.  Louis,  Engelniann. 

Q.  QUINQUELOBA,  Engelm.,  is  intermediate  between,  and  probably  de- 
rived from  Q.  nigra,  and  Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria.  —  St.  Louis,  Enyelmann. 

Q.  LEANA,  Nutt.  (LEA'S  OAK),  by  its  characters  and  by  the  foliage  of 
the  second  generation,  communicated  by  Mr.  David  Christy,  is  pretty  clearly  a 
hybrid  between  Q.  imbricaria  and  Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria.  —  S.  Ohio  and 
Illinois :  two  or  three  trees  known. 

Q.  HETEROPHY'LLA,  Michx.  (BARTRAM'S  OAK),  lately  rediscovered  in 
Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  by  T.  Meehan,  C.  E.  Smith,  &c.  —  has  laciniate  leaves 
like  those  of  vigorous  young  shoots  of  Q.  aquatica,  to  which  De  Candolle  refers 
it  as  a  variety.  It  is  as  likely  to  be  a  state  of  Q.  Phellos,  with  dilated  and 
toothed  or  cut  leaves. 
*  *  BLACK  and  RED  OAKS.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lobed,  and  slender-petioled,  not 

coriaceous,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  or  teeth  conspicuously  bristle-pointed. 

H-  Mature  leaves  soft-downy  beneath :  cup  saucer-shaped  with  a  somewhat  top-shaped 

base,  about  half  the  length  of  the  fully  developed  small  acorn. 

12.  Q.  ilicif61ia,  Wang.     (BEAR  or  BLACK  SCRUB-OAK.)     Dwarf  (3° - 
8°  high),  straggling  ;  leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  angularly  about  5-  (3  -  7-) 
lobed,  white-downy  beneath ;  acorn  ovoid,  globular,  5"  -  6"  long.  —  Sandy  barrens 
and  rocky  hills,  New  England  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky.    (Q.  Banisteri,  Michx.)  — 
Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thickish,  with  short  and  triangular  spreading  lobes. 

13.  Q.  f ale  ata,  Michx.     (SPANISH  OAK.)     Leaves  grayish-downy  or  fulvous 
underneath,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  3  -  5-lobed  above ;  the  lobes  prolonged, 
mostly  narrow  and  more  or  less  scythe-shaped,  especially  the  terminal  one,  entire  or 
sparingly  cut-toothed;  acorn  globose,  4" -5"  long.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  A  small  or  large  tree,  extremely  variable  in 
foliage;  bark  excellent  for  tanning.     (Q.  triloba,  Michx.,  seems  to  be  a  confu- 
sion of  this  and  Q.  nigra.) 

•*-  •»-  Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so ;  oval,  oblong  or  somewhat  obo- 
vate in  outline,  all  except  some  of  No.  14  varying  from  moderately  sinuate-pin- 
natifid  to  deeply  pinnatifid,  turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late 
autumn :  large  trees ;  the  wood  reddish,  coarse-grained.  (Apparently  these  species 
all  naturally  intercross. ) 

14.  Q.  coccinea,  Wang.    (SCARLET  OAK.)     Cup  top-shaped,  or  hemispher- 
ical with  a  conical  scaly  base  (7" -9"  broad),  coarsely  scaly,  covering  half  or  more 
of  the  broadly  or  globular-ovoid  acorn.  —Leaves  in  the  ordinary  forms,  at  least  on 


4:54  CUPULIFEI^E.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

full-grown  trees,  bright  green,  shining  above,  turning  red  in  autumn,  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  divergent  and  sparingly  cut-toothed;  acorns  6" -9"  long, 
the  kernel  and  the  scar  in  the  cup  whitish  or  yellowish  ;  bark  of  the  trunk  gray, 
the  interior  reddish.  —  Moist  or  dry  soil :  common. 

Var.  tinctbria.  (QUERCITRON,  YELLOW-BARKED,  or  BLACK  OAK.  (Q. 
tinctoria,  Bartram.)  Leaves,  especially  on  young  trees,  often  less  deeply  pinnat- 
ifid, sometimes  barely  sinuate,  more  membrauaceous,  commonly  retaining  some 
pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  turning  brownish,  orange,  or  dull  red  in  au- 
tumn ;  bark  of  trunk  darker-colored  and  rougher  on  the  surface,  thicker,  and 
internally  orange,  much  more  valuable  for  the  tanner  and  dyer;  cup  sometimes 
less  top-shaped,  rather  hemispherical  with  a  conical  base,  the  scar  inside  orange- 
colored,  the  kernel  yellowish.  But  the  shape  of  the  acorn-cup  and  the  charac- 
ter of  the  bark  do  not  always  coincide :  and  in  the  figure  of  the  younger  Mi- 
chaux,  and  in  one  of  the  two  by  the  elder,  the  cup  is  just  that  of  true  coccinea. 
The  foliage,  in  general,  approaches  that  of  Q.  rubra.  —  Rich  and  poor  soil. 

Var.  ambigua.  (GRAY  OAK.)  (Q.  ambigua,  or  borealis,  Michx.  f.) 
Found  along  our  northeastern  borders  to  Lake  Champlain  and  northward,  fig- 
ured and  briefly  characterized  as  with  the  foliage  of  Q.  rubra  and  the  fruit  of 
Q.  coccinea.  The  acorn  in  rising  more  out  of  the  cup,  also  approaches  the 
former.  The  Oak  of  Lake  Superior,  with  "  wood  better  than  that  of  Q.  rubra  " 
(Dr.  Bobbins)  has  cup  and  acorn  still  more  like  this  last. 

A  hybrid  Q.  COCCINEA-ILICIFOLIA  is  found  by  Dr.  Robbins  at  Northbridge, 
S.  Massachusetts. 

15.  Q.  r libra,  L.     (RED  OAK.)     Cup  saucer-shaped  or  flat,  with  a  narrow 
raised  border  (9"- 12"  in  diameter),  of  rather  fine  closely  appressed  scales,  sessile 
or  on  a  very  short  and  abrupt  narrow  stalk  or  neck,  very  much  shorter  than  the 
oblong-ovoid  or  ellipsoidal  acorn,  which  is  1'  or  less  in  length;  leaves  rather  thin, 
moderately  (rarely  very  deeply)  pinnatifid,  turning  dark  red  after  frost;  bark 
of  trunk  dark  gray,  smoothish.  —  Common  both  in  rich  and  poor  soil.  — Tim- 
ber coarse  and  poor.    In  Illinois  and  southward  occurs  a  form  with  a  deeper  cup, 
more  or  less  conical  at  base. 

Var.  runcinata,  Engelm.  Leaves  with  less  deep  and.  more  ascending 
lobes;  fruit  nearly  half  smaller;  acorn  7" -9"  long  by  6"  broad;  cup  with  a 
convex  or  obscurely  top-shaped  base :  approaches  the  next  therefore  in  fruit, 
but  not  in  foliage.  St.  Louis,  in  company  with  Q.  rubra,  palustris  and  imbri- 
caria ;  probably  a  hybrid. 

16.  Q.  paltistris,  Du  Roi.     (SWAMP  SPANISH,  or  PIN  OAK.)     Cupflnt- 
saucer-shaped,  sometimes  contracted  into  a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk ;  fine-scaled 
(5" -7" broad),  very  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid-globose  acorn,  which  is  5" -7" 
long ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  divergent  lobes  and  broad  rounded  sinuses. 
—  Low  grounds  :   rather  common.  —  A  middle-sized  tree  :   timber  accounted 
better  than  of  the  last. 

2.    CASTANEA,    Tourn.    CHESTNUT. 

^Sterile  flowers  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins : 
calyx  mostly  6-parted :  stamens  8-20:  filaments  slender:  anthers  2-celled. 


CUPULIFERuE.       (OAK   FAMILY.)  455 

Fertile  flowers  few,  usually  3  together  in  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre :  calyx 
with  a  6-16bed  border  crowning  the  3  -  7-celled  6  -  14-ovuled  ovary  :  abortive 
stamens  5  -  12  :  stigmas  bristle-shaped,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Nuts 
coriaceous,  ovoid,  enclosed  2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the  hard  and  thick 
very  prickly  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  plaited,  co- 
hering together,  remaining  underground  in  germination. — Leaves  strongly 
straight-veined.  Flowers  appearing  later  than  the  (undivided  straight-veined) 
leaves ;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  cream-color ;  the  fer- 
tile flowers  at  the  ba^e  of  the  upper  ones.  (The  classical  name,  from  that  of  a 
town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  V&sca,  L.    (CHESTNUT.)    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate  with 
coarse  pointed  teeth,  when  mature  smooth  and  yreen  both  sides ;  nuts  2  or  3  in 
each  involucre,  therefore  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides :  in  the  American  tree, 
var.  AMERICANA,  Michx.,  leaves  acute  at  the  base,  nuts  smaller  and  sweeter. — 
Rocky  or  hilly  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky  and  southwards,  espe- 
cially along  the  Alleghanies.    June,  July.  —  A  large  tree,  with  light  coarse- 
grained wood.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  pumila,  Michx.     (CHINQUAPIN.)     Leaves  oblong,  acute,  serrate  with 
pointed  teeth,  whitened- downy  underneath ;  nut  solitary,  not  flattened.  —  Sandy 
woods,  from. (Long  Island?)  S.  Penn.  and  Ohio,  southward,  where  it  abounds. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.     Involucres  small,  often  spiked  ;  the  ovoid 
pointed  nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  a  common  chestnut,  very  sweet. 

3.    FAGUS,     Tourn.        BEECH. 

Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous  scale-like 
bracts  :  calyx  bell-shaped,  5  -  7-cleft :  stamens  8  - 16  :  filaments  slender :  anthers 
2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  usually  in  pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  peduncle,  in- 
vested by  numerous  awl-shaped  bractlets,  the  inner  grown  together  at  their  bases 
to  form  the  4-lobed  involucre :  calyx-lobes  6,  awl-shaped  :  ovary  3-celled  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  3,  thread-like,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts 
sharply  3-sided,  usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft-prickly  coriaceous  involu- 
cre, which  divides  to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves.  Cotyledons  thick,  folded 
and  somewhat  united  ;  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  Trees,  with 
a  close  and  smooth  ash-gray  bark,  a  light  horizontal  spray,  and  undivided 
strongly  straight-veined  leaves,  which  are  open  and  convex  in  the  tapering  bud, 
and  plaited  on  the  veins.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  yellowish 
staminate  flowers  from  the  lower,  the  pistillate  from  the  upper  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  season.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  (f)dyo>,  to  eat,  in  allusion 
to  the  esculent  nuts.) 

1.  P.  ferruginea,  Ait.  (AMERICAN  BEECH.)  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed ;  petioles  and  midrib  soon 
nearly  naked ;  prickles  of  the  fruit  mostly  recurved  or  spreading.  (F.  ferru- 
ginea and  F.  sylvestris,  Michx.  f.}  —  Woods:  common,  especially  northward, 
and  along  the  Alleghanies  southward.  May.  —  Leaves  longer,  thinner,  and 
less  shining  than  in  the  European  Beech,  most  of  the  silky  hairs  usually  early 
deciduous ;  the  very  straight  veins  all  running  into  the  salient  teeth. 


456  CUPULIFER^:.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

4.    CORYLUS,    Tourn.        HAZEL-NUT.    FILBERT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins  consisting  of  8  (half-)  stamens 
with  1 -celled  anthers,  their  short  filaments  and  pair  of  scaly  bractlets  cohering 
more  or  less  with  the  inner  face  of  the  bract  or  scale  of  the  catkin.  Fertile 
flowers  several  in  a  scaly  bud  or  ovoid  catkin,  each  a  single  ovary  in  the  axil  of 
a  scale  or  bract,  and  accompanied  by  a  pair  of  lateral  bractlets ;  the  ovary 
tipped  with  a  short  limb  of  the  adherent  calyx,  incompletely  2-celled,  with  2 
pendulous  ovules,  one  of  them  sterile :  style  short :  stigmas  2,  elongated  and 
slender.  Nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  bony,  each  enclosed  in  a  leafy  or  partly  coria- 
ceous cup  or  involucre,  consisting  of  the  two  bractlets  enlarged  and  often  grown 
together,  lacerated  at  the  border.  Cotyledons  very  thick  (but  raised  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  in  germination),  edible;  the  short  radicle  included.  —  Shrubs  or 
small  trees,  with  thinnish  doubly-toothed  leaves,  folded  lengthwise  in  the  bud, 
flowering  in  early  spring :  sterile  catkins  single  or  fascicled  from  scaly  buds  of 
the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  fertile  terminating  early  leafy  shoots.  (The 
classical  name,  probably  from  Kopus,  a  helmet,  from  the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Walt.     (WiLD  HAZEL-NUT.)      Leaves  roundish-heart- 
shaped,  pointed;  involucre  open  above  down  to  the  globose  nut,  of  2  broad  foliaceous 
cut-toothed  almost  distinct  bracts,  their  base  coriaceous  and  downy,  or  with  glandular 
bristles  intermixed.  —  Thickets  :  common.  —  Twigs  and  petioles  often  glandular- 
bristly.     Nut  smaller  and  thicker-shelled  than  the  European  Hazel-nut. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.     (BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT.)    Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
somewhat  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  involucre  of  united  bracts,  much  prolonged  above  the 
ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  —  Common  northward  and 
along  the  Alleghanies.  —  Shrub  2° -5°  high,  with  slender  and  mostly  smooth 
branches. , 

5.    O  S T R  Y  A ,    Micheli.        HOP-HORNBEAM.    IRON- WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract :  filaments  short,  often  forked,  or  irregularly  united, 
bearing  1 -celled  (half-)  anthers  ;  their  tips  hairy.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  cat- 
kins ;  a  pair  under  each  deciduous  bract,  each  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  2- 
ovuled  ovary,  crowned  with  the  short  bearded  border  of  the  adherent  calyx, 
tipped  with  2  long-linear  stigmas,  and  enclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  in 
fruit  becomes  a  closed  bladdery  oblong  bag,  very  much  larger  than  the  small 
and  smooth  nut ;  these  inflated  involucres  loosely  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of 
strobile,  in  appearance  like  that  of  the  Hop.  —  Slender  trees,  with  very  hard 
wood,  brownish  furrowed  bark,  and  foliage  resembling  that  of  Birch :  leaves 
open  and  concave  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  plaited  on  the  straight  veins.  Flow- 
ers in  spring,  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  the  sterile  catkins  1-3  together  from 
scaly  buds  at  the  tip  of  the  branches  of  the  preceding  year ;  the  fertile  single, 
terminating  short  leafy  shoots  of  the  season.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  Willd.  (AMERICAN  HOP-HORNBEAM.  LEVER-WOOD.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  doubly  serrate,  downy  beneath, 
with  11 -15  principal  veins;  buds  acute;  involucral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the 
base. — Rich  woods:  common.  Hop-like  fruit  full  grown  in  Aug. 


MYRICACEJE.       (SWEET-GALE    FAMILY.)     '  457 

6.    CARPINUS,    L.        HORNBEAM.    IRON-WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  and  entire  scale-like  bract :  filaments  very  short,  mostly 
2-forked,  the  forks  bearing  1-celled  (half-)  anthers  with  hairy  tips.  Fertile  flow- 
ers several,  spiked  in  a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts, 
each  subtending  a  pair  of  flowers,  as  in  Ostrya ;  but  the  involucre-like  bractlets 
are  open,  enlarged  in  fruiting  and  foliaceous,  merely  subtending  the  small  ovate 
several-nerved  nut.  —  Trees,  or  tall  shrubs,  with  a  smooth  and  close  gray  bark, 
in  this  and  in  the  slender  buds  and  straight-veined  leaves  resembling  the  Beech ; 
the  leaf-buds  and  the  inflorescence  as  in  Ostrya,  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  HORNBEAM.  BLUE  or  WATER 
BEECH.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  soon  nearly 
smooth ;  bractlets  3-lobed,  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side, 
acute. — Along  streams:  common.  —  Tree  or  shrub  10°  -  20°  high,  with  a 
ridged  trunk,  and  very  hard  whitish  wood ;  also  called  IRON-WOOD. 

ORDER  103.    JMYRICACE^E.     (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  short  scaly 
catkins,  and  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  leaves,  —  differing  from  the 
Birch  Family  chiefly  by  the  1-celled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  orthotropous 
ovule,  and  the  drupe-like  nut.  Involucre  none.  —  Consists  chiefly  of  the 
typical  genus,  from  which  our  Sweet-Fern  is  not  sufficiently  distinct. 

1.    MY  RICA,    L.        BAYBERRY.    WAX-MYRTLE. 

Flowers  chiefly  dioecious :  the  sterile  in  oblong  or  cylindrical,  the  fertile  in 
ovoid  catkins,  from  axillary  scaly  buds ;  both  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla, 
solitary  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bractlets.  Stamens  2  -  8 : 
filaments  somewhat  united  below :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  2-4  scales 
at  its  base,  and  2  thread-like  stigmas.  Fruit  a  small  globular  nut,  or  dry  drupe, 
coated  with  resinous  grains  or  wax.  (MvpiKrj,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Tama- 
risk or  some  other  shrub  ;  perhaps  from  /zupt£<o,  to  perfume.) 

1.  M.  Gale,  L.     (SWEET  GALE.)     Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate  towards 
the  apex;  pale,  later  than  the  flowers;  sterile  catkins  closely  clustered;  nuts  in  im- 
bricated heads,  2-winged  by  the  two  thick  ovate  scales  which  coalesce  with  its 
base.  —  Wet  borders  of  ponds,  New  England  to  Virginia  in  the  mountains, 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.   April.  —  Shrub  3°  -  5°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  cerifera,  L.     (BAYBERRT.     WAX-MYRTLE.)    Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  towards  the  apex,  shining  and 
resinous-dotted  both  sides,  somewhat  preceding  the  flowers ;  sterile  catkins .  scattered, 
oblong ;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  nuts  scattered  and  naked,  bony,  and 
incrusted  with  white  wax.  —  Sandy  soil  on  and  near  the  sea-shore  :   also  on 
Lake  Erie.     May.  —  Sftrub  3°  -  8°  high,  with  fragrant  leaves  :  the  catkins  ses- 
sile along  the  last  year's  branches ;  the  fruits  sometimes  persistent  for  2  or  3 
years. 


458  BETULACE^E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

2.    COMPTONIA,    Solander.        SWEET-FERN. 

Flowers  frequently  monoecious ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  with  kidney- 
heart-shaped  pointed  scale-like  bracts,  and  3-6  stamens  ;  the  fertile  in  globular 
catkins,  bur-like :  ovary  surrounded  by  8  long  linear-awl-shaped  scales,  persistent 
around  the  ovoid-oblong  smooth  nut :  otherwise  as  in  Myrica.  —  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  many  rounded  lobes,  thin,  appearing  rather  later  than 
the  flowers.  Stipules  half  heart-shaped.  (Named  after  Henry  Compton,  Bishop 
of  London  a  century  ago,  a  cultivator  and  patron  of  botany.) 

1.  C.  asplenifdlia,  Ait.  (Myrica  Comptonia,  C.  DC.)  —  Sterile  hills, 
New  England  to  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  April,  May.  —  Shrub 
l°-2°  high,  with  sweet-scented  fern-like  leaves. 

ORDER  104.    BETUlACEJG.     (BIRCH  FAMILY.) 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  mostly  straight-veined 
leaves,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  under  each  bract,  and 
no  involucre  to  the  naked  l-celled  and  1-seeded  often  winged  small  nut, 
which  results  from  a  2-celled  and  2-oi'uled  ovary.  Stipules  often  early 
deciduous.  Stigmas  2,  thread-like.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended:  no 
albumen.  Cotyledons  flattish,  oblong,  foliaceous  in  germination.  —  Com- 
prises the  two  genera,  Birch  and  Alder. 

1.     BE  TULA,     Tourn.        BIRCH. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  bract  of 
the  catkins,  consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  4  short  filaments 
with  l-celled  anthers,  or  strictly  of  2  two-parted  filaments,  each  division  bear- 
ing an  anther-cell.  Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  under  each  3-lobed  bract,  without 
bractlets  or  calyx,  each  of  a  naked  ovary,  becoming  a  broadly  winged  and  scale- 
like  nutlet  or  small  samara  crowned  with  the  two  spreading  stigmas.  —  Outer 
bark  usually  separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Twigs  and 
leaves  often  spicy-aromatic.  Foliage  mostly  thin  and  light.  Buds  sessile, 
scaly.  Sterile  catkins  long  and  drooping,  terminal  and  lateral,  formed  in  sum- 
mer, remaining  naked  through  the  succeeding  winter,  and  expanding  their 
golden  flowers  in  early  spring,  with  or  preceding  the  leaves  :  fertile  catkins  ob- 
long or  cylindrical,  usually  terminating  very  short  2-leaved  early  lateral  branches 
of  the  season.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Trees,  with  brown  or  yellow-gray  bark  on  the  trunk,  sweet-aromatic  as  well  as  the 
twigs,  membranaceous  and  straight-veined  Hornbeam-like  leaves  with  a  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded  base,  on  short  petioles,  and  sessile  very  thick  fruiting  catkins : 
their  about  equally  3-clefl  scales  rather  persistent :  wing  of  fruit  on  each  side  not 
broader  than  the  seed-bearing  body. 

1.  B.  lenta,  L.  (  CHERRY -B.  SWEET  or  BLACK  »BIRCH.)  Bark  of  trunk 
dark  brown,  close  (outer  layers  scarcely  laminate),  very  sweet-aromatic;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate  from  a  more  or  less  heart-shaped  base,  acuminate,  sharply 


BETULACE2E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.)  459 

and  finely  doubly  serrate  all  round,  when  mature  shining  or  bright  green  above 
and  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-cylindrical 
(!'-  U'  long),  the  scales  with  short  and  divergent  lobes.  (B.  carpinifolia,  Ehrh., 
Michx. )  —  Moist  woods,  &c. :  common  northward  from  New  England  to  Illinois, 
and  along  the  Alleghany  region  southward.  —  Rather  large  tree,  reddish-bronze- 
colored  on  the  spray,  much  as  in  the  Garden  Cherry  :  timber  rose-colored,  fine- 
grained, valuable  for  cabinet-work. 

2.  B.  Itltea,  Michx.  f.     (YELLOW  or  GRAY  BIRCH.)     Bark  of  trunk  yel- 
lowish- or  silvery -gray,  detaching  in  very  thin  filmy  layers,  within  and  the  twigs 
much  less  aromatic ;  leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  heart-shaped  and  often  nar- 
rowish  towards  the  base,  duller-green  above  and  usually  more  downy  on  the 
veins  beneath;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-ovoid  (!'  or  less  in  length,  6" -9"  thick), 
the  thinner  scales  (5" -6''  long)  twice  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  and  with  narrower 
barely  spreading  lobes.      (B.  excelsa,  Amer.  authors,  but  not  of  Ait.,  Regel,  &c. 
The  latter  unaccountably  fails  to  distinguish  the  present  from  the  preceding 
species. )  —  Moist  woods,  New  England  to  L.  Superior  and  northward.  —  Wood 
whiter  and  less  valuable :  tree  not  higher  than  No.  1.    Leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

*  *  Trees,  with  chalky-white  bark  of  the  trunk  separable  in  thin  sheets,  ovate  or  tri- 

angular leaves  of  firmer  texture,  on  long  and  slender  petioles :  fruiting  catkins 
cylindrical,  usually  hanging  on  rather  slender  peduncles ;  their  scales  glabrous, 
with  short  diverging  lobes,  separating  freely  from  the  axis :  wing  of  the  fruit 
much  broader  than  its  body. 

3.  B.  alba,  var.   populifblia,    Spach.      (AMERICAN  WHITE   BIRCH.) 
Leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad 
base,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  except  the  resinous  glands  when  young.     (B. 
populifolia,  Ait.)  —  Common  on  poor  soils,  Penn.  to  Maine,  near  the  coast.  — 
A  small  and  slender  graceful  tree  (15° -25°  high),  with  bark  much  less  separa- 
ble into  sheets  than  the  next ;  the  mostly  very  long-pointed  leaves  on  petioles 
of  fully  half  their  length,  tremulous  as  those  of  an  Aspen.     (Eu.) 

4.  B.  papyracea,  Ait.     (PAPER  or  CANOE  BIRCH.)    Leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  heart-shaped  or  abrupt  (or  rarely  wedge-shaped)  at  the  base,  smooth 
above,  dull  underneath.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  almost 
entirely  northward,  and  extending  far  northwest.  —  A  large  tree,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  and  very  tough  durable   bark   splitting  freely  into  paper-like 
layers.    Leaves  dark-green  above,  pale,  glandular-dotted,  and  a  little  hairy  on 
the  veins  underneath,  sharply  and  unequally  doubly  serrate,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  petiole.  — Var.  MINOR,  Tuckermah,  in  the  alpine  region  of  White 
Mountains,  is  a  dwarf  form,  approaching  the  var.  occidentalis  of  N.  W.  Amer. 
and  B.  Davurica.     In  this  country  no  transitions  are  seen  between  our  White 
and  the  Paper  Birch.    (The  original  B.  excelsa,  Ait.,  and  of  Regel,  seems  likely 
to  belong  here,  or  to  have  been  mixed  up  with  the  next.) 

#  *  *  Tree,  with  greenish-brown  bark,  Somewhat  laminate,  and  reddish  twigs,  ovate 

leaves  whitish  beneath,  and  soft-downy  peduncled  fruiting  catkins. 

5.  B.  nigra,  L.     (RIVER  or  RED  BIRCH.)     Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acut- 
ish  at  both  ends,  irregularly  doubly  serrate,  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  un- 
derneath; petioles  and  peduncle  of  nearly  the  same  length  (3" -7")  and  with 


460  BETULACE^E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

the  oblong  catkin  tomcntose ;  the  bracts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes ; 
fruit  broadly  winged.     (B.  rubra,  Michx.f.)  — Low  river-banks,  E.  Massachu- 
setts to  Illinois  and  southward.—  A  rather  large  tree,  with  light-colored  wood, 
and  somewhat  Alder-like  leaves. 
*  *  *  *  Shrubs,  with  brownish  bark,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  crenate  and  mostly 

small  leaves  of  thickish  or  coriaceous  texture,  and  oblong  or  cylindrical  glabrous 

and  mostly  erect  catkins,  on  short  peduncles. 

6.  B.  piimila,  L.     (Low  BIRCH.)     Stems  (2° -8°  high)  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, not  glandular ;  young  branches  and  lower  face  of  young  leaves  mostly  soft- 
downy;  leaves  obovate,  roundish,  or  orbicular  (6"  -  W  long) ,  pale  beneath,  veinlets 
on  both  faces  finely  reticulated ;  wing  of  the  fruit  mostly  narrower  than  the  body.  — 
Bogs,  Conn.  (Canaan,  W.  H.  Leggett)  to  N.  Jersey  and  northward.  —  Leaves  in 
one  form  resiniferous  .or  glandular-dotted,  usually  not  at  all  so.  —  B.  GRAYII, 
Regel,  recently  characterized  on  specimens  of  a  shrub  introduced  from  Central 
Ohio  into  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden,  since  lost,  appears  to  be  only  a  marked 
variety  or  luxuriant  form  of  the  present  species,  with  shoots  and  young  leaves 
beneath  more  tomentose,  and  wings  of  fruit  (which  are  as  wide  as  body  in  one 
Michigan  specimen  of  B.  pumila)  here  almost  twice  as  wide! 

7.  B.  glandulosa,  Michx.      (DWARF  BIRCH.)      Stems  erect  or  mostly 
spreading  ( 1°  -  4°  high),  or  when  alpine  procumbent ;  branchlets  glabrous,  conspic- 
uously dotted  with  resinous  wart-like  glands;  leaves  roundish  wedge-obovate  or 
sometimes  orbicular  (6" -9"  long),  green  both  sides,  less  reticulated;  fruiting 
Catkins  mostly  shorter  and  oblong  or  oval ;  wing  of  the  fruit  narrower  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  body.     (B.  nana,  Ed.  2,  not  of  L.     A  round-leaved 
alpine  form  is  B.  rotundifolia,  Spach.,  and  B.  Littelliana,  Tuckerman.) — High 
mountains,  Northern  New  England  and  New  York,  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  northward.  —  The  resinous-glandular  branches  chiefly  distinguish  some  of 
the  larger  forms  from  B.  pumila,  and  the  small  alpine  ones  from  B.  nana,  L. 
of  Europe :  probably  they  run  together. 

2.    ALNUS,    Toura.        ALDER. 

Sterile  catkins  elongated  and  drooping,  with  4  or  5  bractlets  and  3  (rarely  6) 
flowers  under  each  short-stalked  shield-shaped  scale ;  each  flower  usually  with 
a  3  -  5-parted  calyx  and  as  many  stamens  :  filaments  short  and  simple :  anthers 
2-celled.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid  or  oblong ;  the  fleshy  scales  each  2  -  3-flowered, 
with  a  calyx  of  four  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  catkin, 
which  are  thick  and  woody  in  fruit,  wedge-obovate,  truncate,  or  3  -  5-lobed,  and 
persistent.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  few-scaled  leaf-buds,  and  solitary  or 
often  racemose-clustered  catkins,  terminating  leafless  branchlets  or  peduncles. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

§  1.  Flowers  developed  in  spring  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  from  catkins  which  have 
remained  naked  over  winter  ,•  while  the  fertile  have  been  enclosed  in  a  scaly  bud: 
fruit  with  a  conspicuous  thin  wing,  as  in  Birch. 

1.  A.  viridis,  DC.  (GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  ALDER.)  Leaves  round- 
oval,  ovate,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  softly  downy 
underneath,  serrate  with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  461 

cut- toothed  ;  fertile  catkins  slender-stalked,  clustered,  ovoid.  (A.  undulata, 
Willd.  Betula  crispa,  Michx.)  —  On  mountains  and  along  streams  descending 
from  them,  N.  New  England  and  New  York,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  north- 
ward. Also  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high.  (Eu.) 

§  2.   Flowers  developed  in  earliest  spring,  before  the  leaves,  from   mostly  clustered 
catkins  which  (of  both  sorts)  were  formed  the  foregoing  summer  and  have  remained 
naked  over  winter ;  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow  coriaceous  margin. 
2    A.  incana,  Willd.     (SPECKLED  or  HOARY  A.)     Leaves  broadly  oval  or 
ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely  toothed,  whitened  and 
mostly  downy  underneath ;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate  ;  fruit  orbicular.  (A.  glauca, 
Michx.)  —  Shrub  or  small  tree  8° -20°  high,  forming  thickets  along  streams  : 
the  common  Alder  northward.  —  Var.  GLAtiCA  has  the  leaves  pale,  but  when 
old  quite  smooth,  beneath.     (Eu.) 

3.  A.  serrulata,  Ait.      (SMOOTH  A.)      Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  thickish,  green  both  sides,  smooth*  or  often 
downy  beneath  ;  stipules  oval ;  fruit  ovate.  —  Shrub  6°  - 1 2°  high  :  the  com- 
mon Alder  from'S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

§  3.   Flowers  in  autumn  (Sept.)  from  catkins  of  the  season  ;  the  fertile  mostly  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  ripening  the  fruit  a  year  later:  fruit  wingless. 

4.  A.  maritima,  Muhl.,  Nutt.  Sylv.  t.  10.     (SEA-SIDE  A.)     Glabrous; 
leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  obovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  slender-petioled, 
sharply  serrulate,  bright  green,  or  rather  rusty  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  large, 
ovoid  or  oblong  (9" -12"  long,  6"  thick).     (A.  oblongata,  Regel,  not  of  Willd. 
A.  Japdnica,  Siebold  $-  Zuccarini,  according  to  Regel.) — Along  streams,  Dela- 
ware and  E.  Maryland,  Dr.  Pickering,  W.  M.  Canby,  &c.  Also,  what  is  thought 
to  be  the  same  species  in  Japan !  —  Tree  20°  high. 

ORDER  105.    SALJCACE2E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.)* 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  one  under 
each  bratf,  entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes  (unless  one  or  two  gland-like 
bodies  represent  the  calyx)  ;  the  fruit  a  l-celled  and  2-valved  pod,  with  2 
parietal  or  basal  placentae,  bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  a  long 
silky  down.  —  Style  short  or  none :  stigmas  2,  often  2-lobed.  Seeds  as- 
cending, anatropous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened.  —  Leaves 
alternate,  undivided,  with  scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf-like  and 
persistent,  stipules.  Wood  soft  and  light :  bark  bitter. 

1.     SAIiIX,    Tourn.        WILLOW.    OSIER. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  entire.  Sterile  flowers  of  3  - 10,  mostly  2, 
distinct  or  united  stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers 
also  with  a  small  flat  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side  :  stig- 

*  This  order  was  elaborated  for  the  first  edition  by  JOHN  CARET,  Esq. ;  whose  account  is 
essentially  preserved,  pending  the  publication  of  Professor  Andersson's  monograph  in  the 
forthcoming  volume  of  DeCandolle's  Prodromus. 


462  SALICACE^:.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

mas  short.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  generally  growing  along  streams,  with  terete  and 
lithe  branches.  Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandularly  toothed. 
Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  adherent  membrane  (separating 
in  §  2).  Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name, 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  Us,  water.) 
§  1 .  Catkins  lateral  and  sessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April  or  May :  stamens 
2  :  scales  dark  red  or  brown  becoming  black,  more  or  less  hairy,  persistent. 

*  Ovary  stalked,  downy,  hairy,  or  woolly. 

•»-  Catkins  ovoid  or  cylindrical :. leaves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy-toothed,  hairy  or  woolly, 
with  prominent  veins  and  more  or  less  revolute  margins.     Shrubs. 

1.  S.  Candida,  Willd.     (HOARY  WILLOW.)    Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  the  upper  surface  and  young  branches  covered 
with  a  thin  web-like  wool  more  white  and  dense  beneath ;  stipule.-:  small,  lanceolate, 
toothed,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles ;  catkins  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;  the 
fertile  l£'-  2'  long  at  maturity;  ovary  densely  woolly;  style  distinct;  stigmas 
2-cleft;   scales  oblong,  obtuse.     (S.  incana,  Michx.,  not  of  Schrank.)  —  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  northward  ;  in  bogs.  —  Stems  2°  -  5° 
high  :  reddish  twigs  smooth  and  shining  at  maturity.     The  whole  shrub  very 
white  in  exposed  situations,  greener  in  shade. 

2.  S.  tristis,  Ait.     (DWARF  GRAY  W.)    Leaves  almost  sessile,  wedge-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  grayish-woolly  on  both  sides,  the  upper  side 
becoming  nearly  smooth  at  maturity ;  stipules  minute,  hairy,  very  early  deciduous ; 
catkins  small  and  vei-y  short,  globular  when  young,  loosely  Jlowered ;  ovary  with  a  long 
tapering  beak,  clothed  with  silvery  hairs ;  style  short ;  stigmas  2-lobed.  —  Bogs  : 
common.  —  Shrub  l°-l£°  high,  much  branched:  leaves  thick,  l£'  long.    Stip- 
ules seldom  seen,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  gland.  —  Var.  MICROPHYLLA  has  very 
small  and  rigid  contorted  leaves. 

3.  S.  htimilis,  Marshall.     (PRAIRIE  W.)     Leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or 
obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point,  slightly  downy  above, 
more  thickly  so  or  sometimes  grayish-woolly  beneath ;  stipules  small,  semi-ovate 
and  entire,  or  larger  and  lunate  with  2-4  teeth,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  catkins 
ovoid  or  oblong,  small,  often  recurved  ;  ovary  hairy  ;  style  distinct ;  stigmas  2- 
cleft.     (S.  Muhlenbergiana,  Barratt.    S.  comfera,  MM.) — Dry  plains  and  bar- 
rens :  common.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high,  varying  much  ;  the  small  forms  some- 
times scarcely  distinguishable, from  No.  2;    but  leaves  longer,  thinner,  and 
generally  stipulate  :  the  larger  forms,  with  leaves  3' -5' long  and  5'-  1'  broad, 
resemble  those  of  the  next  species,  but  retain  more  or  less  down  beneath  at 
maturity.  —  The  species  of  this  and  the  following  section  often  bear  cones  on 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  formed  of  closely  imbricated  leaves,  probably  occa- 
sioned by  the  puncture  of  insects. 

-»-  -*-  Catkins  cylindrical,  large,  clothed  with  very  long  glossy  hairs :  leaves  more  or 
less  serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath  and  at  length  smooth. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

4.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.     ( GLAUCOUS  W.)    Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, or  oblong,  acute,  irregularly  toothed  on  the  sides ,  entire  at  the  base  and 
apex;  stipules  lunate,  toothed;   catkins  erect;   scales  very  hairy,  oblanceolate ; 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  463 

ovary  densely  silky.  — Low  meadows  and  river-banks  :  common.  — A  large  shrub 
or  small  tree,  8°  - 1 5°  high.  Young  leaves  commonly  obtuse  and  pubescent, 
at  length  becoming  smooth  and  whitish-glaucous  beneath.  Stipules  on  vigor- 
ous shoots  equalling  the  petiole,  often  inconspicuous.  Young  catkins  1  £'  long, 
glossy,  blackish  with  the  conspicuous  scales,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2|-'. —  S.  eri- 
ocephala,  Michx..  admitted  in  former  editions,  is  of  this  species. 

*  *  Ovary  stalked,  silky-hoary  and  shining :  catkins  with  a  few  small  leaf-like  bracts 

at  their  base:  leaves  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  silky-gray  or  glaucous  beneath, 
drying  dark :  stipules  varying  from  linear  to  semilunar,  toothed,  very  deciduous. 
Shrubs,  3° -10°  high. 

5.  S.  sericea,  Marshall.     (  SILKY  W.)   Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  downy 
above,  grayish  underneath  with  short  silky  hairs ;  sterile  catkins  small,  globular ; 
the  fertile  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;  scales  obtuse,  round-obovate,  as  long  as  the 
stalk  of  the  densely-silky  ovoid  ovary  ;  stigma  sessile.     (S.  grisea,  Willd.)  —  Sandy 
river-banks  :  common.     Fertile  catkins,  at  length  1'  long;  the  pods  not  spread- 
ing or  elongating  in  fruit,  thus  appearing  sessile. 

6.  S.  petiolaris,  Smith.     (PETIOLED  W.)     Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
smooth  above,  slightly  silky  beneath  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  fer- 
tile catkins  ovoid-cylindrical ;  scales  acute,  very  hairy,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  stalk 
of  the  silky  tapering  ovary ;  style  distinct;  stigma  2-cleft.     (S.  rosmarinifolia,  and 
S.  fuscata,  Pursh.  ?)  —  Same  situations  as  the  last,  which  this  resembles ;  but 
the  mature  leaves  are  not  silky  beneath,  nor  so  blackish  in  drying  ;  the  scales 
not  so  dark,  and  clothed  with  longer  white  hair ;  fertile  catkins  shorter  and 
broader ;  the  pods  spreading  and  showing  the  stalks. 

*  *  *  Ovary  sessile  or  almost  so :  downy :  catkins  bracted  at  the  base.     Small  trees. 

•*-  Filaments  and  often  the  reddish  anthers  united;  so  as  to  appear  as  one. 

7.  S.  PURptJREA,  L.    (PURPLE  W.)    Leaves  oblanceolate,  pointed,  smooth, 
minutely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  catkins  cylindrical ;  scales  round  and  concave, 
very  black ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile ;  ovary  sessile.     (S.  Lambertiana,  Pursh.)  — 
Low  grounds.  —  Twigs  olive-colored  or  reddish.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H—  •*-  Filaments  separate. 

8.  S.  VIMINALIS,  L.    (BASKET  OSIER.)    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long, 
(3' -6'),  taper-pointed,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  lustrous  white  and  satiny  be- 
neath ;  sterile  catkins  oblong,  the  fertile  cylindrical,  silky-hairy ;  style  elongated ; 
stigmas  linear,  mostly  entire. — Wet  meadows.  —  Considered  the  best  species 
for  basket-work.  —  S.  Smithiana,  Willd.  (thought  to  be  a  hybrid  of  this  with 
some  other  species),  differing  principally  in  the  somewhat  broader  leaves,  is 
also  occasionally  met  with.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Catkins  lateral,  with  4-5  leajy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves  in  May  or  June :  inner  membrane  of  the  scales  of  flowering  buds  separating 

from  the  cartilaginous  exterior,  sometimes  raised  on  the  apex  of  the  bursting  cat- 
kins :  ovary  slender-stalked,  smooth  (under  a  lens  granular,  with  occasionally  a 

few  short  hairs  at  the  base)  :  stamens  2  :  scales  dark  or  black,  hairy,  persistent. 

9.  S.  COrdata,  Muhl.     (HEART-LEAVED  W.)     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  heart-shaped,  truncate,  or  even  acute  at  base,  taper-pointed,  sharply 


464  SALiCACE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

toothed,  smooth,  paler  and  with  veinlets  reticulated  beneath ;  stipules  kidney- 
shaped  or  ovate,  toothed,  often  large  and  conspicuous,  of  the  length  of  the 
(when  young  downy)  petiole,  or  sometimes  small  and  almost  entire;  catkins 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy  at  base,  cylindrical,  the  fertile  elongating  in 
fruit;  ovary  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  summit.  —  Var.  RfoiDA  has  the  leaves 
large  and  rigid,  with  coarser  teeth,  of  which  the  lowest  are  somewhat  elongated. 
(S.  rigida,  Muhl.  S.  Torreyana,  Barratt,  which  has  leaves  of  a  deeper  green 
beneath,  appears  to  belong  here.)  —  Var.  MYRICO^DES  has  narrower  leaves, 
neither  .heart-shaped  nor  truncate  at  the  base.  (S.  myricoides,  Muhl.) — Var. 
ANGUSTATA  has  lanceolate  tapering  finely  serrate  leaves,  acute  at  the  base,  and 
a  more  slender  style.  (S.  angustata,  Pursh,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Low  or  inundated 
places :  common.  —  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  leaves  2^'  -  6'  long. 
§  3.  Catkins  lateral,  with  a  Jew  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in 
May  or  June :  ovary  stalked,  silky-hoary  :  stamens  2  :  scales  persistent. 

10.  S.  livida,  Wahl.,  var.  OCCidentalis.      (LiviD  W.)     Leaves  oblong 
or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed,  downy  above,  prominently  veiny, 
softly  hairy  and  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  semilunar,  toothed  ;  catkins  cylindrical, 
the  fertile  becoming  loose  in  fruit ;  ovary  almost  linear ;  style  scarcely  any ; 
pods  slender,  tapering  from  near  the  base,  their  very  slender  stalk  longer  than  the  nar- 
row scale.     (S.  rostrata,  Richardson,  &  Ed.  2.     S.  vagans,  cinerascens,  var.  occi- 
dentalis,  Anders.)  — Moist  or  dry  ground,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and 
northward  :  common.  —  Shrub  3°  - 15°  high.    A  transformation  of  the  anthers 
into  imperfect  ovaries  is  frequently  observable  in  this  species. 

11.  S.  chloroph^lla,  Anders.     (GREEN  W.)     Glabrous,  except  the  cat- 
kins ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish  at 
both  ends  (1;- 2' long),  shining  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath;  fertile  cat- 
kins dense,  short-cylindrical ;  ovary  ovoid-conical ;  pod  silky,  very  short-stalked ; 
style  slender ;  scale  dark-colored,  villous.     (S.  phylicifolia,  Ed.  2,  not  of  L.)  — 
Moist  ravines,  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire 
(Oakes,  Tuckerman),  and  northward.  —  A  low  spreading  shrub,  with  leaves  of  a 
coriaceous  texture  when  old. 

§  4.  Catkins  peduncled  (long  and  loose),  borne  on  the  summit  of  lateral  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  May  and  June :  scales  greenish-yellow,  more  or  less 
hairy,  falling  before  the  pods  are  ripe :  filaments  hairy  below.  Shrubs  and  trees, 
with  the  branches  very  brittle  at  the  base. 

#  Stamens  3  —  6  or  sometimes  more :  ovary  stalked,  glabrous. 

12.  S.  lucida,   Muhl.      (SHINING   W.)      Leaves  ovate-oblong  or   lanceolate 
and  narrow,  usually  with  a  long  tapering  point,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides, 
serrate ;  stipules  oblong  and  toothed ;  stamens  commonly  5,  rarely  7-10;  pods 
tapering. — Along  streams:  rather  common. — A  beautiful  species,  sometimes 
flowering  at  the  height  of  3°,  sometimes  becoming  a  small  bushy  tree  of  12°- 
15°.     Probably  the  same  as  S.  pentandra,  L.,  of  Eu. 

13.  S.    nigra,  Marsh.     (BLACK  W.)     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed 
and  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate,  smooth  (except  on  the  petioles  and  midrib) 
and  green  on  both  sides  ;  stipules  small,  deciduous  ;  scales  short  and  rounded, 
woolly ;  glands  large,  of  the  sterile  flowers  cleft,  of  the  sterile  kidney-shaped  ; 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  465 

stamens  3-6;  pods  mostly  short-ovate.  (S.  ambigua,  Pursh.) — Yar.  FALCATA 
has  the  leaves  elongated,  scythe-shaped,  and  the  stipules  large,  broadly  lunate,  re- 
flexed.  (S.  falcata,  Pursh.  S.  Purshiana,  Spreng.  S.  ligustrina,  Michx.f.) — 
Tree  15°-  25°  high,  with  a  rough  black  bark :  frequent  along  streams,  especially 
southward. 

*  *  Stamens  mostly  2  :  ovary  very  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  glabrous. 

14.  S.   FRAGILIS,  L.     (BRITTLE  W.)    Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath  (slightly  silky  when  young),  serrate  with  inflexed  teeth  ;  stipules 
half-heart-shaped;    pods  tapering-conical.  —  Var.  DEcfpiENS  has  dark  brown 
buds,  and  the  lowest  leaves  on  the  branches  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse. 
(S.  decipiens,  Hojfm.)  —  Var.  RUSSELLIANA  has  the  leaves  long  and  bright, 
strongly  and  very  sharply  serrate ;   the  younger  ones  and  upper  branches  of 
the  annual   shoots   silky-downy   towards   autumn ;    stipules   large  and  taper- 
pointed.     (S.  Rnsselliana,  Smith.)  — Var.  V£RIDIS,  has  long  and  acute  flexuous 
erect  catkins,  tough  pendulous  branchlets,  and  firmer  bright-green  leaves.  .(S. 
viridis,  Fries.) — A  tall  and  handsome  tree,  with  smooth  polished  branches; 
cultivated  for  basket-work.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  S.  ALBA,  L.      (WHITE  W.)      Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
pointed,  toothed,  clothed  more  or  less  with  white  and  silky  hairs,  especially  beneath  ; 
stipules  lanceolate  ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  thick  and  recurved.  —  Var.  VITELLINA 
has  yellow  branches  ;  leaves  shorter  and  broader.    (S.  vitellina,  Smith  fr  Borrer.) 
—  Var.  c^ERtiLEA  has  the  leaves  nearly  smooth  at  maturity,  greenish  or  brown- 
ish, and  greatly  resembles  the  preceding  species.     (S.  cserulea,  Smith.)  —  A 
familiar  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  50°  -  80°.   (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  S.  BABYLONICA,  Tourn.  (WEEPING  WILLOW),  belongs  to  this  section, 
and  is  planted  for  ornament.     Only  the  fertile  plant  is  known  in  the  United 
States.  —  There  is  also  a  remarkable  form  of  it  with  curled  or  annular  leaves 
(S.  annularis,  Forbes),  well  known  in  gardens  as  the  RING-LEAVED  or  HOOP 
WILLOW. 

*  *  *  Stamens  2 :  ovary  stalked,  mostly  silky  or  downy ;  the  scale  narrow. 

17.  S.  longifblia,  Muhl.     (LONG-LEAVED  W.)    Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
very  long,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  remotely  denticulate  with  pro- 
jecting teeth,  clothed  with  gray  hairs  when  young ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate, 
toothed ;  gland  long,  in  the  sterile  flowers  sometimes  deeply  2  -  3-cleft ;  in  the 
fertile  longer  than  the  short  stalk  of  the  ovary ;  stigmas  very  large,  sessile.  — 
River-banks,  rooting  extensively  in  sand  or  gravel :  common,  especially  west- 
ward.    Varying  greatly,  2°  -  20°  high. 

§  5.  Catkins  pedunded,  borne  on  the  lateral  (or  sometimes  the  terminal)  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  June :  stipules  deciduous  or  none :  scales  persistent.  — 
Small  shrubs,  mostly  with  underground  spreading  stems,  sending  up  short  erect  or 
prostrate  branches. 

*  Upright  (l°-3°  high),  not  alpine:  pod  long-stalked :  stamens  2. 

18.  S.  myrtilloides,  L.      (MYRTLE  W.)      Very  glabrous,  except  the 
scales  of  the  catkin;  leaves  elliptical,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  entire  (l'-2' 
long)  reticulated,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  somewhat  coriaceous ;  catkins  ob- 

30 


466  SALICACE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

long,  the  fertile  loose  in  fruit ;  stalk  of  the  ovary  slender,  longer  than  the  green- 
ish-yellow scale.     (S.  pedicellaris,  Pursh.,  more  luxuriant  than  the  European 
plant.)  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     (Eu.) 
*  #  Prostrate  or  spreading  and  matted,  alpine. 

19.  S.  Clitleri,    Tuckerman.       (CUTLER'S  W.)     Leaves  elliptical  and 
pointed,  or  obovate  and  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  strongly 
veiny,  smooth  and  shining  atibve,  pale  and  rather  glaucous  beneath  ;  catkins  mostly 
lateral,  oblong-cylindrical ;  ovary  smooth,  short-stalked ;  style  distinct ;  stamen  sin- 
gle; scales  oblanceolate,  entire,  black,  covered  with  long  silky  hairs.     (S.  Uva-Ursi, 
Pursh,  in  part,  &  Ed.  2.)     Alpine  summits  of  the  high  mountains  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  and  New  York. 

20.  S.  argyrocarpa,  Anders.     (SILVERY-FRUITED  W.)    Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  or  the  earliest  obovate  and  obtuse,  irregularly  repand-crenate,  smooth 
and  green  above,  covered  beneath  when  young  with  long  and  shining  deciduous  hairs,  at 
maturity  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  catkins  ovoid,  short ;  ovary  densely  silvery-silky, 
stalled ;  style  distinct ;  stamens  2-3;  gland  sometimes  double  ;  scales  obovate, 
obtuse,  clothed  with  long  hairs.      (S.  repens,  Ed.  2,  but  is  much  nearer  S. 
arbuscula,  L.)  —  Moist  alpine  ravines  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire. —  Whole  plant,/  when  young,  of  a  glossy  satiny  lustre ;   the  leaves  at 
length  becoming  quite  smooth,  with  a  white  and  prominent  midrib,  and  slightly 
elevated  veins. 

21.  S.  herbacea,  L.    (HERB-LIKE  W.)    Leaves  roundish-oval,  heart-shaped, 
notched  at  the  apex,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  with  reticulated  veins ;  catkins 
issuing  from  the  terminal  buds,  small  and  few-flowered  ;  ovary  sessile,  smooth ;  scales 
smooth,  ciliate. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  high  northward.  —  A  very  small  herb-like  species,  the  stems  seldom  rising 
above  an  inch  or  two  from  the  ground.     (Eu.) 

2.    POPULUS,    Tourn.        POPLAR.    ASPEN. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers  from 
a  cup-shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Stamens  8-30,  or 
more  :  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated.  —  Trees,  with  broad  and  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  angular  branches.  Buds 
scaly,  covered  with  resinous  varnish.  Catkins  long  and  drooping,  appearing 
before  the  leaves.  (The  ancient  name,  called  Arbor  Populi,  because  it  was  used 
to  decorate  the  public  walks,  or  on  account  of  the  constant  agitation  of  the 
leaves  by  every  impulse.) 

1.  P.   tremuloides,   Michx.      (AMERICAN   ASPEN.)      Leaves  roundish- 
heart-shaped^  with  a  short  sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  teeth,  smooth 
on  both  sides,  with  downy  margins ;   scales  cut  into  3-4  deep  linear  divisions, 
fringed  with  long   hairs.  —  Woods :    common.  —  Tree   20°  -  50°   high,   with 
smooth   greenish-white   bark.      Leaf-stalk   long,  slender,   and   laterally   com- 
pressed, which  accounts  for  the  continual  agitation  of  the  foliage  by  the  slight- 
est breeze. 

2.  P.    grandidentata,    Michx.      (LARGE-TOOTHED   ASPEN.)      Leaves 
roundish-ovate,  with  large  and  irregular  sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  467 

with  white  silky  wool,  at  length  smooth  both  sides  ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  unequal 

small  divisions,  slightly  fringed.  —  Woods  :  common,  especially  northward. 

A  rather  larger  tree  than  the  last,  with  a  smoothish  gray  bark. 

3.  P.  heteroph^lla,  L.      (DOWNY  POPLAR.)      Branches  round;   leaves 
heart-shaped  or  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  white-woolly  when  young,  at  length 
nearly  smooth,  except  on  the  elevated  veins   beneath.  —  Swamps,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Tree  40°  -  60°  high,  with  large,  usually 
blunt  leaves ;  the  sinus,  when  heart-shaped,  closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes 
which  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  nearly  round  leaf-stalk. 

4.  P.  monilifera,  Ait.    (COTTON-WOOD.    NECKLACE  POPLAR.)    Young 
branches  slightly  angled,  becoming  round;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  spreading  promi- 
nent nerves,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  serrate  with 
cartilaginous  and  incurved  slightly  hairy  teeth  ;  fertile  catkins  very  long ;  scales 
lacerate-f ringed,  not  hairy ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  toothed,  dilated  and  very  large. 
—  Margins  of  lakes  and  streams,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward, 
especially  westward.  —  A  large  tree,  80°  high  or  upwards ;  the  vigorous  branches 
decidedly  angled,  bearing  large  leaves ;  the  more  stunted  round,  with  smaller 
foliage.     (P.  Canade'nsis,  Michx.f.    P.  laevigata,  Wiltd.) 

5.  P.  angulata,  Ait.     (ANGLED  COTTON-WOOD.)     Branches  acutely  angu- 
lar or  winged;  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate-serrate,  or  with 
obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  Tree  large  as  (and  probably  a  mere  variety  of)  the  last,  and  like 
it  bearing  very  large  heart-shaped  leaves  (7'-8'  in  length  and  breadth)  on 
young  plants  and  suckers  :  on  full-grown  trees  only  one  fourth  of  that  size,  and 
commonly  without  the  sinus. 

6.  P.  balsamifera,  L.      (BALSAM  POPLAR.     TACAMAHAC.)     Branches 
round ;  leaves  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  serrate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  whitish  and  reticulately  veined  beneath  ;  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy ;  sta- 
mens very  numerous. — N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A 
tall  tree,  growing  on  the  borders  of  rivers  and  swamps  :  its  large  buds  varnished 
with  copious  fragrant  resinous  matter. 

Var.  candicans.  (BALM  OF  GILEAD.)  I^eaves  broader  and  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate-veined  beneath ;  petiole 
commonly  hairy.  (P.  candicans,  Ait.)  —  N.  New  England  to  Lake  Superior 
and  Kentucky :  rare  in  a  wild  state,  but'common  in  cultivation. 

P.  NioRA,  L.,  was  admitted  by  the  elder  Michaux  into  his  Flora,  without  any 
mention  of  its  locality.  It  was  afterwards  published  by  his  son,  under  the  name 
of  P.  Hudsdnica :  he,  however,  found  it  "  only  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River, 
above  Albany."  Lastly,  it  was  described  as  P.  betulifblia  by  Pursh,  who  further 
added  as  its  station,  "  about  Lake  Ontario  "  It  was  probably  introduced  from 
Europe,  and  was  latterly  so  considered  by  the  younger  Michaux  himself. 

P.  DILATATA,  Ait.,  the  well-known  LOMBARDT  POPLAR  (probably  a  form  of 
P.  nigra)  has  been  extensively  introduced  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

P.  ALBA,  L.,  the  ABELE  or  WHITE  POPLAR  of  the  Old  World,  is  occasionally 
planted,  when  it  spreads  widely  by  the  root,  and  becomes  more  common  than  is 
desirable. 


468  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

SUBCLASS  II.     GYMNOSPERM.E. 

Pistil  represented  by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  or  else  entirely  want- 
ing ;  the  ovules  and  seeds  therefore  naked  (without  a  pericarp),  and 
fertilized  by  the  direct  application  -of  the  pollen.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  two. 

•      ORDER  106.    CONIFERJE.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice,  mostly  awl-shaped  or  needle-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  Jlowers  in  catkins,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla.  Ovules  orthotropous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  al- 
bumen, nearly  its  length.  (Wood  destitute  of  ducts,  composed  chiefly  of 
a  homogeneous  large  woody  fibre  which  is  marked  with  circular  disks  on 
two  sides.)  Composes  the  three  following  Suborders :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    ABIETINEJE.     PROPER  PINE  FAMILY. 
Fertile  flowers  in  catkins,  consisting  of  open  imbricated  carpels  in  the 
form  of  scales  in  the  axil  of  a  bract ;  in  fruit  forming  a  strobile  or  cone. 
Ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  carpellary  scale,  their  orifice  turned 
downward.     Buds  scaly. 

*  Con«e  maturing  the  year  after  flowering. 

1.  Finns.     Leaves  2  -  5  in  a  cluster  from  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  primary  leaf,  persistent. 

*  *  Cones  maturing  the  same  year. 

2.  Abies.     Leaves  all  scattered  on  the  branches  and  alike,  persistent. 

3.  Larix.     Leaves  many  m  a  cluster,  the  primary  ones  similar  to  the  others,  deciduous. 

SUBORDER  H.    CUPRESSINEjE.     CYPRESS  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few  carpellary  scales,  without  bracts,  bear- 
ing single  or  several  erect  ovules  on  their  base  (the  orifice  upward),  form- 
ing a  closed  strobile  or  a  sort  of  drupe  in  fruit.  Buds  naked. 

*  Flowers  monoecious.    Strobile  dry,  opening  at  maturity. 

4.  Thuja.     Fruit  of  few  imbricated  oblong  scales.    Ovules  2.    Leaves  scale-like,  closely  im- 

bricated on  the  flattened  branches. 

5.  Cupressiis.     Fruit  of  several  shield-form  thick  scales  united  in  a  globular  woody  cone. 

Seeds  2  or  more  on  the  stalk  of  each  scale.     Leaves  scale-like  or  awl-shaped. 

6.  Taxodium.     Fruit  of  several  thick  shield-shaped  scales  united  in  a  globular  woody 

cone.     Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale.     Leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  deciduous. 
*  *  Flowers  chiefly  dioecious.    Fruit  berry-like,  not  opening. 

7.  .Tuniperns.     Fruit  composed  of  3-6  coalescent  1  -3-ovuled  scales,  becoming  fleshy. 

SUBORDER  III.     TAXINEJE.    YEW  FAMILY. 
Fertile  flower  solitary,  consisting  of  a  naked  ovule,  ripening  into  a  nut- 
like  or  drupe-like  seed.     Carpel  or  scale  entirely  wanting.     Buds  scaly. 

8.  Taxws.     Ovule  erect,  encircled  at  the  base  by  an  annular  disk,  which  in  fruit  forms  a 

berry-like  cup  around  the  nut-like  seed. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE  FAMILY.)  469 

1.    PIN  US,     Tourn.        PINE. 

Sterile  catkins  arranged  in  a  spike  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  same  spring, 
involucrate  by  a  nearly  definite  number  of  scales,  consisting  of  numerous  sta- 
mens spirally  inserted  on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like 
connective:  anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise.  Pollen  of  3  united  grains. 
Fertile  catkins  solitary  or  aggregated  immediately  below  the  terminal  bud,  or 
lateral  on  the  young  shoot,  consisting  of  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  each  in 
the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract,  bearing  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules  at  the  base. 
Fruit  a  cone  formed  of  the  imbricated  and  woody  carpellary  scales,  which  are 
thickened  at  the  apex  (except  in  White  Pines),  persistent,  spreading  when  ripe 
and  dry ;  the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations  at  the  base  of  the  scale, 
and  in  separating  carrying  away  a  part  of  its  lining  in  the  form  of  a  thin  and 
fragile  wing.  Cotyledons  3-12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  thin 
and  chaff-like,  merely  bud-scales;  from  their  axils  immediately  proceed  the 
secondary  leaves,  which  make  the  foliage,  in  the  form  of  fascicles  of  2  to  5  needle- 
shaped  evergreen  leaves,  from  slender  buds,  some  thin  scarious  bud-scales  sheath- 
ing the  base  of  the  cluster.  When  there  are  only  2  leaves  in  the  cluster  they 
are  semicylindrical  and  when  dry  channelled  or  concave ;  when  more  than  2 
triangular  ;  their  edges  in  our  species  serrulate.  Blossoms  developed  in  spring ; 
the  cones  maturing  only  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year.  (The  classical 
Latin  name.) 

The  species  here  arranged  and  characterized  from  notes  contributed  by  DR. 
ENGELMANN. 

§  1.  Leaves  2  or  3  in  a  dose  sheath:  cones  (except  in  No.  7)  persistent  after  shedding 

the  seed ;  their  woody  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  and  usually  spiny-tipped. 

*  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  lateral :  scales  much  thickened  at  the  end :  leaves  rigid. 

•*-  Leaves  in  threes. 

1.  P.  Tseda,  L.     (LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  PINE.)    Leaves  long  (6'-  10'), 
with  elongated  sheaths,  light  green;   cones  elongated-oblong  (3' -5'  long)  and 
tapering ;  scales  tipped  with  a  stout  incurved  spine.  —  Barren  light  soil,  Delaware 
(  W.  M.  Canby),  Virginia,  and  southward  near  the  coast.  — Tree  50°- 100°  high. 
Sterile  catkins  slender,  2'  long,  their  involucre  of  10-13  (rarely  fewer)  scales. 
Seeds  with  3  strong  and  rough  ridges  on  the  under  side :  cotyledons  5-8. 

2.  P.  rigida,  Miller.     (PITCH  PINE.)     Leaves  (3-'-5'  long)  dark  green, 
from  short  sheaths;  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovate  (l'-3^'  long),  often  in  clusters ; 
the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  and  stout  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy  or  spare  rocky 
soil,  Maine  to  W.  New  York  and  southward :  common.  —  Tree  30°  -  70°  high, 
with  very  rough  and  dark  bark,  and  hard  resinous  wood.     Sterile  catkins  slen- 
der (^'-1£'  long),  with  6-8  involucral  scales.     Seed  with  hardly  any  ridges  : 
cotyledons  about  5. 

•*—  •»-  Leaves  in  twos,  or  some  of  them  in  threes  in  3  8f  6. 

3.  P.  piingens,  Michx.     (TABLE  MOUNTAIN  PINE.)     Leaves  stout,  short 
(l|'-2^' long),  crowded,  bluish,  the  sheath  short  (very  short  on  old  foliage); 
cones  ovate  (3^'  long),  the  scales  armed  with  a  strong  hooked  spine  (.'/  long). — 
Alleghany  Mountains,  especially  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  N.  Carolina  and  Virginia 


470  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

(near  Charlottesville,  M.  A.  Curtis)  to  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  as  far  north  as  Port 
Clinton  near  Reading  ( T.  Meehan).  —  Sterile  catkins  6"-  9"  long,  with  6  -  8  in- 
yolucral  scales.  Seed  with  2  or  3  slight  ridges :  cotyledons  about  7. 

4.  P.  inops,  Ait.  (JERSEY  or  SCRUB  PINE.)  Leaves  short  (l£'-3'  long) ; 
cones  oblong-conical,  sometimes  curved  (2' -3' long),  the  scales  tipped  with  a 
straight  or  recurved  awl-shaped  prickle.  —  Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  A  straggling  tree,  15° -40°  high,  with  spreading 
or  drooping  branchlets  :  young  shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous  bloom.  Sterile 
catkins  linear-oblong,  5"  -  6"  long,  with  about  8  involucral  scales. 

5.  P.   Banksiana,   Lambert.      (GRAY   or  NORTHERN   SCRUB  PINE.) 
Leaves  short  (!'  long),  oblique,  divergent;  cones  conical,  oblong,  usually  curved 
(!£'- 2'  long),  smooth,  the  scales  pointless.     (P.  rupestris,  Michx.f.)  —  Rocky 
banks,  N.  Maine,  N.  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A  straggling 
shrub  or  low  tree  (5° -20°  high) :  the  sterile  catkins  nearly  as  in  No.  4.     Seed 
with  2  or  3  ridges  on  the  inner  side  :  cotyledons  4  or  5. 

6.  P.  mitis,  Michx.     (YELLOW  PINE.)     Leaves  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in 
threes, from  long  sheaths,  slender  (3' -5' long);  cones  ovate-  or  oblong-conical 
(barely  2'  long) ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute  and  weak  prickle.    (P.  variabilis, 
Pursh. )  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  W.  New  England  ?  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin, 
and  common  southward.  —  Tree  50°  -  60°  high,  straight,  producing  a  durable, 
fine-grained,  moderately  resinous  timber,  valuable  for  flooring,  &c.     Leaves 
more  soft  and  slender  than  in  any  of  the  preceding,  dark  green.     The  western 
form  has  more  rigid  leaves,  and  more  tuberculate  and  spiny  cones.     Sterile 
catkins  linear,  6" -9"  long,  with  9-12  involucral  scales.     Seed  with  2  or  3 
rough  ridges  :  cotyledons  5-7. 

*  *  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  terminal,  the  latter  deciduous  after  shedding  the  seed: 
their  scales  slightly  thickened,  pointless :  leaves  in  twos,  slender. 

7.  P.  resinbsa,  Ait.     (RED  PINE.)    Leaves  from  long  sheaths,  elongated 
(5' -6' long),  dark  green;  cones  ovate-conical,  smooth  (about  2' long) ;  sterile 
catkins  oblong-linear  (6" -9"  long),  subtended  by  about  6  involucral  scales 
which  are  early  deciduous  by  an  articulation  above  their  base ;  seeds  slightly 
ridged  on  the  lower  surface;  cotyledons  6  or  7.     (P.  rubra,  Michx.f.)  — Dry 
woods,  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Tree  50°  -  80°  high,  with 
reddish  and  rather  smooth  bark,    and   compact,  not  very  resinous  wood.  — 
Wrongly  called  Norway  Pine. 

§  2.  Leaves  5  in  a  (loose-scaled  entirely  deciduous)  sheath :  cones  terminal,  deciduous 
after  shedding  the  seed  ;  their  scales  slightly  if  at  all  thickened  at  the  end  and 
wholly  destitute  of  prickle  or  point :  bark  smooth  except  on  old  trunks. 

8.  P.  Str6bllS,  L.      (WHITE   PINE.)      Leaves  very  slender,  glaucous; 
sterile  catkins  oval  (4"  -  5"  long),  with  6-8  involucral  scales  at  base ;  fertile 
catkins  long-stalked,  cylindrical  ;    cones   narrow,  cylindrical,  nodding,  often 
curved  (4'  -  6'  long) ;  seed  smooth  ;  cotyledons  8-10.  —  Cool  and  damp  woods ; 
common  northward  to  the  Mississippi,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  — 
The  White  Pine  (called  in  England  Weymouth  Pine)  is  our  tallest  tree,  often 
120° -160°  in  a  straight  column  in  primitive  forests,  and  is  invaluable  for  its 
soft  and  light  white  or  yellowish  wood,  in  large  trunks  nearly  free  from  resin. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  471 

2.    ABIES,     Tourn.         SPRUCE.     FIR. 

Sterile  catkins  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
preceding  year.  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  lateral  or  terminal  on  branches  of 
the  preceding  year  :  scales  of  the  cone  thin  and  even,  not  at  all  thickened  nor 
prickly-tipped.  Leaves  all  of  one  kind  and  foliaceous,  scattered  (not  fascicled), 
short,  persistent  for  two  or  more  years.  Flowering  in  spring,  and  cones  ma- 
turing in  autumn.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
Of  European  species  A.  EXCELSA,  the  NORWAY  SPRUCE  is  most  commonly, 
and  A.  PECTINATA,  the  SILVER  FIR,  occasionally  planted. 

§  1.  SPRUCE.  (PiCEA  of  Link,  not  of  L.  ABIES,  L.  and  others.  These 
ancient  names  much  transposed  by  moderns. )  Cones  hanging  from  or  near 
the  end  of  a  branch ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis :  anthers  tipped  with  a 
rounded  recurved  appendage,  their  cells  distinct  and  opening  lengthwise :  pollen 
nearly  as  in  Pine  :  leaves  needle-shaped  and  4-sided,  pointing  every  way. 

1.  A.  nigra,  Poir.     (BLACK  or  DOUBLE  SPRUCE.)    Leaves  short  (6" -8" 
long),  either  dark  green  or  glaucous-whitish  ;  cones  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  (!'- 1£' 
long),  mostly  recurved,  persistent,  the  rigid  scales  with  a  thin  often  eroded  edge. 
—  Swamps  and  cold  mountain  woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

2.  A.  alba,  Michx.     (WHITE  SPRUCE.)     Leaves  pale  or  glaucous ;  cones 
nodding,  cylindrical  (about  2'  long),  pale,  deciduous,  the  thinner  scales  with  an 
entire  edge;  a  handsomer  tree  than  No.  1,  in  aspect  more  like  a  Balsam  Fir. — 
Northern  New  England  and  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

§  2.  HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.  (TsuGA,  Endl.)  Cones  hanging  on  the  end  of  declined 
branches  of  the  preceding  year,  persistent,  small ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis  : 
sterile  catkins  small,  of  a  few  capitate  anthers,  their  short  confluent  cells  opening 
transversely :  pollen-grains  simple:  leaves  Jlat,  whitened  beneath, petioled,  spread- 
ing in  two  directions  so  as  to  seem  2-ranked. 

3.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.     (HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.)     Leaves  short-linear, 
obtuse  (£'  long)  ;  cones  oval  (6"-*  8"  long),  of  few  thin  scales  much  longer 
than  the  bracts.  —  Hilly  or  .rocky  woods  :  very  common  northward,  and  rare 
southward  in  the  Alleghanies. — A  large  tree,  when  young  the  most  graceful 
of  Spruces,  with  a  light  and  spreading  spray,  and.delicate  foliage,  bright  greer. 
above,  silvery  underneath.     Timber  coarse-grained  and  poor. 

§  3.  FIR.  (ABIES  of  Pliny.  PICEA,  L.,  not  of  Link.)  Cones  erect  on  the  upper 
side  of  spreading  branches  ;  their  scales  and  mostly  exserted  bracts  deciduous  from 
the  persistent  axis  at  maturity  :  seeds  and  bark  of  tree  with  balsam-bearing  vesi- 
cles :  anthers  tipped  with  a  1  —  2-pointed  appendage,  their  cells  opening  by  lacer- 
ation ;  pollen  nearly  as  in  Pine  :  leaves  fiat,  with  midrib  prominent  on  the  whitened 
lower  face,  mostly  sessile,  on  horizontal  branches  more  or  less  spreading  In  two  di- 
rections, so  as  to  seem  2-ranked. 

4.  A.  balsamea,  Marshall.      (BALSAM  FIR.)      Leaves  narrowly  linear; 
cones  cylindrical,  large  (2' -4' long,  T  thick),  violet-colored;  the  bracts  obovate, 
serrulate,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slender  point,  included  or  slightly  projecting.  — 
Cold  damp  woods  and  swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  north- 


472  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

ward.  —  A  slender  tree,  of  no  value  as  timber,  when  young  very  handsome, 
but  short-lived.  Leaves  6" -10"  in  length,  narrower  and  lighter  green  above 
than  those  of  the  European  Silver  Fir.  Also  called  Balm-of-  Gilead  Fir.  Canada 
balsam  is  drawn  from  blisters  in  the  bark  of  this  and  the  next  species.  —  A  sub- 
alpine  state  on  the  Green  Mountains,  &c.,  has  shorter  or  oblong,  stunted  cones, 
and  approaches  the  next. 

5.  A.  Fraseri,  Pursh.  (ERASER'S  or  SOUTHERN  BALSAM  FIR.)  Cones 
small  (l'-2'long),  oblong-ovate;  the  bracts  oblong-wedge-shaped,  the  short-pointed 
upper  part  much  projecting  and  reflexed.  (A.  balsamifera,  Michx.  Fl.)  —  Moun- 
tains of  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward  on  the  highest  Alleghanies.  —  Foliage, 
&c.  nearly  as  in  the  last. 

3.    LARIX,    Tourn.        LARCH. 

Catkins  lateral,  terminating  short  spurs  on  the  branches  of  the  preceding 
year,  short  or  globular,  developed  in  early  spring ;  the  sterile  from  leafless  buds ; 
the  fertile  mostly  with  leaves  below.  Anther-cells  opening  transversely.  Pol- 
len-grains simple,  globular.  Cones  as  in  Spruce,  the  scales  persistent.  —  Leaves 
needle-shaped,  soft,  deciduous,  all  foliaceous,  very  many  in  a  fascicle  developed 
in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly  and  globular  buds,  and  scattered  along  the 
developed  shoots  of  the  season.  Fertile  catkins  crimson  or  red  in  flower.  (The 
ancient  name.) 

1.  L.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  or  BLACK  LARCH.  TAMARACK. 
HACKMATACK.)  Leaves  short;  cones  ovoid  (6" -9"  long),  of  few  rounded 
scales,  arranged  in  f  order.  (Pinus  pendula,  Ait.  P.  microcarpa,  Lambert.)  — 
Swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  northward.  — A 
slender  tree,  with  heavy,  close-grained  wood,  horizontal  branches,  and  more 
slender  and  usually  shorter  leaves  than  the  European  Larch;  —  which  is  a 
handsomer  tree,  and  has  the  scales  of  its  larger  cones  arranged  in  the  order  ^8j. 

4 .    THUJA,    Tourn.        ARBOR  VIT^J. 

Flowers  mostly  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  very  small  terminal  ovoid 
catkins.  Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing  4  anther- 
cells.  Fertile  catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales,  fixed  by  the  base,  each  bearing 
2  erect  ovules,  dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small  ever- 
green trees,  with  very  flat  2-ranked  spray,  on  which  the  small  and  appressed 
persistent  leaves  are  closely  imbricated  :  these  are  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or 
successive  branchlets ;  the  one  awl-shaped  ;  the  other  scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and 
adnate  to  the  branch.  (Gufa,  0ua,  or  0uei'a,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin- 
bearing  evergreen.) 

1.  T.  OCCidentalis,  L.  (AMERICAN  ARBOR  VIT^E.)  Leaves  appressed- 
imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged  branchlets ;  scales  of  the  cones  pointless  ; 
seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks  :  common 
from  Penn.  northward,  where  it  forms  extensive  "  cedar-swamps/'  and  is  called 
WHITE  CEDAR  :  rare  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  May,  June.  —  Tree 
20°  -  50°  high,  yielding  a  pungent  aromatic  oil :  wood  light,  but  very  durable. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE   FAMILY.)  473 

5.    CTJPRifcSSUS,    Tourn.        CYPRESS. 

Flowers  moncEcions  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
catkins  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  bear- 
ing several  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Cone  globular,  firmly  closed,  but  open- 
ing at  maturity ;  the  scales  thick,  pointed  or  bossed  in  the  middle  ;  the  few  or 
several  seeds  attached  to  their  contracted  base  or  stalk.  Cotyledons  2  or  3.  — 
Strong-scented  evergreen  trees,  with  very  small  and  scale-like  or  some  awl- 
shaped  closely  appressed-imbricated  leaves,  and  exceedingly  durable  wood. 
(The  classical  name.) 

1.  C.  thyoides,  L.  (WHITE  CEDAR.)  Leaves  minute,  pale,  ovate  or 
triangular-awl-shaped,  often  with  a  small  gland  on  the  back,  closely  imbricated 
in  4  rows  ;  anther-cells  2  under  each  scale ;  cones  small  (3'' -5"  in  diameter) ; 
seeds  slightly  winged.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  May.  —  Tree  30°  -  70°  high ;  the  wood  and  fibrous  shreddy  bark, 
as  well  as  the  foliage,  much  as  in  Arbor  Vitai ;  but  the  spray  more  slender,  the 
leaves  finer  and  glaucous-green. 

6.    TAXODIUM,    Richard.        BALD  CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  the  two  kinds  on  the  same  branches.  Sterile  catkins 
spiked-panicled,  of  few  stamens  :  filaments  scale-like,  shield-shaped,  bearing  2  - 
5  anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Cone  globular,  closed,  composed  of  very  thick 
and  angular  somewhat  shield-shaped  scales,  bearing  2  angled  seeds  at  their  base. 
Cotyledons  6-9.  —  Trees,  with  narrow  linear  2-ranked  light  and  deciduous 
leaves ;  a  part  of  the  slender  leafy  branchlets  of  the  season  also  deciduous  in 
autumn.  (Name  compounded  of  Td£os,  the  Yew,  and  eiSos,  resemblance,  the 
leaves  being  Yew-like. 

1.  T.  distichum,  Richard.  (AMERICAN  BALD  CYPRESS.)  Leaves  linear 
and  spreading ;  also  some  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  branchlets. 
—  Swamps,  Delaware,  to  S.  Illinois,  and  southward,  where  it  is  a  very  large 
and  valuable  tree.  March,  April. 

7.    JUNIPEBUS,    L.       JUNIPER. 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  monoecious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins. 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile 
catkins  ovoid,  of  3  -  6  fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  one-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming 
a  sort  of  berry,  which  is  scaly-bracted  underneath,  black  with  white  bloom. 
Seeds  1-3,  wingless,  bony.  Cotyledons  2. — Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
awl-shaped  or  scale-like  rigid  leaves,  often  of  two  shapes  in  §  2.  (The  classical 
name.) 

§  1.  Leaves  all  in  whorls  and  linear-awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed,  free,  articulated  with 
the  stem,  with  a  midrib  and  rib-like  margins. 

1.  J.  commtmis,  L.  (COMMON  JUNIPER.)  Leaves  in  threes,  with  slen- 
der prickly  point,  spreading,  bright  green  except  the  glaucous-white  upper  face, 


474  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

6"  -  9"  long  ;  berries  large.  —  Dry  sterile  hills  :  common.     May,  June.  —  Low 
shrub,  ascending  or  spreading  on  the  ground.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  L.  (J.  nana,  Willd.),  is  a  prostrate  state,  with  shorter  and  less 
tapering,  mostly  ascending  or  incurved  leaves.  —  Shores  of  upper  Great  Lakes, 
Maine,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  mostly  opposite,  not  articulated  but  connate-decurrent  on  the  stem 
of  two  somewhat  different  forms,  i.  e.  awl-shaped  and  loose,  and  scale-shaped  and 
oppressed-imbricated,  the  latter  flattened  and  often  with  a  resiniferous  gland  on 
the  back,  and  no  distinct  nerve  or  midrib. 

2.  J.  Virginiana,  L.      (RED  CEDAR  or  SAVIN.)      Scale-shaped  leaves 
acute  or  acutish ;  fruit  small,  erect  on  the  short  supporting  branchlet.  —  Dry, 
mostly  sterile  or  rocky  soil :  common.    May.  —  Shrub,  small  tree,  or  westward 
often  a  large  tree,  60°  -  90°  high ;  with  most  durable,  compact,  reddish  and  odor- 
ous wood. 

3.  J.  Sabina,  L.,  var.  procumbens,  Pursh.     Scale-shaped  leaves  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  strongly  appressed  ;  fruit  larger,  nodding  on  the  recurved  peduncle- 
like  branchlet ;  stems  procumbent  or  prostrate,  sometimes  extensively  creeping. 
(J.  Virginiana,  var.  humilis,  Ed.  2.)  — Rocky  banks,  borders  of  swamps,  &c., 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  along  and  near  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.      May, 
June.     (Eu.) 

8.    TAXUS,    Tourn.        YEW. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  or  sometimes  monoacious,  axillary  from  scaly  buds  ; 
the  sterile  in  small  globular  catkins  formed  of  a  few  naked  stamens :  anther- 
cells  3-8  under  a  shield-like  somewhat  lobed  connective.  Fertile  flowers 
solitary,  scaly-bracted  at  the  base,  consisting  merely  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule ; 
with  an  annular  disk,  which  becomes  cup-shaped  around  its  base,  and  at 
length  pulpy  and  berry-like,  globular  and  red,  and  nearly  enclosing  the  nut- 
like  seed.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Leaves  evergreen,  flat,  mueronate,  rigid,  scattered, 
2-ranked.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  TO£OI>,  a  bow ;  the  wood  anciently 
used  for  bows. ) 

1.  T.  baccata,  L.,  var.  Canad6nsis.  (AMERICAN  YEW.  GROUND 
HEMLOCK.)  Stems  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  linear,  green  both  sides.  (T. 
Canadensis,  Willd. )  —  Moist  banks  and  hills,  near  streams,  especially  in  the 
shade  of  evergreens  :  common  northward,  extending  southward  mainly  along 
the  Alleghanies.  April.  —  Our  Yew  is  a  low  and  straggling  or  prostrate 
bush,  never  forming  an  erect  trunk  like  that  of  Europe  and  of  Northwest 
America.  (Eu.) 


ARACE^E.     (ARUM  FAMILY.)  475 


CLASS   II.      MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    OB    EN- 
DOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  with  no  manifest  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and 
pith  ;  but  the  woody  fibre  and  vessels  in  bundles  or  threads 
which  are  irregularly  imbedded  in  the  cellular  tissue :  peren- 
nial trunks  destitute  of  annual  layers.  Leaves  mostly  paral- 
lel-veined (nerved)  and  sheathing  at  the  base,  seldom  sepa- 
rating by  an  articulation,  almost  always  alternate  or  scattered 
and  not  toothed.  Parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  threes. 
Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the  leaves  of  the  plu- 
mule alternate. 

ORDER  107.    ARACE^.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves, 
and  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  surrounded  by  a  spathe. 
—  Floral  envelopes  none,  or  of  4  -6  sepals.  Fruit  usually  a  berry.  Seeds 
with  fleshy  albumen,  or  none  but  filled  with  the  large  fleshy  embryo  in 
Nos.  2,  4,  and  5.  A  large  family,  chiefly  tropical.  Herbage  abounding 
in  slender  rbaphides.  —  The  genuine  Araceas  have  no  floral  envelopes,  and 
are  almost  all  monoecious  or  dioecious :  but  the  genera  of  the  second  section 
with  more  highly  developed  flowers  are  not  to  be  separated. 

*  Spathe  surrounding  or  subtending  the  spathe  :  flowers  naked ;  i.  e.  without  perianth. 

1.  Ariseema.    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix. 

2.  Pel  tan  dra.     Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  spadix  ;  anthers  above,  ovaries  below. 

3.  Call  a.     Flowers  perfect  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  covering  the  whole  of  the  short  spadix. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading. 

*  *  Spathe  surrounding  the  spadix  in  No.  4,  none  or  imperfect  in  the  rest :  flowers  with  a 
calyx  or  perianth  and  perfect,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

4.  Symplncarpus.     Spadix  globular,  in  a  fleshy  shell-shaped  spathe.    Stemless. 

5.  Oroiitiutn.     Spadix  narrow,  naked,  terminating  the  terete  scape. 

6.  Acorus.    Spadix  cylindrical,  borne  on  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape. 

1.    A II  IS  JEM  A,    Martius.        INDIAN  TURNIP.    DRAGON- ARUM. 

Spathe  convolute  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
by  abortion  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix,  which  is  elongated 
and  naked  above.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile, 
each  of  a  cluster  of  almost  sessile  2  -  4-celled  anthers,  opening  by  pores  or  chinks 
at  the  top.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  each  of  a  1 -celled  ovary,  tipped  with  a 
depressed  stigma,  and  containing  5  or  6  orthotropous  ovules  erect  from  the  base 


476  ARACE^:.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

of  the  cell ;  in  fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  scarlet  berry.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  albu- 
men.—  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  corm,  sending  up  a 
simple  scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles  of  the  simple  or  compound  veiny  leaves, 
as  if  coalescent.  (A  play  upon  Arum,  the  ancient  name;  probably  formed  of 
apov,  Arum,  and  (rq/ia,  a  sign  or  mark.) 

1.  A.  trip  helium,  Torr.     (INDIAN  TURNIP.)     Leaves  mostly  2,  divided 
into  3  elliptical-ovate  pointed  leaflets ;  spadix  mostly  dioecious,  club-shaped,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  which  is  flattened  and  incurved-hooded  at  the 
summit.     (Arum  triphyllum,  L.)  —  Rich  woods:    common.      May.  —  Corm 
turnip-shaped,  wrinkled,  farinaceous,  with  an  intensely  acrid  juice.    Spathe  with 
the  petioles  and  sheaths  green,  or  often  variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish 
stripes  or  spots  (Arum  atrorubens,  Ait.) ;  the  limb  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. 

2.  A.  Dracontium,  Schott.    (GREEN  DRAGON.    DRAGON-ROOT.)    Leaf 
usually  solitary,  pedately  divided  into  7-11   oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaflets ; 
spadix  often  androgynous,  tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point  beyond  the  oblong 
and  convolute  pointed  spathe.     (Arum  Dracontium,  L.)  — Low  grounds  along 
streams.    June.  —  Corms  clustered.     Petiole  l°-2°  long,  much  longer  than 
the  peduncle.     Spathe  greenish,  rolled  into  a  tube,  with  a  short  erect  point. 

2.    PELTANDRA,    Raf.        ARROW  ARUM. 

Spathe  elongated,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margin,  curved  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  monoecious,  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  spadix 
throughout.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Anthers  sessile,  naked,  covering  all  the 
upper  part  of  the  spadix,  each  of  5  or  6  cells  imbedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick 
and  shield-shaped  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovaries  1 -celled  at 
the  base  of  the  spadix,  bearing  several  amphitropous  or  nearly  orthotropous 
ovules  at  the  base :  stigma  almost  sessile.  Fruit  a  leathery  or  fleshy  utricle, 
1  -  3-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly,  the  base  empty, 
the  upper  part  filled  with  a  large  and  fleshy  spherical  embryo ;  no  albumen.  — 
A  stemless  herb,  with  arrow-shaped  leaves  and  simple  scapes  from  the  root  of 
thick  tufted  fibres.  Upper  part  of  the  spathe  and  the  sterile  portion  of  the 
spadix  rotting  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the  fleshy  base  firmly  enclosing  the 
globular  cluster  of  fruit.  (Name  composed  of  Tre'A-nj,  a  target,  and  dvrjp,  for 
stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

1.  P.  Virginica,  Raf.  (P.  undulata,  Raf.  Arum  Virginicum,  L.  Le- 
contia,  Torr.  Rensselaeria,  Beck.) — In  shallow  water:  common.  June. — 
Leaves  large,  pointed  ;  nerves  reticulated  next  the  margin.  (It  seems  to  have 
escaped  attention  that  this  plant  has  an  exalbuminous  corm-like  embryo,  nearly  as 
in  Symplocarpus.) 

3  .    C  A  L  L  A ,    L.        WATER  ARUM. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading,  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  upper  surface  white), 
persistent.  Spadix  oblong,  entirely  covered  with  flowers  ;  the  lower  perfect  and 
6-androus  ;  the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Filaments 
slender  :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  5-9  erect 
anatropous  ovules :  stigma  almost  sessile.  Berries  (red)  distinct,  few-seeded. 


ARACE^E.     (ARUM  FAMILY.)  477 

Seeds  with  a  conspicuous  rhaphe  and  an  embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  hard 
albumen.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  growing  in  cold  bogs,  with  a  long  creeping 
rootstock,  bearing  heart-shaped  long-petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  scapes.  (An 
ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning. ) 

1 .  C.  paliistris,  L.  —  Cold  bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
common  northward.  June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.  (Eu.) 

4.    SYMPLOCARPUS,    Salisb.        SKUNK  CABBAGE. 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  pointed,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  decaying  in  fruit. 
Spadix  globular,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  with  perfect  flowers,  which  are 
thickly  crowded  and  their  (1 -celled  or  abortively  2-celled)  ovaries  immersed  in 
the  fleshy  receptacle.  Sepals  4,  hooded.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with 
at  length  rather  slender  filaments :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled,  opening  length- 
wise. Style  4-angled  and  awl-shaped  :  stigma  small.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  globular  or  oval  mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and 
spongy  spadix,  enclosing  the  spherical  seeds  just  beneath  the  surface,  which  is 
roughened  with  the  persistent  and  fleshy  sepals  and  pyramidal  styles.  Seeds 
filled  by  the  large  globular  and  fleshy  corm-like  embryo,  which  bears  one  or 
several  plumules  at  the  end  next  the  base  of  the  ovary :  albumen  none.  — 
Perennial  herb,  with  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat 
alliaceous  ;  a  thick  descending  rootstock  bearing  a  multitude  of  long  and  coarse 
fibrous  roots,  and  a  cluster  of  very  large  and  broad  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded 
in  earliest  spring  by  the  nearly  sessile  spathes,  which  barely  rise  out  of  the 
ground.  (Name  from  o-u/LwrXo*^,  connection,  and  Kapnos,  fruit,  in  allusion  to 
the  coalescence  of  the  ovaries  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1.  S.  fcetidus,  Salisb.  (Ictodes,  Bigel.)  — Bogs  and  moist  grounds  :  com- 
mon. —  Leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  1°  -2°  long  when  grown,  short-petioled. 
—  Spathe  spotted  and  striped  with  purple  and  yellowish-green,  ovate,  incurved. 
Fruit  ripe  in  September,  forming  a  roughened  globular  mass  2' -3'  in  diameter, 
in  decay  shedding  the  bulblet-like  seeds,  which  are  4"  -  6"  in  diameter,  and  filled 
with  the  singular  solid  fleshy  embryo. 

5.    OBONTIUM,    L.        GOLDEN-CLUB. 

Spathe  incomplete  and  distant,  merely  a  leaf-sheath  investing  the  lower  part 
of  the  slender  scape,  and  bearing  a  small  and  imperfect  bract-like  blade.  Flow- 
ers crowded  all  over  the  narrow  spadix,  perfect :  the  lower  with  6  concave 
sepals  and  6  stamens  ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments  flattened :  anthers  2- 
celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  an  anatropous 
ovule :  stigma  sessile,  entire.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed  without  albumen. 
Embryo  thick  and  fleshy,  "with  a  large  concealed  cavity  at  the  summit,  the 
plumule  curved  in  a  groove  on  the  outside."  (Torr.) — An  aquatic  perennial, 
with  a  deep  rootstock,  long-petioled  and  entire  oblong  and  nerved  floating 
leaves,  and  the  spadix  terminating  the  elongated  scape ;  its  rather  club-shaped 
emersed  apex  as  thick  as  the  spadix.  (Origin  of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  O.  aqu&ticum,  L.  —  Ponds,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast, 
and  southward.  May. 


478  LEMNACELE.       (DUCKWEED    FAMILY.) 

6.    ACORUS,    L.        SWEET  FLAG.     CALAMUS. 

Spadix  cylindrical,  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  simple  2-edged 
scape  which  resembles  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Sepals 
6,  concave.  Stamens  6  :  filaments  linear  •  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled, 
opening  across.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  several  pendulous  orthotropous  ovules 
in  each  cell  :  stigma  minute.  Fruit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1  -  few- 
seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  —  Pungent  aromatic  plants,  especially 
the  thick  creeping  roots  tocks  (calamus  of  the  shops),  which  send  up  2-edged 
sword-like  leaves,  and  scapes  similar  to  them,  bearing  the  spadix  on  one  edge  ; 
the  upper  and  more  foliaceous  prolongation  sometimes  considered  as  a  kind  of 
open  spathe.  (The  ancient  name,  from  a  privative,  and  Koprj,  the  pupil  of  the 
eye,  having  been  used  as  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes.) 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  Scape  leaf-like  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the  (yel- 
lowish-green) spadix.  —  Margin  of  rivulets,  swamps,  &c.  Probably  truly  in- 
digenous northward.  June.  (Eu.) 


ORDER  108.    LiEUINACE^.    (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  floating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct  stem 
and  foliage,  being  merely  a  frond,  producing  one  or  few  monoecious  flowers 
from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonly  hanging  roots  from  under- 
neath :  ovules  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  1-  7-seeded  utricle. 
Seed  large;  the  apex  or  radicular  extremity  of  the  seed-coat  separable  as 
an  operculum  or  lid  (as  in  Cabomba,  &c.)  Embryo  straight,  surrounded  by 
fleshy  or  sometimes  very  scanty  albumen  —  The  simplest,  and  some  of  them 
the  smallest  of  flowering  plants,  propagating  by  the  proliferous  growth  of  a 
new  individual  from  a  cleft  in  the  edge  or  base  of  the  parent  frond,  remain- 
ing connected  for  some  time  or  separating,  also  by  autumnal  fronds  in  the 
form  of  minute  bulblets,  which  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  water,  but  rise 
and  vegetate  in  spring  ;  the  flowers  (in  summer)  and  fruit  scarce,  in  some 
species  hardly  ever  seen.  Frond  more  or  less  cavernous  ;  the  upper  sur- 
face furnished  with  stomata.  —  These  plants  may  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of 
very  simplified  Araceae. 

Arranged  from  notes  contributed  by  C.  F.  AUSTIN,  Esq.,  who  is  pre- 
paring a  monograph  of  the  American  Lemnaceae. 

1.    L^IMNA,    L.        DUCKWEED.    DUCK'S-MEAT. 

Flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  frond,  usually  three  to- 
gether surrounded  by  a  spathe  ;  two  of  them  staminate,  consisting  of  a  stamen 
only  ;  the  other  pistillate,  of  a  simple  pistil  ;  the  whole  therefore  imitating  a 
single  diandrous  flower.  Ster.  Fl.  Filament  slender  :  anther  2-celled,  didy- 
mous  ;  the  cells  dehiscent  transversely  :  pollen-grains  large,  spherical,  muricate. 
Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  1-celled  :  style  and  truncate  or  funnel-shaped  stigma  simple. 
Ovules  and  seeds  1-7.  —  Fronds  producing  rootlets  underneath,  proliferous 


LEMNACE.E.       (DUCKWEED    FAMILY.)  479 

from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  towards  the  base,  and  at  length  stipitate ;  the  tissue 
abounding  with  bundles  of  acicular  rhaphides,  as  in  Araceaj.  (An  old  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  meaning. ) 

§  1 .   LEMNA,  Schleiden.     Root  single :  ovule  one,  half-anatropous  or  orthotropous. 

1.  L.  trisiilca,  L.     Fronds  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  stalked  base,  thin,  dentic- 
ulate at  the  tip  (£'-f  long),  proliferous  from  one  or  both  sides;  seed  half-ana- 
tropous.  —  Ponds  and  springy  places ;  immersed  and  living  through  the  winter, 
usually  several  generations  remaining  connected.     Flowers  found,  for  the  first 
time  in  this  country,  by  C.  M.  Booth,  Rochester,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  T6rreyi,  Austin,  n.  sp.     Fronds  oblong  or  obovate-oblonrj,  usually  some- 
what falcate  (l"-24"  long),  thin,  faintly  1-nerved,  cavernous  to  the  apex,  pale 
green  both  sides,  commonly  in  groups  of  4  -  8 ;  utricle  elongated-ovate,  pointed  by 
the  long  style,  flattish,  usually  half  the  length  of  the  frond ;  seed  oblong  and  rather 
abruptly  expanded  below  the  middle,  unequally  cordate  at  the  base,  orthotropous, 
very  obtuse,  partly  striate  when  dry  ;  testa  fleshy,  loosely  adhering  to  the  thick- 
ish  and  solid  inner  coat ;  operculum  distinctly  apicidate ;  albumen  very  scanty  (a  sin- 
gle layer  of  cells).  —  Pools,  New  Jersey  (fertile)  to  Missouri  and  southward. 

3.  L.  perpusilla,  Torr.    Fronds  obovate  or  roundish-obovate,  oblique  ( \ "  -  1 J" 
long),  obscurely  3-nerved,  grouped  in  circular  patches  (of  4  -  8)  ;  utricle  ovate 
and  at  length  oblique,  tipped  with  a  rather  long  eccentric  style ;  seed  ovate  or  oval, 
obtuse,  oblique  in  the  utricle,  orthotropous,  delicately  many-striate  when  dry ;  testa 
coriaceous,  solid,  firmly  attached  to  the  very  thin  inner  coat ;  operculum  scarcely 
apiculate ;  albumen  abundant.  —  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  often 
fertile.  — Var.  TRINERVIS,  Austin.    Fronds  larger,  distinctly  3-nerved,  thin ;  utricle 
ovate,  pointed  with  a  rather  long  style ;    seed  ovate,  acutish,  mostly  straight, 
unequally  cordate.  —  New  York  and  Penn.  (fertile)  to  Wisconsin. 

4.  L.  minor,  L.     Fronds  obovate  or  elliptical-obovate,  thickish  (I''- 2"  long), 
often  grouped  and  short-stalked,  obscurely  3-nerved  ;  utricle  short-urn-shapcd  and 
tipped  with  a  short  style ;  seed  oval  or  ovate,  half-unatropous,  horizontal,  parallel  with 
the  margin  of  the  frond.  —  Stagnant  waters  :  common  :    rare  in  flower.      (Eu.) 

Var.  obsciira,  Austin.  Fronds  obovate,  convex  on  both  surfaces,  often 
purple  underneath.  —  New  York  to  Virginia  :  sterile. 

Var.  orbiculata,  Austin.  Fronds  nearly  orbicular,  flat  above,  convex  and 
dark  purple  underneath,  proliferous  on  very  short  included  stalks.  —  New  York 
to  Wisconsin  and-  southward  :  sterile.  —  This  and  the  preceding  variety  have  been 
taken  for  L.  gibba  by  American  authors. 

§  2.  SPIR6DELA,  Schleiden.     Roots  several  in  a  cluster :  ovules  2,  anatropous. 

5.  L.  polyrrhlza,  L.     Fronds  round-obovate  (2"  -4"  long),  thick,  purple 
and  rather  convex  beneath,  dark  green  above,  palmately  (mostly  7-)  nerved. — 
Very  common  in  ponds  and  pools ;  not  found  here  in  blossom.     (Eu.) 

§3.  TELMAT6PHACE,  Schleiden.     Roots  single:  ovules  and  seeds  2  -  7 ,  ana- 
tropous :  albumen  hardly  any  in  the  mature  seed. 

6.  L.  gibba,  L.     Fronds   obovate   or   almost  orbicular    (l£"-3"  long), 
nearly  flat  above,  much  thickened  and  cavernous-spongy  underneath  (almost 
hemispherical),  proliferous  on  short  and  very  fragile  stalks,  therefore  seldom 


480  TTPHACEJE.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

more  than  2  or  3  in  connection.  —  Occurs  in  Arizona  and  southward  :  but  the 
true  plant  seems  not  to  have  been  detected  within  our  limits.     (Eu.) 

2.    WOLPPIA,  Horkel,  Schleiden. 

Flowers  central,  bursting  through  the  upper  surface  of  the  globular  (or  in  some 
foreign  ones  flat)  and  loosely  cellular  frond,  only  2 ;  one  consisting  of  a  single 
stamen  with  a  one-celled  2-valved  anther ;  the  other  of  a  globular  ovary,  tipped 
with  a  very  short  style  and  a  depressed  stigma.  Ovule  orthotropous,  rather 
oblique  in  the  cell.  Utricle  spherical.  Albumen  thin.  —  Fronds  rootless,  prolif- 
erous from  a  cleft  or  funnel-shaped  opening  at  the  base,  the  offspring  soon 
detached  :  no  rhaphides.  —  The  simplest  and  smallest  of  flowering  plants,  from 
J  "  -  §"  long  (a  new  African  and  Cuban  species  much  larger),  floating  as  little  grains 
on  the  water.  (Named  for  John  Fred.  Wolff,  who  wrote  on  Lemna  in  1801.) 

1.  W.  Columbiana,  Karsten.     Globose  or  globular,  J"-§"  long,  very 
loosely  cellular,  light  green  all  over,  not  dotted ;  stomata  1  -  6  ;  the  opening  at 
the  base  circular  and  with  a  thin  border.  —  Floating  rather  beneath  the  surface 
of  stagnant  waters,  near  Butcher's  Bridge,  Salisbury,  Connecticut  (Robbins,  1829), 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Austin),  Lake  Ontario  (Paine),  Detroit  ( J.  M.  Bigelow),  Illi- 
nois (E.  Hall,  Engelmann,  fertile),  and  Louisiana  (Riddell). 

2.  W.  Brasiliensis,  Weddell.    Oblong,  smaller  and  more  densely  cellular, 
flattish  and  deep  green  with  many  stomata  above,  tumid  and  pale  below,  brown- 
dotted  all  over,  anterior  edge  sharp,  opening  at  base  circular.  —  Growing  with 
the  last  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Illinois,  floating  on  the  surface.     (Char,  of  both 
by  G.  Engelmann.) 

ORDER  109.    TYPHACEJE.    (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  monoe- 
cious flowers  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral  envelopes. 
Ovary  tapering  into  a  style  and  (usually  elongated)  1 -sided  stigma. 
Fruit  nut-like  when  ripe,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous  :  embryo  straight  in  copious  albumen.  Root  perennial. 

1.     TYPHA,     Tourn.         CAT-TAIL  FLAG. 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem  ;  the 
upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  long  hairs,  and  inserted 
directly  on  the  axis ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrounded 
by  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of  the  fruit.  Nutlets 
minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous  bracts,  or  none.  Root- 
stocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems, 
erect,  thickish.  Flowering  in  summer.  (Name  from  rt</>os,  a  fen.) 

1.  T.  latifdlia,  L.     (COMMON  CAT-TAIL  or  REED-MACE.)     Leaves" flat; 
staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike  approximate.     Common.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  angustif61ia,  L.     (NARROW-LEAVED  or  SMALL  C.)     Leaves  chan- 
nelled towards  the  base,  narrowly  linear;  staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike 
usually  separated  by  an  interval.    A  rarer  and  smaller  plant.     (Eu.) 


TYPHACE^E.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.)  481 

2.    SPARGANIUM,    Tourn.       BUR-REED. 

Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  and  spherical  leafy-bracted  heads,  which 
are  scattered  along  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  consisting 
merely  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  irregularly  interposed ;  the  lower  or  fer- 
tile larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3  -  6  scales 
much  like  a  calyx.  Fruit  wedge-shaped  or  club-shaped.  —  Rootstocks  creeping 
and  stoloniferous :  roots  fibrous.  Stems  simple  or  branching,  sheathed  below 
by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  Flowering  through  the  summer.  (Name  from 
<r7rdpyavov,  a  fillet,  from  the  ribbon-like  leaves.)  By  DR.  G.  ENGELMANN. 

*  Erect,  with  branched  inflorescence  of  numerous  heads:  pistil  as  long  as  the  surround- 

ing truncate  scales,  attenuated  into  a  short  style  bearing  one  or  often  two  elongated 
stigmas:  nuts  sessile,  wedge-shaped,  angular:  leaves  for  the  greater  part  flat  and 
merely  keeted,  the  base  triangular  with  concave  sides. 

1.  S.  eiirycarpum,  Engelm.    Fruit  many-angled  (3£"-4"long)  when 
fully  ripe,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retuse  summit  (2%" -3^"  wide)  ab- 
ruptly tipped  in  the  centre ;  fruit-heads  1'  wide.     (S.  ramosum,  in  part,  of  most 
American  botanists. )  —  Borders  of  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers,  from  New  England 
and  Pennsylvania  northward  and  westward.  —  Stems  stout,  2°  -4°  high ;  heads 
2  to  6  or  more  :  the  largest  species  known. 

(S.  RAM6suM,  Hudson,  of  Europe,  has  not  yet  been  found  on  this  continent : 
it  is  distinguished  by  smaller  heads,  and  smaller,  few-angled,  usually  1 -seeded 
fruit,  with  a  conical  and  long-pointed  summit.) 

*  *  Erect  or  rarely  floating,  with  simple  (or  rarely  branched)  inflorescence  of  numer- 

ous heads ;  the  conspicuous  style  longer  than  the  spatulate  denticulate  scales :  stig- 
mas always  single,  linear  or  oblong :  nuts  attenuated  at  both  ends,  and  with  a 
stalked  base,  nearly  terete:  stems  rather  slender:  leaves  (unless  floating)  triangu- 
lar with  flat  sides  in  the  lower  half. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Hudson,  GENU!NUM.     Erect  (9' -15'  high),  slender;   in- 
florescence simple,  the  lower  heads  supra-axillary,  sessile  or  commonly  pedun- 
cled  (7" -8"  wide);  stigma  linear,  equal  to  the  style;  fruit  more  or  less  con- 
tracted in  the  middle.  — New  England  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Nuttallii.  Like  the  last  or  type,  but  heads  axillary ;  stigma  linear- 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  style;  fruit  less  contracted.  (S.  Americanum,  Nutt.) 
—  From  Pennsylvania  and  New  England  northward  and  northwestward.  —  In- 
florescence rarely  branched ;  heads  8"  -  9"  wide. 

Var.  androcladum.  Stouter  (l^°-3°  high);  inflorescence  branched  be- 
low; branches  bearing  numerous  sterile  (rarely  also  1  or  even  2  fertile)  heads; 
stigma  linear,  as  long  as  the  style ;  fruit  larger,  not  contracted,  long-tapering 
upwards  and  downwards.  (S.  ramosum,  in  part,  of  American  authors.)  —  From 
New  England  southward  and  especially  westward.  —  Heads  10" -12"  wide. 

Var.  fliiitans.  Leaves  floating ;  inflorescence  branched ;  branches  bearing 
fertile  heads  below ;  stigma  oval,  shorter  than  the  style ;  fruit  somewhat  con- 
tracted and  with  a  short  stipe.  (S.  fluitans,  Fries.)  — Ponds  at  the  base  of  the 
White  Mountains,  Oakes.  —  Heads  6"  -7"  wide.  (Eu.) 

Var.  angustifdlium.  Leaves  floating,  longer  and  narrower  than  in  the 
31 


482  NAIADACE^l.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

last ;  inflorescence  simple ;  lower  fertile  heads  usually  supra-axillary,  sessile  or 

peduncled ;  stigma  linear,  about  the  length  of  the  style ;  fruit  smaller,  short- 

stiped,  contracted  in  the  middle.     (S.  angustifolium,  Michx.     S.  affine,  Schnitz- 

kin;  said  to  be  the  true  S.  natans  of  Linnaeus.) — Mountain  lakes  and  slow 

streams,  New  York,   New  England,  and  northward.  —  Heads  5" -7"  wide. 

Dwarf  states,  growing  nearly  out  of  water,  have  shorter  erect  leaves.     (Eu.) 

*  #  #  Usually  floating ',  with  very  slender  stems  and  delicate  always  flat  and  nanow 

leaves :  inflorescence  simple,  of  few  small  heads :  stigma  oval,  about,  as  long  as 

the  short  style,  scarcely  surpassing  the  oval  or  obovate  denticulate  scales :  nuts  oval, 

with  a  v&'y  short  stipe  and  short  point. 

3.  S.  minimum,  Bauhin,  Fries.  Fertile  heads  solitary  or  usually  2,  ax- 
illary, sessile  or  the  lower  one  peduncled,  fruit  heads  4" -5"  in  diameter;  nuts 
somewhat  triangular,  the  lower  third  usually  contracted ;  stems  when  out  of 
water  only  5' -6'  high  ;  when  submersed  longer.  (S.  natans,  of  older  authors, 
but  not  of  Linnaeus,  according  to  Fries.  S.  angustifolium,  Ed.  2.)  — Northern 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  110.    NAIADACEJE.    (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

Immersed  aquatic  plants,  with  jointed  stems  and  sheathing  stipules  within 
the  petioles,  or  with  sheathing  bases  to  the  leaves,  inconspicuous  flowers,  which 
are  naked  or  with  a  free  merely  scale-like  calyx;  the  ovaries  solitary  or  2-4 
and  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Seed  without  albumen,  filled  by  the  large 
embryo,  often  curved  or  hooked.  Flowers  usually  bursting  from  a  spathe, 
sometimes  on  a  spadix. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous. 

1.  Naias.     Pistils  solitary  and  naked.    Stigmas  2  or  4 

2.  Zannicliellia.     Pistils  about  4  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  sheath. 

3.  Zostero.    Pistils  and  anthers  alternately  sessile  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  linear  spadix 

enclosed  in  a  leaf.    Stigmas  2. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  clustered. 

4.  Rnppia.     Flowers  naked  (no  perianth),  each  of  4  large  anther-cells,  and  4  ovaries. 

5.  Potamogeton.    Flowers  with  sepals,  stamens,  and  sessile  ovaries  each  4. 

1.    NAIAS,    L.        NAIAD. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  axillary,  solitary  and  sessile ;  the  sterile  con- 
sisting of  a  single  stamen  enclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe :  anther  at 
first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  short  style :  stigmas  2-4,  awl-shaped :  ovule 
erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  enclosed  in  a  loose  and  separa- 
ble membranous  epicarp.  Embryo  straight,  the  radicular  end  downwards.  — 
Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposite  and  linear  leaves, 
somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  spinulose-toothed,  sessile  and  dilated  at  the  base. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves  in  the 
axils;  in  summer.  (Natas,  water-nymph;  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  insig- 
nificant water- weeds.) 


NAIAD  ACE^E.       ( POND  WEED    FAMILY.)  483 

1.  N".  major,  All.     Leaves  linear,  rather  broad,  strongly  repand-toothed, 
the  back  as  well  as  the  stem  more  or  less  beset  with  little  spines,  the  sheathing 
base  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  dioecious;  anther  4-celled,  4-valved.  —  New 
York,  Onondaga  Lake,  G.  W.  Clinton ;  Lake  Ontario,  near  Rochester,  C.  M. 
Booth:  recent  discoveries.     (Eu.) 

2.  N.  flexilis,  Rostk.     Leaves  very  narrowly  linear  and  minutely  serrate, 
as  is  their  abrupt  rounded  sheathing  base ;  flowers  mono3cious  ?    (N.  Canade'nsis, 
Michx.     Caulinia  flexilis,  Willd.)  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  common.     (Eu.) 

2.    ZANNICHELLIA,    Micheli.        HORNED  PONDWEED. 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  from  the  same  axil ; 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2-4- 
celled  anther;  the  fertile  of  2-5  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup- 
shaped  involucre,  forming  obliquely  oblong  nutlets  in  fruit,  beaked  with  a  short 
style,  which  is  tipped  by  an  obliquely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lobed  stigma. 
Seed  orthotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  and  coiled  up. 
—  Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposite  or  alternate 
long  and  linear  thread -form  entire  leaves,  and  sheathing  membranous  stipules. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Zannichelli,  a  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  palustris,  L.  Style  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  which  is  flat- 
tish,  somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back 
(not  wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile  ;  or,  in  var.  PEDUNCUL\TA,  both 
the  cluster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  peduncled.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams  :  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 

3.    ZOSTER A,    L.        GRASS-WRACK.    EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  arranged 
in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf-like  spadix,  which  is  hid- 
den in  a  long  and  sheath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spathe) ;  the  sterile  flowers  consist- 
ing of  single  ovate  or  oval  1 -celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  as  the  ovaries,  and 
containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  pollen ;  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attached  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule :  stigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  enclosing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almost  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plumule.  —  Grass-like  marine  herbs,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  from  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  grass-like,  ribbon-shaped  leaves 
(whence  the  name,  from  £a>or^p,  a  band). 

1.  Z.  marina,  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-nerved.  —  Common  in  bays 
along  the  coast,  in  water  of  5° -  15°  deep.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

4.    R  UP  PI  A,    L.       DITCH-GRASS. 

Flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  approximated  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at  first 
enclosed  in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  entirely  destitute  of  floral 


484  NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

envelopes,  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and  separate  an- 
ther-cells and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  a  single  campylotropous  suspended 
ovule :  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  of  little  obliquely-ovate  pointed  drupes, 
each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  flowering ;  the  spadix  itself 
also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle.  Embryo  ovoid,  with  a 
short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  upper  end,  by  the  side  of  the  short  cotyle- 
don.—  Marine  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  long  and  thread-like  forking 
stems,  and  slender  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion.  (Dedicated  to  H.  B. 
Ruppius,  a  German  botanical  author  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  R.  maritima,  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary  ;  nut  ovate,  obliquely  erect ; 
fruiting  peduncles  capillary  (£'-!'  long).  —  Shallow  bays,  along  the  whole  coast : 
also  Onondaga  Lake  (near  salt  springs),  New  York,  J.  A.  Paine.  Chiefly  a 
narrowly  leaved  variety  with  strongly  pointed  fruit,  approaching  R.  rostellata, 
Koch.  June -Sept.  (Eu.) 

5.    POTAMOGETON,    Tourn.        PONDWEED. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  oppo- 
site the  sepals :  anthers  nearly  sessile,  2-celled.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only  one), 
with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule :  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short  style. 
Fruit  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  compressed  :  endocarp  (nutlet)  crus- 
taceous.  Embryo  hooked,  annular,  or  cochleate,  the  radicular  end  pointing 
downwards.  —  Herbs  of  fresh,  or  one  in  brackish,  ponds  and  streams,  with  jointed 
mostly  rooting  stems,  and  2-ranked  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate  or  im- 
perfectly opposite  ;  the  submersed  ones  pellucid,  the  floating  ones  often  dilated, 
and  of  a  firmer  texture.  Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united  and  sheath- 
ing. Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  mostly  raised  on  a  peduncle  to 
the  surface  of  the  water.  ( An  ancient  name,  composed  of  Trora/zoy,  a  river,  and 
yft'rtoi/,  a  neighbor,  from  their  place  of  growth.) 

The  following  account  of  the  genus  is  contributed  by  DR.  J.  W.  BOBBINS,  of 
Uxbridge,  Mass.  — By  fruit,  the  full-grown  fresh  or  macerated  fruit  is  intended ; 
by  nutlet,  that  with  the  fleshy  outer  portion  or  epicarp  removed.  All  except 
No.  15  flower  in  summer :  the  month  mentioned  indicates  the  season  of  the 
maturation  of  the  fruit,  which,  especially,  should  be  collected. 

§  1.  DIVERSIFOLII.     Leaves  of  two  sorts;  the  floating  ones  coriaceous,  and  different 

in  form  from  the  more  delicate  submersed  ones. 

*  Submersed  leaves  mostly  with  no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole,  being  in  fact  blade- 
less  more  or  less  flattened  petioles,  or  phyllodia,  sessile,  grass-like,  narrowly  linear, 
or  so  attempted  as  to  become  flliform  or  capillary. 

H-  Stems  rather  stout :  stipules  free  from  the  leaves :  spikes  all  emersed,  cylindrical  and 
densely  fruited :  fruits  fleshy  and  turgid,  obliquely  obovate :  embryo  coiled  into  less 
or  scarcely  more  than  one  turn. 

1.  P.  natans,  L.  Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched;  floating  leaves  all 
tong-petioled,  elliptical  or  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  but  with  a 
blunt  point,  21  -29-nerved  ;  upper  submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  early  perishing, 
the  lower  (later  in  the  season)  very  slender  (3' -7'  long,  barely  a  line  wide) ; 


NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  485 

upper  stipules  very  long,  acute;  peduncle  about  the  thickness  of  the  stem ;  spikes  1'  -2' 
long  ;  sides  of  the  turgid  nutlet  with  a  small  deep  impression  in  the  middle ;  embryo 
coiled  into  an  incomplete  elliptical  ring.  —  Var.  PROL^XUS,  Koch.  More  slen- 
der ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  frequently  submersed,  acute;  stem  (6° -12°), 
submersed  leaves  (sometimes  21')  and  stipules  very  long.  —  Common  in  ponds 
and  ditches  :  the  var.  in  deep  flowing  water.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Oakesianus,  Bobbins,  n.  sp.     Stem  more  slender,  much  branched ; 
floating  leaves  smaller  (!'-  l£'  long),  ovate-  or  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  fewer- 
(17-23-)  nerved;  lowest  submersed  ones  almost  capillary  (only  i"-%"  wide), 
continuing  through  the  flowering  season;  spikes  shorter  (!'-!'  long),  on  pe- 
duncles much  thicker  than  the  stem ;  fruit  smaller  and  more  acute  ;  sides  of  the  tur- 
gid nutlet  not  at  all  impressed  ;  curvature  of  the  embryo  nearly  circular,  its  apex 
directed  to  a  point  above  its  base.  —  Ponds,  and  especially  pools  and  stagnant 
ditches,  not  rare  in  E.  Massachusetts.     Aug. 

3.  P.  Claytbnii,  Tuckerman.     Stems  compressed,  often  simple  from  the 
creeping  rootstocks  ;    floating  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (l'-l|'  long),  11-17- 
nerved,  oblong,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  gradually  narrowing  and 
passing  into  the  submersed  ones,  which  are  very  numerous  and  approximate, 
2-ranked,  linear  (2' -5'  long,  and  l"-24"  wide),  5-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
slender  and  nearly  marginal,  the  space  within  the  inner  nerves  coarsely  cellular- 
reticulated ;  stipules  very  obtuse ;  spikes  numerous,  about  the  length  of  the  thick- 
ened peduncle ;  fruit  round-obovate,  flattish,  3-keeled  when  dry  ;  nutlet  distinctly 
impressed  on  the  sides ;  curvature  of  the  embryo  transversely  oval.    (P.  Nuttallii, 
Chamisso?)  —  Still  or  flowing  water,  and  even  in  small  streams:  common. — 
Perfectly  distinct,  and  peculiar  in  the  reticulation  of  the  centre  of  the  delicate 
grass-like  submersed  leaves.     July,  Aug. 

•i-  -i-  Characters  of  the  preceding  section,  but  all  the  parts  small,  slender  and  delicate 
as  in  the  next,  or  as  in  No.  20  (and  like  it  propagated  by  autumn  buds),  but  with 
coriaceous  floating  leaves. 

4.  P.  V&seyi,  Robbins,  n.  sp.      Very  delicate  ;   stem   almost  capillary ; 
floating  leaves  obovate  (3" -5"  long)  and  about  the  length  of  their  filiform 
petioles,  with  5  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  cross-veins  distinct ;   sub- 
mersed leaves  filiform-linear,  very  attenuate  (l'-2'  long,  &"-£"  wide)  and 
acute  ;  stipules  not  adnate,  scarious  ;  spikes  all  emersed  and  similar;  few,  inter- 
rupted-oblong, 3  -  5-flowered,  on  a  thickish  peduncle  ;    fruit  oblique  round- 
obovate  (I"  long)  compressed,  slightly  sharp-margined,  tipped  with  a  distinct 
recurved  style,  the  sides  impressed  and  face  acute ;  upper  portion  of  the  embryo 
circularly  incurved,  its  apex  transverse  to  the  fruit.  — Illinois,  near  Ringwood, 
McHenry  Co.,  Dr.  G.  Vasey.     Apparently  also  in  Quinsigamond  Lake,  Mass. 
-t-  -t-  -i-   Stems  slender  or  filiform  and  much  branched :  floating  leaves  sometimes 

wanting :  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf:  spikes  of  two  kinds ;  one  emersed, 
cylindrical  and  many-flowered,  on  a  club-shaped  peduncle ;  the  other  submersed, 
globular  and  few-flowered :  fruit  flat,  cochleate,  with  thin  or  scarcely  any  flesh, 
and  a  thin  nutlet :  embryo  spiral. 

5.  P.    Spirillus,    Tuckerman.      Floating  leaves  varying   from   oval   to 
lance-oblong  and  lanceolate  (the  largest  10"  long  and  4"  wide),  usually  obtuse. 


486  NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

about  equalling  the  rather  dilated  petioles,  with  5  -  many  nerves  beneath  deeply 
impressed ;  upper  submersed  leaves  either  with  or  without  a  lance-oblong  or 
broad-linear  proper  blade;  the  numerous  lower  ones  narrow-linear,  tapering 
towards  the  obtuse  apex  (£'-  l£'  long,  ^"-|"  wide) ;  stipules  early  lacerate; 
submersed  flowers  'usually  solitary  on  very  short  erect  peduncles ;  shell-shaped  fruit  with 
the  back  either  winged  and  with  4-5  distinct  teeth  or  wingless  and  entire ;  embryo 
coiled  1 3  turns.  —  Rivers,  and  even  far  up  small  streams,  in  company  with  the 
No.  3,  or  rarely  with  the  following,  Maine  (J.  Blake)  to  Lake  Superior  and 
Virginia.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  less  slender  than  the  next. 

6.  P.  h^bridus,  Michx.     Floating  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  lance- 
oblong  ;  (the  largest  10"  long  and  6"  wide),  often  acute,  longer  than  t\\e  filiform 
petioles,  with  about  5-7  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed ;  submersed  leaves  very 
numerous,  almost  setaceous,  (l'-3'  long,  very  rarely  £"  wide) ;  stipules  obtuse; 
submersed  spikes  1  -4-flowered,  their  peduncles  (of  their  own  length)  frequently 
recurved ;  fruit  minute,  about  8-toothed  on  the  margin;  embryo  coiled  1^  turns.     (P. 
diversifolius,  Barton.    P.  setaceus,  Pursh.)  —  Shallow  stagnant  waters.    June- 
Aug.  —  Emersed  spikes  4"  to  (in  var.  spicatus,  Engelm.)  7"  long. 

*  *  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  oval  or  linear,  membranaceous. 

7.  P.  rufescens,  Schrader.     Stem  simple,  floating  leaves  (often  wanting, 
P.  obrutus,  Wood )  rather  thin,  wedge-oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  11- 
1 7-nerved ;   submersed  leaves  almost  sessile,  lanceolate  and  lance-oblong,  smooth 
on  the  margin,   fewer-nerved  ;   stipules   broad,   hyaline,  obtuse,   upper  ones 
acuminate  ;    fruit  obovate,  lenticular,  pitted  when  immature,  with  an  acute 
margin  and  pointed  with  the  rather  long  style ;  embryo  incompletely  annular. 
—  Rivers  and  streams,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and  especially 
northward.  —  Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Spike  often  somewhat  compound  !     (Eu.) 

8.  P.   lonchites,    Tuckerman.      Stem   often   branching  below;  floating 
leaves   thinnish,  lance-oblong  or  long-elliptical,   often   acute,   long-petiokd,    17-23- 
nerved;    submersed  leaves  very  long  (3' -12',  by  2" -12"  wide),  lanceolate  and 
lance-linear,  7-15-nerved,  coarsely  reticulated ;  peduncles  somewhat  thickened 
upwards  ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  obscurely  3-keeled  when  fresh  and  distinctly 
so  when  dry,  the  middle  one  winged  above  and  sometimes  with  3-5  shallow 
indentations  ;  the  rounded  slightly  curved  face  surmounted  by  the  short  style ; 
nutlet  with  the  sides  scarcely  impressed ;  upper  part  of  the  embryo  circularly 
incurved.      (P.  Americanus,  Chamisso?)  —  Rivers  and  ponds,  New  England  to 
Illinois.     Aug.,   Sept.  —  More   slender  than  the  very  similar  P.  fluitans  of 
Europe,  its  leaves  longer  petioled,  the  floating  ones  more  abrupt  at  the  base ; 
stipules  not  bicarinate.    Chamisso's  name  of  this  and  No.  3  merely  provisional. 

9.  P.  plilcher,  Tuckerman.     Stem  simple,  black-spotted ;  leaves  of  three 
kinds  ;  floating  ones  becoming  very  large  (4£'  by  3£')  roundish-ovate  and  cordate 
or  ovate-oblong,  25 -37 -nerved;  all  alternate;  upper  submersed  ones  (3-5)  usually 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base  and  very  long-acuminate,  10-15-nerved,  very  thin, 
cellular  each  side  of  the  midrib,  undulate,  short-petioled ;  lowest  (2-4  near  the 
base  of  the  stem)  thicker,  plane,  oval  or  oblong  with  a  rounded  base,  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  on  longer  petioles ;  stipules  rather  short  and  obtuse ;  peduncles  thicker 
than  the  stem ;  fruit  with  a  rounded  back  and  angular  face,  pointed  with  the 


NAIADACEJS.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  487 

style,  distinctly  3-keeled  when  fresh,  sharply  so  when  dry ;  nutlet  marked  on 
the  back  by  two  deep  furrows  and  in  front  by  a  sinus  below  the  angle ;  sides 
flat;  upper  portion  of  the  embryo  circularly  much  incurved.  — Ponds;  found  as 
yet  only  in  Eastern  Massachusetts  and  "  in  ponds  on  hills  north  of  St.  Louis," 
Missouri,  Enqelinann  :  also  Georgia,  Le  Conte.  —  July,  Aug. 

10.  P.  amplifblius,  Tuckerman.     Stems  simple,  of  very  variable  length  ; 
floating  leaves  (sometimes  wanting)  large,  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  sometimes  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acutish,  30  -  50-nerved,  on  rather  long  petioles ;  sub- 
mersed leaves  often  very  large  (reaching  T  by  2'),  lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  at 
each  end,  usually  much  recurved,  undulate,  mostly  on   short  petioles  ;   stipules 
very  long  and  tapering  to  a  point,  soon  becoming  loose ;  peduncles  thickened  up- 
ward, in  deep  water  much  elongated  ;  fruit  rather  obliquely  obovate,  the  back 
rounded  and  bluntly  keeled;   nutlet  slightly  impressed  on  the  sides;   upper 
portion  of  the  embryo  incurved  into  a  ring.  —  Ponds  and  large  rivers  :  not  rare. 

—  Aug.,  Sept. — In  very  shallow  water  sometimes  without  membranaceous 
leaves,  and  in  deep  water  it  may  have  those  only.  —  (Leaves  on  a  radical 
shoot  in  one  specimen  with  adnate  stipules  !) 

11.  P.  gramineus,  L.     Stem  slender,  very  branching  below ;  floating  leaves 
mostly  thin,  variable,  but  with  a  short  blunt  point,  9-15-nerved;  submersed 
ones  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  about  7-nerved  on  the  stem  and  3-nerved  on  the  branches ; 
upper  ones  petioled,  lower  sessile;  stipules  obtuse,  loose;  peduncles  somewhat 
thickened  upwards ;  fruit  small,"  roundish,  compressed,  scarcely  keeled  ;  upper 
portion  of  the  embryo  annular.    (P.  heterophyllus,  Schreber.)  —  Still  or  flowing 
water :  common.  —  Varies  exceedingly  in  its  submersed  leaves,  peduncles,  and 
otherwise.     The  ordinary  forms  are: — Var.  GRAMINIFOLIUS,  Fries.     Sub- 
mersed leaves  lance-linear,  attenuate   at  each  end,  flaccid,  sometimes  more 
than  4'  long  by  3"  wide  ;   stem  elongated.  —  Var.  HETEROPHYLLUS,  Fries. 
Lower  leaves  shorter,  lanceolate,  more  rigid :  the  commonest  form.    The  follow- 
ing are  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species.     (Eu.) 

Var.?  spathulaefdrmis.  (P.  spathseformis,  Tuckerman,  in  herb.)  Branches 
scattered ;  floating  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  with  a  larger  point ;  submersed 
ones  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  sometimes  recurved ;  spikes  large  and 
densely  flowered.  —  Mystic  Pond,  near  Boston,  Tuckerman.  The  fruit  is  lacking 
to  prove  its  rank. 

Var.  ?  myrioph^llus.  Sending  up  from  running  rootstocks  many  short 
repeatedly  dichotomous  and  densely  leafy  stems ;  fertile  stems  very  slender ; 
floating  leaves  small,  delicate,  lance-oblong,  on  long  filiform  petioles ;  sub- 
mersed stem-leaves  larger,  early  perishing  ;  those  of  the  branches  (deep  green) 
linear-oblanceol ate,  very  small  (|'-l'long),  acute,  sometimes  minutely  serru- 
late ;  spike  slender,  loosely-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  thickened  peduncle. 

—  Apponaug  Pond,  Rhode  Island,  without  fruit. 

§  2.  CONFORMIFOLII.     Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostly  sessile,  membrana- 
ceous and  dilated,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  oval.     (Stipules  obtuse,  becoming  loose.) 

12.  P.  Iticens,  L.     Stem  thick,  branching,  sometimes  very  large ;  leaves 
more  or  less  petioled,  oval  or  lanceolate,  mucronate,  often  rough-serrulate,  frequently 


488  NAIADACE^E.        (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

shining ;  fruit  roundish  and  compressed,  with  obtuse  margins,  slightly  kedtd ;  em- 
bryo circularly  incurved  above.  — Ponds  :  not  common.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Eu.) 

Var.  minor,  Nolte.  Smaller ;  upper  leaves  distinctly  petioled  and  sometimes 
emersed,  the  others  subsessile,  all  usually  numerous,  undulate  and  shining. 

Var.  ?  Connecticutensis.  Stem  flexuous ;  leaves  all  submersed,  nearly 
sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  crisped,  not  shining ;  fruit  larger,  distinctly  keeled; 
nutlet  thick  and  hard.  —  Saltonstall's  pond,  East  Haven,  Connecticut,  1850. 

13.  P.  prsel6ngUS,  Wulfen.     Stem  very  long,  branching,  flexuous ;  leaves 
lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  (sometimes  7'  long),  half -clasping,  obtuse  with  a  boat- 
shuped  cavity  at  the  extremity,  thence  splitting  on  pressure;  stipules  scarious, 
very  obtuse;  spikes  rather  loose-flowered;  peduncles  very  long  (sometimes  reach- 
ing 20') ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  compressed,  sharply  keeled  when  dry ;  style  ter- 
minating the  nearly  straight  face ;  curve  of  the  embryo  oval  and  longitudinal.  — 
Ponds  and  large  rivers,  E.  New  England,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Lake 
Superior.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Stem  white :  foliage  bright  green.     (Eu.) 

14.  P.  perfoli&tUS,  L.     Stem  branching ;  leaves  orbicular,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late from  a  cordate-clasping  base,  usually  obtuse  and  often  minutely  serrulate ; 
peduncles  short,  cylindrical ;  fntit  irregularly  obovate,  obtusely  margined;  embryo 
incurved  in  an  oval.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  common.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 

Var.  lanceol£tus.  Larger;  leaves  long-lanceolate  from  a  cordate-clasping 
base  and  acuminate,  wavy,  3'  to  sometimes  4£'  long ;  peduncles  thickened  upwards. 
—  Along  the  Great  Lakes.  —  This  form  seems  peculiarly  American. 

15.  P.  crispUS,  L.     Stem  compressed;  leaves  linear-oblong,  half-clasping,  ob- 
tuse, serrulate,  crisped-wavy,  3-nerved;  fruit  long-beaked;  upper  portion  of  the  em- 
bryo incurved  in  a  large  circle. — Flowing  and  stagnant  waters,  Delaware, 
Penn.,  and  New  Jersey,  Tatnall,  Porter,  Meehan.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  ANGUSTIFOLII.  Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostly  membranaceous  and 
sessile,  linear  or  setaceous.  (No.  16,  17,  and  20  are  often  yemmiparous,  propa- 
gating by  narrow  terminal  buds  detached  in  autumn.) 

#  Stipules  free  from  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf. 

16.  P.  COmpr^SSUS,  L.  (ex  Fries.)     Stem  In-anching,  wing  flattened ;  leaves 
linear  and  grass-like  (commonly  4'  by  1^'),  abruptly  pointed,  with  many  fine  and 
3  larger  nerves;  stipules  (seen  young)  oblong,  very  obtuse ;  spikes  cylindrical,  12  - 
15-flowered,  not  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  someAvhat 
keeled  and  with  slight  teeth  on  the  back,  the  sides  not  impressed,  the  face  arch- 
ing and  terminated  by  the  short  style ;  summit  of  the  large  embryo  lying  transverse 
to  the  fruit.     (P.  zostersefolius,  Schumacher.)  —  Still  and  slow-flowing  waters, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin:  not  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

17.  P.    obtUSif61ius,    Mertens  &  Koch.     Stem  flattened,  very  branching, 
leaves  linear,  tapering  towards  the  base,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  very  acute,  3- 
(rarely  5-)  nerved;  stipules  elongated,  very  obtuse;  spike  ovate,  continuous,  5-8- 
flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle ;  fruit  oval,  apiculate  with  the  style,  not 
keeled  when  fresh,  upper  portion  of  embryo  coiled  inward  and  lying  transverse  to 
the  fruit.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  :  very  rare  :  Dillerville  swamp,  near  Lan- 
caster, Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.     Swamp  of  Beaver  pond,  near  Central  mine,  and 
floating  in  Gratiot  Lake,  N.  Michigan.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 


NAIADACE^E.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  489 

1 8.  P.  NiagardQSiS,  Tuckerman.     Stem  flattened,  very  branching ;  leaves 
linear,  very  acute,  mucronate  and  muck  attenuate  at  the  nearly  sessile  base,  3  —  5- 
nerved,  scarcely  veiny  (l£'-3'  long  and  at  most  1"  wide)  ;  midrib  below  dilated; 
stipules  acutish  (sometimes  8"  long),  the  numerous  nerves  early  becoming  bristles; 
peduncles  short,  club-shaped,  compressed ;  spikes  few,  capitate,  8-  IZ-flowered ; 
fruit  roundish,  compressed,  with  a  winged  and  toothed  keel  and  angled  face;  "  seed 
convolute-uncinate."  —  Rapids  above  Niagara  Falls,  Tuckerman.     Aug. 

19.  P.  paucifldrUS,    Pursh.      Stem  filiform,  flatfish  and  very  branching ; 
leaves  narrow  linear  (l'-2'long  and  seldom  £"  wide),  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved; 
stipules  obtuse;  spikes  capitate,  1—4-  usually  2-flowered,  on  short  club-shaped  pedun- 
cles; fruit  roundish-lenticular ;  the  back  more  or  less  crested;  upper  portion  of  the 
embryo  incurved  in  a  circle.  —  Still  or  stagnant  waters :   common.     Aug., 
Sept.  —  Its  largest  forms  are  approached  by  the  preceding. 

20.  P.  pusillus,  L.     Stem  slender,  flattish  or  nearly  cylindrical,  branching ; 
leaves  narrow-  or  setaceous-linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  furnished  with  translucent  glands 
on  each  side  at  the  base ;  stipules  at  first  obtuse;  spikes  interrupted  or  capitate, 
2  -  8-flowered,  on  rather  long  peduncles ;  fruit  obliquely  elliptical,  scarcely  keeled ; 
apex  of  embryo  incurved  and  directed  obliquely  downwards.  —  Pools  and  ditches: 
rather  common,  especially  southward.  —  The  principal  forms  are 

Var.  major,  Fries.  Stem  less  branching;  leaves  broader  (almost  1"  wide), 
often  5-nerved ;  spikes  interrupted.  (P.  mucronatus,  Schrader.)  —  This  hardly 
passes  into  the  following  forms  :  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 

Var.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Slender,  very  branching ;  leaves  3-nerved,  often  ob- 
tuse ;  spikes  cylindrical  and  interrupted,  or  capitate  and  then  but  1  -3-flowered. 
—  A  rare  form  (E.  Mass.)  has  sometimes  lanceolate  floating  leaves  of  the  length 
of  the  petioles,  with  5  nerves  impressed  beneath,  as  in  P.  hybridus.  A  Swedish 
specimen  in  Fries.  Herb.  Norm,  exhibits  the  same  in  the  following  variety,  though 
in  a  slighter  degree.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

Var.  tenuissimus,  Mertens  &  Koch.  Stem  very  slender  and  much 
branched;  leaves  almost  setaceous,  acute  or  cuspidate,  obsoletely  3-nerved;  spikes 
interrupted  or  capitate.  —  New  England  and  New  York :  rather  rare.  July, 
Aug.  —  All  three  are  rather  sparingly  furnished  with  reproductive  buds :  also 
the  last  two  fruit  freely,  —  the  reverse  of  the  fact  in  the  following. 

Var.  ?  gemmiparus.  Stem  filiform  and  very  branching,  leaves  thicker, 
perfectly  setaceous  and  usually  exceedingly  attenuate  to  the  finest  point,  scarcely 
with  a  proper  midrib ;  stipules  long  (£'-!'),  obtuse;  spikes  very  few,  always 
interrupted,  3 - 6-flowered,  long-peduncled ;  propagating  buds  very  numerous;  fruit 
wanting.  (P.  gemmiparus,  Bobbins  in  herb.)  — Pools  and  slow-flowing  waters : 
outlet  of  Mystic  Pond,  near  Boston,  Tuckerman;  valley  of  the  Blackstone  from 
Worcester  to  Providence.  —  This  plant  is  annual,  propagated  exclusively  by  its 
gemma,  the  fruit  not  maturing. 

21.  P.  Tuckermani,  Robbins.     Very  slender  and  delicate  from  a  creeping 
rootstock,  of  a  fine  light  green  ;  stem  filiform  with  several  short  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous  leaf-bearing  branches ;  leaves  thin  and  flat,  but  setaceous  and  taper- 
ing to  near  the  fineness  of  a  hair  (l'-4'  long  and  £"  extreme  width),  obscurely  1  - 
3-nerved,  with  a  few  coarse  reticulations ;  stipules  rather  persistent  below,  £' 
long,  obtuse ;  peduncle  solitary,  very  long,  rather  thickening  upward ;  spike  4-8- 


490  ALISMACE^E.       ( WATER- PLANTAIN   FAMILY). 

flowered,  in  fruit  continuous,  oblong ;  fruit  thick-lenticular,  obscurely  3-keeled;  nutlet 
slightly  impressed  on  the  sides;   shell  thick  and  hard;  embryo  nearly  annular.  — 
Cold  ponds,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  to  Penn.    June,  July. 
*  *  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf. 

22.  P.  pectinatus,  L.     Stem  filiform,  repeatedly  dichotomous ;  leaves  se- 
taceous, attenuate  to  the  apex,  1 -nerved  with  a  few  transverse  veins;  spikes  inter- 
rupted, on  long  filiform  peduncles ;  fruit  obliquely  broad-obovate,  compressed, 
bluntly  keeled;    shell  of  nutlet  very  thick;    embryo  nearly  annular. — Lake 
Champlain  to  Lake  Superior,  and  along  the  coast,  both  in  fresh  and  salt  water. 
Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

23.  P.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.   Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rigid,  very 
branching,  invested  by  the  bases  of  the  leaves  and  stipules ;  leaves  crowded  in  two  ranks, 
recurved-tspreading,  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear  (3' -5'  long  and  2" -3"  wide), 
acuminate,  ciliate-serrulate  with  translucent  teeth,  many-nerved ;  stipules  obtuse 
when  young,  their  nerves  soon  becoming  bristles ;  spikes  numerous,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  on  short  peduncles.     A  single,  rather  immature  fruit  in  Professor 
Tuckerman's  herbarium,  from  Prof.  Eaton,  is  obliquely  obovate,  acutish  at  the 
base,  3-keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged,  much  arched  on  the  thinner 
face,  compressed  and  impressed  on  the  sides,  and  apiculate  with  the  rather  long 
style ;  superior  portion  of  the  large  embryo  circularly  incurved  and  pointing 
obliquely  downwards.  —  Oozy  bottoms  of  ponds  and  slow  streams :  common  in 
New  England  :  also  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio.   Flowering  in  June 
and  July.     Mature  fruit  not  yet  seen. 

(P.  DENSUS,  L.      The  plant  upon  which  Schweinitz  introduced  this 
European  species  into  the  U.  S.  flora  proves  to  be  Anacharis  Canadensis.) 

ORDER  111.    AL-ISMACE^E.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  flowering  stems,  and  perfect  or  moncecious 
flowers,  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and  corolla :  sepals  and 
petals  each  3,  distinct.  Ovaries  3  — many,  distinct  or  partly  so,  or  if  united 
separating  at  maturity,  forming  as  many  1  -  2-seeded  pods  or  achenia.  Seed 
ascending  or  erect.  Embryo  without  albumen.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
from  6  to  many :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base. 
—  Comprises  two  very  distinct  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.     JUWCAOINE^E.     ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 
Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike   (greenish).      Carpels  more   or  less 
united.     Seed  anatropous,  with  a  straight  embryo.     Leaves  petiole-like, 
without  a  blade.     (Flowers  perfect.) 

1.  Triglochin.    Ovaries  3-6,  united  to  the  apex  into  one,  but  separating  in  fruit. 

2.  Scheuchzeria.     Ovaries  3,  almost  distinct,  forming  diverging  pods  in  fruit. 

SUBORDER  II.    AL.ISMEJE.    WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 
Calyx  green  and  persistent.     Corolla  white,  deciduous.     Ovaries  nu- 
merous, distinct.     Seed  campylotropous :    embryo  bent  double  or  hook- 


ALISMACE^E.       (  WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  491 

shaped.      Leaves  or  some  of  them  commonly  furnished  with  a  blade. 
(Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  sometimes  dioecious.) 

3.  Alisma.     Flowers  perfect,  with  definite,  mostly  6  stamens.     Carpels  flattened,  whorled. 

4.  Kcliiiiodorus.     Flowers  perfect,  with  6  -many  stamens.     Carpels  capitate,  ribbed. 

5.  Sagittaria.     Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  with  indefinite,  rarely  few  stamens. 

Carpels  capitate,  flattened,  winged. 

1.    TBIGLOCHIN,    L.        ARROW-GRASS. 

Sepals  and  petals  much  alike  (greenish^,  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  Stamens 
3  -  6  :  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3  -  6-celled 
compound  ovary :  stigmas  sessile  :  ovules  solitary.  Pod  splitting  when  ripe 
into  3 -6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  persistent  central  axis. — Perennials, 
with  rush-like,  fleshy  leaves,  below  sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand-like  naked 
and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless.  (Name 
composed  of  rpels,  three,  and  yXw^iV,  point,  from  the  three  points  of  the  ripe 
fruit  in  No.  1  when  dehiscent.) 

1.  T.  palustre,  L.     Scape  (6' -18'  high)  and  leaves  slender ;  fruit  linear- 
dub-shaped;  the  3  carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below  upwards  leaving  a 
triangular  axis,  awl-pointed  at  the  base.  —  Marshes,  both  fresh  and  brackish,  New 
York  to  Illinois,  and  northward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  maritimum,  L.     Scape  (12' -20' high)  and  leaves  thiclcish,  fleshy, 
fruit  ouate  or  oblong,  acutish,  of  ft  or  rarely  5  carpels  which  are  rounded  at  the  base 
and  sliyhtly  grooved  on  the  back;  the  edges  acute.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast, 
also  salt  springs  in  the  interior,  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  — 
Var.  ELATUM  (T.  elatum,  Nutt.)  grows  in  cold  and  fresh  bogs,  from  W.  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  often  2^°  high,  and  has  the>  angles  of  the  carpels  sharper, 
or  almost  winged.     (Eu.) 

2.    SCHEUCHZERIA,    L.        SCHEUCHZERIA. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish-yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  2  -  3-ovuled,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit 
forming  3  diverging  and  inflated  1  -  2-seeded  pods,  opening  along  the  inside.  — 
A  low  bog-herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending 
simple  stem,  which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like  con-  ' 
duplicate  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with  sheath- 
ing bracts.  (Named  for  John  and  John  Jacob  Scheuchzer,  distinguished  Swiss 
botanists  early  in  the  18th  century.) 

1.  S.  palustris,  L. — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois, 
and  northward.  June,  July.  (Eu.) 

3.    ALISMA,    L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly  6. 
Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened  cori- 
aceous achenia,  which  are  dilated  and  2-3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Roots  fibrous. 


492  ALISMACE^E.       ( WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

Leaves  all  from  the  root,  several -ribbed,  with  connected  veinlets.  Scape  with 
whorl ed  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  rose-color.  (The 
Greek  name;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  A.  Plantago,  L.,  var.  Amerieanum.  Root  perennial ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped 
at  the  base,  3  -  9-nerved  ;  panicle  loose,  compound,  many-flowered  (l°-2° 
long) ;  carpels  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl  in  fruit. 
(A.  trivialis  and  parviflora,  Pursh.)  —  Shallow  water.  July  -  Sept.  (Eu.) 

4.     ECHINODORITS,     Richard,  Engelmann. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more. 
Ovaries  several  or  many,  imbricated  in.  a  head,  forming  thick  and  ribbed 
achenia  in  fruit,  often  beaked  with  a  projecting  persistent  style.  —  Habit  inter- 
mediate between  the  preceding  genus  and  the  following.  Fl.  summer  and 
autumn.  (Name  from  e^ii/coS//?,  prickly,  or  from  €\lvos,  and  So/jos,  a  leathern 
bottle,  applied  to  the  ovary,  which  is  in  most  species  armed  with  the  persistent 
style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  head  of  fruit.) 

Genus  elaborated  for  this  work  by  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

1.  E.  parvulus,  Engelm.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute  (£'-!£'  long, 
including  the  petiole);  shoots  often  creeping  and  proliferous;  scapes  (l'-3f 
high )  bearing  a  2  -  8-flowered  umbel ;    pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit ;   stamens  9  ; 
styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  achenia  beakless,  many-ribbed  ;  root  annual.  — 
Margin  of  ponds,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  westward.  —  Flower  3"  broad. 

2.  E.  rostratUS,  Engelm.     Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  obtuse,  nerved  (!'- 
3'  long,  excluding  the  petiole) ;  scape  erect,  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  a 
branched  panicle  of  proliferous  umbels  ;  stamens  12 ;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary ; 
achenia  beaked,  many-ribbed  ;  root  annual.     (Alisma  rostrata,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps 
and  ditches,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  from  3' to  2°  high.     Flower  5" 
wide.     Head  of  fruit  ovoid,  3"  wide. 

3.  E.  radicans,  Engelm.     Leaves  somewhat  truncately  broadly  heart- 
shaped,  obtuse,  nerved  (3' -8'  broad,  long-petioled) ;  stems  or  scapes  prostrate, 
creeping  (2° -4°  long),  proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls  of  flowers;   stamens 
about  21  ;    styles  shorter  than   the  ovary ;   achenia  short-beaked,  the  keeled  back 
denticulate.     (Alisma  radicans,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps,  Illinois  and  southward. — 
Flowers  6"  -  9"  in  diameter. 

5.    S>GITTARIA,    L.        ARROW-HEAD. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  often  dioecious  in  No.  2,  and  polygamous  in  No.  3. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Ovaries  many, 
crowded  in  a  spherical  or  somewhat  triangular  depressed  head  on  a  globular 
receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  membranaceous  winged  achenia.  —  Marsh  or 
aquatic,  perennial,  stoloniferous  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and  fibrous  roots;  the 
scapes  sheathed  at  the  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  petioles,  of  which 
the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all  of  them,  are  flattened,  nerved,  and  desti- 
tute of  any  proper  blade  (i.  e.  are  phyllodia) :  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow- 
shaped  or  lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross  veinlets  as  in  Alisma.  Flowers 


ALISMACE^E.       (WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY.)  493 

produced  all  summer,  mostly  whorled  in  threes,  with  membranous  bracts ; 
the  sterile  above.     (Name  from  sagitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of 
the  leaves.) 
Genus  newly  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

#  Filaments  narrow,  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers :  scape  simple  or  branched. 

1 .  S.  lancifblia,  L.     Scape  2°  -  5°  high,  with  several  of  the  lower  whorls 
fertile ;  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  pedicels  slender,  the  fertile  scarcely 
shorter   than  the   sterile   ones;  filaments   pubescent;  achenia   obovate-falcate, 
pointed  with  an  incurved  beak ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  rarely  linear, 
all  with  a  tapering  base,  thick  or  coriaceous  (6' -18'  long  and  on  a  long  and 
stout  petiole,  never  sagittate),  the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick 
midrib.     (S.  falcata,  Pursh,  and  Ed.  2.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward  to 
the  West  Indies. 

2.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.     Scape  (i°-  4°  high)  angled,  with  one  or  more 
of  the  lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  mostly  pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  fertile  flowers 
about  half  the  length  of  the  sterile  ones;  petals  with  white  claws;  filaments 
glabrous,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers ;  achenia  broadly  obovate,  with 
a  long  and  curved  beak  5  -  £  its  length ;  leaves  very  various,  almost  always 
sagittate.     (S.  sagittifolia  Amer.  auth.  etc.  —  The  European  species  has  the 
fertile  pedicels  only  J  or  5  the  length  of  the  sterile ;  claws  of  the  petals  purple- 
tinged  ;  filaments  not  longer  than  the  anthers ;  achenia  almost  orbicular,  very 
broadly  winged  and  with  a  short  arid  straight  beak.)  —  In  water  or  wet  places  : 
very  common.  — Excessively  variable  in  size  and  foliage  :  the  following  are  the 
leading  forms.  —  Var.  OBxtrsA  (S.  obtusa,  Willd.)  is  large  and  dioecious;  the 
broadly  sagittate  leaves  obtuse,  6' -12'  long.— Var.  LATirdLiA  (S.  latifolia, 
Willd. )  is  large,  monoecious,  with  broad  and  acute  sagittate  leaves.  —  Var. 
HAST\TA  is  the  ordinary  form,  with  narrow  halberd-shaped  or  sagittate  leaves 
(including  S.  hastata,  Pursh).  —  Var.  DiVERSirdLiA,  with  some  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  others  more  or  less  sagittate. — Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA 
has  the  narrow  leaves  with  long  and  linear  diverging  lobes.  —  Var.  GRAciLis 
(S.  gracilis,  Pursh)  is  the  most  slender  form,  with  nearly  linear  leaves  and 
lobes.  —  Var.  PUBESCENS  (S.  pubescens,  Muhl.) :  upper  part  of  petiole  and  of 
scape  and  especially  the  orbicular-ovate  obtuse  bracts  and  sepals  pubescent  or 
woolly ;  leaves  obtuse  or  acute ;  beak  of  fruit  (as  also  sometimes  in  some  of  the 
other  forms)  horizontal,  so  that  the  frnit-head  appears  compact  and  smoothish, 
while  usually  it  has  a  squarrose  surface,  from  the  protruding  and  recurved  beak, 
New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  A  state  with  double  flowers  has  been  found  in 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

3.  S.  calycina,  Engelm.      Scape  weak  (3' -9'  high),  at  length  mostly 
procumbent ;  usually  only  the  lowest  whorl  fertile,  with  pedicels  as  long  as 
those  of  the  sterile  flowers,  recurved  in  fruit ;  bracts  orbicular,  obtuse  or  rarely 
pointed  ;  calyx  oppressed  to  the  fruit-head  and  partly  covering  it ;  filaments  slightly 
rough,  as  long  as  the  anthers ;  achenia  obovate  with  a  short  horizontal  style ; 
leaves  broadly  halberd-shaped,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  wide  spreading  lobes, 
often  wider  than  long,  or  lanceolate  or  sometimes  reduced  to  linear  phyllodia. 
—  Maine  to  Delaware,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Var.  sroxGidsA,  with  a 
loose  or  spongy  texture  and  linear  bladeless  leaves  submersed,  occurs  eastward  ; 


494  ,  HYDROCHARIDACEJE.       (FROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.) 

Var.  FLtiiTANS,  with  lance-linear  floating  leaves,  has  been  found  in  Missouri  and 
westward;  and  Var.  GRANDIS,  with  leaves  9'-  12'  wide  and  9'  long,  branched 
scape,  and  fruit-heads  9"  diameter,  grows  farther  south.  —  This  species  shows 
9-12  stamens  in  the  fertile,  and  some  sterile  pistils  in  the  sterile  flowers;  and 
thus  connects  with  Echinodorus. 

*  *  Filaments  very  short,  with  enlarged  mostly  glandular  base :  scape  more  simple. 

4.  S.  heteroph^lla,  Pursh.     Scape  weak  (3'  -2°  high),  at  length  pro- 
cumbent ;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;  flowers  of  the  lowest  whorl  fertile  and  al- 
most sessile ;  the  sterile  on  long  pedicels ;  filaments  glandular-pubescent ;  ache- 
ma  narrowly  obovate  with  a  long  erect  beak ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oval, 
entire,  or  with  one  or  two  narrow  basal  sagittate  appendages.  —  Rather  common, 
at  least  southward.  —  Var.  ELL^PTICA  has  broad  leaves  (sometimes  6'  long 
and  5'  wide),  either  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  or  sagittate.  —  Var.  RfoiDA 
(S.  rigida,  Pursh,  on  the  Niagara  and  along  the  Great  Lakes),  the  tallest  form, 
has  stout  petioles  and  rigid  narrowly  lanceolate  blades,  acute  at  both  ends.  — 
Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  has  nearly  linear  leaves. 

5.  S.  graminea,  Michx.      Scape  very  slender,  erect  (3' -2°  high);  the 
lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  rather  obtuse  and  usually  connate ;  pedicels  all 
slender,  the  sterile  and  fertile  of  equal  length ;  filaments  glandular-pubescent ; 
achenia  small,  narrowly  obovate,  almost  beakless ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  linear  or  reduced  to  broad  and  acute  phyllodia  (when  it  is  S. 
acutifolia,  Pursh) ;  scarcely  ever  sagittate.     (S.  simplex  of  Amer.  authors;  not 
of  Pursh,  whose  plant  of  this  name  is  a  dioecious  form  of  S.  variabilis.)  —  Rather 
common,  especially  southward.  — Flowers  and  fruit-heads  smaller  than  in  any 
of  the  foregoing;  except  in  the  var.  PLATYPHY"LLA,  which  is  found  farther 
south,  and  has  leaves  6' -9'  long  and  3' -4'  wide;  flowers  1' wide,  on  pedi- 
cels l£'-  2'  long. 

6.  S.  pusilla,  Nutt.     Scape  (l'-3'  high)  weak,  reclining  in  fruit;  bract 
single,  clasping  ;  one  or  two  whorls  only,  of  which  but  a  single  flower  is  fertile, 
recurved  in  fruit ;  stamens  about  7,  with  glabrous  filaments;  achenia  obovate, 
with  an  erect  beak  and  three  notched  dorsal  ridges.     (Alisma  subulata,  Pursh.) 
—  Inundated  shores,  from  Eastern  New  Jersey  (C.  F.  Austin)  and  Philadelphia 
southward  near  the  coast. 

S.  NATANS,  Michx.,  closely  allied  to  the  last,  is  only  found  farther  south ; 
it  is  a  larger  plant  with  long  phyllodia,  or  oval  floating  leaves,  glabrous  fila- 
ments, and  obovate  short-beaked  achenia,  with  5-9  crenate  angles,  —  by  which 
structure  it  is  nearly  connected  with  Echinodorus. 

ORDER  112.    HYDROCH  ARID  ACE. 12.     (FROG'S-BIT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  ivith  dioecious  or  polygamous  regular  flowers  on  scape-like 
peduncles  from  a  spathe,  and  simple  or  double  floral  envelopes,  which  in  the 
fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  with  the  1  -  B-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  3  - 1 2,  distinct  or  monadelphous :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  3 
or  6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehisccnt,  many-seeded.  Seeds  as- 
cending, without  albumen :  embryo  straight. 


HYDROCHARIDACE^E.       (FROG's-BIT   FAMILY.)  495 

Tribe  I.     STRATIOTIDE^E.      Ovary  6  -  9-celled  :  stigmas  6 -  9. 

1.  Limiiobinm.     Filaments  6 - 12,  unequally  united  in  the  sterile  flowers  :  anthers  linear. 
Tribe  II.     VALLISNERIE^E.     Ovary  1-ceHed  with  3  parietal  placentae:  stigmas  3. 

2.  A  iiacharis.     Stem  leafy.     Tube  of  the  perianth  of  the  fertile  flowers  thread-form. 

3.  Valllsneria.     Stemless.     Tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

1.    LIMNOBIUM,     Kichard.        AMERICAN  FROG'S-BIT. 

Flowers  dioecious,  (or  monoecious?)  from  sessile  or  somewhat  peduncled 
spathes ;  the  sterile  spathe  1 -leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pedicelled  flowers ; 
the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  a  single  short-pedicelled  flower.  Calyx  3-parted  or 
cleft ;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  entirely  united 
in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at  unequal  heights  :  there 
are  3-6  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Ovary  6-9- 
celled,  with  as  many  placentae  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many-seeded  berry 
in  fruit :  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-parted,  awl-shaped  (ovules  ortho- 
tropous,  Torr.).  —  A  stemless  perennial  herb,  floating  in  stagnant  water,  pro- 
liferous by  runners,  with  long-petioled  and  round-heart-shaped  leaves,  which 
arc  spongy-reticulated  and  purplish  underneath ;  rootlets  slender,  hairy.  Ster- 
ile flowers  rather  small ;  the  fertile  larger ;  peduncle  nodding  in  fruit.  Petals 
white  1  (Name  from  Ai/zi/o/Sio?,  living  in  pools.) 

1.  L.   Spongia,   Richard.      ( Hydrdcharis   Spongia,  Bosc.     H.  cordifolia, 
Nutt.}  —  Lake  Ontario  (Dr.  Bradley,  Dr.  Sartwell),  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasey,  and  in 
the  Southern  States.     Aug. — Leaves  1'- 2' long,  faintly  5-nerved.    Peduncle 
of  the  sterile  flower  about  3'  long,  thread-like ;  of  the  fertile,  only  1',  stout. 

2.  ANACHAK-IS     (and  ELODEA),    Richard.       WATER-WEED. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  and  tubular  2- 
cleft  axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute ;  with  3  sepals,  barely 
united  at  the  base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals :  filaments  short  and 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  or  none ;  anthers  3-9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  either 
pistillate  or  apparently  perfect :  perianth  extended  into  an  extremely  long  and 
capillary  tube;  'the  limb  6-parted  ;  the  small  lobes  (sepals  and  petals)  obovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  3-9,  sometimes  merely  short  sterile  filaments,  without 
anthers,  or  with  imperfect  ones,  sometimes  with  oblong  anthers  Ovary  1 -celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentas,  each  bearing  a  few  orthotropous  ovules ;  the  capillary 
style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  :  stigmas  3,  large,  2-lobed  or  notched, 
exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  —  Perennial  slender  herbs,  grow- 
ing under  water,  with  elongated  branching  stems,  thickly  beset  with  pellucid 
and  veinless,  1-nerved,  sessile,  whorled  or  opposite  leaves.  The  staminate  flow- 
ers (which  are  rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off,  as  in  Vallisneria,  and  float  on 
the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  stigmas  of  the 
fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  the  excessively  prolonged  calyx- 
tube,  varying  in  length  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  (Name  formed  of 
dv,  throughout,  and  a^api?,  without  chqrms,  being  rather  homely  water- weeds.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Planchon.  Leaves  in  threes  or  fours,  or  the  lower 
opposite,  varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  minutely  serrulate ;  stamens  9  in 


496  BURMA  JsNIACPLE.       (BURMANNIA    FAMILY.) 

the  sterile  flowers,  3  or  6  almost  sessile  anthers  in  the  perfect  flowers.  (Elodea 
Canadensis,  Micltx.,  and  E.  latilblia,  Caspary,  who  has  recently  well  illustrated 
this  and  the  two  related  genera;  all  perhaps  to  be  reduced  to  one,  Hydrilla. 
Udora  Canadensis,  Nutt,  Anacharis  Alsinastrum  (Babington),  Nuttallii,  and 
Canadensis,  also  Apalanthe  Schweinitzii,  Pianchon.)  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  : 
common.  July.  —  Nat.  in  England,  where  it  is  very  troublesome  by  its  rapid 
increase,  filling  navigable  waters  ;  but  no  inconvenience  of  the  sort  is  complained 
of  here  in  its  native  country. 

3.    VALLISNERIA,    Micheli.       TAPE-GEASS.    EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  strictly  dioscious  :  the  sterile  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  head  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  enclosed  in  an  ovate  at  length  3-valved  spathe  which  is  borne 
on  a  very  short  scape  :  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in 
a  tubular  spathe  which  is  borne  on  an  exceedingly  long  scape.  Perianth  (calyx) 
3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers  ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube  coherent  with  the 
1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes  obovate)  ;  also  3 
linear  small  petals.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Ovules  very  nu- 
merous, scattered  over  the  walls,  orthotropous.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindrical, 
berry-like.  —  Stemless  plants,  with  long  and  linear  grass-like  leaves,  growing 
entirely  under  water.  The  staminate  clusters  being  confined  to  the  bottom  of 
the  water  by  the  shortness  of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves  spontaneously 
break  away  from  their  short  pedicels  and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they 
expand  arid  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised 
to  the  surface  at  this  time:  afterwards  the  thread-form  fertile  scapes  (2-4  feet 
long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water)  coil  up  spirally,  drawing  the  fruit 
under  water  to  ripen.  (Named  for  Ant.  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  V.  spiralis,  L.  Leaves  linear,  thin,  long  and  ribbon-like  (1°-  2°  long), 
obscurely  serrulate,  obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veined.  —  Common  in 
slow  waters.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  113.     BURJUANNIACE^E.     (BURMANNIA  FAMILY.) 

Small  annual  herbs,  often  with  minute  and  scale-like  leaves',  or  those  of  the 
root  grass-like  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  a  §-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  fhe 
tube  of  which  adheres  to  the  1-celled  or  3-celled  ovary  ;  stamens  3  and  dis- 
tinct, opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  ;  pod  many-seeded,  the  seeds 
very  minute.  —  A  small,  chiefly  tropical  family,  of  which  only  one  species  is 
found  within  our  borders. 

1.    BURMANNIA,    L.        (TuiPTERtLLA,  Michx.) 


Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  thick  placentae  in  the  axis.  Filaments  3,  very  short. 
Style  slender  :  stigma  capitate-3-lobed.  Pod  often  3-winged.  (Named  for 
J.  Burmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  B.  biflbra,  L.  Stem  low  and  slepder  (2'-4'  high),  2-flowered  at  the 
summit,  or  soon  several-flowered  ;  perianth  (2"  -3"  long)  bright  blue,  3-winged. 
(Tripterella  caerulea,  Michx.)  —  Peaty  bogs,  Virginia  and  southward. 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  497 

ORDER  114.    ORCHIDACEJE.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  clearly  distinguished  by  their  perfect  irregular  flowers,  with  Q-merous 
perianth  adnate  to  the  \-celled  ovary,  with  innumerable  ovules  on  3  parietal 
placentae,  and  with  either  one  or  two  gynandrous  stamens,  the  pollen  cohering 
in  masses.  Fruit  a  1-celled  3-valved  pod,  with  innumerable  minute  seeds, 
appearing  like  fine  saw-dust.  Perianth  of  6  divisions  in  2  sets  ;  the  3  outer 
(sepals)  mostly  of  the  same  petal-like  texture  and  appearance  as  the  3 
inner  (petals).  One  of  the  inner  set  differs  more  or  less  in  figure,  direc- 
tion, &c.  from  the  rest,  and  is  called  the  labellum  or  lip  :  only  the  other 
two  taking  the  name  of  petals  in  the  following  descriptions.  The  lip  is 
really  the  upper  or  posterior  petal,  i.  e.  the  one  next  to  the  axis,  but  by  a 
twist  of  the  ovary  of  half  a  turn  it  more  commonly  is  directed  forward,  as 
if  anterior,  i.  e.  is  next  the  bract.  Before  the  lip,  in  the  axis  of  the  flower, 
is  the  column,  composed  of  a  single  stamen,  or  in  Cypripedium  of  two  sta- 
mens and  a  sterile  rudiment  of  a  third,  variously  coherent  with  or  borne 
on  the  style  or  thick  fleshy  stigma ;  the  antlier  2-celled  ;  each  cell  con- 
taining one  or  more  masses  of  pollen  (pollinia  or  pollen-masses).  Stigma  a 
broad  glutinous  surface,  except  in  Cypripedium.  —  Perennials,  often  tuber- 
bearing  or  tuberous-rooted  ;  some  epiphytes.  Leaves  parallel-nerved,  all 
alternate.  Flowers  often  showy,  commonly  singular  in  shape,  solitary, 
racemed,  or  spiked,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  —  in  all  arranged  for 
fertilization  by  the  aid  of  insects,  very  few  capable  of  unaided  self-fertili- 
zation. (See  articles  on  Fertilization  of  Orchids,  in  Sill.  Jour.  1862, 
1863,  &c.)  —  A  vast  family,  but  few  in  the  United  States. 
I.  Anther  only  one.  (The  2  cells  should  not  be  mistaken  for  anthers  ! ) 

Tribe  I.  OPHRYDE.3E.  Anther  (of  2  separate  cells)  borne  on  and  entirely  adnate  to 
the  face  of  the  stigma,  erect  or  reclined.  Pollen  cohering  into  a  great  number  of  coarse 
grains,  which  are  all  fastened  by  elastic  and  cobwebby  tissue  into  one  large  mass,  and  to 
a  stalk  that  connects  it  with  a  gland  or  disk  which  was  originally  a  part  of  the  stigma. 
Flower  in  our  species  ringent,  the  lip  with  a  spur  beneath :  one  distinct  gland  to  each 
pollen-mass. 

1.  Orchis.    The  two  glands  or  viscid  disks  enclosed  in  a  common  pouch. 

2.  Habenaria.    The  two  glands  or  disks  naked  (without  any  pouch  or  covering),  either 

approximate  or  widely  separated. 

Tribe  II.  NEOTTIE^E.  Anther  dorsal  and  erect  or  inclined,  attached  by  its  base 
only  or  by  a  short  filament  to  the  back  or  summit  of  the  column,  persistent.  Pollen  in 
our  genera  loosely  cohering  (mostly  by  some  delicate  elastic  threads)  in  2  or  4  soft  masses, 
and  soon  attached  directly  to  a  viscous  gland  on  the  beak  of  the  stigma. 

3.  Goody  era.     Lip  entire,  free  from  the  column,  without  callosities  at  the  base. 

4.  Splranthes.     Lip  ascending  and  embracing  the  column  below,  2  callosities  at  the  base. 

5.  Listera.    Lip  flat,  spreading  or  pendulous,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 

Tribe  III.  ARETHUSE££,  MALAXIDEJE,  &c.  Anther  terminal  and  in- 
verted (except  in  No  12)  like  a  lid  over  the  stigma,  deciduous. 

*  Pollen  powdery  or  pulpy,  in  2  or  4  delicate  masses  :  no  gland, 

6.  Arethnsa.    Lip  bearded,  its  base  adherent  to  the  linear  column.    Pollen-masses  4. 

7.  Pogonia.  Lip  more  or  less  crested,  free  from  the  club-shaped  column.  Pollen-masses  2. 

32 


498  -         ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

8.  Calopogon.    Lip  bearded,  stalked,  free :  column  winged  at  the  apex.   Pollen-masses  4. 

*  *  Pollen  in  4-8  smooth  waxy  masses, 
••-  Without  stalks,  attached  directly  to  a  large  gland. 

9.  Calypso.    Lip  inflated  and  sac-like.    Column  winged  and  petal-like.    Stem  1-flowered. 

^_  4-  With  stalks  to  the  2  or  4  pollen-masses,  connecting  them  with  a  gland. 

10.  Tipularia.     Lip  short,  flat,  long-spurred  beneath.     Raceme  many-flowered. 

^-  4-  -t-  With  stalks  to  the  8  pollen-masses,  but  no  gland. 

11.  Bletia.     Lip  hooded,  crested,  spurless.     Scape  several-flowered. 

«_  H_.  .»_  +.  Without  either  stalks  or  glands  to  the  4  pollen-masses. 
++  Plants  green  and  with  ordinary  leaves.    Sepals  spreading. 

12.  Microsty  lis.     Column  minute,  round  :  anther  erect. 

13.  Ltlparis.     Column  elongated,  margined  at  the  apex  :  anther  lid-like. 

•H-  -H-  Plants  tawny  ^or  purplish,  leafless,  or  with  a  root-leaf  only. 

14.  Corallorhiza.     Perianth  gibbous  at  base,  or  with  a  spur  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

15.  Aplectrum.     Perianth  not  gibbous  nor  spurred  at  base.    A  green  autumnal  leaf. 

II.    Anthers  two,  or  very  rarely  three. 

Tribe  IV.  CYPRIPEDIEJE.  The  stamen  which  bears  the  anther  in  the  rest  of 
the  order  here  usually  forms  a  petal-like  sterile  appendage  to  the  column.  Pollen  not  in 
masses :  no  stalks  nor  gland. 

16.  Cypripedium.     Lip  an  inflated  sac.    Anthers  2,  one  each  side  of  the  column 

1.    ORCHIS,    L.        ORCHIS. 

Flower  ringent;  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  all  of  them  (in  our 
species)  converging  upwards  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  down- 
wards, coalescing  with  the  base  of  the  column,  bearing  a  nectariferous  spur  at 
the  base  underneath.  Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen  cohering 
in  numerous  coarse  waxy  grains,  which  are  collected  on  a  cobweb-like  elastic 
tissue  into  2  large  masses  (one  filling  each  anther-cell)  borne  on  a  slender  stalk, 
the  base  of  which  is  attached  to  a  gland  or  sticky  disk  of  the  stigma,  the  two 
glands  contained  in  a  common  little  pouch  or  hooded  fold,  placed  just  above  the 
orifice  of  the  spur  or  nectary.  Flowers  showy,  in  a  spike.  —  These  glands  stick 
fast  to  the  proboscis  of  a  butterfly  or  some  such  insect  introduced  into  the 
nectar-bearing  spur :  when  it  flies  to  another  flower,  it  drags  out  of  the  anther 
and  carries  with  it  the  pollen-masses,  and  applies  them  to  the  stigma  of  the 
second  or  of  several  succeeding  flowers,  thus  effecting  cross-fertilization. 
(*Op;(is,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  O.  spect£bilis,  L.  (SHOWY  ORCHIS.)  Root  of  thick  fleshy  fibres, 
producing  2  oblong-obovate  shining  leaves  (3' -5'  long),  and  a  few-flowered  4- 
angled  scape  (4' -7' high);  bracts  leaf-like,  lanceolate;  sepals  and  petals  all 
lightly  united  to  form  the  vaulted  galea  or  upper  lip,  pink-purple,  the  ovate  un- 
divided lip  white.  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  (especially) 
northward.  May. 

2.    HABENARIA,    Willd.,  R.  Br.        REIN-ORCHIS. 

Glands  or  viscid  disks  (to  which  the  pollen-masses  are  attached)  naked  and 
exposed,  separate,  sometimes  widely  separated  (becoming  attached,  some  to  the 
proboscis,  others  to  the  face  or  head  of  insects  feeding  upon  the  nectar  of  the 


OKCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  499 

spur,  the  pollen  thus  carried  from  one  blossom  to  another) :  otherwise  nearly  as 
in  true  Orchis :  the  lateral  sepals,  however,  mostly  spreading.  (Name  from 
kabena,  a  thong  or  rein,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  lip  or  spur  of  some 
species.) — PLATANTHERA,  named  primarily  for  the  species  with  the  glands 
and  bases  of  the  anther-cells  widely  divergent,  and  GYMXADENIA,  where 
these  are  approximate,  are  found  to  afford  no  wholly  fixed  or  clear  practical 
distinctions.  Accordingly,  in  this  edition,  our  species  are  restored  to  the 
older  genus. 

§  1.  GYMNAD^NIA,  R.  Br.  Cells  of  the  anther  parallel  and  approximate, 
their  glands  therefore  contiguous.  (Appendages  of  the  stigma  in  our  species  two 
or  three  and  much  developed,  oblong  or  club-shaped.) 

1.  H.  tridentata,  Hook.      Stem  slender  (6' -12'  high),  with  a  single 
oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaf  below,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  like  bracts 
above  ;  spike  6—  12-flowered,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  or  whitish,  very  small ;  lip 
wedge-oblong,  truncate  and  with  3  short  teeth  at  the  apex;  the  slender  and  slightly 
club-shaped  spur  curved  upwards,  longer  than  the  ovary.     (Orchis  tridentata, 
Muhl.    Gymnadenia  tridentata,  LindL)  — Wet  woods  :  common  northward  and 
along  the  Alleghanies.     June,  July.  —  Root  of  few  -fleshy  fibres.     Appendages 
of  the  stigma  (sterile  stamens?)  three,   oblong-club-shaped,   one  outside  each 
orbicular  gland  and  one  between  them,  rising  as  high  as  the  anther-cell,  their 
cellular  viscid  summits  receiving  pollen  in  the  unopened  flower,  and  penetrated 
by  pollen-tubes !  * 

2.  H.  Integra,  Spreng.     Stem  several-leaved  (15'  high),  the  1  or  2  lower 
leaves  elongated,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;   the  others  becoming  smaller  and 
bract-like ;  spike  densely  many-flowered,  oblong-cylindrical ;  flowers  orange-yel- 
low, small ;  lip  ovate,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate  or  wavy,  shorter  than  the  awl- 
shaped  descending  spur.     (Orchis  Integra  &  flava,  Nutt.     H.  Ellidttii,  Beck. 
Gymnadenia  flava,  LindL) — Wet  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and 
southward.     July.  —  Root  of  very  fleshy  fibres,  one  or  two  of  them  tuber-like. 
Appendages  of  the  stigma  two,  lateral,  oblong,  fleshy :  rostellum  or  middle 
appendage  narrow. 

§  2.  PERUlARIA,  Lindl.  Cells  of  the  anther  nearly  parallel,  separated  by  a 
broadish  connective,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  the  margins  of  which  are  ex- 
tended so  as  to  form  the  sides  of  a  deep  oblong  groove  or  cavity  (more  than  semi- 
circular in  cross-section),  which  is  lined  by  the  dilated  orbicular  and  incurvd  gland. 
(Flowers  small,  greenish,  slender-spurred.) 

3.  H.  virescens,  Spreng.      Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate; 
the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  pointed,  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the 
elongated  raceme  ;  petals  ovate  ;  flowers  dull  green  ;  lip  furnished  with  a  tooth 
on  each  side  and  a  strong  nasal  protuberance  in  the  middle  of  the  base,  oblong, 
truncate-obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  slen- 
der club-shaped  spur.     (Orchis  flava,  L.I  but  the  flowers  are  not  yellow.     O. 
virescens,  Muhl.,  Willd.     O.  fusce'scens,  Pursh.,  not  of  L.     0.  herbiola,  Pursh. 
O.  bidentata,  Ell.     O.  scutellata,  Nutt.     H.  herbiola,  R.  Br.    H.  flava,  Gray. 
Platanthera  flava,  Gray.)  —  Wet  places  :  common.    June,  July.  —  Stem  10' - 20' 
high ;  the  spike  at  first  dense,  with  the  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  at  length 


500  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

elongated  and  often  loose,  the  upper  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  which 

are  quite  small,  and  with  scarcely  a  tinge  of  yellow,  drying  brownish.  —  The 

Siberian  H.  (Perularia)  fuscescens  is  clearly  distinct. 

§  3.  PLATANTHERA,  Richard.  Cells  oftJie  anther  sometimes  parallel,  more  com- 
monly divergent,  so  that  their  tapering  bases  and  the  exposed  glands  are  more  or 
less  distant.  (Root  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibres,  or  tuberous-thickened.) 

*  flowers  greenish  or  white,  small,  numerous  in  a  close  spike :  spur  not  longer  than  the 

entire  or  merely  notched  narrow  lip :  anther-cells  almost  parallel,  wholly  adnate : 
stem  leafy. 

•*-  Spur  short  and  sac-like :  the  3  sepals  and  2  narrow  petals  erect :  glands  small, 
rather  icidely  separated.  (PERfsxYLUS,  Lindl.) 

4.  H.  viridis,  R.  Br.,  var.  bracteata,  Reichenbach.     Lower  leaves  obo- 
vate,  the  upper  oblong  and  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  acute  bracts  2-4 
times  the  length  of  the  green  flowers;  spike  1 0 - 30-flowered ;  lip  oblong-linear 
or  slightly  spatulate,  truncate  and  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  tip,  more  than 
twice  the  length  of  the  spur.     (H.  bracteata,  R.  Br.) — Stem  6' -12'  high. 
According  to  Mr.  Darwin,  in  the  common  European  H.  viridis  each  gland  is 
protected  by  a  minute  pouch  :  this  is  not  yet  verified  in  ours.  —  Damp  woods, 
especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

•»-  •«-  Spur  slender,  incurved,  about  as  long  as  the  entire  lip :  lateral  sepals  spreading. 

5.  H.  hyperbbrea,  R.  Br.     Stem  very  leafy  (6' -2°  high)  leaves  lanceo- 
late, erect;  spike  dense  (2' -15'  long) ;  lower  bracts  lanceolate*  longer  than  the 
(greenish)  flowers;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal,  the  latter  spreading 
from  the  base;  anther  somewhat  overhanging  the  transversely  dilated  stigma; 
glands  orbicular;  stalk  of  the  pollen-masses  very  slender  and  weak.     (P.  hyper- 
borea,  Huronensis,  &c.,  Lindl.)  —  Peat-bogs  and  wet  cold  woods :  common  north- 
ward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

6.  H.  dilatata,  Gray.     (That  of  Hook,  Exot.  Fl.  is  the  preceding.)     Re- 
sembles No.  5,  but  usually  more  slender,  with  narrower  commonly  linear  leaves ; 
flowers  white ;  lip  lanceolate  from  a  rhomboidal-dilated  base,  entire,  its  base  with  the 
bases  of  other  petals  and  sepals  erect-connivent,  above  spreading ;  anther-cells 
almost  parallel ;  glands  approximate,  large  and  strap-shaped,  vertical,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  pollen  mass  and  its  short  flat  stalk  together ;  stigma  narrow ;  a  trowel- 
shaped   conspicuous  beak  (rostellum)  between  the  bases  of  the  anther-cells. 
(Orchis  dilatata,  Pursh.)  —  Cold  bogs  :  common  northward.    June,  July. 

*  *  Flowers  greenish  or  white  and  purple,  few  or  several  (5-15)  in  a  loose  spike, 

rather  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant:  scape  or  stem  naked  above,  l-leared  at  the 
base  (5' -9'  high) :  spur  not  longer  than  the  lip:  anther-cells  wholly  adnate. 

7.  H.  rotundifdlia,  Richardson.     Leaf  varying  from  almost  orbicular  to 
oblong  (1|'  -  3'  long) ;  flowers  rose-purple;  or  the  lip  white  and  spotted  with  pur- 
ple, 3-hbed,  and  the  larger  middle  lobe  dilated  and  2-lobed  or  strongly  notched  at  the 
summit  (4"  -6"  long),  exceeding  the  ovate-oblong  petals  and  sepals,  and  the 
slender  depending  spur;  anther-cells  contiguous  said  parallel.     (O.  rotundifolia, 
Pursh.) — Damp  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Maine,  Mr.  Goodrich;  Warren,  Herkimer 
Co.,  New  York,  J.  A.  Paine;  shore  of  L.  Michigan  in  Wisconsin,  Lewis  Foole, 
and  northward.     J  une. 


ORCHIDACE^:.      (ORCHIS  FAMILY.)  501 

8.  H.  Obtusata,  Richardson.     Leaf  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers 
greenish-white ;  upper  sepal  very  broad  and  rounded,  the  others  and  the  petals 
lance-oblong ;  lip  entire,  linear  or  lanceolate,  deflexed  (3"  long),  about  the  length 
of  the  tapering  and  curving  spur;  anther-cells  arcuate  and  widely  separated.     (O. 
obtusata,  Pursh.)  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  &c.,  northeastern  coast  of  Maine,  and  on 
mountains  of  New  England  and  N.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior  (chiefly  sub- 
alpine),  and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  white  or  greenish,  numerous  in  a  loose  spike,  on  a  naked  scape,  2-leaved 

at  tJie  base :  spur  longer  than  the  narrow  entire  lip :  anther-cells  widely  diverging, 
their  narrowed  beak-like  bases  projecting  forwards :  base  of  the  stalk  of  the  pollen- 
mass  laterally  affixed  by  a  short  intermediate  body  to  the  back  of  the  orbicular 
gland,  the  viscous  face  of  which  looks  obliquely  inward  (t/ie  space  between  the  two 
broad  enough  to  receive  the  head  of  a  butterfly). 

9.  H.  Ho6keri,  Torr.     Leaves  orbicular,  spreading  (3' -4' broad);  scape 
mostly  naked  (J°-l°  high),  bearing  10-20  upright  sessile  yellowish-green  jlow- 
'ers  in  a  strict  spike;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  incurved, 
longer  than  the  lance-aivl-shaped  petals ;  spur  slender,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the 
ovary  (nearly  1 '  long).    (H.  orbiculata,  Hook. )  —  Woods,  Rhode  Island  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin  and  northward.    June.  —  Var.  OBLONGirdLiA,  J.  A.  Paine.   Leaves 
oblong  (3'  -  5'  by  1  \'  -  2').     Little  Falls,  New  York,  J.  A.  Paine. 

10.  H.  orbiculata,  Torr.     Leaves  very  large   (4' -8'  wide),  orbicular, 
spreading  flat  on  the  ground ;  scape  bracted,  bearing  many  spreading  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme;  upper  sepal  orbicular,  the  lateral  ovate;  lip  nar- 
rowly linear  and  slightly  spatulate,  obtuse,  drooping,. nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the 
oblong-lanceolate  and  falcate  obtuse  petals ;  spur  curved,  slender  (about  1^'  long), 
gradually  thickened  towards  the  blunt  apex,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary ;  anther- 
cells  strongly  projecting  at  the  free  beak-like  base  (the  glands  nearly  \'  apart). 
(H.  macrophylla,  Hook.     Orchis  orbiculata,  Pursh.) — Rich  woods,  especially 
of  Coniferse,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania  and  Lake  Superior,  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.     July.  —  Leaves  very  smooth,  shining  above,  silvery  under- 
neath.    Scape  1  °  -  2°  high . 

*  *  *  *    (FRINGED  ORCHIS.)     Flowers  several  or  many  in  an  open  spike,  with 

mostly  foliaceous  bracts:  stem  (rather  tall]  leafy:  spur  thread-shaped  or  scarcely 
club-shaped,  longer  than  the  fringed,  cleft,  or  dissected  lip:  anther-cells  widely  sep- 
arated and  usually  diverging,  their  narrow  beak-like  bases,  supported  by  the  arms 
of  the  stigma,  strongly  projecting  forwards  or  partly  upwards :  base  of  the  stalk  of 
the  pollen-mass  mostly  affixed  more  or  less  laterally  to  the  gland. 

•H-  Lip  pectinately  fringed  but  undivided:  flowers  golden  yellow  or  white:  anther-cells 
widely  divergent  and  beak-pointed,  the  orbicular  glands  as  if  raised  on  a  tentacle 
much  projecting  forwards  or  slightly  inwards :  ovary  long,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

11.  H.  cristata,  R.  Br.    Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated;   the  upper 
gradually  reduced  to  sharp-pointed  bracts,  nearly  the  length  of  the  crowded  (yellow) 
flowers;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical;  petals  rounded,  crenate;  lip  ovate,  with  a 
lacerate-fringed  margin,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  slender  obtuse  incurved  spur,  which 
is   not  half  the  length  of  the  ovary.  —  (O.  cristata,  Michx.) — Bogs,  Penn. 
(Pursh)  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July.  —  Flowers  only  a  quarter  as  large 
as  in  the  next. 


502  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

12.  H.  ciliaris,  R.  Br.    (YELLOW  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate ;  the  upper  passing  into  pointed  bracts,  which  are  shorter  than  the  ova- 
ries;  spike  oblong,  rather  closely  many-flowered;  flowers  bright  orange-yellow; 
lateral  sepal  rounded,  retiexed ;  petals  linear,  cut-fringed  at  the  apex ;  lip  oblong, 
about  half  the  length  of  the  spur,  furnished  with  a  very  long  and  copious  capillary  fringe. 
(0.  ciliaris,  L.)  —  Wet  sandy  places,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  especially 
southward :  rare  north  of  New  Jersey.     July  -  Sept.  —  Our  handsomest  species, 
l£°  -  2°  high,  with  a  short  spike  of  very  showy  flowers ;  the  lip  i'  long,  the  con- 
spicuous fringe  fully  £'  long  on  each  side. 

13.  H.  blepharigldttis,  Hook.     (WHITE  FRINGED  ORCHIS.)     Leaves, 
&c.  as  in  the  last ;  flowers  white ;  petals  spatulate,  slightly  cut  or  toothed  at  the 
apex ;    lip  ovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong,  with  the  irregular  capillary  fringe  of 
the  margins  usually  shorter  than  its  disk,  one  third  the  length  of  the  spur.  — 
Var.  HOLOPETALA  (Platanthera  holopetala,  Lindl.)  has  narrower  petals  with 
the  toothing  obsolete,  and  the  lip  less  fringed.  —  Peat-bogs  and  borders  of 
ponds,  with  the  preceding,  commonly  taking  its  place  in  the  northward.    July. 
—  A  foot  high,  the  flowers  beautiful,  but  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

f-  t-  (GREENISH  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)  Lip  3-parted above  the  stalk-like  base,  the 
divisions  cut  into  capillary  fringes :  flowers  greenish-  or  yellowish-white :  anther- 
cells  not  very  divergent,  the  beaked,  bases,  supported  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  broad 
arms  of  the  stigma,  projecting  forwards ;  the  large  glands  oval  or  lanceolate,  trans- 
verse, nearly  facing  each  other:  ovary  short-tapering  at  the  summit :  the  long  spurs 
gradually  thickened  downward. 

14.  H.  leucophsfea.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  the  bracts  similar,  rather 
shorter  than  the  (large)  flowers;  spike  commonly  elongated,  loose;  petals  obo- 
vate,  minutely  cut-toothed ;  divisions  of  the  Up  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped, 
many-cleft  to  the  middle  into  a  copious  thread-like  fringe  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary 
(!'-!£'  long);   glands  transversely  oval.     (Orchis  leucophsea,  Nutt.) — Moist 
meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.    July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high. 
Lip  7" -10"  long. 

15.  H.  lacera,  R.  Br.     (RAGGED  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered;  petals  oblong -linear,  entire;  divisions 
of  the  lip  narrow,  deeply  parted  into  a  few  long  nearly  capillary  lobes ;  spur  about  the 
length  of  the  ovary ;  glands  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  pollen-mass. 
(O.  psycodes,  Muhl.,  &c.,  not  of  L.     Platanthera  psychodes,  Lindl.     O.  lacera, 
Michx.)  — Bogs  and  moist  thickets  :  common.     July. 

H-  •>-  •*-  (PURPLE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)  Lip  fan-shaped,  3-parted  above  the  stalk- 
like  base,  the  dilated  divisions  erosely  fringed :  flowers  purple :  anther-cells  widely 
separated,  but  little  divergent,  their  tapering  bases  (supported  as  in  the  preceding] 
strongly  projecting,  the  orbicular  glands  looking  obliquely  forwards  and  downwards : 
ovary  contracted  only  at  the  summit :  the  long  curving  spur  somewhat  thickened 
downward. 

16.  H.   psyc6des,  Gray.      Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  uppermost 
passing  into  linear-lanceolate  bracts;  raceme  cylindrical,  densely  many -flower  ed  ; 
lower  sepals  round-oval,  obtuse;  petals  wedge-obovate  or  spatulate,  denticulate  above  ;  di- 
visions of  the  spreading  lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  many-cleft  into  a  short  fringe. 


ORCHIDACE^J.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  503 

(O.  psycodes,  L. !  O.  fimbriata,  Pursh,  Bigelow.  O.  incisa  and  O.  fissa,  M uhl. 
in  Willd.  Platanthera  fimbriata,  Lindl.} — Wet  meadows  and  bogs:  common. 
July,  Aug.  — Flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in  a  spike  of  4'- 10'  in  length, 
small,  but  very  handsome,  fragrant ;  lip  short-stalked,  barely  £'  broad  and  not 
so  long ;  the  middle  lobe  broadest  and  more  closely  fringed,  but  not  so  deeply 
cleft  as  the  lateral  ones. 

17.  H.  fimbri&ta,   R.  Br.    Lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  few, 
passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  spike  or  raceme  oblong,  loosely-flowered ;  lower  sep- 
als ovate,  acute;  petals  oblong,  toothed  down  the  sides;  divisions  of  the  pendent 
large  lip  fan-shaped,  more  fringed.     (O.  fimbriata,  Ait.,  Willd.,  Hook.  Exot. 
Fl.  &c.     O.  grandiflora,  Bigelow.)  —  Wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Penn. 
and   (chiefly)  northeastward.    June. — Flowers  fewer,  paler  (or  lilac-purple), 
and  3  or  4  times  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding ;  the  more  ample  dilated 
lip  I'  to  1'  broad,  with  a  deeper  and  almost  capillary  crowded  fringe,  different- 
shaped  petals,  &c. 

18.  H.  peramcBna,  Gray.     Lower  leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  flowered ;  lower  sepals  round-ovate ; 
petals  rounded-obovate,  raised  on  a  claw ;  divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  irregularly  eroded-toothed  at  the  broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lateral 
ones  truncate,  the  middle  one2-lobed.     (Platanthera  peramcena,  Ed.  2.     P.  fissa, 
Lindl.    O.  fissa,  Pursh,  not  of  Muhl.)  —  Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Penn.   to 
Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     Aug.  —  Flowers  large  and 
showy,  violet-purple;  the  lip  paler  and  very  ample,  8" -10"  long:  its  divisions 
minutely  and  variably  toothed,  or  sparingly  cut  along  the  terminal  edge,  but 
not  fringed. 

3 .    GOODYERA,    R.  Br.        RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. 

Lip  sac-shaped,  sessile,  entire,  and  without  callosities  at  the  base.  Otherwise 
as  Spiranthes.  —  Root  of  thick  fibres,  from  a  somewhat  fleshy  creeping  rootstock, 
bearing  a  tuft  of  thickish  petioled  leaves,  usually  reticulated  with  white  veining. 
Scape,  spike,  and  the  greenish-white  small  flowers  usually  glandular-downy. 
(Dedicated  to  John  Goodyer,  an  early  English  botanist.) 
§  1.  Lip  strongly  saccate-inflated  and  with  a  short  spreading  or  recurved  tip:  anther 

short,  borne  on  a  distinct  filament  attached  to  the  back  of  the  short  column,  blunt: 

yland-bearing  tip  or  beak  of  the  stigma  very  short. 

1.  G.  ripens,  R.  Br.      Small  (5'-8'  high)  and  slender;    leaves  ovate, 
more  or  less  white-reticulated  (about  1'  long)  ;  flowers  several,  in  a  loose  l-sided 
spike ;  lip  with  an  ovate  recurved  tip ;  sepals  ovate.  —  Woods,  under  evergreens  : 
common  northward  and  through  the  Alleghanies.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  G.    pub^SCens,   R.  Br.     Larger;   leaves  strongly   white-reticulated; 
scape  6'  - 12'  high ;  the  numerous  crowded  flowers  not  one-sided;  tip  of  the  globular 
lip  very  short  .•  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  too  near  it.  —  Rich  woods,  east- 
ward and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

§  2.  Lip  barelij  saccate  belou',  tapering  and  its  sides  involute  above :  anther  ovate  and 
long-pointed,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  very  short  proper  column,  which  is  continued 
above  the  stigma  into  a  conspicuous  long  tapering  awl-shaped  gland-bearing  beak. 


504  ORCHIDACE^E.        ( ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

Aspect  of  Goodyera :  structure  of  the  flower  nearly  of  Spiranthes,  but  the  lip 

without  callosities. 

3.  G.  Menztesii,  Lindl.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  (2' -3'  long),  less 
white-reticulated  than  the  preceding,  some  not  at  all  so;  scape  9'- 12' high; 
flowers  rather  numerous  in  a  looser  often  1 -sided  spike ;  flower-buds  less  pubes- 
cent, elongated-ovate  and  pointed ;  lip  with  the  saccate-conduplicate  lower  por- 
tion gradually  tapering  into  the  narrow  barely  spreading  summit.  (Spiran- 
thes decipiens,  Hook,)  —  Woods,  Western  New  York  to  Michigan  (confounded 
with  G.  pubescens),  Lake 'Superior,  and  far  westward.  July. 

4.    SPIRANTHES,     Richard.        LADIES'  TRESSES. 

Flower  somewhat  ringent,  oblique  on  the  ovary ;  the  sepals  and  petals  all 
narrow,  mostly  erect  or  connivent,  the  three  upper  pieces  sticking  together  more 
or  less,  the  two  lower  covering  the  base  of  the  lip.  Lip  oblong,  short-stalked  or 
sessile,  the  lower  part  involute  around  the  column,  and  with  a  callous  protuber- 
ance on  each  side  of  the  base ;  the  somewhat  dilated  summit  spreading  or  re- 
curved, crisped,  wavy,  or  rarely  toothed  or  lobed.  Column  short,  oblique, 
bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front,  and  the  sessile  or  short-stalked  (mostly 
acute  or  pointed)  2-celled  erect  anther  on  the  back.  Pollen-masses  2  (one  in 
each  cell),  ovate,  each  2-parted  from  the  base  (or  even  again  divided)  into  thin 
and  tender  plates  of  granular  pollen  united  by  elastic  threads,  their  summits 
together  soon  adhering  to  the  narrow  boat-shaped  viscid  gland  of  the  stigma, 
which  is  set  in  the  slender  or  tapering  thin  process  or  beak  terminating  the 
column,  and  is  carried  away  on  the  proboscis  of  insects  visiting  the  flower, 
with  the  pollen,  to  be  deposited  upon  the  stigma  of  another  flower.  After  the 
removal  of  the  gland,  the  beak  is  left  as  a  2-toothed  or  2-forked  tip.  —  Roots 
clustered-tuberous  :  stem  more  or  less  naked  above,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at  the 
base.  Flowers  small  (ours  all  white  or  greenish- white),  bent  horizontally,  1-3- 
ranked  in  a  spike,  which  is  commonly  more  or  less  spirally  twisted  (whence  the 
name,  from  anreipa,  a  coil  or  curl,  and  avQos,  flower.) 

#  Flowers  in  3  ranks,  crowded  in  a  close  spike.     (Leaves  at  the  root  and  base  of  the 
stem  present  at  the  flowering  season.) 

1.  S.  latifdlia,  Torr.     Low;  naked  stem  or  scape  4' -9'  high,  smooth; 
leaves  all  next  the  base,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  ( 1 '  -  3'  long,  6"  -  8"  wide),  3  -  5-nerved, 
contracted  into  a  sheathing  base  ;  spike  narrow  (l'-2'  long),  flowers  small ;  lip 
quadrate-oblong,  thin,  wavy-crisped  at  the  very  obtuse  or  truncate  apex,  the 
small  callosities  at  the  base  oblong,  marginal  and  adnate  for  their  whole  length ; 
gland  and  beak  of  the  stigma  short.     (S.  plantaginea,  Torr.  in  N.  Y.  FL,  not 
of  Lindl.     S.  sestivalis,  Oakes,  Cat.)  —  Moist  banks,  Vermont  and  N.  New  York 
to  Michigan,  Penn.  (near  Lancaster,  Prof.  Porter),  and  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canby. 
June.  —  Perianth  2"  -  3"  long ;  lip  yellowish  on  the  face,  not  contracted  in  the 
middle  nor  the  margins  involute. 

2.  S.   Rorjaanzoviana,   Chamisso.       Stem  leafy  below,  and  leafy-bracted 
above  (5?- 15'  high);  leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  grassy -linear ; 
spike  dense,  oblong  or  cylindrical  (l'-4'  long)  ;  perianth  curved  and  the  sum- 
mit manifestly  ringent,  the  sepals  and  petals  all  connivent  in  the  upper  portion  or 


ORCHIDACEJE.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  505 

galea ;  the  lip  ovate-oblong,  contracted  below  the  rounded  wavy-crenulute  much  re- 
curved summit,  otherwise  entire,  the  callosities  at  base  globular  and  smooth ; 
gland  oblong-linear  and  the  2-horned  beak  of  the  stigma  short.  ( S.  gemmipara, 
LindL  (Neottia,  Smith.)  S.  cernua,  in  part,  Hook.  &  Ed.  2.)  —  High  and  cool 
bogs,  New  York,  from  Herkimer  and  Otsego  Co.,  to  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
westward. July,  Aug.  —  Perianth  about  4"  long,  pure  white,  smooth  or 
smoothish.  (Eu.  Bantry  Bay,  Ireland,  only.) 

3.  S.  Cernua,  Richard.     Stem  leafy  below  and  leafy  bracted  above  (6'  -  20' 
high) ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  elongated  (4'<-  12'  long,  2"  -4"  wide) ; 
spike  cylindrical,  rather  dense  (2' -5'  long)  and  with  the  flowers  either  pubes- 
cent or  nearly  smooth ;  perianth  horizontal  or  recurving,  the  lower  sepals  not 
upturned  or  connivent  with  the  upper ;  lip  oblong  and  very  obtuse  when  out- 
spread, but  conduplicate  or  the  margins  much  incurved,  wavy-crisped  above  the 
middle,  especially  at  the  flattish  and  recurved-spreading  apex,  the  callosities  at 
the  base  prominent,  nipple-shaped,  somewhat  hairy ;  gland  of  the  stigma  linear, 
in  a  long  and  very  slender  beak.  —  Common  in  wet  places,  especially  eastward 
and  southward.    Sept.,  Oct.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  foliage,  &c.  :  the  commoner 
form,  with  pure  white  sweet-scented  flowers,  often  nearly  losing  its  root-leaves 
at  flowering-time  :  a  variety  in  dry  ground  has  greenish-cream  colored  stronger- 
scented  flowers,  and  retains  its  root-leaves.    Perianth  4" -5"  long. 

*  *  Flowers  in  one  straight  or  spirally  twisted  rank. 

•*-  Stem  bearing  towards  and  at  the  base  elongated  leaves,  which  mostly  persist  during 
the  flowering  season. 

4.  S.  graminea,  LindL,  Var.  W£lteri.     Stem  9' -2°  high  ;  lower  and 
root-leaves  linear  or  lance-linear  (3' -8' long,  2" -4"  wide)  gradually  tapering 
to  the  base,  the  upper  reduced  to  sheathing  bracts  ;  spike  linear,  dense  (2' -5' 
long),  usually  much  twisted,  the  axis,  ovaries,  &c.  downy-pubescent;  bracts 
ovate  and  gradually,  or  rhombic-ovate  and  abruptly  taper-pointed,  surpassing 
the  ovary,  the  margins  broadly  hyaline ;  lip  ovate-oblong  when  outspread,  with 
rather  small  callosities  at  base,  crisped  at  the  rounded  apex ;  anther  and  beak 
of  the  stigma  very  acute.     (Limod6rum  pracox,  Walt.    Neottia  tdrtilis,  Pursh, 
Barton,  Fl.,  &c.    S.  tortilis,  Chapm.)  — Wet,  grassy  places,  S.  New  England  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.    July,  Aug.,  at  the  north.  — Root  of  fleshy  or  some- 
what tuberous  thickened  fibres.   Perianth  3"  long.  —  The  original,  West  Indian 
S.  tortilis  (Swartz),  Richard,  has  a  smoother  much  less  twisted  spike,  smaller 
bracts,  and  more  leafless  scape,  the  root-leaves  seldom  present  at  flowering-time  : 
it  is  very  like  S.  brevifolia,  Chapm.  (S.  longilabris,  LindL  ?).     Our  plant  has  a 
more  acute  tip  to  the  anther  and  stigma  than  the  Mexican. 

•t-  •»-  Scape  very  slender,  merely  bracted ;  the  leaves  with  a  blade  all  in  a  cluster 
at  the  ground,  ovate  or  oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petiole,  commonly  wither- 
ing away  at  or  before  flowering ;  flowers  small,  and  whole  plant  gabrous  or  nearly 
so :  bracts  small,  sharp-pointed,  not  longer  than  the  pod. 

5.  S.  gr£cilis,  Bigelow.     Roots  clustered,  tuberous-thickened;  scape  8' -18' 
high,  bearing  a  slender  many-flowered  one-sided  or  twisted  spike  ;  Up  oval  when 
outspread,  narrowly  oblong  in  natural  form,  thickish  and  green  above  with  thin 
white  margins,  the  recurved  obtuse  or  acutish  apex  wavy-crisped,  the  callosities 


506  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

at  the  base  nipple-shaped.  (Also  S.  Beckii,  LindL,  at  least  as  to  the  Northern 
plant.)  —  Hilly  woods  and  sandy  plains:  common.  July -Oct. — Perianth 
barely  l£"- 2"  long. 

6.  S.  simplex,  n.  sp.  Root  a  solitary  oblong  or  spindle-shaped  tuber;  no 
leaves  at  flowering  time;  scape  5' -9'  high,  bearing  a  small  narrow  (rarely  1- 
sided)  spike  of  very  short  flowers  (perianth  l"-l£"  long) ;  lip  thin,  white,  obovate- 
oblong,  the  apex  eroded  and  crisped,  the  callosities  at  the  base  slender.  —  Dry, 
sandy  soil,  E.  Mass.  (Nantucket,  Dr.  Robbins),  New  Jersey  (C.  F.  Austin,  frc.), 
and  Delaware,  Wm.  Ms  Canby.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Spike  l'-3'  long. 

5.  LISTER  A,    R.  Brown.        TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  mostly  drooping, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless :  stigma  with  a 
rounded  beak.  Anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit,  erect, 
ovate :  pollen  powdery,  in  2  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  gland.  —  Roots  fibrous. 
Stem  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle,  and  a  spike  or  ra- 
ceme of  greenish  or  brownish-purple  small  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Martin  Lister, 
an  early  and  celebrated  British  naturalist.) 

*  Column  very  short.     (Sepals  ovate,  reflexed:  plants  delicate,  4'  -  8'  high.) 

1.  L.  COrdata,  R.  Brown.      Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(£'-!'  long)  ;  raceme  smooth;  flowers  minute,  crowded,  on  pedicels  not  longer  than 
the  ovary ;  lip  linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  1  -toothed  on  each  side  at  the 
base,  2-cleft.  —  Damp  cold  woods  ;  from  Fenn.  northward.     June,  July.    (Eu.) 

2.  L.  australis,  Lindl.      Leaves  ovate ;  raceme  loose  and  slender ;  flowers 
very  small,  on  minutely  glandular-pubescent  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary  ;  lip 
linear,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals,  2-partr.d,  the  divisions  linear-setaceous. 
—  Damp  thickets,  New  Jersey  to  E.  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

*  #  Column  longer,  arching  or  straightish. 

3.  L.  COnvallarioideS,  Hook.    Leaves  oval  or  roundish,  and  sometimes 
a  little  heart-shaped  (!'-!£'  long)  ;  raceme  loose,  pubescent;  flowers' on  slen- 
der pedicels;  lip  wedge-oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex,  and  1 -toothed  on 
each  side  at  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowly  lanceolate  spread- 
ing sepals,  purplish,  £'  long.      (Epipactis  convallarioides,  Swartz.)  —  Damp 
mossy  woods,  along  the  whole  Alleghany  Mountains,  to  Penn.,  also  Maine  to 
Lake  Superior,  and  northward. — Plant  4' -9'  high. 

6.  ARETHUSA,     Gronov.        ARETHUSA. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  united  at  the 
base,  ascending  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved  spread- 
ing towards  the  summit.  Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below,  petal-like,  dilated 
at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal,  of  2  approximate  cells  :  pollen-masses 
powdery-granular,  2  in  each  cell.  —  Beautiful  low  herbs,  consisting  of  a  sheathed 
scape  from  a  globular  solid  bulb,  terminated  usually  by  a  single  large  rose-pur- 
ple flower.  Leaf  solitary,  linear,  nerved,  hidden  in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape, 
protruding  after  flowering.  (Dedicated  to  the  Nymph  Arethusa.) 


ORCHIDACEJE.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  507 

1.  A.  blllbosa,  L.  Flower  single,  erect,  with  an  entire  lip  recurved  at  the 
apex  and  bearded-crested  down  the  face.  —  Bogs,  Virginia  to  Maine,  N.  Wis- 
consin, and  northward :  rather  scarce  or  local.  May.  —  Flower  1'  -  2'  long,  very 
handsome,  bright  rose-purple ;  very  rarely  a  pair  of  flowers. 

7.    POGO3STIA,    Juss.        POGONIA. 

Flower  irregular,  the  sepals  and  petals  separate.  Lip  crested  or  3-lobed. 
Column  free,  elongated,  club-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like, 
stalked :  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  powdery-granular.  (iTooyow'as, 
bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 

§  1 .  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike,  pale  rose-color,  sometimes  white. 

1.  P.  ophioglossoides,  Nutt.     Root  of  thick  fibres ;  stem  (6' -9' high) 
bearing  a  single  oval  or  lance-oblong  leaf  near  the  middle  and  a  smaller  one  or 
bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  rarely  one  or  two  others  with  a  flower  in  their 
axil ;  lip  spatulate  below,  appressed  to  the  column,  beard-crested  and  fringed.  — 
In  bogs.    June,  July.  — Flower  1'  long,  sweet-scented. — An  interesting  mon- 
ster of  this,  with  two  additional  lips,  and  some  other  petaloid  parts,  was  found  in 
Herkimer  Co.,  New  York,  by  J.  A.  Paine. 

2.  P.  p^ndula,  Lindl.     Stem  (3' -8'  high)  from  oblong  tubers,  bearing  3 
to  7  alternate  ovate-clasping  very  small  (3" -6")  leaves,  the  upper  1-4  with 
drooping  flowers  in  their  axils  on  slender  pedicels ;  lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above,  crestless.     (Triphora  pendula,  Nutt.)  —  Damp 
woods  :  rather  scarce.     Aug.  —  Perianth  ^'  long,  narrow^ 

§  2.  Sepals  linear,  dingy  or  brownish,  lonyer  and  much  narrower  than  the  erect  or  con- 
nicent  petals :  lip  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  crested  down  the  middle,  beardless :  /lowers 
solitary  (or  rarely  a  pair),  terminal:  root  a  cluster  of  fibres. 

3.  P.  divaricata,  R.  Br.    Stem  ( 1°  -  2°  high)  bearing  a  lanceolate  leaf  in  the 
middle,  and  a  leafy  bract  next  the  flower,  which  is  recurved  on  the  ovary ;  but  the 
sepals  ascending  or  diverging,  spatulate-linear,  longer  than  the  lanceolate-spat- 
ulate  pointed  and  flesh-colored  petals,  these  about  I'-l^'  long.  —  Wet  pine- 
barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jersey  (  W.  H.  Leggett),  Virginia,  and  southward. 
June,  July. 

4.  P.  verticill£ta,  Nutt.     Stem  (6'  -  12'  high),  naked,  except  some  small 
scales  at  the  base,  and  a  whorl  of  mostly  5  obovate  or  obovate-oblong  sessile  leaves  at 
the  summit ;  flower  dusky  purplish,  on  a  peduncle  longer  thdn  the  ovary  and  pod  ; 
sepals  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  petals,  narrowly  linear,  spreading  from  a 
mostly  erect  base  (l^'-2'  long) ;  lip  with  a  narrow  crest  down  the  middle.  — 
Low  woods :  rather  rare,  especially  eastward.      May,  June.  —  Glaucous  when 
young.     Stalk  of  pod  about  1^'  long,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  leaves. 

5.  P.  afiinis,  C.  F.  Austin,  n.  sp.     Somewhat  smaller  than  the  preceding ; 
leaves  paler  and  rather  narrower;  flowers  (not  rarely  in  pairs)  yellowish  or 
greenish;  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  pod;  sepals  not  twice  the  length 
of  the  petals,  tapering  to  the  base;  lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  on  the 
middle  of  the  lobes. — With  the  last,  which  it  nearly  resembles,  but  is  much 
rarer.      Southern  New  York  and   Northern  New  Jersey,  C.  F.  Austin ;  and 
Connecticut,  near  New  Haven,  Edward  Dana. 


508  ORCHIDACE^E.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

8.    CALOPOGON,    R.  Br.        CALOPOGON. 

Flower  with  the  ovary  or  stalk  not  twisting,  therefore  presenting  its  lip  on  the 
upper  or  inner  side.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  spreading,  dis- 
tinct. Lip  spreading,  distant  from  the  column,  raised  on  a  narrowed  base  or 
stalk,  dilated  at  the  summit,  strongly  bearded  along  the  upper  side.  Column 
free,  slender,  winged  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like,  sessile :  pollen- 
masses  4  (two  in  each  cell),  of  soft  powdery  grains,  lightly  connected  by  delicate 
threads.  —  Scape  from  a  small  solid  bulb,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the 
grass-like  leaf,  naked  above,  bearing  several  flowers.  Bracts  minute.  (Name 
composed  of  /caXos,  beautiful,  and  Trcoycoi/,  beard,  from  the  bearded  lip.) 

1.  C.  pulch&lus,  K.  Br.  Leaf  linear;  scape  about  1°  high,  2~6-flow- 
ered ;  lip  as  if  hinged  at  the  insertion,  beautifully  bearded  towards  the  dilated 
summit  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped  hairs.  —  Bogs :  common. 
June,  July.  —  Flowers  1 '  broad,  pink-purple.  . 

9.    CALYPSO,    Salisb.        CALYPSO. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed. 
Lip  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  sac-shaped,  inflated  (9"  long),  2-pointed 
underneath  the  apex.  Column  broadly  winged  and  petal-like,  ovate,  bearing 
the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  apex :  pollen-masses  waxy,  2,  each  2-parted, 
all  sessile  on  a  square  gland.  — A  little  bog-herb;  the  solid  bulbs  producing  a 
single  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  thin  leaf,  as  in  Aplectrum,  and  a  short 
(3' -5'  high)  scape,  sheathed  below,  bearing  a  large  and  showy  (variegated 
purple,  pink,  and  yellow)  flower.  (Name  from  the  goddess  Calypso.} 

1.  C.  bore£lis,  Salisb.  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods,  the  bulbs  resting  in 
moss,  Northern  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.  May.  —  A  very 
local  and  beautiful  plant.  Lip  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  Lady's  Slipper, 
woolly-hairy  inside.  (Eu.) 

10.    TIPTJIiAllIA,    Nutt.    CRANE-FLY  ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  oblong ;  the  latter  rather  narrower.  Lip  pro- 
longed underneath  into  a  thread-like  ascending  spur  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  flower  (9" -12"  long),  3-lobed;  the  middle  lobe  linear,  a  little,  wavy,  as 
long  as  the  petals,  the  side  lobes  short  and  triangular.  Column  narrow  and 
wingless.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  con- 
nected by  a  linear  stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland.  —  Herb  with  large 
solid  bulbs  connected  horizontally,  on  a  distinct  petiole,  producing  in  autumn 
a  single  ovate  nerved  and  plaited  leaf  on  a  slender  petiole,  tinged  with  purple 
beneath;  and  in  summer  a  long  and  naked  slender  scape  (10'-  18'  high),  with 
1  or  2  sheaths  at  the  base,  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme  of  small  greenish 
flowers  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers 
to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula. } 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt.  Lip  blunt  at  the  tip  (which  distinguishes  it  from 
a  recently  discovered  Himalayan  species).  —  Sandy  woods,  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan  and  southward :  very  scarce.  July. 


ORCHIDACE^E.        (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  509 

11.    B LET I A,     Ruiz&Pavon.        BLETIA. 

Sepals  spreading,  equal,  rather  exceeding  the  petals.  Lip  hooded,  hinged  as 
it  were  with  the  column,  crested  along  the  upper  face,  often  3-lobed.  Col- 
umn half-cylindrical ;  the  fleshy  anther  forming  a  lid  at  its  apex.  Pollen-masses 
8,  in  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each  pair,  waxy,  becoming  powdery.  — Scape  many- 
flowered  from  solid  tubers.  (Named  for  Louis  Blet,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  aph^lla,  Nutt.  Leafless;  scape  (l°-2°high)  beset  with  purplish 
scales,  the  lower  ones  sheathing;  flowers  racemed,  brownish-purple;  lip  not 
saccate.  Rich. woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

12.MICROSTYLIS,    Nutt.        ADDEK'S-MOCTH. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  thread-like  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  auricled  or 
ovate  at  the  base,  not  tubercled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  very  small,  terete, 
with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the  erect  anther  between  them.  Pol- 
len-masses 4,  in  one  row  (2  in  each  cell),  cohering  by  pairs  at  the  apex,  waxy, 
without  any  stalks,  threads,  or  gland.  — Little  herbs,  from  solid  bulbs,  produ- 
cing simple  stems  or  scapes,  which  bear  in  our  species  a  single  leaf,  and  a  raceme 
of  minute  greenish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  /it/epos,  little,  and  orvAi's,  a 
column  or  style.) 

1.  M.  monoph^llos,  Lindl.     Slender  (4' -6'  high);  leaf  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  stem,  ovate-elliptical ;  raceme  spiked,  long  and  slender ;  pedicels  not 
longer  than  the  flowers ;  lip  long-pointed.  —  Cold  wet  swamps,  N.  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  ophioglossoides,  Nutt.    Leaf  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  ovate, 
clasping ;  raceme  short  and  obtuse ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  /lowers ;  lip  3- 
toothed  at  the  summit.  —  Damp  woods  :  more  common  southward.    July. 

13.    LI  PA  BIS,    Richard.        TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  or  the  latter  thread-like,  spreading. 
Lip  flat,  entire,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  elongated, 
incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  4,  in 
one  row  (2  to  each  cell),  slightly  united  in  pairs,  without  stalk,  threads,  or 
gland.  —  Small,  low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  producing  2  root-leaves  and  a  low 
scape,  which  hears  a  raceme  of  few  purplish  or  greenish  flowers.  (Name  from 
\nrapos,  fat  or  shining,  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1;  L.  liliifblia,  Richard.  Leaves  ovate;  petals  thread-like,  reflexed;  lip 
large  (^'  long)  wedge-obovate,  abruptly  short-pointed,  brotun-purplish.  (Malaxis  lilii- 
folia,  Swartz.)  — Moist  woodlands  :  commonest  in  the  Middle  States.  June. 

2.  L.  LcBselii,  Richard.  Leaves  elliptical-lanceolate  or  oblong,  keeled; 
lip  obovate  or  oblong  (2"  long),  mucronate,  yellowish-green,  shorter  than  the  linear 
unequal  petals  and  sepals.  (Malaxis  Correana,  Barton.) — Bogs,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.  June.  (Eu.) 

14.    COBALLORHIZA,    Haller.        CORAL-ROOT. 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent,  oblique  and  gibbous  or  obscurely  spurred  at  the 
base ;  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the  upper  arching ; 


510  ORCHIDACEJE.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

the  lateral  sepals  ascending,  their  hases  with  that  of  the  lip  forming  the  gibbos- 
ity  or  short  spur  which  is  mostly  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary  :  lip  slightly 
adherent  to  the  base  of  the  2-edged  straightish  column,  bearing  a  pair  of  pro- 
jecting ridges  on  the  face  below,  spreading  or  recurved  at  the  apex.  Anther 
terminal,  lid-like.  Pollen-masses  4,  obliquely  incumbent,  soft-waxy,  free. 
Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  much-branched 
and  toothed  coral-like  root-stocks  (probably  root-parasitical),  sending  up  a  sim- 
ple scape,  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves,  and  bearing  small  and  dull-colored 
flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme.  (Name  composed  of  KopdAAioi/,  cord,  and  pi£a, 
root.} 
§  1.  Small  spur  or  sac  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary :  /lowers  small :  lip  whitish 

or  purplish,  often  mottled  with  crimson. 

l.C.  innata,  R.  Brown.  Plant  slender,  light  brownish  or  yellowish  (3'- 
9'  high),  5  -  12-flowered ;  pedicels  very  short ;  lip  somewhat  hastately  3-lobed  above 
the  base,  the  lamellae  thick  and  rather  short ;  spur  a  very  small  protuberance ; 
pod  oval  or  elliptical  (3" -4''  long).  (C.  verna,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps  and  damp 
woods.  May,  June.  —  Perianth  only  2'  or  2^''  long.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  odontorhiza,  Nutt.    Plant  light  brown  or  purplish ;  stem  rather 
slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base  (6' -16' high),  6  -  20-flowered  ;  pedicels 
rather  slender ;  lip  entire,  or  merely  denticulate,  thin,  broadly  ovate  or  obovate, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw-like  base,  the  lamellae  a  pair  of  short  projections; 
the  spur  represented  by  a  small  cavity  wholly  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the 
ovary;  pod  at  first  very  acute  at  the  base,  at  length  short-oval  (4"  long).     (C. 
Wistariana,  Conrad.)  —  Eich  woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  especially 
southward  :  rare  northward.     May,  July.  —  Perianth  about  3"  long. 

3.  C.  multiflbra,  Nutt.     Plant  purplish,  rather  stout  (9'  -18'  high),  10- 
30-flowered ;  lip  deeply  3-lobed,  with  a  short  narrowed  base  and  with  prominent 
lamellae;  spur  manifest  and  protuberant ;  pod  oblong  (6" -9"  long),  short-ped- 
icelled.  —  Dry  woods  :  common.     July  -  Sept.  —  Perianth  2£"  -  4"  long. 

§  2.  Spur  none:  the  broadly  gibbous  somewhat  saccate  base  of  the  perianth  wholly  free 
from  the  ovary :  Jlowers  large  for  the  genus,  purple,  unspotted,  more  expanding. 

4.  C.  Macrsei,  Gray.     Plant  purplish,  stout  (6'- 16'  high),  bearing  15- 
25  large  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  lip  oval  or  obovate, 
perfectly  entire,  concave,  barely  narrowed  at  the  base,  where  it  bears  1-3  short 
lamella? ;  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth  marked  with  3  darker  nerves ;  pod  oblong 
(9"  long).  —  Woods,  from  near  Lake  Erie  (Caledonia  Springs,  Canada,  W.  F. 
Macrae),  Mackinaw,  C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Prof.  Whitney,  and  westward   to  the 
Pacific.    July.  —  Sepals,  petals,  and  lip  6"  or  7"  long.  —  This  is  the  Aplectrum 
aphyllum,  Nutt.  in  herb. ;  and  from  the  range  and  the  size  of  the  flowers  it  can 
hardly  be  other  than  C.  striata,  LindL,  but  it  does  not  at  all  agree  with  the 
character  as  to  the  lip  and  spur. 

15.    APLECTRUM,    Nutt        PUTTY-ROOT.    ADAM-AND-EVB. 

Perianth  neither  gibbous,  nor  with  any  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base. 
Lip  free,  the  palate  3-ridged.  Otherwise  the  flowers  and  the  scape  (invested 
below  with  3  greenish  sheaths)  as  in  Corallorhiza.  But,  instead  of  a  coral-like 


ORCHID ACE^E.        (ORCHIS   FAMILY.)  511 

root,  a  slender  naked  rootstock  produces  each  year  a  thick,  globular,  solid  bulb 
or  corm,  often  1'  in  diameter  (filled  with  exceedingly  glutinous  matter),  which 
sends  up  late  in  summer  a  large,  oval,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  petioled,  green 
leaf,  lasting  through  the  winter,  and  early  in  the  succeeding  summer  its  scape, 
a  foot  or  more  high,  is  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  dingy  rather  large  flowers. 
(Genus  too  near  the  last.  The  name  composed  of  a  privative  and  TrX^rpoi/, 
a  spur,  from  the  total  want  of  the  latter.) 

1.  A.  hyem&Le,  Nutt.  —  Woods,  in  rich  mould:  rather  rare  or  local. — 
Each  corm  lasts  2  or  3  years  before  it  shrivels,  so  that  3  or  4  are  found  horizon- 
tally connected.  Perianth  greenish-brown,  or  the  lip  whitish,  and  somewhat 
speckled  with  purple,  5"  -  6"  long. 

16.    CYPBIPEDIUM,    L.        LADY'S  SUPPER.    MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

Sepals  spreading ;  all  three  distinct,  or  in  most  cases  two  of  them  united  into 
one  under  the  lip.  Petals  spreading,  resembling  the  sepals  but  usually  nar- 
rower. Lip  a  large  inflated  sac.  Column  declined  ;  on  each  side  a  fertile  sta- 
men, with  its  short  filament  bearing  a  2-celled  anther;  the  pollen  loose  and 
pulpy  or  powdery-granular ;  on  the  upper  side  a  dilated-triangular,  petal-like 
but  thickish  body,  which  answers  to  the  fertile  stamen  of  other  Orchids,  and 
covers  the  summit  of  the  style ;  stigma  terminal,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed, 
moist  and  roughish  (not  smooth  and  viscid  as  in  the  rest  of  the  order).  Pollen 
in  most  of  our  species,  especially  in  No.  6,  exposed  by  the  conversion  of  the  face 
of  the  anther  into  a  viscid,  varnish-like  film,  which  adheres  to  whatever  touches 
it,  carrying  away  some  of  the  pollen.  —  Root  of  many  tufted  fibres.  Leaves 
large,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  or 
few,  large  and  showy.  (Name  composed  of  Kvnpis,  Venus,  and  TTOO\OJ/,  a  sock 
or  buskin,  i.  e.  Venus' 's  Slipper.) 

§  1.   The  three  sepals  separate.     (Stem  leafy,  single-flowered.) 

1.  C.  arietinum,  R.  Brown.     (RAM'S-HEAD  L.)      Upper  sepal  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed  ;  the  2  lower  and  the  petals  linear  and  nearly  alike  (green- 
ish-brown), rather  longer  than  the  red  and  whitish  veiny  lip,  which  is  prolonged 
at  the  apex  into  a  short  conical  deflexed  point ;  leaves  3  or  4,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nearly  smooth.     (Cryosanthes,  Raf.     Arietinum,  Beck.)  —  Cold  swamps 
and  damp  woods,  Maine  to  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.   June. 
—  The  smallest  species  :  stem  slender,  6'-  10'  high :  lip  only  6%'  long. 

§  2.  Two  of  the  sepals  united  into  one  piece  under  the  lip. 
#  Stem  leafy  to  the  top,  1  -  3:ftowered :  lip  slipper-shaped  or  roundish,  much  inflated, 

horizontal,  and  with  a  rounded  open  orifice. 
•»-  Sepals  and  linear  wavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  pointed,  longer  than  the  lip. 

2.  C.  c£ndidum,  Muhl.      (SMALL  WHITE  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)     Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  white,  flattish  laterally,  convex  above ;  sterile  stamen  lanceo- 
late; leaves  lance-oblong,  acute.  —  Bogs,  Central  and   W.   New  York  (rare) 
to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin.    May,  June.  —  Little  larger  than  the  foregoing 
species,  slightly  pubescent,  1-flowered  :  petals  and  sepals  greenish,  not  much 
exceeding  the  lip,  'which  is  less  than  1'  long. 


512  AMARYLLIDACE.&.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.) 

3.  C.  parvifldrum,  Salisb.      (SMALLER  YELLOW  L.)      Sepals  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate;  lip  flattish  from  above,  bright  yellow  (I'  or  less  long) ;  sterile  sta- 
men triangular  ;  leaves  oval,  pointed.  —  Bogs  and  low  woods ;  rather  common. 
May,  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°high.     Flower  fragrant:    sepals  and  petals  more 
brown-purple  than  in  the  next,  into  which,  however,  it  seems  to  pass. 

4.  C.  pubescens,  Willd.     (LARGER  YELLOW  L.)   Sepals  elongated-lanceo- 
late; lip  flattened  laterally,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above  (l£r-2'  long,  scent- 
less, pale  yellow.  —  Bogs  and  low  woods  :    common  northward  and  westward, 
and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     May,  June.  —  Stem  2°  high,  pubescent,  as 
are  the  broadly  oval  acute  leaves. 

H-  •*-  Sepals  and  petals  plane,  rounded,  white,  not  longer  than  the  lip. 

5.  C.  spectabile,  Swartz.     (Snowy  L.)     Sepals  round-ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar, rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals  ;  lip  much  inflated,  white,  pink  purple  in 
front  (lj7  long) ;  sterile  stamen  heart-ovate.  — Peat-bogs,  Maine  and  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    July.  —  The  most 
beautiful  of  the  genus,  downy,  2°  high.     Leaves  ovate,  pt  'nted. 

*  *  Scape  naked,  Z-leaved  at  the  base,  1  -flowered ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  shorter 
than  the  drooping  lip,  which  has  a  closed  flssure  down  its  whole  length  in  front. 

6.  C.  acaule,  Ait.     (STEMLESS  L.)      Sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals ;  lip  obovoid  or  oblong,  rose-purple  (rarely 
white),  nearly  2' long,  veiny;  sterile  stamen  rhomboid;  leaves  oblong.     (C. 
hiimile,  Salisb.)  — Dry  or  moist  woods,  under  evergreens  :  common,  especially 
northward.     May,  June.  — Plant  downy  :  the  scape  8'  - 12'  high,  with  a  green 
bract  at  the  top. 

ORDER  115.     AMARYL.L.IDACEJE.     (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  bulbous  and  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scurfy  or  woolly,  with  linear 
flat  root-leaves,  and  regular  (or  nearly  so)  and  perfect  6-androus  flowers, 
the  tube  of  the  corolline  G-parted  perianth  coherent  with  the  3-celled  ovary;  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single.  Pod  3-celled, 
several  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with  a  straight 
embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  An  order  represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  Narcissus  (N.  POETICUS),  Jonquil  (N.  JONQUILLA),  and  Daf- 
fodil (N.  PSEUDO-NARCISSUS),  the  Snowdrop  (GALANTHUS  NIVALIS) 
and  the  Snowflake  (LEUCOJUM  VERNUM),  &c.,  but  with  very  few  indige- 
nous representatives  in  this  country.  Bulbs  acrid.  Differs  from  Liliaceae 
chiefly  in  the  inferior  ovary. 

*  Pod  3-valved,  loculicidal :  anthers  versatile :  perianth  funnel-shaped. 

1.  Amaryllis.     Flower  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  tube  short  or  none.    Bulbs  coated. 

2.  Pancratium.     Flower  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrow  recurved  lobes  ;  a  cup-shaped 

crown  connecting  the  stamens.     Bulbs  coated.        , 

3.  Agave.     Flower  equally  6-cleft,  persistent }  no  crown.     Fleshy-leaved,  not  bulbous. 

*  *  Pod  indehiscent ;  anthers  sagittate. 

4.  Hypoxys.    Perianth  6-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary.    Bulb  solid. 


AMARYLLIDACE^E.        (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  513 

1.    AMARYLLIS,   L.     §  ZEPHYRANTHES,  Herb.    AMARYLLIS. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base ;  the  6  divisions  petal-like  and 
similar,  spreading  above ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat :  anthers 
versatile.  Pod  membranaceous,  3-lobed.  —  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated 
bulb.  Flowers  1  or  2,  from  a  1  -2-leaved  spathe.  (A  poetical  name.) 

1.  A.  Atam&SCO,  L.  (ATAMASCO  LILT.)  Spathe  2-cleft  at  the  apex; 
perianth  white  and  pink  ;  stamens  and  style  declined.  — Penn.  (MuhL)  Virginia, 
and  southward.  June.  —  Flower  3'  long,  on  a  scape  6'  high. 

2.    PANCRATIUM,    L.        PANCRATIUM. 

Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube,  and  an  equal  6-parted  limb  ;  the  lobes 
long  and  narrow,  recurved ;  the  throat  bearing  a  tubular  or  cup-shaped  corolline 
delicate  crown,  which  connects  the  bases  of  the  6  exserted  stamens.  Anthers 
linear,  versatile.  Pod  thin,  2  -  3-lobed,  with  a  few  fleshy  seeds,  often  like  bulb- 
lets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  large  and  showy  in  an 
umbel-like  head  or  cluster,  leafy-bracted.  (Name  composed  of  irdv,  all,  and 
Kparvs,  powerful,  from  fancied  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  P.  rot£tum,  Ker.  Leaves  ascending,  strap-shaped  (1°  -  2°  long) ; 
scape  few-flowered ;  the  handsome  (white  and  fragrant)  flower  with  a  spreading 
large  12-toothed  crown,  the  alternate  teeth  bearing  the  filaments.  (Hymeno- 
callis  rotata,  Herbert.)  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  May.  —  Flowers  opening  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather. 

3.  AGAVE,    L.        AMERICAN  ALOE. 

Perianth  tubular-funnel-form,  persistent,  6-parted  ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Pod  coriaceous,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  flattened.  —  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  cartilaginous  or  spiny 
teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from  a  thick  fibrous- 
rooted  crown.  (Named  altered  from  ayauoy,  wonderful,  not  inappropriate  as 
applied  to  A.AMERICANA,  the  CENTURY-PLANT.) 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  (FALSE  ALOE.)  Herbaceous  ;  leaves  entire  or  den- 
ticulate ;  scape  3°  -  6°  high ;  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike,  greenish- 
yellow,  fragrant.  —  Dry  or  rocky  banks,  Penn.  ?  Virginia  to  Illinois  (Mr.  Lum- 
mis),  and  southward.  Sept. 

4.  HYPOXYS,    L.        STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading ;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herba- 
ceous outside.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  sagittate,  erect.  Pod  crowned  with  the 
withered  or  closed  perianth,  not  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  with  a 
crustaceous  coat,  ascending,  imperfectly  anatropous,  the  rhaphe  not  adherent 
quite  down  to  the  micropyle,  the  persistent  seed-stalk  thus  forming  a  sort  of 
lateral  beak.  Kadicle  inferior !  —  Stemless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy 
linear  leaves  and  slender  few-flowered  scapes,  from  a  solid  bulb.  (Name  com- 
posed of  VTTO,  beneath,  and  o£vs,  sharp,  it  is  thought  because  the  pod  is  acute 
at  the  base.) 

33 


514  ELEMODORACF^E.       (BLOODWORT    FAMILY.) 

1.  H.  erdcta,  L.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  umbellately 
1  -  4-fiowered  scape  ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  outside,  yel- 
low within.  —  Meadows  and  open  woods  :  common.  June  -  Aug. 

ORDER  116,    H^EUIODORACE^E.     (BLOODWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  usually  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  3-6-androus 
regular  flowers,  which  are  woolly  or  scurfy  outside  ;  the  tube  of  the  6-lobed 
perianth  coherent  with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of  the 
3-celled  ovary.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single,  sometimes  3-partible  ; 
the  3  stigmas  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  crowned  or  en- 
closed by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  3  -  many-seeded. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family ;  chiefly  of  the 
Southern  hemisphere. 

#  Ovary  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  :  style  filiform  :  seeds  peltate,  amphitropous. 

1.  Lacliuautlies.     Stamens  3,  exserted :  anthers  versatile.    Leaves  equitant. 

#  *  Ovary  free  except  at  the  base  :  style  3-partible  :  seeds  anatropous. 

2.  Lophiola.     Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  woolly  6-cleft  perianth.    Leaves  equitant. 

3.  Aletris.    Stamens  6,  in  the  throat  of  the  warty-roughened  and   tubular  6-toothed 

perianth.    Leaves  flat. 

1.    LACHNANTHES,    L.        RED-ROOT. 

Perianth  woolly  outside,  6-parted  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  3  larger  or  inner  divisions :  filaments  long,  exserted :  anthers  linear, 
fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Pod  globular. 
Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the  middle.  — 
Herb,  with  a  red  fibrous  perennial  root,  equitant  sword-shaped  leaves,  clustered 
at  the  base  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the  top,  and  terminated 
by  a  dense  compound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely  woolly  flowers  (whence 
the  name,  from  \dxvrj-,  wool,  and  avQos,  blossom). 

1.  L.  tinct6ria,  Ell.  —  Sandy  swamps,  from  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey 
southward,  near  the  coast.  July  -  Sept. 

2.    LOPHIOLA,    Ker.        LOPHIOLA. 

Perianth  densely  woolly,  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens,  which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed  by 
the  base.  Pod  ovate,  free  from  the  perianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  which  finally  splits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating  each 
valve.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous.  —  A  slender  perennial 
herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  linear  and  nearly  smooth  equi- 
tant leaves ;  the  stem  leafless  and  whitened  with  soft  matted  wool  towards  the 
summit,  as  also  the  crowded  or  panicled  cyme.  Perianth  dingy  yellow  in- 
side ;  the  lobes  naked  only  towards  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  woolly  tuft 
towards  the  base  (whence  the  name  from  Aoc^etoi/,  a  small  crest.) 

1.  L.  aurea,  Ker.  ( Condstylis  Americana,  Pursh.) — Boggy  pine  barrens, 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 


IRIDACE^E.       (IRIS    FAMILY.)  515 

3.    ALE  THIS,    L.        COLIC-ROOT.     STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  not  woolly,  but  wrinkled  and  roughened  outside  by 
thickly-set  points,  which  look  like  scurfy  mealiness,  the  tube  cohering  below 
with  the  base  only  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  at  the  summit.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes :  filaments  and  anthers  short,  included.  Style  awl-shaped, 
3-cleft  at  the  apex :  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Pod  ovate,  enclosed  in  the 
roughened  perianth ;  the  dehiscence,  seeds,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Lophiola.  —  Peren- 
nial and  smooth  stemless  herbs,  very  bitter,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  a  spreading 
cluster  of  thin  and  flat  lanceolate  leaves ;  the  small  flowers  in  a  wand-like  spiked 
raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (2° -3°  high).  Bracts  awl-shaped, 
minute.  ('AXerpt's,  a  female  slave  who  grinds  corn  ;  the  name  applied  to  these 
plants  in  allusion  to  the  apparent  mealiness  dusted  over  the  blossoms.) 

1.  A.  farinbsa,  L.     Flowers  oblong-tubular,  white;  lobes  lanceolate-ob- 
long. —  Grassy  or  sandy  woods  :  not  rare.    July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  aiirea,  Walt.    Flowers  bell-shaped,  yellow  (fewer  and  shorter) ;  lobes 
short-ovate.  —  Barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    July. 

ORDER  117.    BROMELIACE^E.     (PINE-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  scarcely  woody  plants,  nearly  all  tropical),  the  greater  part  epi- 
phytes, with  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channelled  crowded  leaves,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base,  usually  covered  with  scurf:  6-androus  ;  the  6-cleft  perianth 
adherent  to  the  ovary  in  the  PINE-APPLE,  &c.,  or  free  from  it  in 

1.    TILLANDSIA,     L.        LONG  Moss. 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted ;  sthe  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrana- 
ceous;  the  3  inner  (petals)  colored;  all  convolute  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
above,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  !  or  the  alternate  ones  cohering  with 
the  base  of  the  petals  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free :  style  thread-shaped  :  stig- 
mas 3.  Pod  cartilaginous,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves  splitting 
into  an  inner  and  an  outer  layer.  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tufted  stalk,  like  a  coma. 
Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  albumen.  —  Scurfy-leaved  epiphytes. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Tillands  of  Abo.) 

1.  T.  usneoides,  L.  (COMMON  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss.)  Stems 
thread-shaped,  branching,  pendulous;  leaves  thread-shaped;  peduncle  short,  1- 
flowered.  — Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  and  southward ;  groAving  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  forming  long  hanging  tufts.  A  characteristic  plant  of  the  Southern 
States,  and  barely  coming  within  the  limits  of  this  work. 

ORDER  118.    IRIDACE^.     (!RIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  ^-ranked  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular  perfect 
flowers  ;  the  divisions  of  the  §-cleft  petal-like  perianth  convolute  in  the  bud 
in  2  sets,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  3-celled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  mona- 
delphous  stamens,  alternate  with  the  inner  division*  of  the  perianth  and 


516  IRIDACE^E.       (IRIS    FAMILY.) 

opposite  the  stigmas,  with  extrorse  anthers.  —  Flowers  from  a  spathe  of  2 
or  more  leaves  or  bracts,  usually  showy.  Style  single :  stigmas  3,  opposite 
the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
anatropous:  embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen.  Rootstocks,  tubers,  or 
corms  mostly  acrid.  —  Represented  in  gardens  by  CROCUS,  GLADIOLUS, 
TIGRIDIA  or  TIGER-FLOWER,  and  by  three  genera  in  the  wild  state. 

1.  Iris.     Outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  recurved ;  the  inner  erect :  stigmas  petal-like. 

2.  Parflaiitlius.     Perianth  equally  spreading :  filaments  nearly  distinct :  stigmas  dilated. 

3.  Si*y  rim- liium.     Perianth  regular  and  equally  spreading :  filaments  monadelphous  to 

the  top  :  stigmas  thread-like. 

1.    IBIS,    L.        FLOWER-DE-LUCE. 

Perianth  6-cleft ;  the  tube  more  or  less  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  the  3 
outer  divisions  spreading  or  reflexed ;  the  3  inner  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens 
distinct ;  the  oblong  or  linear  anthers  sheltered  under  the  overarching  petal-like 
stigmas  (or  rather  branches  of  the  style,  bearing  the  true  stigma  in  the  form  of 
a  thin  lip  or  plate  under  their  apex)  :  most  of  the  style  connate  with  the  tube 
of  the  perianth.  Pod  3  -  6-angled,  coriaceous.  Seeds  depressed-flattened.  — 
Perennials,  with  sword-shaped  or  grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers ;  ours 
all  with  creeping  and  more  or  less  tuberous  rootstocks.  (*Ipis,  the  rainbow 
deified,  anciently  applied  to  this  genus  on  account  of  the  bright  and  varied 
colors  of  the  blossoms.) 

*  Stems  leafy  and  rather  tall  (1°  -  3°  high),  from  thickened  rootstocks,  often  branching  : 

tube  of  the  perianth  shorter  than  the  divisions,  which  are  beardless  and  crestless, 
the  erect  inner  ones  (petals)  much  smaller  than  the  outer. 
•*-  Flowers  violet-blue,  variegated  with  greenish,  yellowish  or  white,  and  purple-veined. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.      (LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.)      Stem  stout,  angled  on 
one  side ;  leaves  sword-shaped  (f '  wide) ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular  with  the  sides 
flat;  flowers  (2£'~ 3'  long)  short-peduncled,  the  funnel-form  tube  shorter  than 
the  ovary ;  pod  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.  —  Wet  places :  common. 
May,  June. 

2.  I.  Virginica,  L.     (SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.)     Stem  very  slender,  terete ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  (2" -3"  wide);  flowers  slender-peduncled  (l^'-2;  long), 
the  tutoe  extremely  short ;  ovary  3-angled,  each  side  2-grooved ;  pod  sharply 
triangular.      (I.  prismatica,  Pursh.    I.  gracilis,  Bigel.) — Marshes,  Maine  to 
Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.     June. 

•*-  •»-  Flowers  yellowish  or  dull  reddish-brown. 

3.  I.  ctlprea,  Pursh.     Stem  and  leaves  as  No.  1 ;  tube  of  the  perianth 
cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  6-angled  ovary;  petal-like  branches  of  the  style 
narrow.  —  Swamps  near  Cairo,  S.  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey),  and  southward.     May. 

*  *  Stems  low  (3' -6'  high),  from  tufted  and  creeping  slender  (or  here  and  there  tuber- 

ous-thickened) rootstocks,  \-3-flowered:  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slender; 
the  violet-blue  divisions  nearly  equal. 

4.  I.  v6rna,  L.     (DWARF   IRIS.)      Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  rather  glau- 
cous ;  the  thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth  about  the  length  of  the  divisions,  which 


IRIDACE^E.       (IRIS    FAMILY.)  517 

are  oblong-obovate  and  on  slender  claws,  the  outer  ones  slightly  hairy  down 
the  orange-yellow  base,  crestless ;  pod  obtusely  triangular.  —  Wooded  hillsides, 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  April. 

5.  I.  cristata,  Ait.     (CRESTED  DWARF  TRIS.)     Leaves  lanceolate  (3'-5' 
long  when  grown) ;  those  of  the  spathe  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  thread- 
like tube  of  the  perianth;  which  is  2'  long  and  much  longer  than  the  light  blue 
obovate  short-clawed  divisions,  the  outer  ones  crested  but  beardless ;  pod  sharply 
triangular.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.      May.  — 
Creeping  rootstocks  pungently  acrid. 

6.  I.  lactistris,  Nutt.     (LAKE  DWARF  IRIS.)     Tube  of  the  perianth  rather- 
shorter  than  the  divisions  (yellowish,  £'-|;  long),  dilated  upwards,  not  exceeding 
the  spathe :  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  and  too  near  it.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  Michigan.     May. 

2.  PARDANTHTJS,    Ker.        BLACKBERRY-LILY. 

Perianth  6-parted  almost  to  the  ovary;  the  divisions  widely  and  equally 
spreading,  all  nearly  alike,  oblong  with  a  narrowed  base,  naked.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous  only  at  the  base :  anthers  oblong.  Style  club-shaped,  3-cleft,  the  nar- 
row divisions  tipped  with  a  small  dilated  stigma.  Pod  pear-shaped ;  the  valves 
at  length  falling  away,  leaving  the  central  column  covered  with  the  globose 
black  and  fleshy-coated  seeds,  imitating  a  blackberry  (whence  the  popular  name). 

—  Perennial,   with  rootstocks,   foliage,  &c.  of  an  Iris;  the  branching  stems 
(3° -4°  high)  loosely  many-flowered  ;  the  orange-yellow  perianth  mottled  above 
with  crimson  purple  spots  (whence  the  name  from  ndpdos,  a  leopard,  and  avdos, 
a  flower). 

1.  P.  CHINENSIS,  Ker.  (Ixia  Chinensis,  L.)  —  Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens  into  waste  places.  July- Sept.  (Adv.  from  China,  &c.) 

3.  SISYRiNCHIUM,    L.        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  6-parted ;  the  divisions  alike,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous  to 
the  top.  Stigmas  thread-like.  Pod  globular,  3-angled.  Seeds  globular.  —  Low 
slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  branch- 
ing 2-edged  or  winged  stems,  and  fugacious  umbelled-clustercd  small  flowers 
from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  (Name  composed  of  <ri>s,  a  hog,  and  pvy%os,  snout,  from 
a  fancy  that  the  hogs  are  fond  of  rooting  it  up. ) 

1.  S.  Bermudiana,  L.  Stem  winged,  naked,  or  1  -2-leaved;  leaves  nar- 
row and  grass-like ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  obovate,  more  or  less  notched  at 
the  end,  and  bristle-pointed  from  the  notch.  (Leaves  of  the  spathe  almost  equal, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.)  — Var.  ANCEPS  (S.  anceps,  Cav.)  has  a  broadly  winged 
scape,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very  unequal  spathe  longer  than  the  flowers.  — 
Var.  MUCRONATUM  (S.  mucronatum,  Michx.)  has  a  slender  and  narrowly  winged 
scape,  very  narrow  leaves,  those  of  the  spathe  sharp-pointed  and  unequal,  one  of 
them  usually  longer  than  the  flowers.  But  there  are  various  intermediate  forms. 

—  Moist  meadows,  &c.,  among  grass;    common  everywhere.     June -Aug. — 
Flowers  small,  delicate  blue,  changing  to  purplish,  rarely  whitish ;  or,  in  var. 
ALBIDUM  (S.  albidum,  Raf.)  pure  white :  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward. 


518  SMILACEJE.       (SMILAX    FAMILY). 

ORDER  119.    DIOSCOREACE^E.     (YAM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  twining  stems  from  large  tuberous  roots  or  knotted  rootstocks, 
and  ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves,  small  dioecious  6-androus  and 
regular  flowers,  with  the  Q-cleft  calyx-like  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile 
plant  to  the  ^-celled  ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
anatropous.  Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-angled  or  winged  pod. 
Seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen.  —  Represented  chiefly  by 
the  genus 

1.    BIOS  CORE  A,    Plumier.        YAM. 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Stamens  6,  at  the  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  6-parted  perianth.  Pod  3-celled,  3-winged,  loculicidally 
3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  flat, 
with  a  membranaceous  wing.  (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist,  Dioscorides.) 

1.  D.  Vlllbsa,  L.  (WILD  YAM-ROOT.)  Herbaceous;  leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  less  downy  underneath, 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  pointed,  9  -  1 1 -rib bed ;  flowers  pale  greenish-yellow, 
the  sterile  in  drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  simple  racemes. — Thick- 
ets, New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  July.  —  Stems 
slender,  from  knotty  and  matted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes.  Pods  8"  - 10" 
long.  —  A  bad  name,  for  the  plant  is  never  villous,  and  often  nearly  smooth. 

ORDER  120.     SMIL.ACEJE.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair  of 
tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the  ribbed  and  netted-veined  simple  leaves ;  with 
dioecious  small  flowers ;  regular  perianth  of  6  (rarely  more}  similar  greenish 
deciduous  sepals,  free  from  the  ovary ;  as  many  stamens  as  sepals,  with  in- 
trorse  \-celled  anthers  ;  ovary  with  3  (rarely  1  or  4  -  6)  cells  and  as  many 
elongated  spreading  sessile  stigmas.  Ovules  one  or  a  pair  in  each  cell, 
suspended,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  small  berry.  Seed-coat  close,  firmly 
adherent  to  the  hard  horny  albumen :  embryo  minute.  —  Order,  as  here 
limited,  represented  almost  solely  by  the  genus 

1.     SMILAX,     Tourn.         GREENBRIEE.     CATBRIER. 

Character  as  above.  —  Flowers  in  umbels  on  axillary  peduncles,  greenish  or 
yellowish.  Ster.  FL  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  sepals  :  filaments 
linear :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base,  2-locellate.  Pert.  FL  Fila- 
ments, if  present,  sterile.  Stigmas  thick  and  spreading,  almost  sessile.  (The 
ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

§  1.    Stems  woody,  often  prickly :  ovules  solitary.     (Ours  all  glabrous.) 

*  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  frc.,  most  of  them  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 

and  5  -  9-nerved,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  conspicuous. 


SMILACE^.       (SMILAX    FAMILY.)  519 

•«-  Peduncles  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles,  flattened ;  leaves  thickish, 
inclining  to  be  evergreen,  at  least  southward,  green  both  sides. 

1.  S.  Walter!,  Pursh.     Stem  low,  somewhat  angled,  prickly  near  the 
base  or  unarmed;  leaves  ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped  (3' -4'  long);  berries 
coral-red.     (S.China,  Walt.)  —  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  S.  rotundifblia,  L.      (COMMON  GREENBRIER.)      Stem  armed  with 
scattered  prickles,  as  well  as  the  terete  branches ;  branchlets  more  or  less  4- 
angular;   leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed  (2' -3'  long)  ;  berries  blue-black,  with  a  bloom. 
(S.  cadiica,  L.,  is  only  a  more  deciduous  and  thin-leaved  form.)  — Moist  thick- 
ets :  common,  especially  southward.   June,  July.  —  Plant  yellowish-green,  often 
high-climbing.  —  Passes  into  var.  QUADRANGULARIS,  with  the  branches,  and 
especially  the  branchlets,  4-angular,  often  square.    (S.  quadrangularis,  Muhl.)  — 
Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

-*-  •*-  Peduncles  longer  than,  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole,  flattened:  leaves 
tardily  deciduous  or  partly  persistent :  berries  black,  with  a  bloom. 

3.  S.  glauca,  Walt.    Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-angular  branchlets 
armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcordate, 
glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above,  as  well  as  the  branchlets  when  young 
(about  2'  long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and  naked.     (S.  Sarsa- 
parilla,  L.,  in  part,  but  not  as  to  the  syn.  of  Bauhin,  whence  the  name  was  taken. 
(S.  cadiica,  Willd.    S.  spinulosa,  Smith  ?  Torr.fl.)  — Dry  thickets,  S.  New  York 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.     July. 

4.  S.  tamnoides,  L.    Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branch- 
lets  sparsely  armed  with  short  rigid  prickles ;  haves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped or  3-lobed,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the  margins 
often  somewhat  bristly-ciliate  or  spinulose.    (S.  Bona-nox,  L.,  S.  hastata  Willd., 
S.  pandurata,  Pursh,  &c.,  are  all  forms  of  this.)  —  Thickets,  New  Jersey  to 
Illinois,  and  (chiefly)  southward.     July. 

•*-  •*-  •*-  Peduncles  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  petiole:  leaves  ample  (3' - 5'  long), 
thin  or  thinnish,  green  both  sides  :  berries  black :  stem  terete  and  branchlets  nearly  so. 

5.  S.  hispida,  Muhl.     Rootstock  cylindrical,  elongated;  stem  (climbing 
high)  below  densely  beset  with  long  and  weak  blackish  bristly  prickles,  the  flowering 
branchlets  mostly  naked ;    leaves  ovate  and  the  larger  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
slightly  rough-margined,  membranaccous  and  deciduous.  —  Moist  thickets,  Penn. 
and  W.  New  York  to  Michigan.     June.  —  Peduncles  l^'-2'  long.    Sepals  lan- 
ceolate, almost  3"  long. 

6.  S.  Pseudo-China,  L.     Rootstock  tuberous;  stems  and  branches  unarmed, 
or  with  very  few  weak  prickles  ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the  branchlets 
ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-pointed,  often  rough-ciliate,  becoming  firm  in  texture; 
peduncles  flat  (2'-3'  long).  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.     July. 

#  #  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  3  —  5-nerved,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  beneath,  many  of  them 


520  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

unthout  tendrils :  peduncles  short,  seldom  exceeding  the  pedicels,  terete ;  the  umbels 
sometimes  panicled :  branches  terete,  unarmed. 

7.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Leaves  thinnish,  rather  deciduous,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong  ;  stigmas  3 ;  berries  dull  red.  —  Southeastern  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   June. 

8.  S.  laurifdlia,  L.     leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (2£;  -  5'  long) ;  stigma  solitary ;  berries  black  when  ripe, 
1-seeded.  — Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July,  Aug. 

§  2.  COPROSMANTHUS,  Torr.  Stem  herbaceous,  never  prickly:  flowers 
carrion-scented:  ovules  mostly  in  pairs  in  each  cell:  leaves  long-petioled,  mem- 
branaceous,  mucronate-tipped :  berries  bluish-black  with  a  bloom. 

9.  S.  herbacea,  L.      (CARRION-FLOWER.)     Stem  erect  and  recurving, 
or  climbing  ;    leaves  ovate-oblong   or  rounded,  mostly  heart-shaped,  1  —  9-nerved, 
smooth;    tendrils  sometimes  wanting;   peduncles  elongated  (3' -4'  long,  or 
sometimes  even  6' -8',  and  much  longer  than  the  leaves),  20  - 40-flowered. — 
Var.  PULVERULENTA  (S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.  &  S.  peduncularis,  Muhl.)  has 
the  leaves  more  or  less   soft-downy  underneath.      A  shorter-peduncled  state 
of  this  appears  to  be  S.  lasioneuron,  Hook.  —  Moist  meadows  and  river-banks : 
common.    June.  —  Very  variable,  l°-3°,  or  even  6° -8°  high:  petioles  l'-3' 
long.     Seeds  6. 

10.  S.  tamnifolia,  Michx.    Stem  upright  or  climbing ;  leaves  heart-halberd- 
shaped,  5-nerved,  smooth;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.     (S.  tamnoides, 
Pursh,  not  of  L.} — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward. — 
Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  dilated  heart-shaped  base,  tapering  to  the 
apex.    Berry  2  -  3-seeded. 

ORDER  121.    LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  or  rarely  woody  plants,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  almost  always 
6-androus  flowers ;  the  perianth  not  glumaceous,  free  from  the  chiefly  3- 
celled  ovary ;  the  stamens  one  before  each  of  its  divisions  or  lobes  (i.  e.  6,  in 
one  instance  4),  with  2-celled  anthers ;  fruit  a  few -many-seeded  pod  or 
berry  ;  the  small  embryo  enclosed  in  copious  albumen.  Seeds  anatropous  or 
amphitropous.  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium ;  the  outer 
and  inner  ranks  of  the  perianth  colored  alike  (or  nearly  so)  and  generally 
similar,  except  in  Trillium.  —  A  large  family,  as  here  extended,  the  prin- 
cipal divisions  commonly  received  as  orders,  but  not  well  limited.  For 
the  present  purpose  they  are  best  regarded  as  tribes. 

Tribe  I.  TRILL.TDEJE.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  separate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  several -many -seeded  berry.  Divisions  or  leaves  of  the  perianth  distinct,  the  3 
outer  often  foliaceous.  Simple  stem  from  a  rootstock,  naked  below ;  leaves  all  in  one  or 
two  whorls  above,  broad,  more  or  less  conspicuously  netted-veined ! 

1.  Trillium.     Perianth  of  two  sorts,  3  foliaceous  persistent  sepals  and  3  colored  petals. 

Anthers  adnate,  introrse.    Leaves  (3)  in  a  single  whorl.     Flower  single. 

2.  Medeola.     Perianth  of  6  similar  colored  divisions,  deciduous.     Anthers  fixed  by  the 

middle,  extrorse.    Leaves  in  two  whorls.    Flowers  several. 


LILIACEJS.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  521 

Tribe  II.  MEL.  AIVTHIE^E.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  8,  separate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  several  -  many-seeded  pod.  Seeds  with  a  soft  or  loose  coat.  Anthers  extrorse, 
except  in  No.  11.  Perianth  withering-persistent.  Leaves  parallel-veined  and  alternate. 
Flowers  often  polygamous,  sometimes  dioecious. 

*  Anthers  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  connnently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening : 

pod  3-horned,  and  septicidal :  seeds  Hat,  meuibranaceous- margined. 
-»-  Sepals  with  one  or  two  glands  or  spots  on  the  upper  face  near  the  base. 

3.  Melantliium.     Flowers  polygamous.    Sepals  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  their  long 

claws  bearing  the  stamens. 

4.  Zygadeiius.    Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.    Sepals  nearly  free  from  the  base  of 

the  ovary  :  stamens  free. 

•*-  t-  Sepals  destitute  of  glands,  and  not  raised  on  claws. 

5.  Stenantliium.  Perianth  below  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  the  sepals  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  longer  than  the  stamens.    Racemes  compound-panicled. 

6.  Veratmm.     Perianth  entirely  free  ;   the  obovate  or  oblong  sepals  longer  than  the 

stamens.    Flowers  panicled,  polygamous. 

7.  Amianthium.    Perianth  entirely  free,  the  oval  or  obovate  sepals  shorter  than  the 

stamens.    Flowers  racemed,  perfect. 
*  *  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse  :  pod  loculicidal.    Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

8.  Xerophyllum.    Flowers  perfect. ,  Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  2-seeded.    Leaves 

very  slender.    Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 

9.  Helonias.    Flowers  perfect.    Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  many-seeded.    Leaves 

lanceolate.    Scape  naked.    Seeds  numerous. 

10.  Chamselirium.     Flowers  dioecious.    Pod  oblong,  many-seeded.    Stem  leafy. 

*  *  *  Anthers  2-celled,  innate  or  introrse  :  pod  septicidal,  many-seeded. 

11.  Tofleldia.     Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  racemed.    Leaves  equitant. 

Tribe  III.  UVULARIE^E.  Style  3-parted ;  i.  e.  styles  3  united  into  one  only  at  the 
base.  Fruit  a  few-seeded  pod.  Seed-coat  soft  or  loose.  Anthers  more  or  less  extrorse. 
Perianth  6-leaved,  deciduous.  Stems  from  a  rootstock  or  fibrous  roots,  leafy.  Leaves 
alternate,  broad,  parallel-veined. 

12.  U vularia.    Pod  3-angular  or  3-lobed.    Anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments. 

Tribe  IV.  ASPAR AGINEJE.  Style  1,  undivided  (i. e.  the  3  or  rarely  2  styles  united 
to  the  summit  into  one).  Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  with  a  close  coat  and  horny 
albumen.  Stems  from  a  rootstock.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  chiefly  alternate.  Pedicels 
often  articulated  with  the  flower  or  in  the  middle. 

*  Plants  with  true  leaves.    Coat  of  the  hard  seed  thin  and  membranous. 
•i-  Anthers  extrorsely  attached  to  the  filament.     Stamens  hypogynous.     Sepals  distinct. 

13.  Prosartes.   Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointless.   Flowers  terminating  the  forked  branches, 

on  straight  jointless  pedicels. 

14.  Streptopus.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  pointed.  Flowers  lateral  along  the  forked  branches : 

pedicels  bent  about  the  middle. 

15.  Clintonia.     Anthers  oblong,  pointless.     Flowers  terminating  a  naked  scape. 

•t-  •»-  Anthers  introrse.     Filaments  attached  to  the  perianth.     Stem  simple. 

16.  Convallaria.     Perianth  bell-shaped,  6-lobed,  bearing  the  stamens.     Leaves  all  at  the 

base  of  the  naked  scape,  which  bears  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme. 

17.  Smilaciiia.     Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  the  stamens  borne  at  the  base.     Stem 

leafy.    Flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  terminal  raceme. 

18.  Polygonatum.    Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft,  bearing  the  stamens  above  the  middle. 

Stem  leafy  to  the  top.    Flowers  axillary. 

*  *  Plants  with  branching  stems,  their  true  leaves  reduced  to  scales :  leaf-like  branchlets 
serving  for  foliage.    Seed-coat  hard  and  black. 

19.  Asparagus.    Perianth  6-parted.    The  apparent  leaves  very  narrow  or  thread-like. 


522  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Tribe  V.     LI  LIE  33.     Style  1,  undivided  (i.  e.  the  three  united  throughout  into  one), 
or  rarely  a  sessile  stigma.    Fruit  a  loculicidal  pod.     Seeds  with  a  fleshy  albumen.    An- 
thers introrse  or  extrorse.     Stem  commonly  from  a  coated  or  scaly  bulb. 
*  Leafy-stemmed  from  a  scaly  bulb. 

20.  Lilium.     Perianth  6-leaved,  deciduous.    Pod  oblong,  many -seeded  :  seeds  horizontal,  flat. 
*  *  Scape  naked  or  nearly  so,  from  a  coated  or  rarely  scaly  bulb.    Seeds  mostly  globular. 

•t-  Perianth  of  6  separate  or  nearly  separate  divisions  or  sepals. 

21.  Ery  thronium.     Flower  single.     Style  club-shaped.     Pod  obovate. 

22.  OriiHhogalum.     Flowers  corymbed,  never  blue  or  reddish.     Style  3-sided. 

23.  Scilla.     Flowers  racemed,  purple  or  blue.     Style  thread-like. 

24.  Allium.     Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  spathe.     Sepals  1-nerved. 

•i-  -t-  Perianth  globular  or  ovoid,  6-toothed. 

25.  Muscari.     Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  numerous,  small,  mostly  blue. 

*  *  *  No  bulb.    Stem  or  scape  several -flowered.    Pod  many-seeded. 

26    Hemerocallis.     Perianth  large,  funnel-shaped;  the  sepals  united  in  a  narrow  tube 
below.    Stamens  and  long  st.,  le  declined.     Seeds  globular,  black. 

27.  Yucca.    Perianth  large,  of  6  separate  broad  divisions.     Stigmas  sessile.     Stem  woody 

and  persistent :  leaves  persistent.     Seeds  flat,  horizontal.     Flowers  panicled. 

28.  Narthecium.     Perianth  6-parted,  the  divisions  narrow,  yellowish.     Filaments  woolly. 

Style  slender.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Leaves  equitant.     Seeds  small,  long-tailed  at  both 
ends.    (Transition  to  Juncacese.) 

1.    TRILLIUM,    L.        THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE. 

Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger, 
withering  in  age.  Stamens  6 :  anthers  linear,  on  short  filaments,  adnate,  in- 
trorse ;  the  cells  opening  down  the  margins.  Styles  (or  rather  stigmas)  awl- 
shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  recurved  above,  persistent,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovary  3  -  6-angled.  Berry  ovate,  3-celled  (purple  or  red).  Seeds 
horizontal,  several  in  each  cell.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  stout  and  sim- 
ple stem  rising  from  a  short  and  prsemorse  tuber-like  rootstock,  naked,  bearing 
at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  ample,  commonly  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  ribbed 
but  netted-veined  leaves,  and  a  terminal  large  flower ;  in  spring.  (Name  from 
triiix,  triple;  all  the  parts  being  in  threes.) — Monstrosities  are  not  rare  with 
the  calyx  and  sometimes  the  petals  changed  to  leaves,  or  with  the  parts  of  the 
flower  increased  in  number. 
§  1 .  Flower  sessile  in  the  bosom  of  the  leaves,  erect :  petals  varying  from,  spatulate 

to  lanceolate,  1'-  2'  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals,  withering-persistent  (stems 

4' -12'  high). 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.     leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  often  blotched 
or  spotted  ;  sessile  petals  erect-spreading  (dark  and  dull  purple,  varying  to  green- 
ish).—  Moist  woods,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

2.  T.  recurvatum,  Beck.     Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate, 
oblong,  or  obovate ;  sepals  rejlexed,  petals  pointed,  the  base  narrowed  into  a  claw, 
dark  purple.  —  Indiana  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

§  2.   Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle:  petals  withering  away  after  blossoming. 

#  Peduncle  slender,  erect  or  inclined:   leaves  rhombic-ovate,  abruptly  taper-pointed, 

sessile  or  nearly  so  by  a  wedge-shaped  or  acute  base:  petals  plane. 

3.  T.  grandifldrum,  Salisb.      (LARGE  WHITE  T.  or  WAKE  KOBIN.) 
Leaves   rhomboid-obovate,  longer  than   broad,   barely  sessile ;   petals  obovate, 


(LILY  FAMILY.)  523 

spreading  from  an  erect  base,  much  larger  than  the  sepals  (2'-2^'  long),  white, 
changing  with  age  to  rose-color.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to  S.  Penn.,  Kentucky, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  June.  —  Flower  erect,  on  a  peduncle  2'  -  3'  long, 
very  handsome. 

4.  T.  er^Ctum,  L.     (PURPLE  T.  or  BIRTHROOT.)     Leaves  dilated-rhom- 
boidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long ;  petals  ovate,  acutish,  dark  dull  purple,  spreading, 
little  longer  than  the  sepals  (!'-  !£'  long).     (T.  rhomboideum,  var.  atropur- 
pureum,  Michx.)  —  Rich  woods  :    common,  especially  northward.      May.  — 
Peduncle  1'- 3' long,  usually  rather  inclined  than  erect. 

Var.  album,  Pursh.  Petals  greenish-white,  or  rarely  yellowish  ;  ovary 
mostly  dull-purple.  (T.  pe'ndulum,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  With  the  purple-flowered  form, 
especially  from  New  York  westward. 

Var.  declinatum.  Peduncle  (fully  half  the  length  of  the  leaves)  horizontal, 
or  soon  becoming  so,  or  in  fruit  almost  deflexed ;  petals  white,  rarely  pink.  — 
Ohio  to  L.  Superior  (where  it  is  the  principal  Trillium,  Dr.  Robbins),  and 
northward.  —  Sometimes  confounded  with  the  next,  if  not  passing  into  it. 

#  *  Peduncle  from  the  first  recurved  under  the  short-petioled  or  almost  sessile  leaves, 

scarcely  if  at  all  longer  than  the  wavy  recurved-spreading  petals. 

5.  T.  c6rnuum,  L.     (NODDING  T.  or  WAKE-ROBIN.)     Leaves  broadly 
rhomboid,  abruptly  pointed ;  petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rather  longer  than 
the  sepals  (6" -9"  long) ;  styles  distinct.  — Moist  woods,  especially  eastward. 

6.  T.  Styl6sum,  Nutt.     Leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  more  dis- 
tinctly ribbed  ;  petals  tinged  with  rose-color,  oblong,  much  longer  and  broader  than 
the  sepals ;  styles  united  below  the  middle.  —  Virginia  ?  and  southward. 

*  *  *  Peduncle  erect  or  nearly  so :  leaves  distinctly  petioled  from  a  rounded  base  : 

petals  merely  spreading,  longer  than  the  sepals. 

7.  T.  niv£Le,  Riddell.     (DWARF  WHITE  T.)     Small  (2' -4' high) ;  leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  obtuse ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  white,  scarcely  wavy,  spreading  from  an 
erect  base  (as  in  No.  3),  equalling  the  peduncle ;  styles  long  and  slender.  —  Rich 
woods,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin.     April.  —  Leaves  1'  -  2',  and  petals  1'  long. 

8.  T.  erythroc&rpum,    Michx.      (PAINTED    T.)      Leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed;   petals  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  wavy,  widely   spreading,  white 
painted  with  purple  stripes  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  peduncle.     (T.  pictum, 
Pursh.)  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  New  England  and  Penn.  to  L.  Superior 
and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  higher  Alleghanies.    May,  June. 

2.    MEDEOLA,    Gronov.        INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT. 

Perianth  recurved,  the  3  sepals  and  3  petals  oblong  and  alike  (pale  greenish- 
yellow),  deciduous.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments, 
oblong,  extrorsely  attached  above  the  base,  but  the  line  of  dehiscence  of  the 
closely  contiguous  parallel  cells  lateral  or  slightly  introrse.  Stigmas,  or  styles 
stigmatic  down  the  upper  side,  recurved-diverging  from  the  globose  ovary,  long 
and  thread-form,  deciduous.  Berry  globose  (dark  purple),  3-celled,  few-seeded. 
—  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender  stem  (l°-3°  high,  clothed  with 
flocculent  and  deciduous  wool),  rising  from  a  horizontal  and  tuberous  white 


524  LILIACE^.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

rootstock  (which  has  the  taste  of  cucumber),  bearing  near  the  middle  a  whorl 
of  5  -  9  obovate-lanceolate  and  pointed,  sessile,  lightly  parallel-ribbed  and 
netted- veiny,  thin  leaves;  also  another  of  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  much  smaller  ovate 
ones  at  the  top,  subtending  a  sessile  umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers.  (Named 
after  the  sorceress  Medea,  from  the  wholly  imaginary  notion  that  it  possesses 
great  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.   M.  Virginica,  L.     (Gyromia,  Nutt.) — Rich  damp  woods.    June. 

3.    MELANTHIUM,    Gronov.,  L.        MELANTHIUM. 

Flowers  mono3ciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  separate  and  free  widely 
spreading  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  halberd-shaped  sepals,  raised 
on  slender  claws,  cream-colored,  the  base  marked  with  2  approximate  or  conflu- 
ent glands,  turning  greenish-brown  and  persistent.  Filaments  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  adhering  to  their  claws  often  to  near  their  summit,  persistent.  Anthers 
heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1 -celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening, 
extrorse.  Styles  3,  awl-shaped,  diverging,  tipped  with  simple  stigmas.  Pod 
ovoid-conical,  3-lobed,  of  3  inflated  membranaceous  carpels  united  in  the  axis, 
separating  when  ripe,  and  splitting  down  the  inner  edge,  several-seeded.  Seeds 
flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Stem  simple  (3° -5°  high),  from  a  somewhat  bulbous 
base,  roughish-downy  above,  as  well  as  the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  panicle 
(composed  chiefly  of  simple  racemes),  the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  grass-like,  those  from  the  root  broader.  (Name  composed  of 
/xcXay,  black,  and  av6os,  flower,  from  the  darker  color  which  the  persistent  peri- 
anth assumes  after  blossoming;  but  the  name  is  hardly  warranted.) 

1.  M.  Virginicum,  L.  (BUNCH-FLOWER.)  (M.  Virginicum  &  race- 
mosum,  Michx.  Leimanthium  Virginicum,  Willd.  L.  Virginicum  &  hybridum, 
Roem.  Sf  Schult.,  Gray,  Melanth.)  —  Wet  meadows,  from  Southern  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  common  southward.  July. 

4.    ZYGADENUS,    Michx.        ZYGADENE. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading; 
the  petal-like  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1  -  2-glandular  next  the  more  or  less  nar- 
rowed, but  not  unguiculate  base,  which  is  either  free,  or  united  and  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length. 
Anthers,  styles,  and  pod  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  margined  or  slightly 
winged.  —  Very  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  simple  stems 
from  creeping  rootstocks  or  coated  bulbs,  linear  leaves,  and  pretty  large  panicled 
greenish-white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  £vyos,  a  yoke,  and 
ddrjv,  a  gland,  the  glands  being  in  pairs.) 

*  Glands  on  the  perianth  conspicuous. 

1.  Z.  glab6rrimilS,  Michx.  Stems  l°-3°  high  from  a  creeping  rootstock; 
leaves  grass-like,  channelled,  conspicuously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to  a  point; 
panicle  pyramidal,  many-flowered;  perianth  nearly  free;  the  sepals  (£'  long) 
ovate,  becoming  lance-ovate,  with  a  pair  of  orbicular  glands  above  the  short  claw-like 
base.  —  Grassy  low  grounds,  Virginia  (Pursh)  and  southward. 


LILIACEJE.      (LILT  FAMILY.)  525 

2.  Z.  glatlCUS,  Nutt.     Stem  l°-3°  high  from  a  coated  bulb;  leaves  flat; 
panicle  rather  simple  and  few-flowered ;  base  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  obovate  sepals  marked  with  a  large  obcordate 
gland.     (Anticlea  glauca,  Kunth.) — Along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes 
(Bergen  Swamp,  Gennesee  Co.,  New  York,  G.  T.  Fish)  to  N.  Illinois :  rare. 

#  *  Glands  of  the  perianth  obscure.     (Here  also  Amianthium  Nuttallii,  Gray.) 

3.  Z.  leimanthoides.    Stem  1°-  4°  high  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
slender ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  small  (4"  in  diameter)  and  numerous, 
in  a  few  crowded  panicled  racemes ;  only  a  yellowish  spot  on  the  contracted  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  free  perianth.     (Amianthium  leimanthoides,  Gray.)  — 
Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Durand,  Knicskern)  and  southward. 

5.  STENANTHIUM,    Gray  (under  Veratrum). 

Flowers  polygamous.  .Perianth  spreading;  the  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  point  from  the  broader  base,  where  they  are  united  and  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing,  persistent,  much  longer  than  the 
short  stamens.  Anthers,  pods,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Nos.  4  and  6.  Seeds  nearly 
wingless.  —  Smooth,  with  a  wand-like  leafy  stem  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
long  and  grass-like  conduplicate-keeled  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in 
compound  racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal  panicle;  in  summer.  (Name  com- 
posed of  0Tfi>oy,  narrow,  and  av6os,flmver,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 

1.  S.  angustifblium,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  elongated  ;  flowers  (£'  long), 
white,  very  short-pedicelled,  in  slender  racemes ;  the  prolonged  terminal  one, 
and  often  some  of  the  lateral,  fertile.  (Veratrum  angustifolium,  Pursh.  He- 
lonias  graminea,  Bot.  Mag.}  — Low  prairies  and  meadows,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward  towards  the  mountains.  —  Stem  slender,  2° -6°  high. 

6.  VERATRUM,    Tourn.        FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  and  separate 
obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish)  sepals,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
base,  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  free  from  the 
sepals  and  shorter  than  they,  recurving.  Anthers,  pistils,  fruit,  &c.  nearly  as 
in  Melanthium.  —  Somewhat  pubescent  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  a 
thickened  base  producing  coarse  fibrous  roots  (very  poisonous),  3-ranked  leaves, 
and  racemed-panicled  dull  or  dingy  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  formed  of 
vere,  truly,  and  ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viride,  Ait.     (AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE.      INDIAN  POKE.) 
Stem  stout,  very  leafy  to  the  top  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath  clasping,  strongly  plaited;  panicle  pyramidal,  the  dense  spike-like  racemes 
spreading ;  perianth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading.  —  Swamps  and  low 
grounds:  common.     (Much  too  near  V.  album  of  Europe.) 

2.  V.  parvifldrum,  Michx.     Stem  slender  (2° -5°  high),  sparingly  leafy 
below,  naked  above;  leaves  scarcely  plaited,  glabrous,  contracted  into  sheathing  peti- 
oles, varying  from  oval  to  lanceolate ;  panicle  very  long  and  loose,  the  terminal 
raceme  wand-like,  the  lateral  slender  and  spreading  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flow- 


526  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

ers;  sepals  dingy-green,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  (2"  -3'  long),  those  of  the 
sterile  flowers  on  claws,  widely  spreading.  (Melanthium  monoicum,  Walt. 
Leimanthiura  monoicum,  Gray.)  — Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.  V.  Woodii,  Robbins.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  pedicels 
(1^"-  3"  long)  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  oblanceolate  spreading  sepals  (3"  -4£" 
long)  dingy  green  turning  brownish  purple  within :  otherwise  much  as  in  the  last, 
of  which  it  may  be  a  variety ;  but  the  flowers  are  mostly  double  the  size,  and 
the  panicle  stouter.  (Plant  3° -6°  high.)  —  Woods  and  hilly  barrens,  Green 
Co.,  Indiana,  Wood.  Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead. 

7.    AMIANTHITJM,    Gray.        FLY-POISON. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  the  distinct  and  free  petal-like 
(white)  sepals  oval  or  obovate,  without  claws  or  glands,  persistent.  Filaments 
capillary,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth.  Anthers,  pods,  &c.,  nearly  as  in 
Melanthium.  Styles  thread-like.  Seeds  wingless,  oblong  or  linear,  with  a  loose 
coat,  1  -4  in  each  cell.  —  Glabrous,  with  simple  stems  from  a  bulbous  base  or 
coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  terminated  by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  hand- 
some flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 
(From  duiavros,  unspotted,  and  avQos,  flower ;  a  name  formed  with  more  regard 
to  euphony  than  to  good  construction,  alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 

1.  A.  muSC8et6xicum,  Gray.  (FLY-PoiSON.)  Leaves  broadly  linear, 
elongated,  obtuse  (£'-!'  wide);  raceme  simple;  pod  abruptly  3-horned;  seeds 
oblong,  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  (Helonias  erythrosperma,  Michx.)  —  Open 
woods,  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  June,  July. 

8.    XEROPHYLLUM,    Michx.        XEROPHYLLUM. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading;  sepals  petal-like  (white),  oval, 
distinct,  without  glands  or  claws,  at  length  withering,  about  the  length  of  the 
awl-shaped  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  short,  extrorse.  Styles  thread-like, 
stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  globular,  3-lobed,  obtuse  (small),  loculici- 
dal ;  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  3-an- 
gled,  not  margined. — Herb  with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel ;  the  stem  simple, 
l°-4°  high,  from  a  bulbous  base,  bearing  a  simple  compact  raceme  of  showy 
white  flowers,  thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced 
to  bristle-like  bracts ;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft,  reclined,  a 
foot  or  more  long,  1'  wide  below,  rough  on  the  margin,  remarkably  dry  and  rigid 
(whence  the  name  from  ^pos,  arid,  and  <£uAXoi>,  leaf). 

1.  X.  asphodeloides,  Nutt.  (X.  tenax,  Nutt.  X.  setifolium,  Michx. 
Helonias  asphodelioides,  L.) — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward:  also 
far  westward.  June. 

9.    HELONIAS,    L.        HELONIAS. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-oblong  purple  sepals,  persistent, 
turning  green,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  round- 
ish-oval, blue,  extrorse.  Styles  revolute,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Pod 


LILIACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  527 

obcordately  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves  divergently  2-lobed. 
Seeds  many  in  each  cell,  linear,  with  a  tapering  appendage  at  both  ends. — A 
smooth  perennial,  with  many  oblong-spatulate  or  oblanceolate  evergreen  flat 
leaves,  from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  producing  in  early  spring  a  hollow  naked 
scape  (l°-2°  high;,  sheathed  with  broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by 
a  simple  and  short  dense  raceme.  Bracts  obsolete :  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
flowers.  (Name,  probably  from  cXos,  a  swamp,  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  H.  bullata,  L.  (H.  latifolia,  Michx.)  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  to  Virginia  :  rare  and  local. 

10.  CHAM^LIRIUM,    Willd.        DEVIL'S-BIT. 

Flowers  dioscious.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-linear  (white)  spreading  sepals, 
withering-persistent.  Filaments  and  (yellow)  anthers  as  in  Helonias  :  fertile 
flowers  with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  texture,  loculicidally 
3-valved  from  the  apex,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  winged  at  each 
end.  —  Smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem  from  a  (bitter)  thick  and  abrupt 
tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  long  wand-like  spiked  raceme  (4' -9'  long) 
of  small  bractless  flowers ;  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than  the  staminate.  Leaves 
flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole.  (Name  formed  of 
Xafiat,  on  the  ground,  and  Xei'ptoi/,  lily ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  C.  Itlteum.  (BLAZING-STAR.)  (C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Veratrum 
luteum,  L.  Helonias  lutea,  Ait.  H.  dioica,  Pursh.)  — Low  grounds,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June. 

11.  TOFIELDIA,    Hudson.        FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

Flowers  perfect,  usually  with  a  little  3-bracted  involucre  underneath.  Peri- 
anth more  or  less  spreading;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish)  concave,  oblong  or 
obovate,  without  claws.  Filaments  awl-shaped  :  anthers  short,  innate  or  some- 
what introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  awl-shaped  :  stigmas  terminal.  Pod  3-angular, 
3-partible  or  septicidal ;  cells  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong.  —  Slender  perennials, 
mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  the  base,  bear- 
ing small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant,  linear, 
grass-like.  (Named  for  Mr.  Tofield,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
§  1.  Flowers  in  a  simple  spike-like  raceme  or  head:  anthers  introrse:  seeds  not 
appendaged:  plant  smooth  and  glabrous. 

1.  T.  palustris,  Hudson.     Scape  leafless  or  nearly  so  (3' -6' high),  slen- 
der, bearing  a  globular  or  oblong  head  or  short  raceme  of  whitish  flowers ; 
leaves  tufted,  1'  long.  —  Isle  Royale,  &c.,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.    (Eu.) 
§  2.  Flowers  racemose,  but  developing  from  above  downwards :  short  pedicels  in  threes 

from  a  little  involucre  of  as .  many  bracts :  anthers  innate :  seeds  tail-pointed  at 
both  ends  (as  in  many  species  of  Juncus.) 

2.  T.  glutin6sa,  Willd.     Stem  (6'  -16'  high)  and  pedicels  very  glutinous 
with  dark  glands ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short.  —  Moist  grounds,  Maine,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  also  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    June. 


528  LILIACE^::     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

3.  T.  ptlbens,  Ait.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  and  pedicels  roughened  with 
minute  (/lands ;  leaves  longer  and  narrower.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to 
Virginia  and  southward.  July. 

12.     UVULARIA,    L.        BELLWORT. 

Perianth  nearly  bell-shaped,  lily-like ;  the  6  distinct  sepals  spatulate-lanceolate, 
with  a  honey-bearing  groove  or  pit  at  the  erect  contracted  base,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens,  which  barely  adhere  to  their  base,  deciduous.  Anthers  linear, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments,  adnate  and  extrorse,  but  the  long  and  narrow 
cells  opening  nearly  along  the  margin.  Style  deeply  3-cleft ;  the  divisions  stig- 
matic  along  the  inner  side.  Pod  triangular  or  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved 
from  the  top.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  obovoid,  with  a  tumid  or  fungous  rhaphc. 

—  Stems  rather  low,  from  a  rootstock,  naked  or  scaly  at  the  base,  forking 
above,  bearing  oblong  sessile  or  clasping  flat  and  membranaceous  leaves,  and 
yellowish  drooping  flowers,  in  spring,  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  on  terminal 
peduncles  which  become  lateral  by  the  growth  of  the  branches.     (Name  "  from 
the  flowers  hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  palate.") 

*  Leaves  clasping-perfoliate :  sepals  pointed:  pod  truncate,  3-Iobed:  rootstock  short. 

1.  U.  grandiflora,  Smith.     Stems    l°-2°  high;    flower  1^'  long,  pale 
greenislt-ydlou},  the  sejKtts  nearly  smooth  within ;  anthers   blunt-pointed.  —  Rich 
woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  south  west  ward. 

2.  U.  perfoliata,  L.     Smaller ;  sepals  granular-roughened  within ;  anthers 
sharper  tipped;  otherwise  as  No.  1.  —  Common  eastward  and  southward. 

3.  U.  flava,  Smith.     Flower  bright  yellow,  1    longj  sepals  nearly  smooth  with- 
in; anthers  short-pointed.  —  New  Jersey  to  Virginia:  rare. 

*  *  leaves  sessile:  pod  triangular :  stems  low  (6' -12')  :  rootstock  creeping. 

4.  TJ.  Sessilif61ia,  L.     Leaves  lance-oblong,  pale,  glaucous  beneath,  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  by  a  narrow  base;  sepals  blunt  (9"  long)  ;  anthers  pointless; 
the  ovoid  and  sharply  triangular  pod  stipitate. —  Low  woods  :  common.     May. 

5.  U.  puberula,  Michx.     Slightly  puberulent ;  leaves  bright  green  both  sides 
and  shining,  oval,  with  rough  edges ;  styles  separate  to  near  the  base,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  short-pointed  anthers ;  pod  ovate,  not  stipitate ;  otherwise  like  the  last. 

—  Mountains,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

13.    PBOSAE-TES,    Don.        PEOSARTES. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  the  6  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear,  deciduous.  Filaments 
thread-like,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers,  which  are  fixed 
by  a  point  above  the  base,  and  extrorse.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  suspended  from 
the  summit  of  each  cell :  style  one  :  stigmas  short,  recurved-spreading,  or  some- 
times united  into  one !  Berry  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed,  3  -  6-seeded,  red.  — 
Downy  low  herbs,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate  and 
membranaceous  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers,  on  slender  termi- 
nal peduncles,  solitary  or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  Trpoo-aprtio),  to  hang 
from,  in  allusion  to  the  pendent  ovules  or  flowers.) 

1.  P.  lanugindsa,  Don.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely  sessile,  downy  underneath ;  flowers 


(LILT  FAMILY.)  529 

solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  (£'  long),  soon  spread- 
ing, twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish;  style  smooth;  stigmas  3.  (Strep- 
topus  lanuginosus,  Michx.)  —  Rich  woods,  Western  New  York  to  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  May. 

14.    STRBPTOPTJS,    Michx.        TWISTED-STALK. 

Perianth  recurved-spreading  from  a  bell-shaped  base;  the  6  distinct  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  3  inner  keeled,  deciduous.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  ex- 
trorse,  fixed  near  the  base  to  the  short  flattened  filaments,  tapering  above  to  a 
slender  entire  or  2-cleft  point.  Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell:  style 
and  sometimes  the  stigmas  one.  Berry  red,  roundish-ovoid,  many-seeded. — 
Herbs,  with  rather  stout  stems,  forking  and  divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper- 
pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and  small  (extra-)  axillary 
flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  slender  thread-like  peduncles,  which  are 
abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle  (whence  the  name,  from  <rrpeirTQS, 
twisted,  and  7rovs,foot  or  stalk.) 

1.  S.  amplexifblillS,  DC.  Leaves  very  smooth,  glaucous  underneath,  strongly 
clasping ;  flower  greenish-white  on  a  long  peduncle  abruptly  bent  above  the  mid- 
dle; anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  entire  point;  stigma  entire,  truncate.    (S.  dis- 
tdrtus,  Michx.  Uvularia  amplexifolia,  L.)  —  Cold  and  moist  woods,  from  Penn. 
northward.     June.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  rough  at  the  base,  otherwise  very 
smooth.     Sepals  £'  long.  —  In  this,  as  in  the  next,  the  peduncles  are  opposite 
the  leaves,  rather  than  truly  axillary,  and  are  bent  round  the  clasping  base  under- 
neath them :  they  are  rarely  2-flowered.     (Eu. ) 

2.  S.  rdseus,  Michx.    Leaves  green  both  sides,  finely  ciliate,  and  the  branches 
sparingly  beset  with  short  bristly  hairs ;  flower  rose-purple,  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  slightly  bent  peduncle ;  anthers  2-horned ;  stigma  3-cle/l.  —  Cold 
damp  woods,  northward,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.     May. 

15.    CLINTONIA,    Raf.        CLINTONIA. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals,  bell-shaped,  lily-like,  deciduous ;  the  6  stamens 
inserted  at  their  base.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like :  anthers  linear  or  ob- 
long, extrorsely  fixed  by  a  point  above  the  base,  the  cells  opening  down  the 
margins.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  2-3-celled:  style  long:  stigmas  2  or  3,  or  in 
ours  united  into  one.  Berry  ovoid,  blue,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Stemless  peren- 
nials, with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  a  naked  scape  sheathed  at 
the  base  by  the  stalks  of  2  -  4  large  oblong  or  oval  ciliate  leaves.  Flowers 
rather  large,  umbelled,  rarely  single.  (Dedicated  to  De  Witt  Clinton.) 

1.  C.  borealis,   Raf.'    Umbel  few-  (2-7-)  flowered;  ovules  20  or  more. 
(Dracaena  borealis,  Ait.)  — Cold  moist  woods,  Massachusetts  to  "Wisconsin  and 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     June.  —  Scape  and  leaves 
5' -8'  long.   Perianth  over  \-  long,  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  downy  outside. 

2.  C.  umbellata,  Torr.     Umbel  many-flowered ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.    (C. 
multiflora,  Beck.     Convallaria  umbellulata,  Michx.)  — Rich  woods,  S.  W.  New 
York,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    June,  July. — Flowers  half  the 
size  of  the  last,  white,  speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots. 

34 


530  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

16.    CONVALLARIA,    L.  (in  part).    LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY. 

Perianth  bell-shaped  (white),  6-lobed,  deciduous;  the  lobes  recurved.  Sta- 
mens 6,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  tapering  into  a  stout  style :  stigma  triangular.  Ovules  4  -  6  in  each 
cell.  Berry  few-seeded  (red).  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with 
slender  running  rootstocks,  sending  up  from  a  scaly-sheathing  bud  2  oblong 
leaves,  with  their  long  sheathing  petioles  enrolled  one  within  the  other  so  as  to 
appear  like  a  stalk,  and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  pretty 
and  sweet-scented  nodding  flowers.  (Altered  from  Lilium  convallium,  the  pop- 
ular name.) 

1.  C.  majalis,  L.  —  High  Alleghanies  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  May. 
—  Same  as  the  European  LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY  of  the  gardens.  (Eu.) 

17.     SMILACINA,    Desf.        FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  deciduous  (white),  with  as  many  stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  divisions.  Filaments  slender :  anthers  short,  introrse. 
Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell:  style  short  and  thick:  stigma 
obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1-2-seeded. — Perennial  herbs,  with 
simple  stems  from  creeping  or  thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  leaves,  and 
white,  sometimes  fragrant  flowers  in  a  terminal  and  simple  or  compound  raceme. 
(Name  a  diminutive  of  Smilax,  to  which,  however,  these  plants  bear  little  re- 
semblance.) 

§  1.  SMILACINA  proper.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  (oblong-lanceolate)  and  sta- 
mens (j,tthe  latter  longer:  ovary  3-celled:  ovules  collateral:  racemes  crowded  in 
a  compound  raceme  or  close  panicle :  rootstock  stout,  fleshy. 

1.  S.  racemosa,  Desf.    (FALSE  SPIKENARD.)    Minutely  downy  (2°  high) ; 
leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ciliate,  abruptly  some- 
what petioled. — Moist  copses:  common.    June.  —  Berries  pale  red,  speckled 
with  purple,  aromatic.     (S.  ciliata,  Desf.,  is  a  dwarf  state  of  this.) 

§  2.  ASTERANTHEMUM,  Kunth.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  6,  oblong-lance- 
olate, longer  than  the  stamens:  ovary  2 -3-celled:  ovules  one  above  the  other: 
raceme  single,  5  -  20-flowered :  rootstock  rather  slender. 

2.  S.  stellata,  Desf.     Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7-12  oblong-lanceolate  leaves 
minutely  downy  beneath  when  young,  slightly  clasping ;  berries  blackish.  —  Moist 
banks  :  common  northward.     May,  June. — Plant  l°-2°  high.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  trif61ia,  Desf.     Glabrous,  dwarf  (3'  -  6'  high);  leaves  3  (sometimes 
2  or  4),  oblong,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base;  berries  red.  —  Cold  bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  "Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

§3.  MAlANTHEMUM,  Desf.  Divisions  of 'the  reflexed-spreading perianth  (oval) 
and  the  stamems  4,  of  equal  length :  ovary  2-celled :  ovules  collateral :  raceme 
single,  many-flowered:  creeping  rootst oclcs- slender. 

4.  S.  bifolia,  Ker.     Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent,  low  (3' -5'  high); 
leaves  mostly  2  (sometimes  3),  heart-shaped,  petioled,  or  in  our  plant  (the  var. 
CANADENSIS)  one  or  both  often  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  clasping.  —  Moist  woods : 
very  common,  especially  northward.    May.     (Eu.) 


LILIACE^E.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  531 

18.    POLYGONATUM.    Tourn.        SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  6-lobed  at  the  summit ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  or 
above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included  :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with 
2-6  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  slender,  deciduous  by  a  joint:  stigma  obtuse  or 
capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  black  or  blue ;  the  cells  1  -2-seeded. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  erect  or  curving  stems,  rising  from  creeping 
thick  and  knotted  rootstocks,  naked  below,  above  bearing  nearly  sessile  or  half- 
clasping  nerved  leaves,  and  axillary  nodding  greenish  flowers  :  pedicels  jointed 
with  the  flower.  (The  ancient  name,  composed  of  TroXvs,  many,  and  yovv,  knee, 
alluding  to  the  numerous  joints  of  the  rootstocks  and  stems.)  —  Ours  are  all  al- 
ternate-leaved species,  and  with  the  stem  terete  or  scarcely  angled  when  fresh. 

1.  P.  bifl6rum,  Ell.     (SMALLER  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.)     Glabrous,  except 
the  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong   nearly  sessile  leaves,   which  are  commonly 
minutely  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  (but  sometimes  smooth),  as  well  as  pale 
or  glaucous  underneath;  stem  slender  (l°-3°  high)  ;  peduncles  1-3-  but  mostly 
2-fiowered;  filaments  papillose-roughened,   inserted   towards   the  summit  of  the 
cylindrical-oblong  perianth.     ( Convallaria  biflora,  Walt.     C.  pubescens,  Willd. 
Polygonatum  pubescens,   angustifolium,   &   multiflorum,  Pursh.)  —  Wooded 
banks :  common.  —  Perianth  £'  long,  greenish. 

2.  P.    gigantdlim,    Dietrich.      (GREAT   S.)      Glabrous  throughout;   stem 
stout  and  mostly  tall,  terete;  leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping  (5' -8'  long),  or  the 
upper  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many-nerved ;  peduncles  several-  (2  -  8-)  flowered; 
filaments  smooth  and  naked,  or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the 
cylindrical-oblong  perianth.      (Convallaria  canaliculata,  Willd.     Polygonatum 
canaliculatum,  Pursh.     P.  commutatum,  Dietrich.) — River-banks,  in  alluvial 
soil,  5°  -  8°  high  ;  in  dry  or  less  fertile  soil  2°  -  4°.    June.    (The  stem  not  being 
at  all  channelled  in  the  living  plant,  it  is  better  to  discard  the  earlier  name  of 
canaliculatum.) — Pedicels  4"- 15"  long:  perianth  9"  long. — Perhaps  passes 
into  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  latifblium,  Desf.     Upper  part  of  the  stem  (2° -3°  high),  the  1  -  5- 
flowered  peduncles,  pedicels,  and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  mostly  peti- 
oled  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent ;  filaments  glabrous.     (P.  hirtum,  Pursh.     Conval- 
laria hirta,  Poir.)  — Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg! 

(P.  MULTIFLORUM,  with  hirsute  h'laments,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  country.) 

19.    ASPARAGUS,    L.        ASPARAGUS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above :  the  6  stamens  on  its  base :  anthers 
introrse.  Style  short :  stigma  3-lobed.  Berry  spherical,  3-celled ;  the  cells 
2-seeded.  —  Perennials,  with  much-branched  stems  from  thick  and  matted 
rootstocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels. 
The  narrow,  commonly  thread-like,  so-called  leaves  are  really  branchlets,  act- 
ing as  leaves,  clustered  in  the  axil  of  a  little  scale  which  is  the  true  leaf.  (The 
ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (GARDEN  ASPARAGUS.)  Herbaceous,  tall,  bushy- 
branched;  leaves  thread-like.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  into  waste 
places  on  the  coast.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


532  LILIACE^.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

20.    LILIUM,    L.        LILY. 

Perianth  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  colored,  of  6  distinct  sepals,  spreading  or 
recurved  above,  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  at  the  base,  deciduous ;  the  6  sta- 
mens somewhat  adhering  to  their  bases.  Anthers  linear,  extrorsely  inserted 
towards  the  middle  to  the  tapering  apex  of  the  long  filament,  which  is  at  first 
included,  at  length  versatile ;  the  cells  dehiscent  by  a  lateral  or  slightly  introrse 
line.  Style  elongated,  somewhat  club-shaped :  stigma  3-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
containing  numerous  flat  and  horizontal  (depressed)  soft-coated  seeds  densely 
packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple  stems,  with 
numerous  alternate-scattered  or  whorled  short  and  sessile  leaves,  and  from  one 
to  several  large  and  showy  flowers;  in  summer.  (The  classical  Latin  name, 
from  the  Greek  \fipiov.) 

*  Flowers  erect,  bell-shaped,  the  sepals  narrowed  below  into  claws. 

1.  L.  Philad61pllicum,  L.     (WILD  ORANGE-RED  LILY.)     Leaves  lin- 
ear-lanceolate ;  the  upper  chiefly  in  whorls  of  5  to  8 ;  flowers  1-3,  open-bell-shaped, 
reddish-orange  spotted  with  purplish  inside ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  not  recurved 
at  the  summit.  —  Dry  or  sandy  ground :  common.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high  :  the 
flower  2£'  long. 

2.  L.  Catesbaei,  Walt.     (SOUTHERN  KED  LILY.)      Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, scattered;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  long-clawed  sepals  wavy  on 
the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple  and 
yellow  inside.  — Low  sandy  soil,  Pennsylvania  ?  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 

#  *  Flowers  nodding,  bell-shaped,  the  sessile  sepals  revolute. 

3.  L.  Canadense,  L.     (WiLD  YELLOW  LILY.)     Leaves  remotely  whorled, 
lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough,  flowers  few,  long- 
peduncled,   oblong-bell-shaped,  the  sepals  recurved-spreading  above  the  middle, 
orange-spotted  inside  with   brown.  —  Moist    meadows  and    bogs,  especially 
northward.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high.    Flower  2'  -  3'  long. 

4.  L.  SUp6rbum,  L.      (TURK'S-CAP  LILY.)      Lower  leaves  whorled,  lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  3-nerved,  smooth ;  flowers  often  many  (3  -  20  or  40)  in  a  pyram- 
idal raceme ;  sepals  strongly  revolute,  bright  orange,  with  numerous  dark  purple 
spots  inside.  —  Rich  low  grounds.  —  Stem  3°  -  7°  high  :  sepals  3'  long.      L. 
Carolinianum,  Michx.,  apparently  belongs  to  this  species,  which  also  probably 
passes  into  the  preceding. 

21.    ERYTHRONIUM,    L.        DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Perianth  lily-like,  of  6  distinct  lanceolate  sepals,  recurved  or  spreading  above, 
deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  erect  base, 
and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped  :  anthers  oblong-linear,  con- 
tinuing erect.  Style  elongated.  Pod  obovate,  contracted  at  the  base,  3-valved, 
loculicidal.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  ovoid,  with  a  loose,  membranaceous  tip.  — 
Nearly  stemless  herbs,  with  two  smooth  and  shining  flat  leaves  tapering  into 
petioles  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  commonly  one-flowered  scape,  rising 
from  a  deep  solid-scaly  bulb.  Flowers  rather  large,  nodding,  in  spring.  (Name 
from  epvQpos,  red,  which  is  inappropriate  as  respects  the  American  species.) 


(LILY  FAMILY.)  533 

1.  E.  Americ&num,    Smith.      (YELLOW   ADDER'S-TONGUE.)     Leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate,  pale  green,  mottled  and  commonly  dotted  with  purplish 
and  whitish ;  perianth  light  yellow,  often  spotted  near  the  base ;  style  club-shaped ; 
stigmas  united  into  one.  —  Low  copses:  common.     May.  —  Scape  6' -9'  high: 
flower  1'  or  more  long.  —  E.  BRACTEATUM,  Boott,  from  the  Camel's  Rump 
Mountain,  Vermont,  is  probably  only  an  accidental  state,  with  a  bract,  such  as 
the  Western  E.  grandiflorum  often  has. 

2.  E.  £lbidum,  Nutt.     (WHITE  DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET.)     Leaves  ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, less  or  not  at  all  spotted,  not  dotted ;  perianth  bluish-white ;  inner 
divisions  toothless ;  style  more  slender  except  at  the  apex,  bearing  3  spreading 
stigmas.  —  Low  thickets,  New  York  (near  Albany),  and  S.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin 
and  Illinois.  —  At  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Robbins  finds  a  plant  like  this  but  yellow- 
flowered,  a  transition  towards  E.  grandiflorum. 

22.    ORNITHOGALUM,    Tourn.        STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (white)  spreading  3-7-nerved  sepals.  Filaments  6, 
flattened-awl-shaped.  Style  3-sided :  stigma  3-angled.  Pod  membranous, 
roundish-angular,  with  few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell,  loculicidal. — 
Scape  and  linear  channelled  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed, 
bracted.  (An  ancient  whimsical  name  from  opus,  a  bird,  and  -yaXa,  milk.) 

1.  O.  UMBELLATUM,  L.  Flowers  5-8,  on  long  and  spreading  pedicels; 
sepals  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  moist 
meadows,  eastward.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

23.    SCILLA,    L.        SQUILL. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (blue  or  purple)  spreading  sepals,  mostly  deciduous; 
the  6  awl-shaped  filaments  at  their  base.  Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-angled,  loc- 
ulicidal, 3-valved,  with  several  black  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and 
linear  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb :  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  bracted. 
(The  ancient  name.) 

1 .  S.  Fr£seri.  (EASTERN  QUAMASH.  WILD  HYACINTH.  )  Leaves  long 
and  linear,  keeled  ;  raceme  elongated ;  bracts  solitary,  longer  than  the  pedicels ; 
stigma  minutely  3-cleft ;  pod  triangular,  several-seeded.  (Phalangium  escule'n- 
tum,  Nutt.  Scilla  esculenta,  Ker.  Camassia  Fraseri,  Torr.)  —  Moist  prairies 
and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  May.  —  Bulb  onion- 
like,  eaten  by  the  Indians.  Scape  1°  high.  Sepals  widely  spreading,  pale 
blue,  3-nerved,  6"  long. 

24.    ALLIUM,    L.        ONION.    GARLIC. 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the 
very  base,  1 -nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  less  persistent : 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  their  base.  Style  persistent,  thread- 
like:  stigma  simple.  Pod  lobed,  loculicidal,  3-valved,  with  1  or  few  ovoid- 
kidney-shaped  amphitropous  or  campylotropous  black  seeds  in  each  cell. — 
Strong- scented  and  pungent  stemless  herbs;  the  leaves  and  scape  from  a 


534  LILIACE^E.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

coated  bulb  flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  some  of  them  frequently  changed  to 
bulblets ;  spathe  1  -  2-valved.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  single  in  each  cell :  leaves  broad  and  flat,  appearing  in  early 

spring,  and  dying  before  ike  flowers  are  developed. 

1.  A.  tricoccum,  Ait.     (WILD  LEEK.)      Scape  naked  (9'  high  from 
clustered  pointed  bulbs,  2'  long),  bearing  an  erect  many-flowered  umbel ;  leaves 
lance-oblong  (5'-9;  long,  l'-2'  wide);  sepals  oblong  (white),  equalling  the 
simple  filaments;  pod  strongly  3-lobed.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    July. 

*  #  Ovules  mostly  2  in  each  cell :  ovary  crested  with  6  teeth :  leaves  long  and  narrow. 

•»-  Umbel  bearing  only  flowers  and  ripening  pods. 

2.  A.  C^rnuum,  Roth.     (WiLD  ONION.)     Scape  naked,  angular  (l°-2° 
high),  often  nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  many-flowered  umbel; 
/eaves  linear,  sharply  keeled  (1°  long);  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute  (rose-color), 
shorter  than  the  simple  slender  filaments.  —  Steep  banks,  Western  New  York 
to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    July,  Aug. 

3.  A.  Stellatlim,  Nutt.     Scape  terete,  slender,  bearing  an  erect  umbel,'  leaves 
flat ;  sepals  equalling  the  stamens :  otherwise  resembling  the  last,  but  usually 
not  so  tall;  the  pod  more  crested.    Aug.  — Rocky  slopes,  Illinois  (Engelmann), 
and  northwestward. 

4.  A.  Schcen6prasum,  L.      (CHIVES.)      Scape  naked  or  leafy  at  the 
base  (6'  -  12'  high)  bearing  a  globular  capitate  umbel  of  many  rose-purple  flowers  ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  filaments ; 

•  leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow.     Var.  with  recurved  tips  to  the  sepals  (A.  Sibiricum, 
L.)  —  Shore  of  Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

-»-  H-  Umbel  oflen  densely  bulb-bearing,  with  or  without  flowers. 

5.  A.  VINEALE,  L.      (FIELD  GARLIC.)   ,  Scape  slender,  clothed  with  the 
sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  terete  and 
hollow,  slender,  channelled  above ;  fllaments  much  dilated,  the  alternate  ones  3-clefl, 
the  middle  division  anther-bearing. — Moist  meadows  and  fields:  a  vile  weed 
eastward.    June.  — Flowers  rose-color  and  green.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.      (WiLD  GARLIC.)      Scape  leafy  only  at  the 
base  (1°  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear,  flattish ;  umbel  few-flowered ;  filaments 
simple,  dilated  below.  —  Moist  meadows.    May,  June.  —  Flowers  pale  rose-color, 
pedicelled ;  or  a  head  of  bulbs  in  their  place. 

*  *  *  Ovules  several  in  each  cell:  leaves  long  and  linear.    (Nothdscordum,  Kunth.) 

7.  A.  striatum,  Jacq.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  often  convolute,  striate  on 
the  back,  about  the  length  of  the  obscurely  3-angled  naked  scape  (6'  -  12'  long) ; 
filaments  dilated  below,  shorter  than  the  narrowly  oblong  sepals  (which  are 
white  with  a  reddish  keel) ;  ovules  4  -  7  in  each  cell.  —  Prairies  and  open  woods, 
Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May. 

25.    MUSCARI,    Tourn.        GRAPE-HYACINTH. 

Perianth  globular  or  ovoid,  minutely  6-toothed  (blue).     Stamens  6,  included : 
anthers  short,  introrse.     Style  short.     Pod  loculicidal,  with  2  black  angular 


LILIACE^E.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  535 

seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Leaves  and  scape  (in  early  spring)  from  a  coated  bulb  :  the 
small  flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  sometimes  musk-scented  (whence  the  name). 

1.  M.  BOTRYOIDES,  Mill.  Leaves  linear ;  flowers  globular  (1^"  -2"  long), 
deep  blue,  appearing  like  minute  grapes ;  whence  the  popular  name.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  into  copses  and  fence-rows,  E.  Penn.,  &c.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

26.    HEMEKOCALLIS,    L.        DAY-LILT. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like ;  the  short  tube  enclosing  the  ovary,  the  spread- 
ing limb  6-parted ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  its  throat.  Anthers  as  in  Lily, 
more  or  less  extrorse.  Filaments  and  style  long  and  thread-like,  declined  and 
ascending :  stigma  simple.  Pod  (at  first  rather  fleshy)  3-angled,  loculicidally 
3-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Showy  perennials, 
with  fleshy-fibrous  roots  ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked  at  the  base 
of  the  tall  scapes,  which  bear  at  the  summit  several  bracted  and  large  yellow 
flowers :  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single  day  (whence 
the  name,  from  fjp.fpa,  a  day,  and  fcdAAos,  beauty). 

1.  H.  FULVA,  L.  (COMMON  DAY-LILY.)  Inner  divisions  (petals)  of  the 
tawny  orange  perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens, 
where  it  is  common  (as  is  also  the  bright  yellow-flowered  H.  FLAVA).  July. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

27.    YUCCA,    L.        BEAR-GRASS.     SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Perianth  of  6  petal-like  (white)  oval  or  oblong  and  acute  flat  sepals,  wither- 
ing-persistent, the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3, 
sessile.  Pod  oblong,  somewhat  6-sided,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled  by  a 
partition  from  the  back,  fleshy,  at  length  loculicidally  3-valved  from  the  apex. 
Seeds  very  many  in  each  cell,  depressed.  —  Stems  woody,  either  very  short,  or 
rising  into  thick  and  columnar  palm-like  trunks,  bearing  persistent  rigid  linear 
or  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  terminated  by  an  ample  compound  panicle  of  showy 
(often  polygamous)  flowers.  (An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  Y.  filamentosa,  L.  (ADAM'S  NEEDLE.)  Trunk  (from  a  running 
rootstock)  rising  for  a  foot  or  less  above  the  earth,  covered  with  the  lanceolate 
unarmed  coriaceous  leaves  (1°  — 2°  long),  which  bear  filaments  on  their  margins; 
scape-like  flower-stem  6°  -  8°  high,  erect.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. July. 

28.    NARTHECITJM,    Mcehring.        BOG-ASPHODEL. 

Sepals  6,  linear-lanceolate,  yellowish,  persistent.  Filaments  6,  woolly:  an- 
thers linear,  introrse.  Pod  cylindrical-oblong,  pointed  with  the  undivided  style 
and  single  stigma,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  appendaged  at  each  end 
with  a  long  bristle-form  tail,  as  in  many  species  of  Juncus.  —  Rootstock  creep- 
ing, bearing  linear  equitant  leaves  (as  in  Tofieldia),  and  a  simple  stem  or 
scape,  terminated  by  a  simple  dense  raceme.  (Name  from  vapdr)Kiov,  a  rod,  or 
a  box  for  fragrant  ointments,  of  obscure  application.) 

1.  N.  OSSifragum,  Huds.  —  Herb  with  scape  about  a  foot  high,  longer 
than  the  leaves:  pedicels  mostly  bracteolate.  (Eu.) 


536  JDNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

Var.  Americamim.  (N.  Americanum,  Ker.)  Flowers  rather  smaller 
(scarcely  3"  long)  and  leaves  narrower  than  the  European  plant,  which  is  lim- 
ited to  the  Atlantic  side  of  that  continent,  as  is  ours  here  :  viz.  in  sandy  bogs, 
on  this  side,  where  it  is  very  local,  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  only. 
June,  July. 


ORDER  122.    JUNCXCE^.    (Rusn  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  small  flowers,  a  regular  and  Jiypogynous 
persistent  perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or  rarely  3  stamens  with 
2-celled  anthers,  a  single  short  style,  §  filiform  hairy  stigmas,  and  an  ovary 
either  3-celled  or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placenta,  forming  a  locvlicidal 
3-valved  pod.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  enclosed  at  the 
base  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Rushes,  with  the  flowe-.s  liliaceous  in  struc- 
ture, but  sedge-like  in  aspect  and  texture,  mainly  represented  by  only 
two  genera. 

1.    LUZULA,    DC.        WOOD-RUSH. 

Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded,  one  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta.  —  Perennials,  often 
hairy,  usually  in  dry  ground,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves,  and  spiked- 
crowded  or  umbelled  flowers.  (Name  said  to  he  altered  from  the  Italian  luciola, 
a  glow-worm.  ) 

*  Flowers  loosely  long-peduncled,  umbelled  or  corymbed. 

1.  L.   pildsa,   Willd.     Leaves  lance-linear,  hairy;    umbel  mostly  simple; 
sepals  pointed,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pod  ;  seeds  with  a  curved  appendage.  — 
Woods  and  banks  :  common  northward.     May.  —  Plant  6'  -  9'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  parviflbra,  Desv.,  var.  melanocarpa.    Nearly  smooth  (i°-3° 

high)  ;  leaves  broadly  linear;  corymb  decompound,  loose;  pedicels  drooping  ;  sepals 
pointed,  straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed  and  brown  pod. 
(L.  melanocarpa,  Desv.)  —  Mountains,  Maine  to  Northern  New  York,  and  north- 
ward. July.  (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  close  clusters.     (Plants  6'-  12'  high.) 

3.  L.  campestriS,  DC.    Leaves  flat,  linear  ;  spikes  4-12,  somewhat  umbelled, 
ovoid,  straw-color,  some  of  them  long-peduncled,  others  nearly  sessile  ;  sepals 
bristle-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pods  ;  seeds  with  a  conical  appendage  at 
the  base.  —  Dry  fields  and  woods  ;  common.     May.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  arcuata,  Meyer.     Leaves  channelled,  linear;  spikes  3—5,  on  unequal 
often  recurved  peduncles,  ovoid,  chestnut-brown  ;    bracts  ciliate-fringed  ;    sepals 
taper-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pod;   seeds,  not  appendaged.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

5.  L.  spicata,  Desvaux.      Leaves  channelled,  narrowly  linear  ;  flowers  in' 
sessile  clusters,  forming  a  nodding  interrupted  spiked  panicle,  brown  ;  sepals  bristle- 
pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-pointed  pod  ;  seeds  merely  with 
a  roundish  projection  at  the  base.    (Our  plant  is  L.  racemosa,  Desv.  ?  according 
to  Godet.)     With  the  last,  and  more  common.     (Eu.) 


(KUSH  FAMILY.)  537 

2.    JUNG  US,    L.        RUSH.    BOG-RUSH. 

Pod  many-seeded,  3-celled,  or  1 -celled  by  the  placentas  not  reaching  the  axis. 
Stamens  when  3  opposite  the  3  outer  sepals.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  and  in  wet 
soil  or  water,  with  pithy  or  hollow  and  simple  (rarely  branching)  steins,  and 
panicled  or  clustered  small  (greenish  or  brownish)  flowers,  chiefly  in  summer. 
Plant  never  hairy.  (The  classical  name,  from  jungo,  to  join,  alluding  to  the 
use  of  the  stems  for  bands.) 

Contributed  for  this  edition  by  DR.  ENGELMANN,  who  has  recently  published 
a  monograph  of  the  North  American  species  in  the  Transactions  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science. 

§  1.  TRUE  JUNCI  ;  with,  naked  and  simple  scapes  from  matted  running  rootstocks, 
many  of  them  barren,  furnished  at  base  with  short  leafless  or  rarely  leaf-bearing 
sheaths :  leaves,  if  any,  terete,  knotless  and  similar  to  the  scape :  flowers  single 
or  rarely  clustered  on  the  pedicels,  in  sessile  panicles,  produced  apparently  from 
the  side  of  the  scape,  the  exterior  sheath  or  involucral  leaf  being  similar  to  and 
continuing  the  scape.     Flowering  in  early  summer. 
#  Flowers  single  on  the  pedicels  or  ultimate  ramifications  of  the  panicle. 
•*-  Sheaths  at  base  of  the  stem  leafless. 
•w-  Stamens  3. 

1.  J.  efftlSUS,  L.     (COMMON  or  SOFT  RUSH.)      Scape  soft  and  pliant 
(2° -4° high);  inner  sheaths  awned;  panicle  diffusely  much  branched,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  numerous,  small  ( 1 5"  long),  greenish  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very 
acute,  as  long  as  the  triangular-obovate  retuse  and  pointless  greenish-brown 
pod ;  anthers  as  long  as  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  small  (about  £"  long) 
with  short  pale  points,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Var.  CONGLOMERATES 
(J.  conglomerate,  L.)  has  the  scape  more  distinctly  striate,  the  panicle  closely 
crowded,  and  the  pod  short-pointed.  —  Marshy  grounds :  very  common ;  the  var. 
in  sphagnous  swamps.     (Eu.) 

•«•  •*-«•  Stamens  6. 

2.  J.  filif6rmis,  L.      Scape  very  slender  (l°-2°high),  pliant;  panicle 
few-flowered,  almost  simple;  flowers  (l£"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  inner  a 
little  shorter  and  less  acute,  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  but  short- 
pointed  greenish  pod ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments  ;  style  very  short ;  seed 
(less  than  $"  long)  short-pointed  at  both  ends,  indistinctly  reticulated.  —  N. 
New  England  and  New  York  to  Michigan  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  J.  Smithii,  Engelm.     Scape  rather  slender  (2° -3°  high) ;  panicle  few- 
flowered,  nearly  simple;  flowers  brown  (!£"  long) ;  outer  sepals  lanceolate  and 
acute,  inner  a  little  shorter,  obtusish,  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  rather  tri- 
angular acute  and  pointed  deep  chestnut-brown  pod ;  anthers  as  long  as  fila- 
ments ;  style  short,  seeds  large  (J"or  more  long)  obtuse,  with  short  appendages 
at  both  ends,  many-ribbed  and  reticulated.  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  on  Broad 
Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  C.  E.  Smith. 

4.  J.   B&lticus,   Dethard.      Scape  rigid  (2° -3°  high);    panicle  loose; 
flowers  larger  (2"  long),  chestnut-brown  with  green;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  outer  sharp-pointed,  the  inner  obtusish,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather 
triangular  obtuse  and  pointed  deep  brown  pod ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the 


538  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

broad  filaments;  style  about  tbe  length  of  the  ovary ;  seeds  rather  large  (J"  or 
more  long),  nearly  obtuse,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  shores  of 
New  England,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  westward ;  also  in  swamps,  Lancaster  Co., 
Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.  (Eu.) 

.    -t-  •»-  Innermost  sheaths  leaf-bearing :  stamens  6. 

5.  J.  set&eeus,  Rostkovius.     Scape  slender  (1°- 3°  high) ;  panicle  loose, 
rather  few-flowered  ;  flowers  greenish  (2"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed, 
especially  the  3  shining  exterior  ones,  spreading  in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  nearly 
globose  beak-pointed  greenish  or  light-brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  filaments; 
style  conspicuous;  seeds  (£"  long)  almost  globose,  ribbed  and  cross-lined. — 
Pennsylvania  (Rostkovius),  Virginia?  and  North  Carolina,  southward  near  the 
coast.  —  Doubtful  if  in  our  district. 

*  #  Flowers  in  clusters,  6-androus:  innermost  sheaths  at  base  of  stem  leaf-bearing. 

6.  J.  Rcemeriknus,  Scheele.     Scape  stout  and  rigid  (2° -3°  high),  its 
apex  as  -well  as  the  leaves  pungent ;  panicle  compound  ;  3  -  6  greenish  or  light- 
brown  flowers  (lj"  long)  in  a  cluster;  outer  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed, 
longer  than  the  obtusish  inner  ones,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather  triangular 
obtuse  short-pointed  brown  pod ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  broad  filaments ; 
styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  seeds  ( J"  long)  oval,  obtuse,  very  delicately  ribbed. 
(J.  maiitimus  of  Amer.  authors.)  — Brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  (Pursh), 
Virginia  and  southward. 

§  2.  GRASSY-LEAVED  JUNCI  ;  with  simple  or  rarely  branched  stems,  leafy  at  base 
or  throughout :  leaves  flat,  or  somewhat  terete  or  setaceous  and  channelled,  never 
knotted:  panicle  terminal. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  (produced  in  late  summer). 

•*-  Leaves  thread-like,  hollow :  stems  simple :  heads  single  or  few :  seeds  large,  the 
loose  seed-coat  produced  into  conspicuous  tails :  stamens  6. 

7.  J.  St^gius,  L.     Stems  slender  (6' -16'  high)  from  slender  branching 
rootstocks,  1-3-leaved  below,  naked  above;  heads  1  or  rarely  2,  of  3 - 4-flowers, 
about  the  length  of  the  sheathing  scarious  awl-pointed  bract ;  flowers  pale  and 
reddish  (2^"-3"long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  inner  obtusish,  |  the  length  of 
the  oblong  acuminate  pod,  as  long  as  the  slender  stamens ;  filaments  many 
times  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers  ;  recurved  stigmas  shorter  than  the  style ; 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  very  loose  slightly  striated  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends 
(l£"  long).  —  Peat-bogs  bordering  Perch  Lake,  Jefferson  County,  New  York. 
N.  Maine,  G.  L.  Goodale.     (New  Brunswick.  Mr.  Fowler.     North  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  Mr.  Wheeler.}  — Flowers  larger  and  pod  more  abruptly  pointed  than  in 
the  European  plant.     (Eu.) 

8.  J.  trifldus,  L.     Stems  densely  tufted  from  matted  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  (5' -10'  high),  sheathed  and  mostly  leafless  at  the  base,  2-3-leaved  at 
the  summit,  the  upper  thread-like  leaves  subtending  the  sessile  head  of  1-4 
brown  (1  £"  -  2"  long)  flowers  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  equalling  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  ovate  beak-pointed  deep  brown  pod ;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  filaments;  seeds  few,  oblong,  angled  (1"  long),  faintly  striate,  short-tailed. 
—  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  N.  New  York,  and 
high  northward.     (Eu.) 


JUNCACE^E.        (RUSH   FAMILY.)  539 

•t-  •*-  Leaves  flat  and  open,  grass-like :  stamens  3. 

9.  J.  margin£tus,  Rostkovius.     Stem  erect,  from  a  bulbous  and  stolo- 
niferous  base  (l°-3°high),  flattened,  leafy  ;   leaves  long-linear;  heads  3-8- 
flowered,  panicled ;  flowers  purplish  with  green  (l£"  long) ;  sepals  oblong,  the 
3  outer  acute  and  slightly  awned,  the  inner  longer  and  mostly  obtuse  and  point- 
less, as  long  as  the  almost  globular  scarcely  pointed  pod ;  stamens  exceeding 
the  outer  sepals  ;  purple  anthers  shorter  than  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds 
(?"  -  k"  l°ng)  slender,  pointed  at  both  ends  and  strongly  ribbed.    ( J.  aristulatus, 
Michx. )  —  Moist  sandy  places,  S.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  — 
Var.  PAUCICAPITATUS  has  smaller  and  less  flattened  stems,  narrower  leaves,  and 
few  large  8-  15-flowered  heads.     Sandy  coast  of  New  Jersey  and  elsewhere.  — 
Var.  BIFL6RUS  has  numerous  and  small  2  -  3-flowered  heads,  in  much-branched 
panicles.     {J.  biflorus,  Ell.)     New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

10.  J.  ripens,  Michx.     Stems  flattened,  ascending  (4' -6'  high)  from  a 
fibrous  annual  root,  at  length  creeping  or  floating ;  leaves  short,  linear,  those  of 
the  stem  nearly  opposite  and  fascicled  ;  heads  few  in  a  loose  leafy  panicle,  3  -  12- 
flowered ;  flowers  green  (3"  long) ;  sepals  rigid,  lance-subulate,  slender-pointed, 
the  3  outer  as  long  as  the  linear  triangular  obtuse  pod,  the  inner  ones  much 
longer ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  outer  sepals  ;  .filaments  many  times  longer  than 
the  oblong  anther ;  seeds  small  (^"  long),  ohpvate,  slightly  pointed,  very  deli- 
cately ribbed  and  cross-lined.      (Cephaldxys  flabellata,  Desv.)  —  Miry  banks, 
Maryland  ( W.  M.  Canby)  and  southward. 

#  *  Flowers  single  on  the  ultimate  peduncles :  stamens  6. 
•«-  Stem  branched :  root  annual. 

11.  J.  bllfdnius,  L.     Stems  low  and  slender  (3' -9'  high)  from  a  fibrous 
root,  leafy,  often  branched  from  the  base ;  panicle  spreading,  mostly  with  one- 
sided dichotomous  branches;  flowers  remote,  greenish  (2"-3|"  long);  sepals 
linear-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  3  outer  ones  much  longer  than  the  inner  and 
than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod;  stamens  short;  filaments  scarcely  longer  than 
anthers  ;  seeds  elliptical,  obtuse  (V'~t"  long)>  verv  delicately  ribbed  and  cross- 
lined.  —  Low  grounds  by  roadsides :   common,  but  not  everywhere.     June  - 
Sept.  — Var.  FASCICCLATUS,  with  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets, 
is  *  southern  form,  which  has  been  introduced  about  the  Philadelphia  Navy 
Yard.     (Eu.) 

•«-  •*-  Stems  slender,  simple,  tufted,  leafy  below:  root  perennial  (fl.  early  in  summer). 

12.  J.  Ger£rdi,  Loisel.    (BLACK-GRASS.)    Stems  scarcely  flattened,  rigid 
(l°-2°  high) ;  panicle  contracted,  usually  longer  than  the  bracteal  leaf;  flow- 
ers chestnut-brown  with  green  (Iflong) ;  sepals  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  incurved, 
as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  and  mucronate  pod  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the 
short  filaments ;  style  as  long  as  the  ovary;  seeds  (nearly  \"  long)  obovate, 
short  pointed  at  both  ends,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Salt  marshes : 
common    along    the    coast,    especially    northward ;   also    in    saline    marshes 
of  W.  New  York:  rare  along  the  Great  Lakes.     (Eu.)  —  The  closely  allied 
J.  bulbosus,  L.  (to  which  this  was  referred  in  a  former  edition)  has  not  yet 
been  found  in  this  country. 


540  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

13.  J.  t6nuis,  Willd.     Stem  wiry  (9'  - 1 8'  high) ;  leaves  flat  or  channelled ; 
panicle  shorter  than  the  involucral  leaves,  loose,  or  rarely  crowded ;  flowers  green 
(2''  or  more  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  spreading  in  fruit,  longer  than 
the  ovoid  refuse  scarcely  pointed  green  pod ;  anthers  nearly  equal  to  the  fila- 
ment; style  very  short;  seeds  small  (about  %"  long),  white-pointed  at  both  ends, 
delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Low  grounds,  fields,  and  roadsides.     (Eu.) 
—  Var.  SECIJNDCS  is  a  smaller  plant,  with  smaller  one-sided  flowers  on  the 
forked  branches  of  the  panicle.     New  England  to  Pennsylvania. 

14.  J.    dichotomus,  Ell.      Stems  rigid   (l^°-2°  high)  from  a   tumid 
base ;  leaves  filiform,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved  on  the  inner  side ;  panicle 
loose, -often  with  1 -sided  forked  branches,  mostly  longer  than  the  involucral  leaf; 
flowers  greenish  (2"  or  more  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  spreading 
in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  globular  beaked  light  mahogany-colored  pod ;  anthers 
nearly  as  long  as  filaments ;  style  short ;  seeds  small  (\" ~i"  long),  white-pointed 
at  both  ends,  coarsely  cross-lined.  —  Low  sandy  grounds,  New  Jersey  ( C.  F. 
Parker),  Delaware  (Prof.  Leidy,  Mr.  Commons),  and  southward. 

15.  J.  Gre^nii,  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.     Stems  rigid  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
nearly  terete,  very  deeply  channelled  (almost  involute)  on  the  inner  side;  pan- 
icle usually  much  shorter  than  the  principal  erect  involucral  leaf,  dense ;  the 
numerous  crowded  flowers  often  one-sided  (1|"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
light  greenish-brown,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  greenish- 
brown  pod ;  anthers  as  long  as  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  ovoid,  tail- 
pointed  (£"-  f '  long),  ribbed  and  delicately  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  coast  of  New 
England,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes  near  Detroit  (Holzer,  J.  M.  Bigelow). 

16.  J.  Vkseyi,  Engelm.     Stems  rigid  (1°- 2^°  high) ;  leaves  nearly  terete, 
very  slightly  channelled  on  the  inner  side ;  panicle  longer  than  the  involucral 
leaf,  loose;  flowers  few,  often  one-sided,  greenish  or  light  brown  (2"  or  more 
long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  oblong  and  retuse 
green-brown  pod;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds 
slender,  conspicuously  tailed  at. both  ends   (£"-§"  long),  closely  ribbed. — 
Michigan,  with  the  last  (near  Detroit,  Holzer,  Bigelow)  to  N.  Illinois  ( Vasey), 
and  westward.    June. 

§  3.  KNOTTY-LEAVED  JUNCI  ;  stems  leafy,  simple  or  branching :  leaves  terete 
or  sometimes  laterally  compressed,  knotted  by  internal  cross-partitions :  panicle 
terminal,  with  flowers  chiefly  in  heads. 

#  Seeds  barely  pointed,  without  tails. 
-•-  Heads  composed  of  2  or  sometimes  only  single  6-androus  flowers. 

17.  J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer.     Stems  slender  and  erect  from  a  slender 
running  rootstock  (6'  - 18'  high),  bearing  few  thread-like  slightly  knotted  leaves, 
branching  above  into  a  compound  spreading  panicle,  bearing  in  the  forks  and 
along  one  side  of  the  branches  single  flowers  or  2-flowered  heads ;  often  with  the 
flowers  or  in  place  of  them  are  tufts  of  leaves  ;  flowers  small  (!'  - 1^'  long),  green- 
ish with  red ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  3  inner  ones  longer,  but  shorter  than  the 
oblong  taper-beaked  1 -celled  pod  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments;  style 
slender ;  seeds  (i"  long)   obovate,  short-pointed,  delicately  ribbed-reticulated. 
(J.  viviparus,  Conrad.    J.  Conradi,  Tuckerm.)  —  Sandy,  wet  or  swampy  places, 


JUNCACE^E.       (RUSH   FAMILY.)  541 

Canada  to  Wisconsin,  and  from  New  England  southward  near  the  coast. 

July,  Aug.  —  The  proliferous  plants  are  usually  sterile  and  much  larger  than 

the  fertile  ones,  with  larger  and  more  diffuse  panicles.  —  Var.  stJBTiLis  ( J.  flui- 

tans,  Michx.),  from  Canada,  is  a  small  and  creeping  or  floating  form,  mostly 

with  single  2-flowered  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  short  stems. 

•»-  -•-  Heads  numerous,  of  3- 12  flowers  (rarely  more  in  No.  21),  in  early  summer. 

••-*•  Stamens  6. 

18.  J.  articulatUS,  L.     Stems  ascending  or  erect  (9' -15'  high),  tufted 
from  a  short  creeping  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves ;  panicle  short, 
spreading;  the  crowded  heads  3 - 8-flowered ;  flowers  brown,  rarely  pale  (!$"- 
l£"  long) ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  the  3  inner  obtuse  and  a 
little  longer,  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  acute  or  abruptly  mucronate-pointed 
incompletely  3-celled  commonly  deep  chestnut-brown  shining  pod;  anthers  as 
long  as  filaments ;  ovary  attenuated  into  a  short  style ;  seeds  (less  than  £"  long) 
obovate,  attenuate  below,  abruptly  pointed  above,  ribbed-reticulated.     (J.  lam- 
pocarpus,  Ehrh.)  —  Wet  grounds,  New  England  to  Western  New  York  and 
Delaware.      (Eu.)  —  Var.  OBTUSATTJS.     Panicle  crowded;  level-topped ;  heads 
5-flowered,  green ;  sepals  obtuse,  of  equal  length,  the  outer  mucronate ;  pod 
obtuse,  mucronate.  —  Petty's  Island,  near  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Diffenbaugh,  Mr. 
Burke. 

19.  J.  alpinus,  Villars,  var.  insignis,  Fries.    Stems  erect  (9  -  18'  high) 
from  a  creeping  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves ;  panicle  meagre,  with  erect 
branches  bearing  distant  greenish  or  light-brown  heads,  each  of  3  -  6  flowers 
(li"-l£"  long) ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  outer  mucronate  or  cuspidate  and 
usually  longer  than  the  rounded  inner  ones,  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  obtuse 
short-pointed  incompletely  3-celled  light-brown  pod;   anthers  as  long  as  fila- 
ments; style  short;  seeds  ($"  or  more  in  length)  spindle-shaped,  ribbed-reticu- 
lated.   (J.  pelocarpus,  Ed.  1.    J.  articulatus,  var.  pelocarpus,  Ed.  2.) — Wet 
sandy  banks,  from  Lake  Champlain  (Robbins,  Macrae,)  and*  along  the  Great 
Lakes  northward  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

20.  J.  militaris,  Bigel.     Stem  stout  (2° -4°  high)  from  a  thick  creeping 
rootstock,  bearing  a  solitary  stout  erect  leaf  (£°-3£°  long)  below  the  middle 
which  overtops  the  crowded  and  rather  contracted  panicle;  heads  numerous, 
5  - 12-  (rarely  25-)  flowered ;  flowers  brownish  (l£"  long) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the 
outer  ones  awl-pointed,  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  triangular  taper-beaked  1- 
celled  pod ;  anthers  longer  than  filaments ;  ovary  attenuated  into  a  slender  style , 
seeds  (4"-§"  long)  globose-obovate,  obtuse,  abruptly  pointed,  ribbed-reticulated. 
—  In  bogs  and  streams,  Maine  to  Maryland. — Dr.  Robbins  finds  that  in  flow- 
ing water,  at  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  this  bears  numberless  capillary  submersed  leaves, 
2°  -  3°  long,  from  the  rootstock. 

•w-  -w-  Stamens  3. 

21.  J.  acuminatus,  Michx.     Stems  tufted,  erect,  bearing  about  2  leaves 
and  a  loose  spreading  panicle ;  heads  few  -  many -flowered,  greenish,  at  length 
straw-colored  or  darker ;  sepals  lance-awl-shaped,  sharp-pointed,  equal,  as  long 
as  or  shorter  than  the  triangular-prismatic  short-pointed  1-celled  pod;  anthers 
a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  almost  none ;  seeds  small  (}"  -  £"  long), 


542  JUNCACE^E.     (RUSH  FAMILY.) 

acute  at  both  ends,  ribbed-reticulated.  (J.  palle'scens,  E.  Meyer,  as  to  the  N. 
American  plant. )—  Earlier  than  other  species  which  are  likely  to  be  con- 
founded with  it:  May,  June.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  the  following  forms  of 
which  have  the  appearance  of  distinct  species,  but  are  connected  by  various 
intermediate  states. 

Var.  d6bilis.  Stems  slender  (9'  - 18'  high) ;  heads  green,  3  -  6-flowered  in  a 
loose  panicle ;  flowers  smaller  ( \y  - l£"  long) ;  pod  longer  than  the  sepals.  ( J. 
debilis,  Gray,  in  former  editions.)  — Wet  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky 
and  southward.  —  Stems  sometimes  decumbent  and  rooting. 

Var.  roblistUS.  Stems  stout,  tall,  (2° -4°  high),  bearing  numerous  5-8- 
flowered  light-brown  heads  in  a  large  much-branched  panicle;  flowers  small 
(1"-1-L"  long);  ovoid  pod  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals. — Deep  swamps  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  Illinois  southward. 

Var.  legitimus.    Stems  slender  (l°-2°  long),  bearing  fewer  and  larger 
heads  in  a  very  loose  spreading  panicle;  flowers  5-12  and  often  more  in  a 
head  (l|"-2"  long);  sepals  as  long  as  the  straw-colored  or  light-brown  pod. 
( J.  acummatus,  Michx.    J.  paraddxus,  E.  Meyer.    J.  fraternus,  Kunth.    J.  sub- 
verticillatus,  Muhl.    J.  Pondii,  Wood.)  —  Common  in  wet  places  from  S.  New 
England  southward  and  westward.  —  Heads  often  proliferous  in  the  autumn. 
•*-•!-•«-  Heads  few,  crowded,  of  numerous  Jlowers. 
••-*•  Stamens  6. 

22.  J.  nodbsus,  L.    Stem  erect  (6' -15'  high),  slender  from  a  creeping 
thread-like  and  tuber-bearing  rootstock,  mostly'  with  2  or  3  slender  leaves; 
heads  few  or  several,  rarely  single,  8 -  20-flowered  (3|"-4"  wide),  overtopped 
by  the  involucral  leaf;  flowers  brown  (l^"-2"  long) ;  sepals  lance-linear,  awl- 
pointed  (the  3  outer  mostly  a  little  shorter),  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender  trian- 
gular taper-pointed  1-celled  pod ;  anthers  oblong,  shorter  than  the  filament ;  style 
very  short;  seeds  (about  4"  long)  obovate,  abruptly  mucronate.     (J.  Rostkovii, 
E.  Meyer.)  —  Swamps  and  gravelly  banks,  from  New  England  and  Pennsylvania 
north  and  northwestward.    July,  Aug. — A  very  tall  form  (2°  high)  occurs  on 
the  islands  above  Niagara,  G.  W.  Clinton. 

Var.  megacephalus,  Torr.  Stem  stout  (1°  -3°  high),  with  thick  leaves; 
heads  few  and  large  (6" -8"  wide)  30  -  80-flowered  ;  flowers  pale  green  (2|"~ 
2|"  long) ;  outer  sepals  longer  than  the  inner  ones ;  anthers  linear,  shorter  than 
the  filaments. — From  Western  New  York  west  and  southwestward.  Aug. — 
An  intennediate  form,  with  numerous  green  heads  in  a  compound  panicle,  occurs 
in  Michigan  and  Northern  Illinois. 

•*-+•  -w-  Stamens  3. 

23.  J.  brachycarpus,  Engelm.     Stem  erect  (l°-2£°  high),  rigid  from 
a  thick  white  horizontal  rootstock,  bearing  about  2  leaves  and  2-10  densely 
flowered  spherical  heads  (4" -5"  wide)  in  a  slightly  spreading  crowded  panicle 
much  exceeding  the  involucral  leaf;  flowers  pale  green  (2"  long) ;  sepals  lance- 
linear,  awl-pointed,  the  3  outer  much  longer,  and  the  ovoid  pointed  1-celled  pod 
rather  shorter,  than  the  inner  sepals;  anthers  much  shorter  than  filaments; 
style  very  short;  seeds  (•£''  long)  abruptly  apiculate,  ribbed-reticulated.  —  Moist 
places  in  open  woods  and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  southward. 
May,  June. 


JUNCACEJE.       (RUSH   FAMILY.)  543 

24.  J.  scirpoides,  Lam.  Stem  erect  (l°-3°  high),  rigid,  from  a  thick 
white  horizontal  rootstock,  bearing  about  2  leaves  with  wide  and  open  sheaths, 
and  a  panicle  of  few  or  many  densely -flowered  pale-green  spherical  heads  much 
longer  than  the  involucral  leaf;  sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  (especially  the 
outer)  bristly  pointed,  at  length  pungent,  nearly  equalling  the  oblong-triangular 
taper-pointed  1-celled  pod;  seeds  ovoid,  abruptly  pointed  at  each  end,  ribbed- 
reticulated.  (J.  polycephalus,  Michx.)  —  The  following  forms  belong  here. 

Var.  macrost^mon.  Rather  slender;  leaves  terete;  branches  of  the 
panicle  erect  and  often  elongated;  heads  smaller  (3^"- 4"  wide),  15-40-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  1^''  -  l£"  long;  outer  sepals  mostly  longer  than  the  inner,  as  long 
as  the  stamens ;  anthers  very  small ;  seeds  i"  long.  ( J.  echinatus,  Muhl.  J. 
macrostemon,  Gay.)  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Staten  Island  (C.F.Austin)  south- 
ward near  the  coast. 

Var.  echinatus.  Stouter ;  leaves  terete ;  branches  of  the  compact  panicle 
short;  heads  larger  (5"-6"  wide),  40  -  80-flowered ;  flowers  (l|"-2"  long); 
sepals  narrower  and  more  sharply  pointed,  the  outer  a  little  longer  than  the 
inner  ones ;  stamens  shorter  and  anthers  longer  than  in  the  preceding,  and 
seeds  rather  smaller  and  more  slender.  (J.  echinatus,  Ell.)  — From  Maryland 
southward. 

Var.  polycephalus.  Much  stouter;  leaves  laterally  flattened  (3" -6" 
wide) ;  panicle  spreading,  branched,  bearing  many  distant  heads  as  large  as 
those  of  the  foregoing  form ;  flowers  2"  -  2i"  long ;  the  3  outer  sepals  the  longer ; 
anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  seeds  larger  (£"  long).  (J.  poly- 
cephalus, Ell.,  Chapm.) — From  North  Carolina  southward;  and  may  be 
looked  for  in  Southern  Virginia. 

*  *  Seeds  tailed. 
H-  Stamens  3. 

25.  J.  Canade"nsis,  J.  Gay.  Tufted  stems  erect,  terete,  smooth,  bearing 
2-3  leaves  ;  heads  few-  or  many -flowered,  paniculate  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  3 
outer  shorter  than  the  inner  ones,  not  much  longer  than  the  stamens,  equal  to 
or  shorter  than  the  triangular  prismatic  almost  1-celled  usually  short-pointed 
pod ;  style  mostly  short ;  seeds  more  or  less  distinctly  tail-pointed,  delicately 
many-ribbed.  —  Common  in  most  districts.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  One  of  the  latest 
flowering  species,  and  thus  easily  distinguished,  even  when  quite  immature, 
from  the  similar  but  early  J.  acuminatus.  This  very  variable  species  comprises 
the  following  forms. 

Var.  longicaudatUS.  Stem  stout  and  rigid  (l|°-3°  high),  bearing  in  a 
decompound  somewhat  spreading  panicle  the  numerous  5  -  50-flowered  heads  ; 
flowers  greenish  or  light  brown  (l£"  -  2"  long)  ;  sepals  awl-pointed  mostly 
shorter  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  pod;  seeds  slender  (§"-1"  long),  con- 
spicuously tail-pointed.  (J.  paradoxus,  Ed.  1  &  2,  Chapman,  frc-.)  —  From 
S.  New  England  southward  along  the  coast,  and  westward  to  Wisconsin  and 
Northern  Illinois. 

Var.  subcaudatus.  Stem  slender,  often  decumbent  (l°-2°high),  bear- 
ing in  simpler  spreading  panicles  fewer  8  -  20-flowered  heads ;  flowers  greenish, 
as  large  as  last ;  sepals  awl-shaped,  but  not  so  rigid ;  pod  mostly  tapering ;  seeds 


544  PONTEDERIACE^E.       (PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY.) 

large  (4"-f"  long),  with  short  white  membranaceous  appendages.  —  From  S. 
New  England  southward,  especially  in  New  Jersey.  —  Often  confounded  with 
forms  of  No.  21,  from  which  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  large,  delicately 
ribbed  and  not  reticulated,  appendaged  seeds,  and  by  the  proportion  of  the  inner 
and  outer  sepals. 

Var.  brachycephalus.  Stem  slender  (l|°-2£°  high),  bearing  numer- 
ous small  and  3  -  5-flowered  heads  in  a  large  and  spreading  panicle ;  flowers 
greenish  or  light  brown  (l^"-!^"  long) ;  sepals  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  brown  abruptly  short-pointed  pod ;  style  longer  than  in  other  forms ;  seeds 
smaller  ($"-£"  long),  slender,  with  rather  short  appendages.  —  From  Penn- 
sylvania northwestward  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  —  Sometimes  confounded 
with  No.  18,  and  with  small-flowered  forms  of  No.  21. 

Var.  coarctatUS.  Stem  slender,  shorter  (9'  - 18'  high),  bearing  fewer  deep- 
brown  3  -  5-flowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect  contracted  panicle ;  flowers  as 
large  as  in  the  last ;  sepals  acute,  or  rarely  obtusish,  much  shorter  than  the 
prismatic  abruptly  pointed  deep-brown  pod ;  seeds  as  in  the  last,  ( J.  acuminatus, 
Ed.  2,  and  of  most  American  authors,  but  not  of  Michaux).  —  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward,  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 

•+-  •»-  Stamens  6. 

26.  J.  asper,  Engelm.  Stems  tufted,  erect  (2° -3°  high),  terete,  stout, 
rigid,  and  with  the  rigid  leaves  rough ;  panicle  with  rigid  slightly  spreading 
branches,  bearing  scattered  few-  (2-6-)  flowered  heads;  flowers  greenish  with 
brown  (2|"  long)  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  rigid  and  strongly 
nerved,  the  outer  much  shorter  than  inner  ones,  these  a  little  shorter  than  the 
triangular-ovoid  beaked  incompletely  3-celled  brown  pod ;  ovary  tapering  into 
a  conspicuous  style ;  seeds  large,  oblong,  delicately  many-ribbed,  with  white 
or  often  reddish  appendages  (14"  long).  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  New  Jersey, 
Pickering,  C.  E.  Smith.  August. 


ORDER  123.    PONTEDEBIACE^E.     (PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe  ; 
the  petal-like  6-merous  perianth  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary ;  the  3  or  6 
mostly  unequal  or  dissimilar  stamens  inserted  in  its  throat.  —  Perianth  with 
the  6  divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  whole 
together  sometimes  revolute-coiled  after  flowering,  then  withering  away, 
or  the  base  thickened-persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  Anthers  introrse. 
Ovules  anatropous.  Style  1 :  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Fruit  a  per- 
fectly or  incompletely  3-celled  many-seeded  pod,  or  a  1-celled  1-seeded 
utricle.  Embryo  slender,  in  floury  albumen. 

1.  Pontederia.    Perianth  2-lipped,  its  fleshy  persistent  base  enclosing  the  1-seeded  utricle. 

Stamens  6.     Spike  many-flowered. 

2.  Heteranthera.      Perianth    salver-shaped,   withering-fugacious.      Pod  many-seeded. 

Stamens  3,  unequal,  of  2  forms.     Spathe  1  -  few-flowered. 

3.  Schollcra.     Perianth  salver-shaped,  regular.     Stamens  3,  alike.    Spathe  1-flowered. 


PONTEDERIACE^E.       (PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY.)  545 

1.    PONTEDERIA,    L.        PICKEREL-WEED. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobed  upper  lip  ;  the  3  lower  spreading,  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  down  to  the  base  : 
after  flowering  the  tube  is  revolute-coiled  from  the  apex  downwards,  and  its 
fleshy-thickened  persistent  base  encloses  the  fruit.  Stamens  6 ;  the  3  anterior 
exserted  on  elongated  filaments ;  the  3  posterior  (often  sterile  or  imperfect)  with 
very  short  filaments,  unequally  inserted  lower  down  :  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary 
3-celled ;  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utri- 
cle 1 -celled,  filled  with  the  single  seed.  —  Stout  herbs,  growing  in  shallow  water, 
with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  mostly  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  a  1 -leaved  stem  or  scape,  terminated  by  a  spike  of  violet- 
blue  ephemeral  flowers.  Root-leaves  with  a  sheathing  stipule  within  the  petiole. 
(Dedicated  to  Pontedera,  Professor  at  Padua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  P.  cor  data,  L.    Leaves  arrow-heart-shaped,  blunt ;  spike  dense,  from 
a  spathe-like  bract.  —  Var.  ANGrjSTirdLiA  (P.  angustifolia,  Pursh)  has  triangu- 
lar-elongated and  tapering  leaves  scarcely  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  —  Common. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  with  6  toothed  ridges.    Upper  lobe 
of  the  perianth  marked  with  a  pair  of  small  yellow  spots. 

2.  HETERANTHERA,    Ruiz  &  Pav.        MUD-PLANTAIN. 

Perianth  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube ;  the  limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted, 
ephemeral,  soon  withering  or  decaying.  Stamens  3  ;  the  2  posterior  filaments 
thickened  in  the  middle  and  bearing  ovate  (yellow)  anthers ;  the  other  longer, 
bearing  a  larger  oblong  or  arrow-shaped  (greenish)  anther.  Pod  incompletely 
3-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Creeping  or  floating  low  herbs,  in  mud  or  shallow 
water,  with  chiefly  rounded  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  1  -  few-flowered  spathe 
bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  blue  or  white, 
in  summer.  (Name  from  ercpa,  different,  and  avBypa,  anther.) 

1.  H.  renif6rmis,  Ruiz  &  Pav.     Leaves  round-kidney-shaped ;  spathe  3-  5- 
, flowered  ;  flowers  white.  —  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  H.  limdsa,  Vahl.     Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends  ; 
spathe  1 -flowered  ;  flowers  blue.     (Leptanthus  ovalis,  Michx.)  — W.  Virginia  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  SCHOLLERA,    Schreber  (1789).        WATER  STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  salver-form,  with  6  nearly  equal  lance-linear  divisions  on  a  very  long 
thread-like  tube.  Stamens  3,  with  similar  oblong-arrow-shaped  anthers  (or 
rarely  a  fourth  which  is  abortive)  :  filaments  nearly  equal,  awl-shaped.  Pod 
oblong,  invested  by  the  withered  perianth,  l-celled  with  3  projecting  parietal 
placentas,  many-seeded.  — A  grass-like  herb,  like  a  Pondweed,  growing  wholly 
under  water,  only  the  (small  pale-yellow)  flowers  reaching  the  surface ;  the 
slender  branching  stems  clothed  with  linear  translucent  sessile  leaves,  and 
bearing  a  terminal  1 -flowered  spathe  :  in  summer.  (Named  after  one  Scholler, 
a  German  botanist.) 

1.   S.  graminea,  Willd.     (Leptanthus,  Michx.)—  In  streams :  common. 
35 


546  COMMELYNACEJ2.        (SPIDERWORT   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  124.     COMMEL-YNACE^E.     (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs ,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often  branch- 
ing leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular  flowers, 
with  the  perianth  free  from  the  2  -  3-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx 
and  corolla,  viz. :  Sepals  3,  persistent,  commonly  herbaceous.  Petals  3, 
ephemeral,  decaying  or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  some  of  them 
often  sterile :  anthers  with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1 :  stigma  undivided. 
Pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-valved,  loculicidal,  3  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  ortho- 
tropous.  Embryo  small,  pulley-shaped,  partly  sunk  in  a  shallow  depression 
at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  parallel- 
veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  the  base ;  the  uppermost  often  dissimilar  and 
forming  a  kind  of  spathe.  —  A  chiefly  tropical  family,  not  aquatic,  here 
represented  only  by  two  genera. 

1.    COMMELYNA,    Dili        DAY-FLOWER. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd  one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  them  fer- 
tile, one  of  which  is  bent  inward :  3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers  :  filaments  naked.  Pod  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  2-seeded, 
the  other  1 -seeded  or  abortive.  —  Stems  branching,  often  procumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  sheathing  petioles ;  the 
floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  forming  a  spathe 
enclosing  the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are  recurved 
on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterwards.  Petals  blue.  Flowering  all  summer. 
Ours  all  with  perennial  roots,  or  propagating  by  striking  root  from  the  joints. 
(Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botanists  «/.  and  G.  Commelyn.) 

1.  C.  er^Cta,  L.      Stem  erect,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  large 
(3' -7' long,  l'-2;  wide),  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  and  margins 
rough  backwards,  sheaths  fringed  with  rusty  bristles ;  spathes  crowded  and  nearly 
sessile,  hooded,  top-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  like  the  others  but  smaller,  round- 
ovate  raised  on  a  claw;  pod  3-celled.     (C.  Virginica,  Ed.  1.    A  hairy  form  is 
C.  hirtella,  Vahl.)  —  Alluvial  and  shaded  river-banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  Our  largest  species,  and  the  only  one  with  a  top-shaped  spathe. 

2.  C.  Virginica,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  towards 
the  base ;  leaves  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate ;  spathes  mostly  solitary  or  scattered, 
peduncled,  amduplicate,  round-heart-shaped  when  expanded,  pointed,  in  fruit  some- 
what hood-like ;  odd  petal  usually  inconspicuous  and  nearly  sessile ;  pod  2-celled. 
(C.  Virginica,  L.,  as  to  syn.  Pluk.,  which  gave  the  name:  Linnaeus's  detailed 
description  apparently  pertains  to  No.  1,  which  however  must  bear  the  name 
which  he  took  from  Dillenius,  the  authority  for  the  species.     C.  angustifolia, 
Michx.,  is  a  narrow-leaved  form.)  —  Damp  rich  woods  and  banks,  S.  New  York 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  C.  Cayenn6nsis,  Richard.      Stems  creeping,  glabrous;    leaves  ovate- 
oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  small  (l'-2'  long);  spathes  heart-ovate  when  ex- 


XYRIDACE^E.       (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS    FAMILY.)  547 

panded,  peduncled,  conduplicate,  the  base  not  contracted  in  fruit,  3  -  4-flowered ;  the 
odd  petal  round-ovate,  nearly  sessile.  (C.  agraria,  Kunth.) — Alluvial  banks, 
Illinois  and  southward.  —  The  smallest-leaved  and  smallest-flowered  species. 

2.    TRADESCANTIA,    L.        SPIDERWORT. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile:  filaments  bearded.  Pod  2 - 3-celled,  the  cells  1-2-seeded. — 
Perennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal,  pro- 
duced through  the  summer:  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others.  (Named  for 
the  elder  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  the  First. ) 

*  Umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involucrate  by  2  leaves. 

1.  T.   Virginica,    L.      (COMMON    SPIDERWORT.)      Leaves  lance-linear, 
elongated,  tapering  from  the  sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciliate,  more  or  less 
open ;  umbels  terminal,  many-flowered.  —  Moist  woods,  from  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward :  also  commonly  cultivated.  — Plant  either  smooth  or 
hairy  ;  the  large  flowers  blue,  in  gardens  often  purple  or  white. 

2.  T.  pildsa,   Lehm.      Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  from   a  narrowed   base, 
pointed,  downy-hairy  both  sides,  minutely  ciliate;   umbels  many-flowered,  in 
very  dense  terminal  and  axillary  clusters ;  pedicels  and  calyx  glandular-hairy. 
(T.  flexuosa,  Raf.)  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Stem  stout, 
smooth  below,  2°  -  3°  high,  often  branched,  zigzag  above,  forming  a  close  clus- 
ter of  small  (8" -9"  broad)  lilac-blue  flowers  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

*  #  Umbels  long-peduncled,  naked. 

3.  T.  rdsea,  Vent.     Small,  slender  (6' -10'  high),  smooth;  leaves  linear, 
grass-like,  ciliate  at  the  base;  umbel  simple,  or  a  pair;  flowers  (6"  wide)  rose- 
color. —  Sandy  woods,  Pennsylvania  (?)  to  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

ORDER  125.    XYRIDACE^E.    (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  a  naked  scape, 
which  is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  3-androus  flowers,  with  extrorse  an- 
thers, glumaceous  calyx,  and  a  regular  colored  corolla ;  the  3-valved  mostly 
1-celled  pod  containing  several  or  many  orthotropous  seeds  with  a  minute 
embryo  at  the  apex  of  fleshy  albumen :  —  represented  by  Xyris.  —  But  the 
anomalous  genus  Mayaca,  consisting  of  a  few  moss-like  aquatic  plants, 
intermediate  in  character  between  this  family  and  the  last,  may  be  intro- 
duced here. 

1.     MAYACA,    Aublet.        (SYENA,  Schreber.) 

Flowers  single,  terminating  a  naked  peduncle.  Perianth  persistent,  of  3  her- 
baceous lanceolate  sepals,  and  3  obovate  petals.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  few-oVuled  placentae :  style  filiform : 
stigma  simple.  Pod  3-valved,  several-seeded.  —  Moss-like  low  herbs,  creeping 
or  floating  in  shallow  water,  densely  leafy ;  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile 


548          XYRIDACE^.     (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS  FAMILY). 

1 -nerved,  pellucid,  entire,  notched  at  the  apex  :  the  peduncle  solitary,  sheathed 
at  the  base.     (An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Schott  &  Endl.  Peduncles  not  much  exceeding  the 
leaves,  nodding  in  fruit ;  petals  white.  (Syena  fluviatilis,  Pursh.)  —  S.  E.  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.  July. 

2.    XYRIS,    L.        YELLOW-EYED  GRASS. 

Flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  Sepals  3 ;  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  boat-shaped  or  keeled 
and  persistent ;  the  anterior  one  larger  and  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it.  Petals  3,  with  claws,  which  cohere 
more  or  less.  Fertile  stamens  3,  with  linear  anthers,  inserted  on  the  claws  of 
the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments,  which  are  cleft  and  in  our  species 
plumose  or  bearded  at  their  apex.  Style  3-cleft.  Pod  oblong,  free,  1 -celled, 
with  3  parietal  more  or  less  projecting  placentae,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Flow- 
ers yellow,  produced  all  summer.  Ours  apparently  all  perennials.  (Svpis,  an 
ancient  name  of  some  plant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  £vpov,  a  razor.) 

1 .  X.  flexudsa,  Muhl.,  Chapm.     Scape  slender  (10'  -  16'  high),  barely  flat- 
tened at  the  summit,  often  from  a  bulbous  base,  very  smooth,  much  longer  than 
the  narrowly  linear  leaves,  both  commonly  twisted  with  age ;  head  roundish- 
ovoid  (3" -4"  long);  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  ciliate-scarious  on  the 
narrow  wingless  keel,  and  usually  with  a  minute  bearded  tuft  at  the  very  apex, 
shorter  than  the  bract.     (X.  Jupacai,  Michx.  in  part.     X.  Indica,  Pursh.    X. 
bulbosa,  Kunth,  &  Ed.  2.)  —  Sandy  or  peaty  bogs,  from  E.  Massachusetts  south- 
ward near  the  coast ;  also  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan. 

Var.  pusilla.  Small  and  very  slender,  seldom  twisted,  2' -9'  high,  the 
base  not  bulbous.  (X.  brevifolia,  Muhl.,  in  part,  &c.,  not  of  Michx.) — From 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  northward  to  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains 
and  Lake  Superior.  —  Head  2" -3"  long. 

2.  X.  t6rta,  Smith.     Scape  terete,  with  one  sharp  edge,  slender,  9'  -  20'  high, 
from  a  bulbous  base,  and  with  the  linear-filiform  rigid  leaves  becoming  spirally 
twisted;  head  ovoid  becoming  spindle-shaped  and  acute  (5" -9"  long);  sepals 
exceeding  the  bract ;  lateral  sepals  winged  on  the  keel  and  fringed  above  the  middle. 
—  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (near  Batsto,  D.  C.  Eaton)  and  in  the  Southern 
States  :  in  dry  sand. 

3.  X.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Scape  flattish,  1-angled  below,  2-edged  at  the 
summit,  smooth,  l°-2°  high,  the  base  hardly  bulbous;  leaves  linear-sword-shaped, 
flat;  head  globular-ovoid  (5''-7"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  obscurely  laccrate-f ringed 
above  on  the  winged  keel,  rather  shorter  than  the  bract.     (X.  Jupacai,  partly, 
Michx.    X.  anceps,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  &c.,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  and 
southward,  near  the  coast. 

4.  X.  fimbriata,  Ell.      Scape  somewhat  angled,  2-edged  above,  rough 
(2°  high),  rather  longer  than  the  linear-sword-shaped  or  strap-shaped  leaves, 
the  base  not  bulbous ;  head  oblong  (6" -10"  long);  lateral  sepals  lanceolate-lin- 
ear, nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  bract,  above  the  middle  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
wing-margined  keel,  and  even  plumose  at  the  summit.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey 
to  Virginia,  and  southward. 


ERIOCAULONACE^E.       (PIPEWORT   FAMILY.)  549 

ORDER  126.    ERIOCAinLONACE JB.     (PIPEWORT  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  short-stemmed,  with  a  tuft  of  fibrous 
roots,  a  cluster  of  linear  and  often  loosely  cellular  grasps-like  leaves,  and 
naked  scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  dense  heads  of  monoecious  or 
rarely  dioecious  small  2  -  S-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious 
bract;  the  perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy ;  anthers  introrse;  the 
fruit  a  2  -  3-celled  2  -  3-seeded  pod :  the  ovules,  seeds,  embryo,  &c.  as  in 
the  preceding  order.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few  in  northern  temper- 
ate regions. 

1.  Eriocaulon.    Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-form  in  the  staminate 

flowers ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  (4  or  6).    Anthers  2-celled. 

2.  Peepalanthus.    Perianth  as  in  the  last :  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 

inner  series,  or  corolla  (3).     Anthers  2-celled. 

3.  Lachnocaulou.    Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.    Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below.  An- 

thers 1-celled. 

1.     ERIOCAITLON,     L.        PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious  and  androgynous,  i.  e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  either 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioecious. 
Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  of  2  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or 
dilated  upwards.  Corolla  tubular,  2  -3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearing  a  black 
gland  or  spot.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  one  inserted 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe  and  one  in  each  sinus  :  anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  rudi- 
mentary. Pert.  FL  Calyx  as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from  the  rest 
of  the  flower  (therefore  perhaps  to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  of  bractlets).  Corolla 
of  2  or  3  separate  narrow  petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovary  often  stalked,  2-3- 
lobed,  2  -  3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell :  style  1  :  stigmas  2  or  3, 
slender.  Pod  membranaceous,  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  mostly  smooth,  loosely  cel- 
lular and  pellucid,  flat  or  concave  above.  Scapes  or  peduncles  terminated  by  a 
single  head,  which  is  involucrate  by  some  outer  empty  bracts.  Flowers,  also 
the  tips  of  the  bracts,  &c.,  usually  white-bearded  or  woolly.  (Name  compounded 
'of  epiov,  wool,  and  <av\6s,  a  stalk,  from  the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  and 
leaves  of  the  original  species.  Excepting  this  and  the  flowers,  our  species  are 
wholly  glabrous.)  —  The  North  American  species  are  all  stemless,  with  a 
depressed  head,  and  have  the  parts  of  the  flowers  in  twos,  the  stamens  4. 

1.  E.  decangulare,  L.    (syn.  Pluk.   &c.)      Leaves  obtuse,  .varying  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  linear-awl-shaped,  rather  rigid ;  scapes  10-12-ribbed  (1°- 
3°  high;  head  hemispherical,  becoming  globular  (2" -7"  wide);  scales  of  the 
involucre  acutish,  straw-color  or  light  brown;  chaff  (bracts  among  the  flowers) 
pointed.    (E.  serdtinum,  Walt.} — Pine-barren  swamps  (New  Jersey?)  Virginia, 
and  southward.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  E.  gnaphalddes,  Michx.     Leaves  spreading  (2' -5' long),  grassy-awl- 
shaped,  rigid,  or  when  submersed  thin  and  pellucid,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
sharp  point,  mostly  shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  W-ribbed  scape;  scales  of  the 
involucre  very  obtuse,  turning  lead-color ;  chaff  obtuse.     (E.  decangulare,  L.,  in 


550  CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

part,  viz.  as  to  pi.  Clayt.    E.  compression,  Lam.)  — Pine-barren  swamps,  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

3.  E.  septangulare,  Withering.  Leaves  short  (l'-3'long),  awl-shaped, 
pellucid,  soft  and  very  cellular ;  scape  7-striate,  slender,  2'  -  6'  high,  or  when 
submersed  becoming  l°-6°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water;  chaff 
acutish.  (E.  pellucidum,  Michx.)  — In  ponds  or  along  their  borders,  from  New 
Jersey  and  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  northward.  Aug.  — Head  2" -3"  broad  ; 
the  bracts,  chaff,  &c.  lead-color,  except  the  white  coarse  beard.  (Eu.  Coast  of 
Ireland,  &c.  only.) 

2.    PJEPALANTHUS,    Mart.     ( Sp.  of  ERIOCAULON  of  authors. ) 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  of 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary 
throughout.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  TratTraXiy,  dust 
or  flour,  and  avQos,  flower,  from  the  meal-like  down  or  scurf  of  the  heads  and 
flowers  of  many  South  American  species.) 

1.  P.  flavidus,  Kunth.  Tufted,  stemless ;  leaves  bristle-awl-shaped 
(!'  long)  ;  scapes  very  slender,  simple,  minutely  pubescent  (6' -12'  high),  5- 
angled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those  among  the  flow- 
ers mostly  obsolete ;  perianth  glabrous  ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the  fertile  flowers 
linear-lanceolate,  scarious-white.  (Eriocaulon  flavidum,  Miclix.)  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.    LACHNOCAULON,    Kunth.        HAIRY  PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoacious,  &c.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  none ! 
Ster.  Ft.  Stamens  3  :  filaments  below  coalescent  into  a  club-shaped  tube  around 
the  rudiments  of  a  pistil,  above  separate  and  elongated :  anthers  1 -celled !  Pert. 
Fl.  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place  of  a  corolla).  Stig- 
mas 3,  two-cleft.  —  Leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  tufted.  Scape  slender,  simple, 
bearing  a  single  head,  2-3-angled,  hairy  (whence  the  name  from  \a\vos,  wool, 
and  KauXdy,  stalk}. 

1.  L.  Michauxii,  Kunth.  (Eriocaulon  villosum,  Michx.) — Low  pine 
barrens,  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  southward. 

ORDER  127.    CYPERACEJE.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  solid  stems  (culms), 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
of  the  glume-like  imbricated  bracts  (scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  any  perianth, 
or  with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place  ;  the  1-celled  ovary  with  a 
single  erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  forming  an  achenium.  Style  2-cleft 
when  the  fruit  is  flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-cleft  when  it  is  3-angular. 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  somewhat  floury  albumen.  Stem-leaves 
when  present  3-ranked.  —  A  large,  widely  diffused  family.  (See  Plates 
1-6.) 


CYPERACE2E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  551 

Tribe  I.  SCIRPINE^E.  Flowers  normally  perfect  and  alike,  rarely  some  of  them  with 
stamens  or  pistil  abortive  :  spikes  all  of  one  sort. 

Sub  tribe   1.     Cypereee.     Scales  of  the  spike  strictly  2-ranked,  conduplicate  and  keeled 
(in  all  our  species).    Spikes  usually  aggregated  into  clusters,  heads,  umbels,  spikes,  &c. 
*  Flower  destitute  of  any  bristles,  also  of  any  beak  to  the  achenium. 

1.  Cy  perns.     Spikes  few -many -flowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender. 

2.  Ky  llingia.    Spikes  1-flowered  (but  of  3  or  4  scales),  glomerate  in  a  sessile  head. 

*  Flower  furnished  with  bristles :  achenium  beaked  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style. 

3.  Dulichium.    Spikes  6  - 10- flowered,  slender,  clustered  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

Subtribe  2.  Scirpeee.  Scales  of  the  spike  or  head  imbricated  all  round,  convex  or 
open,  all  or  nearly  all  of  them  with  a  perfect  flower  in  the  axil. 

*  Flower  with  one  or  more  inner  scales  (either  bractlets  or  perianth). 

4.  Fuirena.    Scales  of  the  spike  awned  below  the  apex.    Flower  surrounded  by  3  stalked 

petal-like  scales  alternating  with  3  bristles. 

5.  Lipocarpha.    Flower  enclosed  by  2  inner  scales,  one  next  the  axis  and  the  other  next 

the  awnless  scale  of  the  spike.     No  bristles. 

6.  Ht-micarplia.    Flower  with  a  single  very  minute  inner  and  thin  scale  next  the  axis 

of  the  spike :  no  bristles. 

*  *  Flower  without  inner  scales,  either  wholly  naked  or  with  some  bristles  (perianth). 

•t-  Bristles  generally  present. 

7.  Eleocharis.    Achenium  with  a  tubercle  jointed  on  its  apex,  consisting  of  the  bulbous 

persistent  base  of  the  style.     Spike  solitary,  terminating  the  leafless  and  bractless  culm. 

8.  Scirpus.     Achenium  naked  at  the  apex,  or  pointed  with  the  continuous  simple  base  of 

the  style.     Culms  often  leafy  at  the  base  or  apex.     Spikes  one  or  more. 

9.  Erioptiorum.     Achenium,  &c.,  as  in  Scirpus.    Bristles  after  flowering  exceedingly 

lengthened  into  cottony  hairs. 

•i-  •*-  Bristles  always  none. 
6.  Hemicarpha  will  be  looked  for  here  when  the  minute  inner  scale  is  overlooked. 

10.  Fimbi  isty Its.     Style  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  constricted  at  the  junction,  deciduous 

from  the  achenium  (with  or  rarely  without  the  jointed  bulb).    Culms  leafy  at  the  base, 
and  bracted  at  the  summit,  bearing  usually  several  spikes. 

Subtribe  3.  Rliynchosporeee.  Scales  of  the  spike  or  head  imbricated  in  few  or 
several  ranks,  some  of  the  lower  commonly  empty,  and  of  the  upper  subtending  abortive 
or  staminate  flowers.  No  inner  scales. 

11.  Dichromena.    Spikes  crowded  into  a  leafy-involucrate  head,  laterally  flattened,  the 

scales  more  or  less  conduplicate  and  keeled.    Achenium  crowned  with  a  beak  or  tubercle 
formed  of  the  enlarged  persistent  base  of  the  style.     No  bristles. 

12.  Rliynt  hosporu.      Spikes   terete   or  flattish,  the  scales  convex,  and  either  loosely 

enwrapping  or  regularly  imbricated.     Achenium  crowned  with  a  persistent  tubercle 
or  beak,  and  at  the  base  commonly  surrounded  by  bristles. 

13.  Claclium.     Spikes  terete,  few-flowered,  the  scales,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding.    Achenium 

destitute  of  tubercle.     No  bristles. 

Tribe  II.  SCLERINE^.  Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the 
same  or  in  different  clustered  spikes.  Achenium  naked,  bony  or  crustaceous,  supported 
on  a  hardened  disk. 

14.  ScJeria.     Spikes  few -flowered:   lower  scales  empty.    No  bristles,  &c. 

Tribe  III.  CARICI]VE.flE.  Flowers  monoecious  in  the  same  (androgynous)  or  in  sepa- 
rate spikes,  or  sometimes  dioecious.  Achenium  enclosed  in  a  sac  (perigynium'),  which 
answers  to  a  single  or  a  pair  of  inner  scales  or  bractlets. 

15.  Carex.    No  bristle-form  hooked  appendage  projecting  from  the  sac  which  encloses  the 

achenium. 


552  CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

1.    CYPERUS,    L.        GALINGALE.     (PI.  1.) 

Spikes  many  -  few-flowered,  mostly  flat,  variously  arranged,  mostly  in  clusters 
or  heads,  which  are  commonly  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  terminal 
umbel.  Scales  2-ranked,  conduplicate  and  keeled  (their  decurrent  base  below 
often  forming  margins  or  wings  to  the  hollow  of  the  joint  of  the  axis  next 
below),  deciduous  when  old.  Stamens  1-3.  No  bristles  or  inner  scales.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  deciduous.  Achenium  lenticular  or  triangular,  naked  at  the 
apex.  —  Culms  mostly  triangular,  simple,  leafy  at  the  base,  and  with  one  or 
more  leaves  at  the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  umbel.  Peduncles 
unequal,  sheathed  at  the  base.  All  flowering  in  late  summer  or  autumn. 
(KuTretpos,  the  ancient  name.) 

§  1.  PYCREUS,  Beauv.    Style  2-clefl:  achenium  flattened :  spikes  flat,  many-flow- 
ered: only  the  lowest  scald  empty.     (Ours  all  annuals.) 

1.  C.  flav6scens,  L.     Stamens  3;   spikes  becoming  linear,  obtuse,  clus- 
tered on  the  2-4  very  short  rays   (peduncles) ;   scales  obtuse,  straw-yellow ; 
achenium  shining,  orbicular.  —  Low  grounds,  mostly  near  the   coast.  —  Culms 
4'- 10' high;  spikes  5" -8"  long.     Involucre  3-leaved,  very  unequal.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  diandrUS,  Torr.     Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  3;  spikes  lance-oblong, 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2-5  very  short  or  unequal  rays ;  scales  rather  obtuse, 
purple-brown  on  the  margins  or  nearly  all  over;  achenium  dull,  oblony-obovate : 
otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Var.  CASTANEUS,  Torr.  (C.  castaneus,  Bigel.) 
is  only  a  form  with  browner  scales.  —  Low  grounds  :  common. 

3.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr.     Stamens  2;    spikes  lance-linear,  acute  and  very 
flat  (£'  - 1'  long),  crowded  on  the  few  very  short  (or  some  of  them  distinct)  rays ; 
scales  oblong,  yellowish-brown,  rather  loose ;  achenium  oblong-obovate,  very  blunt,  dulL 
—  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Culms 
4' -12'  high.  —  C.  minimus?  Nutt.  (C.  Cleaveri,  Torr.)  is  a  depauperate  form 
of  this,  with  a  1  -leaved  involucre,  and  only  one  or  two  spikes ! 

4.  C.    flavicomus,    Michx.      Stamens  3;    spikes  linear  (4'' -9"  long), 
spiked  and  crowded  on  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  of  the  -several-rayed 
umbel,  spreading  ;  scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  broadly  scarious- 
(whitish-)  margined;  achenium  obovate,  mucronate,  blackish;  culm  stout  (l°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-5,  very  long.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and 
southward. 

§2.  PAPYRUS,  Thouars.  Style  3-clfft:  achenium  triangular:  stamens  3: 
spikes  many-flowered :  the  scarious  winged  margins  of  the  joints  of  the  axis 
early  separating  down  to  the  base  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  free  scales,  which 
are  persistent  after  the  proper  scale  falls  away :  otherwise  as  in  §  3.  ( Ours 
annual.) 

5.  C.  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular  (3' -3°  high); 
umbel  compound,   many-rayed ;  involucre  4  -  5-leaved,  very  long ;  involucels 
bristle-form ;  spikes  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  nearly 
sessile  heads  or  spikes,  spreading  horizontally,  linear,  flattish  (3" -6"  long), 
bright  chestnut-colored ;  scales  lanceolate,  mucronulate.  —  Alluvial  banks,  Penn. 
to  Wisconsin  ?  Illinois,  and  common  southward.  —  Root  fibrous,  red. 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  553 

§  3.  C YPERUS  proper.      Style  3-cleft :  achenium  triangular :  spikes  many-flow- 
ered, flat  or  almost  terete;  only  the  lowest  scale  empty ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  wing- 


*  Stamen  only  one:  spikes  short  and  small  (2" -3",  or  becoming  4" -5"  long),  col- 

lected in  globular  heads,  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  compactly  many-flowered:  the 
scales  merely  ascending  on  the  naked  marginless  axis. 

•*-  Low  atmuals :  involucre  2  -  3-leaved :  heads' few:  scales  pointed. 

6.  C.  inflexus,  Muhl.     Dwarf  (!'-  5'  high);  spikes  oblong  becoming  linear, 
7-13-flowered,  in  1-5  ovate  heads  (either  sessile  and  clustered  or  short-pedun- 
cled) ;  scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point ;  achenium  obovate,  obtuse. 
—  Sandy  wet  shores :  common.  —  Sweet-scented  in  drying. 

7.  C.  acuminatUS,  Torr.     Slender  (3' -12'  high);  spikes  ovate,  becoming 
oblong,  16-30-flowered,  pale;    scales  obscurely  3-nerved,  short-tipped ;  achenium 
oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends.  — Low  ground,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

•*-  1-  Tall  perennial  (l°-4°  high):  heads  many,  greenish:  scales  pointless. 

8.  C.  vlrens,  Michx.     Culm  either  sharply  or  obtusely  triangular;  leaves 
and  involucre  very  long,  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  many-rayed ;  spikes  ovate 
or  oblong ;  achenium  oblong  or  linear ;  scales  acutish,  obscurely  3-nerved.     ( C. 
vegetus,  Torr.)  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Stamens  3 :  spikes  3-10  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  or  of  each  ray  of 

an  umbel,  flat,  oblong  or  linear,  the  crowded  scales  ascending,  strongly  keeled, 
ovate,  with  abruptly  sharp-pointed  slightly-spreading  tips:  achenium  broadly 
obovate,  sharply  triangular. 

9.  C.  compressus,  L.    Low  annual  (3' -9'  high),  with  a  single  sessile  or 
a  few  umbellate  clusters  of  linear  green  spikes  (of  6"  -  10"  long,  1 5  -30-flowered), 
the  axis  naked.  —  Sterile  fields,  Somerset  Co.,  Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby  (also 
ad\;entive  near  Philadelphia  Navy  Yard),  and  southward. 

10.  C.  dentatUS,  Torr.    Perennial,  with  running  rootstocks  (6'  - 12'  high) ; 
clusters  several  or  many  in  a  simple  or  twice  or  thrice  compound  umbel ;  spikes 
ovate-oblong  and  rather  few-flowered,  or  when  well-developed  linear  and  1 5  -  30- 
iflowered  (3" -5"  long);  the  scales  reddish-brown  with  green  back;  joints  of  the 
axis  wing-margined.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Northern  New  York 
<(J.  A.  Paine),  and  southward.  —  Spikes  often  abortive  and  changed  into  leafy 
tufts  as  in  Juncus. 

*  *  *  Stamens  3 :  spikes  narrowly  linear,  flat,  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  the 

rays  of  an  open  simple  or  somewhat  compound  umbel :  scales  oppressed,  pointless: 
joints  of  the  spike  wing-margined:  perennial  by  slender  running  rootstocks,  which 
bear  small  nut-like  tubers,  by  which  the  plants  multiply  pestiferously  in  cultivated 
grounds. 

11.  C.    rotundus,    L.,  var.  Hydra.      (NUT-GRASS.)      Culm    slender 
<(i°-120  hign)>  longer  than  the  leaves;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound, 
about  equalling  the  involucre ;  the  few  rays  each  bearing  4-9  dark  chestnut-purple 
12-40-flowered  acute  spikes  (5"  -9"  long) ;  scales  ovate,  closely  oppressed,  nerveless 
•except  on  the  keel.    ( C.  Hydra,  Michx. )  —  Sandy  fields,  Virginia  and  southward : 
aod  adventive  near  Philadelphia,  C.  F.  Parker.     (Eu.) 


554  CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

12.  C.  phymat6d.es,  Muhl.     Culm  (l°-2£°  high)  equalling  the  leaves; 
umbel  often  compound,  4  -  7-rayed,  much  shorter  than  the  long  involucre ;  spikes 
numerous,  light  chestnut  or  straw-color,  acutish,  12  -  30-flowered  (4"  -  7"  long) ;  scales 
oblong,  narrowly  scarious-margined,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips  rather  loose ;  achenium 
oblong.      (C.   repens,   Ell.) — Low  grounds,   along  rivers,   &c.,   Vermont   to 
Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

*  *  *  *  Stamens  3  :  spikes  narrowly  linear  or  slender -awl-shaped,  numerous  and 
densely  crowded  or  spiked  on  the  summit  of  the  rays  of  the  open  simple  or  sometimes 
compound  umbel,  spreading  or  sometimes  reflexed:  scales  erect-appressed,  condu- 
plicate  or  keeled,  pointless:  joints  of  the  axis  of  the  spike  with  scaly-winged  mar- 
gins partly  embracing  the  achenium :  involucre  of  3  to  several,  long  leaves :  annuals 
with  fibrous  roots,  or  sometimes  apparently  more  or  less  perennial  from  a  tuberous 
or  bulbous  thickened  base :  no  running  rootstocks. 
•H-  Spikes  fiat,  becoming  straw-color  (£'  -  1'  long) ;  the  scales  strongly  conduplicate. 

13.  C.  Strigdsus,  L.     Culm  mostly  stout  (1°-  3°  high);  most  of  the  rays 
of  the  umbel  elongated  ( 1 '  -  5'),  their  sheaths  2-bristled ;  spikes  10  -  25-flowered, 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  several-nerved,  much  longer  than  the  oblong-linear 
achenium.  —  Damp  or  fertile  soil:  very  common,  especially  southward.    (C. 
stendlepis,  Torr.,  is  of  this  group  and  nearly  related.) 

•<-  -i-  Spikes  slender  and  rather  awl-shaped,  almost  terete,  at  least  when  mature  ;  the 
scales  less  conduplicate  and  more  oppressed  to  the  axis. 

14.  C.  Michauxianus,  Schultes.     Culm  stout,  mostly  low  (5'  -  20'  high) ; 
rays  of  the  umbel  mostly  all  short  and  crowded ;  spikes  10  -  20-fiowered,  yellowish- 
brown  at  maturity  (3" -7"  long),  the  short  joints  of  its  axis  winged  with  very 
broad  scaly  margins  which  embrace  the  ovate  triangular  achenium ;  the  scales  ovate, 
obtusish,  imbricatefy  overlapping.  —  Low  grounds  and  sandy  banks  :  common.  — 
Root  truly  annual :  stem  seldom  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base. 

15.  C.  Engelmanni,  Steud.     Resembles  the  foregoing;  but  the  spikes 
more  slender  and  terete,  somewhat  remotely  5  -  \5flowered,  the  zigzag  joints  of  the 
axis  slender  and  narrowly  winged,  and  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious  scales 
proportionally  shorter,  so  as  to  expose  a  part  of  the  axis  of  each  joint,  the  succes- 
sive scales  not  reaching  the  base  of  the  one  above  on  the  same  side ;  achenium  oblong- 
linear,  very  small.     (C.  tenuior,  Engelm.)  —  Low  grounds  and  sandy  banks, 
Virginia  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  also  adventive  at  the  Philadelphia  Navy 
Yard. 

*****  Stamens  3:  spikes  loosely  or  somewhat  remotely  6-12-jlowered,  fiattish 
and  greenish,  several  crowded  together  in  one  sessile  or  in  a  few  peduncled  heads 
or  dense  clusters ;  their  scales  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  applied 
to  and  little  longer  than  the  ovate  or  obovate  and  sharply  triangular  achenium  .* 
perennials,  propagating  from  the  hard  clustered  corms  or  bulb-like  tubers  at  the 
base  of  the  culms. 

16.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.     Culm  rough  on  the  angles  (l°-2°  high); 
leai'es  linear ;  umbel  simple,  4  -  S-rayed;  spikes  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
mostly  elongated  rays,  erect,  loose   (4" -6"  long)  ;  scales  awl-pointed;  joints  of 
the  axis  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry  sandy  shores  and  ridges,  from  Lake  Ontario 
to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  northwestward.  —  Flowers  rather  large. 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  555 

17.  C.    Grayii,    Torr.      Culm   thread-form,   wiry   (6' -12'  high);  leaves 
almost  bristle-shaped,  channelled;  umbel  simple,  4-S-rayed;  spikes  5-10  in  a  loose 
head,  spreading  ;  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  rather  obtuse,  greenish-chestnut- 
color.  —  Barren  sands,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast. 

18.  C.  filicti.lmis,  Vahl.      Culm   slender,   wiry,   often   reclined    (8' -15' 
high);    leaves  linear  (!"— 2"  wide);  spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile 
dense  head,  or  in  1—7  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rays  of  an  irregular 
umbel;  joints  of  the  axis  naked;  scales  blunt,  greenish.     (C.  mariscoides,  Ell.)  — 
Dry  sterile  soil :  common,  especially  southward. 

§4.  MARfSCUS,  Vahl.  Style  3-clefl:  the  achenium  triangular:  stamens  3: 
spikes  1  -few-flowered,  narrow  or  awl-shaped,  with  2  lower  scales  short  and 
empty,  and  inclined  to  persist  on  the  common  axis  when  the  rest  of  the  spike  dis- 
articulates and  falls,  crowded  in  dense  heads :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  penul- 
timate division  of  §  3.  ( Perennials  with  clustered  small  tubers  at  base  of  the  culms, 
as  in  the  preceding  division:  spikes  green,  merely  tawny  with  age.) 

19.  C.  Lancastri6nsis,  T.  C.  Porter,  n.  sp.     Culm  (l°-2°  high)  trian- 
gular ;  leaves  rather  broadly  linear;  umbel  of  6  -  9  mostly  elongated  rays ;  spikes 
very  numerous  in  short-oblong  or  globular  dense  heads,  soon  reflexed,  3-6- 
flowered,  linear-awl-shaped ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  broadly  winged ;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  achenium.  —  Rich  soil,  banks  of  the 
Susquehanna  near  Lancaster,  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter.  —  Most  like  the  Southern 
C.  Baldwinii,  Torr. ;  but  twice  the  size ;  the  more  numerous  spikes  4"  -  5"  long, 
more  linear,  less  pointed,  on  a  setaceous-bracted  axis  of  6"  or  7"  in  length, 
with  longer  scales  and  achenium,  &c. 

20.  C.  ovularis,  Torr.     Culm  sharply  triangular  (6' -12'  high);  umbel 
1  -  6-^ayed ;  spikes  (50-100)  in  a  globular  very  dense  head,  2-4-flowered,  oblong, 
blunt  (l£"-2"  long);  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  a  little 
longer  than  the  obovate-oblong  achenium.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  S.  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  southward. 

21.  C.  retrofractUS,  Torr.     Culm  and  leaves  usually  minutely  downy 
and  rough  on  the  obtusish  angles  (l°-3°  high);   umbel  many-rayed;  spikes 
slender-awl-shaped,  very  numerous  in  obovate  or  oblong  heads  terminating  the 
elongated  rays,  soon  reflexed,  1  -  ^.-flowered  in  the  middle  (3" -5"  long);  scales 
usually  4  or  5,  the  two  lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the  fertile  lanceolate  and  pointed, 
the  uppermost  involute-awl-shaped;  achenium  linear.    (Scirpus  retrofractus, L. ) 
—  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.    KYLLINGIA,    Rottboll.        KYLLINGIA.    (PL  1.) 

Spikes  of  3  or  4  two-ranked  scales,  1  -  Ij-flowered  ;  the  2  lower  scales  minute 
and  empty,  as  in  Cyperus,  §  4,  but  style  oftener  2-cleft,  and  achenium  lenticular : 
the  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary  or  triple  sessile  heads.  Involucre 
3-leaved.  (Named  after  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  K.  pumila,  Michx.  Head  globular  or  3-lobed,  whitish-green  (about 
4"  broad) ;  spikes  strictly  1-flowered;  upper  scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on  the 
keel ;  stamens  and  styles  2 ;  leaves  linear.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  Aug.  —  Culms  2' -9'  high  :  root  annual. 


556  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

3.    DULICHIUM,    Richard.        DULICIHUM.     (PI.  1.) 

Spikes  many-  (6  -  10-)  flowered,  linear,  flattened,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  axillary 
solitary  peduncles  emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves :  scales  2-ranked, 
lanceolate,  decurrent,  forming  flat  wing-like  margins  on  the  joint  below.  Peri- 
anth of  6  -  9  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft  above. : — 
Achenium  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked  with  the  long  persistent  style.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  with  a  terete  simple  culm  ( 1°  -  2°  high),  jointed  and  leafy  to  the 
summit;  the  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked.  (The  name  of  a  Greek 
island  ;  its  singular  application  to  an  American  plant  unexplained. ) 

1.    D.  spathaceum,  Pers. — Borders  of  ponds :  common.     July -Sept. 

4.  FUIBENA,    Rottboll.        UMBRELLA-GRASS.     (PI.  2.) 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  arid  terminal. 
Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  awned  below  the  apex,  all  floriferous.  Peri- 
anth of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usually 
Avith  as  many  alternating  small  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium 
triangular,  pointed  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Culms  from  a  peren- 
nial root,  obtusely  triangular.  (Named  for  G.  Fuiren,  a  Danish  botanist) 

1.  F.  squarrdsa,  Michx.  Stem  (1°- 2°  high)  leafy;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy;  spikes  ovoid-oblong  (6"  long),  clustered  in  heads,  bristly  with  the  spread- 
ing awns  of  the  scales ;  perianth-scales  ovate  and  awn-pointed,  the  interposed 
bristles  minute.  —  Var.  pfrMiLA,  Torr.,  is  a  dwarf  form,  l'-6'  high,  with 
2-6  spikes;  perianth-scales  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate.  —  Sandy  wet 
places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward ;  also  'Michigan :  northward 
mostly  the  small  variety.  Aug. 

5.  LIPOCARPHA,    R.  Br.        LIPOCARPHA.    (PI.  2.) 

Spikes  terete,  many-flowered,  in  a  terminal  close  cluster,  which  is  involucrate 
by  leafy  bracts.  Scales  spatulate,  regularly  imbricated  all  round  in  many  ranks, 
awnless,  deciduous,  a  few  of  the  lowest  empty.  Inner  scales  (bractlets)  2  to 
each  flower,  thin,  one  between  the  scale  of  the  spike  and  the  flower,  one  between 
the  latter  and  the  axis  of  the  spike.  Bristles  or  other  perianth  none.  Stamens 
1  or  2.  Style  2 -3-cleft.  Achenium  flattish  or  triangular,  naked  at  the  tip.  — 
Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  (Name  formed  of  \'nros,fat,  and  tapfyos,  chaff,  from 
the  thickness  of  the  inner  scales  of  some  species.) 

1.  L.  maculata,  Torr.  Annual;  culm  (4' -8' high)  much  longer  than 
the  linear  concave  leaves;  spikes  (l"-2"long)  green  and  dark-spotted;  inner 
scales  delicate  ;  stamen  one ;  achenium  oblong  with  a  contracted  base.  —  Petty's 
Island,  Philadelphia,  Prof.  Leidy,  frc.  Probably  adventive  from  S.  States. 

6.  HEMICARPHA,    Nees.        HEMICARPHA.    (PI.  2.) 

Spike,  flowers,  &c.  just  as  in  Scirpus,  except  that  there  is  a  minute  trans- 
lucent scale  (readily  overlooked)  between  the  flower  and  the  axis  of  the  spike. 
Stamen  only  one.  Style  2-cleft.  Bristles  or  other  perianth  none.  (Name  from 
i?/it,  half,  and  Kiipffros,  straw  or  chaff \  in  allusion  to  the  single  inner  scalelet.) 


CYPERACEJE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  557 

1.  H.  SUbsqiiarrbsa,  Nees.  Dwarf  or  minute  annual  (l'-5'  high); 
involucre  1-leaved,  as  if  a  continuation  of  the  bristle-like  culm,  and  usually  with 
another  minute  leaf;  spikes  2-3  (barely  2"  long) ;  scales  brown,  tipped  with  a 
short  recurved  point.  (Scirpus  subsquarrosus,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  borders  of 
ponds  and  rivers;  often  growing  with  Cyperus  inflexus.  July -Sept. — Var. 
DRUMMONDII  (H.  Drummondii,  Nees.)  is  a  form  with  single  and  paler  or  green- 
ish heads :  Illinois  and  southward. 

7.    ELEOCHARIS,    R.  Br.        SPIKE-RUSH.    (PL  3.) 

Spike  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm,  many  -  several-flowered.  Scales 
imbricated  all  round  in  many  (rarely  in  2  or  3)  ranks.  Perianth  of  3  - 12  (com- 
monly 6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed  downwards,  rarely  obsolete.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle,  which  is 
jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  —  Leafless, 
chiefly  perennial,  with  tufted  culms  sheathed  at  the  base,  from  matted  or  creep- 
ing rootstocks  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  from  e  Aos,  a  marsh,  and  ^atpo^ 
to  delight  in;  being  marsh  plants.) 

§  1.  Spike  terete,  hardly  if  at  all  thicker  than  the  spongy -cell-alar  culm;  the  scales- 
firmly  persistent:  style  mostly  3-clefl :  bristles  of  the  perianth  6  (rarely  1),firm 
or  rigid,  mostly  barbed  downwardly,  and  equalling  or  surpassing  the  triangular  or 
double  convex  achenium. 

*  Spike  linear  or  lanceolate-awl-shaped,  few-flowered;  the  scales  (only  3 - 9)  few- 

ranked,  convolute-clasping  the  long  flattened  joints  of  the  axis,  lanceolate^  herba- 
ceous (green)  and  several-nerved  on  the  back,  and  with  thin  scarious  margins, 

1.  E.  Bobbins!!,  Oakes.     Flower-bearing  culms  exactly  triangular,  rather 
stout,  erect  (8' -2°  high),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive  stems  or 
fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water ;  sheath  obliquely  truncate ;  achenium  ob- 
long-obovate,  triangular,  minutely  reticulated,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  from 
Pondicherry  Pond,  New  Hampshire  (Robbins),  to  New  Jersey  ( C.  E.  Smith  f 
&c.),  and  southward.  —  Spike  varying  from  4"  to  10''  long,  by.  scarcely  over  a 
line  wide ;  the  long  scales  rather  remote  and  sheath-like. 

*  *  Spike  cylindrical  and  many-flowered,  l'-2'  long ;  the  scales  regularly  imbricated 

in  several  ranks,  firm-coriaceous  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin  end  no  midrib, 
pale,  nerveless  or  faintly  striate  :  culms  large  and  stout  (2° -4°  high) :  sheaths  at 
the  base  often  leaf-bearing.  (LIMNOCHLOA,  Nees.) 

2.  E.  equisetoid.es,  Torr.     Culm  terete,  hiotted  as  if  jointed  6y  many  cross 
partitions ;  achenium  smooth,  with  a  conical-beaked  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water, 
Rhode  Island  (Olney),  Michigan  (Houghton),  Delaware,  and  southward, 

3.  E.  quadrangulata,  R.  Br.      Culm  continuous  and  sharply  ^-angled; 
achenium  finely  reticulated,  with  a  conical  flattened  distinct  tubercle.  —  Shallow- 
water,  New  York  (outlet  of  Oneida  Lake,  A.  H.  Curtiss)  to  Michigan  and 
southward :  rare. 

§  2.  Spike  terete  and  turgid-ovate,  xery  much  thicker  than  the  slender  culm  ,-  the  scales 
thin-coriaceous  or  firm-membranaceous  and  persistent,  ovate:  style  3-cleft :  bristles 


558  CYPERACE^.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

of  the  perianth  stout,  downwardly  barbed,  as  long  as  the  striated  and  pitted-retic- 
ulated  triangular  achenium  and  its  tubercle ;  culms  tufted  from  fibrous  roots, 
about  1°  high. 

4.  E.  tuberculbsa,  R.  Br.     Culms  flattish,  striate;    spike  3" -6"  long, 
many-flowered ;  tubercle  fiattish-cap-shaped,  as  large  as  the  body  of  the  achenium. 
—  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass,  along  the  coast  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  E.  simplex,  Torr.     Culms  sharply  triangular,  capillary,  twisting  when 
dry;  spike  2" -3"  long,  few-flowered;  conical-beaked  tubercle  much  smaller  than 
the  achenium.      (E.  tdrtilis,  Schultes.) — Eastern  shore  of  Maryland  (  W.  M. 
Canby),  and  southward. 

§  3.  Spike  terete,  much  thicker  than  the  culm,  many -flowered ;  the  scales  imbricated 
in  many  or  more  than  three  ranks,  thin-membranaceous  or  scarious  in  texture,  with 
a  thicker  midrib,  usually  brownish  or  purplish,  sometimes  deciduous  at  maturity. 
(ELEOGENUS,  Nees.) 

#  Achenium  smooth  and  lenticular,  and  style  2-clefl,  or  in  No.  6  more  commonly 
3-cleft :  culms  slender  or  thread-form,  terete  or  compressed. 

6.  E.  obttisa,  Schultes.     Culms  nearly  terete,  tufted  (8' -14' high)  from 
fibrous  roots  ;  spike  globose-ovoid  and  with  age  oblong,  obtuse,  rarely  becoming  acute 
(dull  brown) ;  the  scales  very  obtuse  and  numerous  (80-130),  densely  crowded  in 
many  ranks;  style  3-  (rarely  2-)  cleft;   achenium  obovate,  shining,  tumid-mar- 
gined, about  half  the  length  of  the  6-8  bristles,  crowned  with  a  short  and  very 
broad  flattened  tubercle.  —  Muddy  places  :  most  common. 

7.  E.  Olivacea,  Torr.    Culms  flattish,  grooved,  diffusely  tufted  on  slender 
matted  rootstocks  (2'  -4'  high) ;  spike  ovate,  acutish,  20  -  30 flowered ;  scales  ovate, 
obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated  (purple  with  a  green  midrib  and  slightly  scari- 
ous margins) ;  achenium  obovate,  dull,  abruptly  beaked  with  a  narrow  tubercle, 
shorter  than  the  6-8  bristles.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  New  Jersey  near  the 
coast,  and  southward :  also  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  J.  A.  Paine. 

8.  E.  pallistris,  R.  Br.     Culms  nearly  terete,  striate  (l°-2°  high),  from 
running  rootstocks  ;   spike  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  many-flowered ;  scales  ovate- 
oblong,  loosely  imbricated  in  several  ranks,  reddish-brown  with  a  broad  and 
translucent  whitish  margin  and  a  greenish  keel,  the  upper  acutish,  the  lowest 
rounded  and  often  enlarged;  achenium  obovate,  somewhat  shining,  crowned 
with  a  short  ovate  or  ovate-triangular  flattened  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  usually 
4  bristles.  —  Var.  GLAUCESCENS  (S.  glaucescens,  Willd.!)  :  culms  slender  or  fili- 
form ;  tubercle  narrower  and  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the 
achenium. — Var.  CALVA  (E.  calva,  Torr.):  bristles  wanting;   tubercle  short, 
nearly  as  in  the  true  E.  palustris,  but  rather  narrower  (Watertown,  New  York, 
Dr.  Crawc). —  Very  common,  either  in  water,  when  it  is  pretty  stout  and  tall; 
or  in  wet  grassy  grounds,  when  it  is  slender  and  lower.     (Eu.) 

9.  E.  COmpr^SSa,  Sullivant.     Culms  flat,  striate,  erect  (1°-  2°  high); 
spike  ovate-oblong,  or  at  length  lanceolate,  20  -  30-flowered  (4" -7"  long) ;  scales 
lanceolate-ovate,  acute,  dark  purple  with  broad  white  pellucid  margins  and  sum- 
mit ;  achenium  obovate-pear- shaped,  compressed,  crowned  with  a  small  conical  and 
pointed  tubercle ;  bristles  1  -  4,  very  slender,  fragile,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
achenium,  sometimes  none  or  a  single  rudiment.)  —  Wet  places,  N.  New  York 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  559 

to  Ohio  and  Illinois.  —  Culms  tufted  on  running  rootstocks,  strikingly  flat, 
often  spirally  twisted  in  drying. 

*  *  Achenlum  triangular  or  turgid :  style  3-cleft. 
•*-  Bristles  equalling  or  surpassing  the  smooth  achenium,  downwardly  barbed,  persistent. 

10.  E.  rostellata,  Torr.      Culms  flattened  and  striate-grooved,  wiry,  erect 
(l°-2^°  high),  the  sterile  ones  reclining,  rooting  and  proliferous  from  the  apex 
(l°-2°  high),  the  sheath  transversely  truncate;  spike  spindle-shaped,  12-20- 
flowered;   scales   ovate,   obtuse    (light-brown);    achenium   obovate-triangular, 
narrowed  into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is  overtopped  by  the 
4-6  bristles. — Marshes,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  E.  Massachusetts  (  W.  Boott), 
and  Vermont  (Tuckerman)  to  New  Jersey  (Dr.  Allen),  Alexandria,  Virginia  (A. 
H.  Curtiss),  Michigan  and  southward. 

11.  E.    intermedia,    Schultes.      Culms  capillary,   wiry,   striate-grooved, 
densely  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  diffusely  spreading  or  reclining  (6' -12'  long) ; 
spike  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  loosely  \Q-20-flowered  (2" -3"  long);  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-brown ;  achenium  obovoid  with  a  nar- 
rowed base,  beaked  with  a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  distinct  tubercle,  which 
nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.     (E.  reclinata,  Kunth.!) —  Wet  slopes:  common 
from  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  northward. 

12.  E.  microcarpa,  Torr.,  var.  FILICULMIS,  Torr.     Like  the  preceding, 
but  more  capillary  and  heads  smaller  (l£"-2"  long),  sometimes  proliferous,  the 
one  or  more  short  new  culms  from  the  axil  of  its  lowest  scale,  which  persists 
as  an  herbaceous  bract ;  achenium  very  much  smaller,  with  sharper  angles  and  a 
short  conical  tubercle,  which  is  hardly  equalled  by  the  3-6  slender  bristles.  — 
Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

-i-  •*-  Bristles  2-4,  shorter  than  the  achenium,  slender  and  fragile,  or  none. 

13.  E.  tenuis,  Schultes.     Culms  almost  capillary,  erect  from  running  root- 
stocks,  4-angular  and  flattish  (1°  high),  the  sides  concave;  spike  elliptical,  acut- 
ish, 20  -  30-Jlowered  (3"  long) ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  chestnut-purple  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin  and  green  keel ;  achenium  obovate,  roughish-wrinkled,  crowned  with 
a  small  depressed  tubercle,  persistent  after  the  fall  of  the  scales ;  bristles  half  the 
length  of  the  achenium,  or  wanting.     (E.  elliptica,  Kunth. !)  —  Wet  meadows 
and  bogs  :  common,  early-flowering ;  June. 

14.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.     Culms  flattened,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (9'- 
18' high);  spike  cylindrical-ovoid  or  obhng,  thick,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered 
(3"  -  6"  long) ;  scales  closely  many-ranked,  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  brown- 
ish with  broad  scarious  margins;  achenium  smooth,  obovate-top-shaped,  obtusely 
triangular,  the  broad  summit  entirely  covered  like  a  lid  by  the  flat  depressed  tubercle, 
which  is  raised  in  the  centre  into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point ;  bristles  shorter 
than  the  (soon  blackish)   achenium,  often  obsolete. — Wet  sand,  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  to  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

15.  E.  triCOStata,  Torr.     Culms  flattish  (l°-2°  high);  spike  soon  cylin- 
drical, densely  many-flowered  (6" -9"  long,  thickish  ;  scales  ovate,  very  obtuse, 
rusty  brown,  with  broad  scarious  margins ;  achenium  obovate,  with  3  prominent 
thickened  angles,  minutely  rough-wrinkled,  crowned  with  a  short-conical  acute  tubercle  ; 
bristles  none. —  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jersey  (Knieskern),  and  southward. 


560  CYPERACE^;.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

§  4.  Spike,  more  or  less  flattened,  thicker  than  the  slender  or  capillary  culm,  few -•many- 
flowered ;  the  thin  membranaceous  scales  somewhat  2-3-ranked:  style  3-clefl: 
bristles  of  the  perianth  3  -  6,  fragile  or  fugacious.  Small  or  delicate  species,  dif- 
fering from  the  last  subdivision  chiefly  in  theflattish  spikes.  (Cn^TOCYpiiRUS, 
Nees.) 

*  Achenium  tumid,  obscurely  triangular,  many-ribbed  on  the  sides. 

16.  E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.     Culms  finely  capillary  (2' -8' long),  more  or 
less  '4-angular ;  spike  3  -  9-flowered ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse  (greenish 
with  purple  sides);  achenium  obovate-oblong,  with  3-ribbed  angles  and  2-3 
times  as  many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely  striate,  longer  than 
the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles;    tubercle  conical- triangular.     (S.  trichodes-, 
Muhl.,  &c.) — Muddy  shores  :  common.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Achenium  triangular,  with  smooth  and  even  sides. 

17.  E.  pygmsea,  Torr.     Culms  bristle-like,  flattened  and  grooved  (l'-2r 
high) ;  spike  ovate,  3-S-flowered;  scales  ovate  (greenish),  the  upper  rather  acute ; 
achenium  ovoid,  acutely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,  tipped  with  a  minute 
tubercle ;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  wanting.     (S.  pusillus, 
Vahl?)  — Brackish  marshes  and  brackish  river-banks. 

8.    SCIBPUS,    L.        BULRUSH  or  CLUB-RUSH.     (PL  3. ) 

Spikes  several -many-flowered,  solitary  or  in  a  terminal  cluster  which  (except 
in  No.  1)  is  subtended  by  a  1  -several-leaved  involucre  (this  when  simple  often 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  culm),  terete,  the  scales  being  regularly 
imbricated  all  round  in  many  or  several  ranks,  or  rarely  somewhat  compressed, 
the  fewer  scales  inclining  to  be  2-ranked.  Flowers  under  all  the  scales,  or  all 
but  one  or  two  of  the  lowest,  all  perfect.  Perianth  of  3  -  6  (straight  or  rarely 
tortuous)  bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
simple,  not  bulbous  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous,  or  sometimes  leaving  a  tip  or 
point  to  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  —  Culms  sheathed  at  the  base ; 
the  sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing.  Perennials,  except  No.  8-9;  flowering  in, 
summer.  (The  Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush.) 

§  1.  SCIRPUS  proper  (including  ISOLEPIS,  which  simply  wants  the  bristles). 
Bristles  when  present  rigid,  not  elongated  and  contorted  or  exserted  after  flowering, 
mostly  barbed  downwards. 

#  Spite  solitary,  few-flowered,  small,  oflenflattish:  achenium  triangular,  smooth. 
•i-  No  involucral  leaf  or  bract  and  no  leaves  Mow :  base  of  style  indurated  and  persist- 
ent, but  continuous  with  the  achenium.  ( Transition  to  Eleocharis  and  Blysmus. ) 
1.  S.  paucifldrus,  Lightfoot.  Culms  striate-angled,  very  slender 
(3' -9'  high),  scarcely  tufted,  on  slender  running  rootstocks,  at  the  base  with  a 
short  truncate  sheath ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spike  evidently  2-ranked,  chestnut- 
brown,  pointless,  all  flower-bearing,  the  two  lower  larger;  bristles  3-6,  down- 
wardly barbed,  about  the  length  of  the  conspicuously  beak-pointed  triangular 
achenium.  (S.  Bsedthryon,  Ehrh.  Blysmus  pnuciflorus,  Carurl.)  —  Very  wet 
places,  New  York  (Jefferson  Co.,  Dr.  Craw,  &  Herkimer  Co.,  J.  A  Paine)  to 
N.  Illinois  (Dr.  Vasey),  Michigan,  and  northwestward.  (Eu.) 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  561 

•*-  •»-  Involucre  a  short  awl-shaped  bract:  culms  tufted  (3' -12'  high),  filiform. 

2.  S.  csespitbsus,  L.     Culms  terete,  wiry,  densely  sheathed  at  the  base,  in 
compact  turfy  tufts ;  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very  short  awl-shaped  leaf;  spike 
ovoid,  rusty -color ;  involucral  bract  a  rigid-pointed  scale,  resembling  the  lowest 
proper  scale  of  the  spike  and  scarcely  surpassing  it ;  bristles  6,  smooth,  longer 
than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  achenium.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  mountains  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York.     On  Roan  Mountain,  N.  Carolina. 
Also,  away  from  mountains,  Bergen  Swamp,  Genesee  Co.,  New  York,  G.  W. 
Clinton,  J.  A.  Paine.     N.  Illinois,  Dr.  Vasey.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.    Clint6nii,    Gray.       Culms  acutely  triangular,   almost  bristle-like; 
sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  very  slender  almost  bristle-shaped  leaf  shorter  (usu- 
ally very  much  shorter)  than  the  culm ;  involucral  bract  awl-shaped,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  chestnut-colored  ovate  spike,  which  has  pointless  scales :  other- 
wise as  the  next.     (S.  planifolius,  var.  brevifolius,  Torr.)  — Rather  dry  plains, 
New  York,  Jefferson  Co.,  Dr.  Crawe;  near  Buifalo,  G.  W.  Clinton.    June. 

4.  S.  planif61ius,  Muhl.     Culms  triangular,  leafy  at  the  base ;  the  leaves 
linear,  fiat,  as  long  as  the  culm,  and  like  it  rough-edged ;  involucral  bract  a  bristle- 
tipped  scale  usually  overtopping  the  ovate  or  oblong  chestnut-colored  spike,  the 
green  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  into  sharp  points ;  bristles  of  the  perianth  up- 
wardly hairy,  as  long  as  the  pointless  achenium.  —  Dry  or  moist  ground,  New 
England  to  W.  New  York  (G.  W.  Clinton),  Penn.,  and  Delaware.    June. 

-i-  ••*-  H-  One-leaved  involucre  more  conspicuous,  and  as  if  continuing  the  culm. 

5.  S.  SUbtermin£lis,  Torr.    Aquatic:  culms  (l°-3°  long,  thickish-fili- 
form)  partly  and  the  shorter  filiform  leaves  wholly  submersed,  cellular ;  the 
filiform  green  bract  6"- 12"  long,  much  surpassing  the  oblong  spike;  scales  some- 
what pointed ;   bristles  6,  bearded  downwards,  rather  shorter  than  the  abruptly- 
pointed  achenium.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds,  New  Jersey  and  New  England 
to  Michigan  and  westward.  —  Var.  TERRESTRIS,  Paine,  Cat.     Less  tall ;  stem 
and  leaves  firmer ;  fully-fruiting  spike  more  turgid  :  growing  chiefly  emersed,  in 
a  quaking  morass,  Litchfield,  Herkimer  Co.,  New  York,  J.  A.  Paine. 

*  *  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  only  one),  appearing  lateral  from  the  one-leaved  involucre, 
which  resembles  the  naked  culm,  seeming  to  be  a  continuation  of  it. 

•*—  Culm  sharply  triangular,  stout,  chiefly  from  running  rootstocks:  spikes  many-fiow- 
ered,  rusty  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  duster :  sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf- 
bearing.  (  Very  rarely  a  second  and  smaller  involucral  leaf.) 

6.  S.  plingens,  Vahl.     Running  rootstocks  long  and  stout;  culm  sharply 
3-angled  throughout  (l°-4°  high)   with  concave  sides;  leaves  1-3,  elongated 
(4' -10'  long),  keeled  and  channelled;  spikes  1-6,  capitate,  ovoid,  usually  long 
overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between  the  acute  lobes ;  anthers  tipped  with  an 
awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage;  style  2-cleft  (rarely  3-cleft) ;  bristles  2-6, 
shorter  than  the  obovate  plano-cotivex  and  mucronate  smooth  achenium.     (S. 
triqueter,  Michx.,  not  of  L.     S.  Americanus,  Pers.)  —  Borders  of  salt  and  fresh 
ponds  and  streams  :  very  common.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  Olneyi,  Gray.     Calm  3-wing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  stout 
(2°  -  7°  high),  the  upper  sheath  be/jring  a  short  triangular  leaf  or  none;  spikes  6-12, 

36 


562  CYPERACEJE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  overtopped  by  the  short  involucral  leaf;  scales 
orbicular,  smooth,  the  inconspicuous  mucronate  point  shorter  than  the  scarious 
apex ;  anthers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minutely  bearded  tip  ;  style  2-cleft ;  bristles 
6,  scarcely  equalling  the  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate  achenium.  — 
Salt  marshes,  Martha's  Vineyard  (Oakes),  and  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  to  Dela- 
ware, and  common  southward.  —  Cross-section  of  the  stem  strongly  3-rayed, 
with  the  sides  parallel.  —  Much  nearer  than  the  last  to  the  European  S. 
TRIQUETER,  which  has  similar  anthers,  and  an  abbreviated  or  almost  abortive 
leaf;  but  its  culm  is  wingless,  and  the  cluster  of  spikes  compound,  some  of 
them  umbellate-stalked. 

8.  S.  T6rreyi,    Olney.     Rootstocks  slender  if  any  (so  that  the  plant  is 
readily  pulled  up  from  the  mud) ;  culm  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slen- 
der (2° -4°  high),  leafy  at  the  base;  leaves  2  or  3,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
culm,  triangular-channelled,  slender ;  spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  spindle-shaped,  acute, 
distinct,  pale  chestnut-color,  long  overtopped  by  the  slender  erect  involucral  leaf; 
scales  ovate,  smooth,  entire,  barely  mucronate ;  style  3-cleft ;  bristles  longer  than 
the  unequally  triangular  obovate  very  smooth  and  long-pointed  achenium.     (S.  mucro* 
natus,  Purshf,  Torr.  FL  N.  Y.) — Borders  of  ponds,  both  brackish  and  fresh, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Michigan. 

•*-  •»-  Culm  triangular,  tall  and  stout,  from  slender  running  rootstocks :  spikes  many- 
flowered  loosely  umbellate  or  corymbed,  involuc.ellate-br acted. 

9.  S.  C£nbyi,  Gray.      Culm  (3° -5°  high)  3-angled,  usually  sharply  so 
above,  obtusely  below,  the  sheath  at  the  base  extended  into  a  long  and  slender 
triangular  and  channelled  leaf;   the  involucral  leaf  similar,  continuing  the 
culm ;    spikes  oblong  (4'  -  6'  long),  single  or  sometimes  proliferously  2  or  3 
together,  nodding  on  the  apex  of  the  5-9  long  filiform  and  flattened  peduncles 
or  rays  of  the  dichotomous  umbel-like  corymb,  or  the  central  one  nearly  sessile ; 
scales  of  the  spike  loosely  imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  pale,  thin  and  scari- 
ous, with  a  greenish  nerved  back;  bristles  of  the  perianth  6,  firm,  furnished 
above  with  spreading  hairs  rather  than  barbs,  equalling  the  slender  abrupt  beak 
of  the  obovate-triangular  shining  achenium.  —  In  a  mill-pond,  near  Salisbury, 
Maryland,  A.  Commons,  W.  M.   Canby. — A  remarkable  species:  leaf  2° -4° 
long:   involucral  leaf  4' -8'  long:  rays  or  peduncles  l£'-3'  long,  each  sub- 
tended by  a  single  involucellate  leaf  or  bract,  the  lowest  like  that  of  the  involucre 
but  short,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  scale-like  bracts.    Achenium  (1^",  and  its 
beak  $"  long. 

•*-•*-•*-  Culm  terete,  very  tall  and  stout,  from  a  deep  running  rootstock,  naked;  the 
sheaths  at  the  base  bearing  a  short  and  imperfect  leaf  or  none :  spikes  numerous 
and  clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle,  the  principal  rays  of 
which  mostly  surpass  the  involucral  leaf:  involucellate  bracts  small,  scale-like  and 
rusty-scarious :  scales  of  the  spike  rusty  or  chestnut-brown,  scarious,  with  a  salient 
midrib  extended  into  a  mucronnte  point. 

10.  S.  v&lidus,  Vahl.      (GREAT  BULRUSH.)     Culm  3° -9°  high,  £'-!' 
thick  at  base;  spikes  ovate-oblong  (3" -4"  long) ;  scales  mostly  a  little  downy 
on  the  back  and  ciliate ;  style  2-cleft ;  achenium  pale  and  dull,  obovate  with  a  nar- 
rowed base,  plano-convex,  mucronate-pointed,  usually  overtopped  by  the  4  -  6  slender 


CYPERACE^.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  563 

.  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  (S.  acutus,  MuM.  S.  laciistris,  of  Amer.  authors  and 
in  former  editions.)  —  Common  everywhere  in  still  fresh  water.  —  Achenium 
(I"  long,  half  the  size  of  that  of  the  European  S.  lacustris,  also  narrower,  pale, 
not  shining.  —  A  slender  variety  with  narrower  heads,  very  smooth  scales, 
and  shorter  or  fragile  bristles,  was  sparingly  collected  by  Rev.  J.  W.  Chickering 
at  Havana,  New  York. 

11.  S.  riparius,  PresL,  which  largely  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding 
south  westward,  probably  within  our  limits,  is  known  by  the  2-4  rather  shorter 
and  linear  plumose  scales,  rather  than  bristles,of  the  perianth. 

•*--*-  H-  -t-  Culms  slender  from  an  annual  root,  terete,  plano-convex  or  obtusely  trian- 
gular, naked;  the  sheaths  at  the  base  rarely  extended  into  a  short  leaf:  spikes 
few  or  several,  sometimes  solitary,  in  a  sessile  cluster,  much  overtopped  by  the 
involucral  leaf:  bristles  of  the  perianth  often  few  or  wanting. 

12.  S.  debilis,  Pursh.      Culms  obtusely  triangular,  with  somewhat  hol- 
lowed sides,  l°-2°  high,  yellowish-green;  spikes  3-12,  capitate,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse  (3" -4"  long),  chestnut-brown;  involucral  leaf  often  horizontal  at  matu- 
rity ;  scales  roundish ;  stamens  3 ;  style  2-3-cleft ;  bristles  6,  stout,  downwardly 
barbed,  equalling  or  two  surpassing  the  obovate   turgidly  plano-convex   (or 
bluntly  3-sided)  abruptly  mucronate-pointed  smoothish  achenium.     (S.  juncoi- 
des,  Roxburgh.)  — Swamps,  Mass,  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

13.  S.  Smithii,  n.  sp.     Culms  terete,  slender,  3' -12'  high,  often  leaf-bear- 
ing from  the  upper  sheath,  dull  green  as  are  the  1—3  oblong-ovate  acute  spikes ; 
involucral  leaf  always  erect ;  scales  oblong-oval ;  style  2-cleft ;  bristles  1  or  2 
minute  rudiments  or  none;  achenium  somewhat  lenticular,  smooth,  deciduous 
with  the  scales.     (S.  debilis,  Gray,  Gram,  fr  Cyp.  135.)  —  Wet  shores,  Lake  On- 
tario to  Illinois  and  Delaware  Bay  (in  tidal  mud).     July.  —  Named  for  C.  E. 
Smith,  who  indicated  and  insisted  on  its  distinctions. 

14.  S.  supinus,  L.,  var.  Hallii.      Culms  filiform,  5' -12'  high;*  upper 
sheath  rarely  distinctly  leaf-bearing ;  spikes  1  -  7  in  a  sessile  or  sometimes  gem- 
inately  proliferous  cluster,  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  greenish ;  scales 
ovate,  strongly  keeled,  mucronate-pointed;    stamens  2;    style  2-cleft;  bristles 
none ;    achenium    obovate-orbicular,   mucronate,   plano-convex,   strongly    wrinkled 
transversely.     (S.  Hallii,  Gray,  addend,  ed.  2.)  —  Wet  shores,  Illinois,  E.  Hall, 
&c.,  and  southwestward.  —  In  Texas  occurs  the  normal  S.  supinus,  with  3-cleft 
style  and  triangular  achenium,  as  in  Europe,  where  it  sometimes  has  short 
bristles,  as  in  No.  13.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Spikes  clustered  in  simple  or  mostly  compound  umbellate  or  cymose-panicled 
dusters,  many-flowered,  terete:  involucre  of  mostly  several  obvious  and  flat  leaves : 
culm  tall,  from  tufted  or  running  rootstocks ;  triangular,  leafy,  sedge-like:  styk 
mostly  3-cleft. 

1-  Spikes  large,  6"  - 1 5"  long :  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  beyond  the  mostly  lacerate 
or  two-cleft  apex  into  a  distinct  awn. 

15.  S.  maritimus,  L.     (SEA  CLUB-RUSH.)     Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long 
as  the  stout  culm  (l°-3°  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1-4,  very  unequal; 
spikes  few -several  in  a  sessile  cluster,  and  often  also  with  1  -4  unequal  rays 
bearing  1-7  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  (rusty-brown)  spikes;  awns  of  the 


564  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

scales  soon  recurved ;  achenium  obovate-orbicular,  compressed,  flat  on  one  side,  con- 
vex or  obtuse-anyled  on  the  other,  minutely  pointed,  shining,  longer  than  the  1  -  6  un- 
equal and  deciduous  (sometimes  obsolete)  bristles.  —  Var.  MACROSTACHYOS, 
Michx.  (S.  robiistus,  Pursh)  is  a  larger  form,  with  very  thick  oblong-cylindri- 
cal heads,  becoming  !'-!£' long,  and  the  longer  leaf  of  the  involucre  often 
1°  long.  —  Salt  marshes:  common  on  the  coast,  and  near  salt  springs  in  the 
interior  (W.  New  York,  &c.).  (Eu.) 

16.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.     (RIVER  C.)     Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear  (£'  or 
more  wide),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long 
involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  compound  umbel ;  rays  5-9,  elongated,  recurved- 
spreading,  each  bearing  1-5  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  acute  heads ;  achenium 
obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular,  conspicuously  pointed,  opaque,  scarcely  equal- 
ling the  6  rigid  bristles.     (S.  maritimus  var.  ?  fluviatilis,  Torr.,  excl.  syn.)  — 
Borders  of  lakes  and  large  streams,  W.  Vermont  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois.  —  Culm  very  stout,  sharply  triangular,  3°  -  5°  high.     Leaves  roughish 
on  the  margin,  like  the  last;  those  of  the  umbel  3-7,  the  largest  1°  -  2°  long. 
Principal  rays  of  the  umbel  3'  -  4'  long,  sheathed  at  the  base.     Heads  paler 
and  duller  than  in  the  preceding ;  the  scales  less  lacerate,  and  their  awns  less 
recurved ,  the  fruit  larger  and  very  different. 

•i-  •*-  Spikes  very  numerous,  small,  V-3'  long ;  their  scales  mucronate-pointed  or 
blunt :  umbel-like  cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decompound :  culm 
2°  -  5°  high,  unusually  leafy ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  green  and  rather  soft,  rough 
on  the  edges :  bristles  of  the  perianth  very  slender,  often  more  or  less  tortuous  and 
naked  below:  —  transition  to  §  Trichophorum. 

17.  S.  SylvaticuS,  L.      Spikes  lead-colored,  clustered  3-10  together  at  the 
end  of  the  mostly  slender  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  panicle,  ovoid 
or  lanqe-ovate,  2"  long ;  scales  bluntish ;  biistles  6,  downwardly  barbed  through- 
out, rather  exceeding  the  triangular  short-pointed  achenium ;    style  3-cleft.  — 

•     Along  brooks,  E.  Mass.,  W.  Boott,  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  C.  H.  Peck.     (Eu.) 

18.  S.  microcarpus,  Presl.     Like  No.  17,  but  earlier,  and  with  rather 
smaller  heads,  blunter  scales,  2  stamens,  a  2-cleft  style,  4  bristles,  and  obovate- 
lenticular  achenium.     (S.  lenticularis,  Torr.)  — Near  Boston,  W.  Boott,  to  New 
Hampshire,  Oakes,  frc.,  and  N.  W. 

19.  S.  atr6virens,  Muhl.     Leaves   somewhat  more  rigid ;    spikes  dull 
greenish-brown,  densely  conglomerate  (10-30  together)  into  close  heads,  these  also 
usually  densely  clustered  in  a  less  compound  panicle ;  scales  pointed ;  bristles 
sparsely  and  strongly  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle,  naked  below,  nearly 
straight,  as  long  as  the  conspicuously  pointed  and  obovate-oblong  triangular 
achenium.    (S.  sylvatictis,  var.  atrovirens,  Ed.  2.,  — Wet  meadows  and  bogs, 
New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward  :  common. 

20.  S.  polyph^llus,  Vahl.    Culm  usually  more  leafy ;  spikes  yellow-brown, 
ovate,  becoming  cylindrical,  clustered  3-8  together  in  small  heads  on  the  short 
ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  umbel ;  scales  mucronate ;  bristles  6, 
usually  twice  bent,  sqfl-barbed  towards  the  summit  only,  about  twice  the  length  of 
the  achenium.      (S.  exaltatus,  Pursh.      S.  briinneus,  Muhl.)  —  Swamps   and 
shady  borders  of  ponds,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  common  southward. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  565 

§  2.  TRICH6PHORUM,  Richard.  Bristles  capillary,  naked,  not  barbed,  elon- 
gating, becoming  tortuous  and  entangled,  much  longer  than  the  triangular  achenium, 
when  old  mostly  projecting  beyond  the  rusty-colored  scales :  culm,  leaves,  frc.  as  in 
the  preceding  subdivision  ;  umbel-like  cymose  panicle  decompound. 

21.  S.  lineatUS,  Michx.      Culm  triangular,  leafy  (l°-3°  high);  leaves 
linear,  flat,  rather  broad,  rough  on  the  margins ;  umbels  terminal  and  some- 
times axillary,  loose,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1  -  3-leaved  involucre  much 
shorter  than  the  long  and  slender  rays ;    spikes   oblong,   becoming  cylindrical 
(2" -4"  long),  on   thread-like  drooping  pedicels  ;   bristles  at  maturity  scarcely 
exceeding  the  ovate   green-keeled  and  pointed  scales;  achenium  sharp-pointed. 

—  Low  grounds,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

22.  S.  Eri6phorum,  Michx.    (WOOL-GRASS.)    Culm  nearly  terete,  very 
leafy  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  long,  rigid,  those  of  the  involucre 
3-5,  longer  than  the  decompound  cymose-panicled  umbel,  the  rays  at  length  droop- 
ing ;  spikes  exceedingly  numerous,  ovate,  clustered,  or  the  lateral  ones  pedi- 
celled,  woolly  at  maturity  (l£"-3"  long) ;  the  rusty-colored  bristles  much  longer 
than  the  pointless  scales  ;  achenium  short-pointed.     (Eridphorum  cyperinum,  L.) 

—  Var.  CYPERINUS  (S.  cyperinus,  Kunth)  is  the  form  with  nearly  all  the  spikes 
conglomerate  in  small  heads.  —  Var.  LAXUS  (S.  Eriophorum,  Kunth)  has  the 
heads  scattered,  the  lateral  ones  long-pedicelled.     Various  intermediate  forms 
occur ;  a"nd  the  umbel  varies  greatly  in  size.  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps  : 
common  northward  and  southward. 

9.    EBIOPHOBUM,    L.        COTTON-GRASS.    (PL  3.) 

Spikes,  scales,  achenium,  &c.  as  in  Scirpus.  Bristles  of  the  perianth  of 
numerous  (in  one  species  few)  flat  and  delicate  capillary  bristles,  which  lengthen 
greatly  after  flowering,  much  exceeding  the  scales,  and  forming  of  the  capitate 
spike  a  (white  or  reddish)  conspicuous  cotton-like  tuft  in  fruit.  Stamens  1-3. 
Style  3-cleft.  Perennials.  (Name  composed  of  e/atoi/,  wool  or  cotton,  and  (popd, 
bearing.) 

*  Bristles  of  the  flower  only  6,  crisped,  white  ;  spike  single :  small,  involucre  none. 

1.  E.  alpinum,  L.     Culms  slender,  many  in  a  row  from  a  running  root- 
stock  6' -10'  high),  scabrous,  naked;  sheaths  at  the  base  awl-tipped.  —  Cold 
bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Bristles  very  numerous,  not  crisped,  forming  dense  cottony  heads  in  fruit. 
•*—  Culm  bearing  a  single  spike :  involucre  none. 

2.  E.  vaginatum,  L.     Culms  in  close  tufts  (1°  high),  leafy  only  at  the 
base,  above  with  2  inflated  leafless  sheaths ;  root-leaves  long  and  thread-form, 
triangular-channelled ;   scales  of  the   ovate   spike  long-pointed,  lead-color  at 
maturity.  —  Cold  and  high  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  mountains  of  Penn. 
(Prof.  T.  Green),  Wisconsin,  and  northward;  rare.    May,  June.     (Eu.) 

(E.  RiissfcoLUM,  Fries,  with  copper-colored  wool,  found  in  New  Brunswick 
by  Rev.  J.  Fowler,  may  be  expected  in  N.  E.  Maine.) 

•i-  •*-  Culm  leafy,  bearing  several  umbellate-clustered  heads,  involucrate. 

3.  E.  Virginicum,  L.     Culm  rigid  (2°  -4°  high) ;  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  elongated,  flat ;  spikes  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  or  head ; 


566  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

wool  rusty  or  copper-color,  only  thrice  the  length  of  the  scale;  stamen  1.  —  Bogs 
and  low  meadows  :  common.  July,  Aug. 

Var.  Alburn,  with  the  wool  white.  —  Oswego  and  Jefferson  Counties,  New 
York,  Dr.  Crawe,  A.  H.  Curtiss. 

4.  E.  polystachyon,  L.     Culm  rigid  (1°-  2°  high),  obscurely  triangu- 
lar ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  or  barely  channelled  below,  triangular  at  the  point ;  involucre 
2-3-leaved;  spikes  several  (4-12),  on  nodding  peduncles,  some  of  them  elon- 
gated in  fruit ;  achenium  obovate;  wool  white,  very  straight  (!' long  or  more). 

—  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIUM  (E.  angustifolium,  Roth,  and 'of  European  botanists, 
not  of  American,  and  the  original  E.  polystachyon  of  L.)  has  smooth  peduncles. 

—  Var.  LATIF6LIUM   (E.  latifolium,  Hoppe,  &  E.  polystachyon,  Torr.,)  has 
rough  peduncles,  and  sometimes  broader  and  flatter  leaves.  —  Both  are  common 
in  bogs,  northward ;  often  with  the  peduncles  obscurely  scabrous, .  indicating 
that  the  species  should  be  left  as  Linnaus  founded  it.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

5.  E.  gracile,  Koch.      Culm  slender  (l°-2°  high),  rather  triangular; 
leaves  slender,  ckanneUed-triangular,  rough  on  the  angles ;  involucre  short  and  scale- 
like,  mostly  1  -leaved ;  peduncles  rough  or  roughish-pubescent ;  achenium  ellipti- 
cal-linear.     (E.  triquetrum,  Hoppe.     E.  angustifolium,  Torr.)  —  Cold  bogs, 
New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Spikes  3-7,  small, 
when  mature  the  copious  white  wool  6" -9"  long.     Scales  brownish,  several- 
nerved  ;  or  in  our  plant,  var.  PAUCINERVIUM,  Engelm.,  mostly  light  chestnut- 
color,  and  about  3-nervedi     (Eu.) 

10.    FIMBBlSTYLIS,    Vahl.    (PI.  3.) 

Spikes  several  -  many-flowered,  terete ;  the  scales  all  floriferous,  regularly  im- 
bricated in  several  ranks.  Perianth  (bristles,  &c.)  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  often  with  a  dilated  or  tumid  base,  which  is  deciduous  (except  in  No. 
4)  from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  Otherwise  as 
in  Scirpus.  —  Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  our  species  umbelled,  and  the 
involucre  2-3-leaved.  (Name  compounded  of  flmbria,  a  fringe,  and  stylus,  the 
style,  which  is  fringed  with  hairs  in  the  genuine  species.) 

§  1.  FIMBRISTYLIS  proper.  Style  2-cleJl,flat  and  dilate,  falling  away,  base 
and  all,  from  the  lenticular  achenium ;  scales  of  the  many-flowered  spike  closely 
imbricated. 

1.  P.  spadicea,  Vahl.,  var.  castanea.     Culms  (i°-2£°high)  tufted 

from  a  perennial  root,  rigid,  as  are  the  thread-form  convolute-channelled  leaves, 
smooth;  spikes  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  dark  chestnut-color  (2" 
thick)  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  achenium  very  minutely  striate  and  obscurely  reticulated. 
(F.  castanea,  cylindrica,  &c.,  Vahl.)  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  New  York 
to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Spikes  less  dark-colored  and  scales 
mostly  thinner  than  in  the  original  Jamaica  plant. 

2.  F.  laxa,  Vahl.     Culms  slender  (2'- 12'  high)  from  an  annual  root,  weak, 
grooved  and  flattish ;   leaves  linear,  flat,  ciliate-denticulate,  glaucous,  sometimes 
hairy ;  spikes  ovate,  acute  (3"  long) ;  stamen  1  ;  achenium  conspicuously  6  -  S-ribbed 
on  each  side,  and  with  finer  cross  lines.     (F.  Baldwiniana,  Torr.     F.  brizoides, 
Nees,  &c.)  — Low,  mostly  clayey  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July  - 
Sept.  —  Scales  broader  and  less  pointed  than  in  F.  annua. 


CYPERACE^E.        (SED£E    FAMILY.)  567 

§  2.    TRICHEL6STYLIS,  Lestib.     Style  3-clefl  and  the  achenium  triangular: 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  §  1  :   the  spikes  small  and  fewer-flnwered. 

3.  F.  autumnalis,  Rcem.  &  Schult.     Annual   (3' -16'  high),  in  tufts; 
culms  flat,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect ;  leaves  flat,  acute  ;  umbel  compound  ;  spikes 
oblong,  acute  (l"-2"  long),  single  or  2-3  in  a  cluster;  the  scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mucronate;    stamens  1-3.     (Scirpus  autumnalis,  L.)  —  Low  grounds, 
Maine  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

§  3.    ONC6STYLIS,  Martius.    Style  3-cleft,  slender,  its  thickish  base  more  tardily 
deciduous  from  the  apex  of  the  triangular  achenium. 

4.  F.  capillaris,  Gray.     Low  annual,  densely  tufted  (3' -9' high);  culm 
and  leaves  nearly  capillary,  the  latter  short ;  umbel  compound  or  panicled ; 
spikes  (2"  long)  ovoid-oblong;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  minutely  wrinkled,  very 
obtuse.     (Scirpus  capillaris,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields  :  common.    Aug.,  Sept. 

(F.  CONGESTA,  Torr.,  a  diminutive  Southern  species,  with  the  2-cleft  style 
not  ciliate,  has  been  detected  in  ballast-sand  at  Camden,  New  Jersey,  opposite 
Philadelphia,  by  C.  F.  Parker:  probably  only  a  waif.) 

11.    DIG  HBO  MEN  A,    Richard.        DICHROMENA.     (PI.  4.) 

Spikes  aggregated  in  a  terminal  leafy-involucrate  head,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, f<5w-flowered,  all  but  3  or  4  of  the  flowers  usually  imperfect  or  abortive. 
Scales  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  ranks,  more  or  less  conduplicate  or  boat- 
shaped,  keeled,  white  or  whitish.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Perianth,  bristles, 
&c.,  none.  Achenium  lenticular,  wrinkled  transversely,  crowned  with  the  per- 
sistent and  broad  tubercled  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creeping 
perennial  rootstocks ;  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  white  at  the  base 
(whence  the  name,  from  Si's,  double,  and  xpo>/za,  color). — Differs  (too  little) 
from  the  next  genus  in  the  involucrate  bracts  and  flattened  spikes. 

1.  D.  Ieucoc6phala,  Michx.     Culm  triangular   (l°-2°  high);    leaves 
narrow ;   those  of  the  involucre  4  -  7  ;  achenium  truncate,  not  margined.  — 
Damp  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  D.  latifdlia,  Baldwin.      Culm  stouter,  nearly  terete ;    leaves  broadly 
linear,  those  of  the  involucre  8-9,  tapering  from  base  to  apex ;  .achenium 
round-obovate,  faintly  wrinkled,  the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its  edges.  — S.  Vir- 
ginia 1  and  southward. 

12.    BHYNCHOSPORA,    Vahl.        BEAK-BUSH.    (PI.  4.) 

Spikes  panicled  or  variously  clustered,  ovate,  globular,  or  spindle-shaped, 
terete,  or  sometimes  flattish ;  but  the  scales  open  or  barely  concave  (not  boat- 
shaped  nor  keeled) ;  the  lower  ones  commonly  loosely  imbricated  and  empty, 
the  uppermost  often  subtending  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  in  the  form  of 
(mostly  6)  bristles,  or  occasionally  wanting.  Achenium  lenticular,  globular, 
or  flat,  crowned  with  a  conspicuous  tubercle  or  beak  consisting  of  the  persistent 
and  indurated  base  or  even  of  the  greater  part  of  the  style.  —  Chiefly  peren- 
nials, with  more  or  less  triangular  and  leafy  culms ;  the  spikes  in  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  pvyxos,  a  snout, 
and  a-Tropa,  a  seed,  from  the  beaked  achenium.) 


568  CYPERACEJ^     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

§  1.  PSILOCARYA,  Torr.  Spikes  ovate,  terete,  the  numerous  scales  all  alike 
and  regularly  imbricated ;  a  perfect  flower  under  each  :  stamens  mostly  2  :  style 
2-clefl ;  its  base  or  the  greater  part  of  it  enlarging  and  hardening  to  form  the  beak 
of  the  lenticular  or  tumid  more  or  less  cross-wrinkled  achenium :  bristles  wholly 
wanting  (whence  the  name). 

1.  R.  SCirpoides.  Annual,  4' -10'  high;  leaves  flat;  spikes  in  broad 
and  open  cymes,  20 -  30-flowered  ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  acute,  chestnut-colored; 
achenium  obscurely  wrinkled,  beaked  with  the  sword-shaped  almost  wholly  per- 
sistent style,  and  somewhat  margined.  (Psilocarya  scirpoides,  Torr.  &  Ed.  2.) 
—  Inundated  places,  Rhode  Island  and  Plymouth,  Massachusetts. 

(R.  NITENS  (Scirpus  nitens,  Vahl.  Psilocarya  rhynchosporoides,  Torr.),  like 
this,  but  with  a  more  wrinkled  and  short-beaked  achenium,  takes  its  place  in 
Southern  States.) 

§2.  EURHYNCH6SPORA.  Spikes  terete  or  biconvex,  few -many-flowered; 
some  of  the  lower  scales  almost  always  empty :  stamens  mostly  3  :  style  conspicu- 
ously 2-cleft,  its  base  only  forming  the  tubercle  or  beak  of  the  mostly  lenticular 
achenium :  bristles  of  the  perianth  usually  present,  and  merely  rough  or  barbed- 
denticulate  (not  plumose}. 
*  Achenium  transversely  wrinkled:  bristles  mostly  6,  upwardly  denticulate. 

2.  R.  cym6sa,    Nutt.      Culm  triangular;    leaves  linear   (£'wide);    cymes 
corymbose ;  the  spikes  crowded  and  clustered ;  achenium  round-obovate,  twice  the 
length  of  the  bristles,  four  times  the  length  of  the  depressed-conical  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  Penn.  and  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

3.  R.  Torreyana,  Gray.     Culm  nearly  terete,   slender ;  leaves  bristle-form ; 
cymes  panicled,  somewhat  loose,  the  spikes  mostly  pedicelled;  achenium  oblong- 
obovate,  longer  than  the  bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  compressed- 
conical  tubercle.  —  Swamps ;  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

4.  R.  inexpansa,  Vahl.     Culm  triangular,  slender ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ; 
spikes  spindle-shaped,  mostly  pedicelled,  in  drooping  panicles ;  achenium  oblong,  half 
the  length  of  the  slender  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  triangular-subulate 
tubercle.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  #  Achenium  smooth  and  even. 
•»-  Bristles  of  the  perianth  6,  long  and  conspicuous,  upwardly  denticulate. 

5.  R.  f&sca,  Roam.   &  Schultes.      Leaves   bristle- form,   channelled;    spikes 
ovate-oblong,  few,  clustered  in  1  -  3  loose  heads  (dark  chestnut-color)  ;  achenium 
obovate,  half  the  length  of  the  bristles,  equalling  the  triangular-sword-shaped  acute 
tubercle,  which  is  rough-serrulate  on  the  margins.  —  Low  grounds,  New  Jersey 
to  Maine  and  Lake  Superior  :  rare.  —  Culm  6'-  12'  high.     (Eu.) 

6.  R.  graci!6nta,  Gray.     Leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikes  ovoid,  in  2  -  4 
small  clusters,  the  lateral  long-ped uncled  ;  achenium  ovoid,  rather  shorter  than  the 
bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  flat  awl-shaped  tubercle. — Low  grounds,  S. 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  very  slender,  l°-2°  high. 

•*-  •»-  Bristles  none  or  1  -  3  and  minute  :  spikes  pale,  1  -flowered. 

7.  R.  pallida,  M.  A.  Curtis.      Culm  (l°-2°  high)  acutely  triangular; 
leaves  and  spikes  as  in  the  next  species,  but  only  a-  terminal  dense  cluster, 
which  is  less  white  or  turns  pale  reddish-tawny ;  achenium  obovate-lenticular, 


CYPERACEJ2.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  569 

tipped  with  a  minute  depressed  and  apiculate  tubercle  ;  the  delicate  bristles  four 
or  five  times  shorter  or  obsolete.  —  Bogs  in  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (  W.  M. 
Canby,  C.  F.  Parker),  and  in  N.  Carolina. 

-*-•»-•«-  Bristles  long,  denticulate  downwardly,  or  both  ways  in  No.  12. 

•»-*.  Spikes  white  or  whitish,  becoming  tawny  with  age,  perfecting  only  a  single  flower : 

stamens  usually  2  :  bristles  9-12,  or  even  20 

8.  R.  alba,  Vahl.     Culm  slender  (1°- 2°  high),  triangular  above  ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  almost  bristle-form  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  densely  crowded  in  a 
head-like  terminal  corymb  and  usually  one  or  two  lateral  ones  ;  achenium  ob- 
long-obovate  with  a  narrowed  base,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flattened-awl- 
sbaped  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  bristles.  —  Bogs,  especially  eastward.     (Eu.) 
•w-  •*-«•  Spikes  chestnut-colored  or  darker  in  No.  11  and  12,  few -several-flowered: 

stamens  3 :  bristles  usually  6. 

9.  R.    capillacea,    Torr.      Leaves  bristle-form,'  spikes  3-6  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  and  commonly  1  or  2  on  a  remote  axillary  peduncle,  oblong-lanceolate 
(pale  chestnut-color,  3"  long) ;  achenium  oblong-ovoid,  stipitate,  very  obscurely 
wrinkled,  about  half  the  length  of  the  (6,  rarely  12)  stout  bristles,  and  twice  the 
length  of  the  lanceolate-beaked  tubercle.  —  Bogs  and  rocky  river-banks,  Penn. 
to  N.  Vermont,  New  York,  and  Michigan.  —  Culm  6' -9'  high,  slender. 

10.  R.  Kniesk&rnii,  Carey.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  short ;  spikes  numer- 
ous, crowded  in  4-6  distant  clusters,  oblong-ovate  (scarcely  1"  long);  achenium 
obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  equalling  the  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  trian- 
gular flattened  tubercle.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  on  bog  iron  ore  exclu- 
sively (Knieskern),  and  southward:  rare.  —  Culms  6'-  18'  high,  slender. 

11.  R.  glomerate,  Vahl.     Leaves  linear,  Jlat;   spikes  numerous  in  distant 
dusters  or  heads  (which  are  often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath),  ovoid-oblong ; 
achenium  obovate,  margined,  narrowed  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  lance-awl- 
shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  (always)  downwardly  barbed  bristles. 
—  Low  grounds :  common,  especially  eastward.  —  Culm  1°  -  3°  high.  —  A  state 
with  small  panicled  clusters  is  R.  paniculata,  Gray. 

12.  R.  cephalantha,    Torr.      Leaves  narrowly  linear,  Jlat,  keeled;  spikes 
very  numerous,  crowded  in  2  or  3  or  more  dense  globular  heads  which  are  distant 
(and  often  in  pairs),  oblong-lanceolate,  dark  brown;  achenium  orbicular-obovate, 
margined,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  awl-shaped  beak,  half  the 
length  of  the  stout  bristles,  which  are  barbed  downwards  and  sometimes  also  up- 
wards. -»—  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm 
stout,  2°  -  3°  high :  the  fruit  larger  than  in  the  last,  of  which  it  may  be  only 
a  marked  variety. 

§  3.  CERATOSCHCENUS,  Nees.  Spikes  spindle-shaped  or  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, in  fruit  Jlattish,  large,  cymose-panicled,  producing  only  one  perfect  and  1  to  4 
staminate  flowers ;  their  scales  few,  the  lower  mostly  empty :  stamens  3  :  bristles  of 
the  perianth  rigid,  either  short  or  slender,  minutely  scabrous  upward :  style  simple 
or  barely  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  flliform  and  gradually  thickened  downwards,  in 
fruit  almost  all  of  it  persistent  as  a  very  long,  exserted,  slender-awl-shaped, 
upwardly  roughened  beak,  several  times  longer  than  the  smooth  and  flat  obovate 
achenium:  coarse  perennials:  spikes  in  flower  4",  in  fruit  including  the  pro- 


570  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

jecting  beak  or  style  about  V  long.     (This  long  beak  gives  the  name,  from 
Kepay,  a  horn,  and  axolvos,  a  rush.) 

13.  R.  COrniculata,  Gray.     (HORNED  RUSH.)     Cymes  decompound,  dif- 
fuse; bristles  awl-shaped,  stout,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  achenium.  —  Wet  places, 
Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Culm  3° -6°  high.     Leaves  about  6"  wide. 

14.  R.  macrostachya,  Torr.     Cytnes  decompound,  or  in  the  northern 
form  somewhat  simple  and  smaller,  and  the  spikes  usually  more  clustered ;  bristles 
capillary,  twice  the  length  of  the  achenium.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward :  rare.  —  Perhaps  it  runs  into  the 
preceding. 

13,  CLADIUM,  P.  Browne.  TWIG-RUSH.  (Plate  5.) 
Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales ;  the.  lower  ones 
empty,  one  or  two  above  bearing  a  staminate  or  imperfect  flower  ;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2 -3-cleft,  decid- 
uous. Achenium  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  tubercle,  in  which  it  differs  from  Rhynchospora.  (Name  from 
KXaSoy,  a  twig  or  branch,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  twice  branching  styles  of 
some  species.) 

1.  C.  mariscoides,  Torr.  Perennial;  culm  obscurely  triangular 
(l°-2°  high);  leaves  narrow,  channelled,  scarcely  rough-margined;  cymes 
small;  the  spikes  clustered  in  heads  3-8  together  on  2  to  4  peduncles;  style 
once  3-cleft.  — Bogs,  New  England  to  Delaware,  Illinois,  and  northward.  July. 

14.    SCLERIA,  L.        NUT-RUSH.     (PL  5.) 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  spikes  1 -flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikes.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lower 
ones  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium  globular,  stony,  hony, 
or  enamel-like  in  texture.  Bristles,  &c.  none.  Perennials,  with  triangular 
leafy  culms,  mostly  from  creeping  rootstocks :  flowering  in  summer :  all  in  low 
ground  or  swamps.  (Name  o-itAijpia,  hardness,  from  the  indurated  fruit.) 

1.  S.  triglomerata,   Michx.      Culm   (2° -3°  high)   and  broadly  linear 
leaves  roughish  ;  fascicles  of  spikes  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  in  triple  clusters, 
the  lowermost  peduncled  ;  stamens  3  ;  achenium  smooth  and  polished,  on  an  obscure 
crustaceous  ring  or  disk.  —  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward. 

2.  S.   reticularis,  Michx.      Culms  slender  (1°  high);   leaves   narrowly 
linear ;  clusters  loose,  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile  or  the  lower  on  short  slen- 
der peduncles  ;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  globular,  regularly  pitted-reticulated,  not  hairy, 
resting  on  a  double  disk,  each  of  three  greenish  appressed  superposed  calyx-like 
lobes,  the  inner  larger.  —  Eastern   Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward: 
rare  northward. 

3.  S.  laxa,  Torr.     Culms  slender  and  weak  (l°-2°  high)  ;  leaves  linear; 
clusters  loose,  the  lower  mostly  long-peduncled  and  drooping ;  achenium  globular, 
irregularly  pitted-reticulated  or  pitted-rugose,  towards  the  base  minutely  hairy  on  the 
somewhat  spiral  wrinkles  :  otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing.  —  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward. 


CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  571 

4.  S.  pauci.fl.6ra,  Muhl.     Somewhat  downy  or  smoothish  ;  culms  slender 
(9'- 18' high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  clusters  few-flowered,  the  lower  lateral 
ones  when  present  peduncled ;  bracts  ciliate  ;  stamens  3  ;  acheniitm  ylobose,  papil- 
lose-roughened, white ;  the  disk  a  narrow  ring  bearing  3  pairs  of  minute  tubercles. 
—  S.  New  England  to  W.  New  York  (rare),  and  more  common  southward. 

5.  S.  verticillata,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  simple,  slender  (4' -12'  high), 
terminated  by  an  interrupted  spike  of  4-6    rather  distant  sessile  and  small 
clusters  ;  bracts  minute  ;  leaves  linear ;  stamens  1  or  2  ;  achenium  rough-wrinkled 
with  short  elevated  ridges,  globular-triangular ;    the   disk  obsolete.  —  W.    New 
York  and  Penn.  to  Michigan   and  southward :   rare.  —  Plant  faintly  sweet- 
scented  ;  achenium  small,  f  "  long. 

15.  CAREX,  L.        SEDGE.     (PL  5,  6.) 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  separated  (monoecious),  either  borne  together 
in  the  same  spike  (androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  stem,  very 
rarely  on  distinct  plants  (dioecious).  Scales  of  the  spikes  equally  imbricated 
around  the  axis,  each  subtending  a  single  staminate  or  pistillate  flower.  Sta- 
mens 3,  rarely  2.  Ovary  enclosed  in  an  inflated  sac  (composed  of  either  one  or 
two  inner  scales  (bractlets)  united  by  their  margins),  forming  a  rounded  or  an- 
gular bladdery  sac  (perigynium),  which  encloses  the  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or 
triangular  achenium,  tipped  with  more  or  less  of  the  persistent  (rarely  jointed) 
base  of  the  style.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  long,  projecting  from  the  narrow  orifice  of 
the  perigynium. — Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  flowing  in  spring  and  maturing  in 
summer,  frequently  growing  in  wet  places,  often  in  dense  tufts.  Culms  trian- 
gular, bearing  the  spikes  in  the  axils  of  green  and  leaf-like  or  scale-like  hmcts, 
and  terminal ;  commonly  with  sheaths  at  the  base  which  enclose  more  or  less  of 
the  stalks  of  the  spikes.  Leaves  grassy,  usually  rough  on  the  margins  and  keel. 
(A  classical  name,  of  obscure  signification  ;  derived  by  some  from  cawo,  to 
want,  the  upper  spikes  being  mostly  sterile  ;  and  by  others  from  Keipa>,  to  cut,  on 
account  of  the  sharp  leaves.) 

Contributed  for  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  and  revised  for  the  second,  by 
JOHN  CAREY,  Esq. ;  with  some  present  additions,  from  recent  discoveries,  and 
a  few  alterations,  chiefly  from  the  subsequent  investigations  of  the  late  DR. 
FRANCIS  BOOTT,  published  in  his  magnificent  Illustrations  of  the  genus  Carex, 
and  from  notes  furnished  by  WM.  BOOTT,  ESQ. 

ABRIDGED   SYNOPSIS   OF   THE   SECTIONS. 

A*  Spike  solitary  and  terminal,  simple,  dioecious  or  androgynous  :  bracts  small,  colored  and 
scale-like.  — (This  division,  retained  for  the  convenience  of  students,  is  merely  artificial, 
and  combines  species  having  no  real  natural  affinity.)    PSYLLOPHORJ3,  Loiseleur. 
§  1.  Spike  dioecious,  or  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  its  base.     No.  1-2. 
2.  Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit.    No.  3-6. 

Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  base.    No.  36  and  138  may  be  sought  here. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  single,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit :  bracts  and  scales  of  the  fer- 

tile flowers  green  and  leaf-like.     Stigmas  3.     PHYLLOSTACHY3,  Torr.  &  Gr.    No.  Y  -9. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  No.  11  and  33),  sessile, 

forming  compact  or  more  or  less  interrupted,  sometimes  paniculate,  compound  or  decom- 
pound spikes.     Stigmas  2.    VIGNEA,  Beauv. 


572  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Spikes  approximate,  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situated.    No.  10-12. 

2.  Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit.    No.  13-28. 

3.  Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  the  base.    No.  29-45. 

D.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less  stalked)  simple 
spikes  on  the  same  culm  ;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes  constantly  upper- 
most, having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  at  base  or  apex  ;  the  lower  spikes 
all  pistillate  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  base  or  apex.  Stigmas 
3  (or  only  2  in  No.  46,  53,  65,  150,  &c.).  CAREX  proper. 

*  Perigynia  with  merely  a  minute  or  short  point,  scarcely  ever  prolonged  into  a  beak. 

§  1.  Perigyuia  not  inflated  (slightly  so  in  No.  55,  58),  smooth,  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a 
minute  straight  point,  glaucous-green,  becoming  whitish,  or  more  or  less  spotted  or 
tinged  with  purple.  Scales  blackish-purple  or  brown..  Staminate  spikes  1-3,  or  the  ter- 
minal spike  androgynous  and  staminate  at  the  base,  the  rest  all  fertile.  No.  46-64. 

2.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  obtuse  and  pointless,  or  with  a  straight  or 
oblique  point.    Scales  brown,  becoming  tawny  or  white.    Staminate  spike  solitary  (ex- 
cept sometimes  in  No.  71)  or  androgynous  and  pistillate  above,  the  rest  all  fertile.    No. 
65-81. 

3.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  (in  No.  83  smooth  at  maturity),  nerved,  with  a  minute 
straight  point.    Terminal  spike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  apex,  the  rest  all  fertile. 
No.  82.  83. 

4.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth,  regularly  striate,  with  a  short,  entire,  obliquoly  bent  or 
recurved  point,  remaining  green  at  maturity.    Staminate  spike   solitary.    Bracts  green 
and  leaf-like  (except  in  No.  84).    No.  84  -  91. 

5.  Perigynia   not  inflated,  smooth  or  downy,  not  striate,  with  a  minute,  obliquely  bent, 
white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown  or  olive-colored  at  maturity.    Terminal 
spike  all  staminate  or  with  2-3  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  ;  the  rest  all  fertile,  or  with  a 
few  sterile  flowers  at  the  apex.    Bracts  reduced  -to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short  green 
prolongation.     No.  92,  93. 

*  *  Perigynia  with  a  distinct  beak,  either  short  and  abrupt,  or  more  or  less  prolonged. 

6.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  hairy,  with  a  rather  abrupt  beak,  terminating  in  a  membrana- 
ceous notched  or  2-toothed  orifice.    Bracts  short :  culms  mostly  low  and  slender  ;  leaves 
all  radical,  long  and  narrow.    Staminate  spike  solitary.     No.  94-101. 

7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  or  smooth,  with  a  short  beak  terminating  in  an  entire 
or  slightly  notched  orifice.    Bracts  long  and  leaf-like:  culms  tall  and 'leafy.     Staminate 
spike  solitary  (in  No.  102  pistillate  at  the  summit) :  fertile  spikes  erect  (except  in  No. 
102).     No.  102,  103. 

8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a 
straight  tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  small  membranaceous  teeth.    Staminate  spike 
solitary  (often  androgynous  in  No.  107)  :    fertile  spikes  all  on  slender  and  pedulous 
stalks.    No.  104-110. 

9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  with  a  tapering  somewhat  serrulate  beak, 
terminating  in  2  distinct  membranaceous  teeth  ;  becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity. 
Staminate  spike  solitary.     No.  111-115. 

10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  rough  or  pubescent,  rarely  smooth,  with  an  abrupt  straight 
beak.    Staminate  spikes  usually  two  or  more.    No.  116-119. 

11.  Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  smooth  or  pubescent,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with 
a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  teeth.    Staminate  spikes 
1-5.    No.  120-127. 

12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with  a  long  tapering  2- 
toothed  beak.    Staminate  spike  solitary.     No.  128-136. 

13.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obovoid  or  obconic,  smooth,  few-nerved,  with  an  extremely  ab- 
rupt, very  long,  2-toothed  beak,  tawny  or  straw-colored  at  maturity,  horizontally  spread- 
ing or  deflexed.    Terminal  spike  staminate,  or  androgynous  and  fertile  at  the  apex. 
No.  137-138. 

14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  shining  and  straw-colored  at  maturity,  with  a  taper- 
ing and  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed  beak.    Staminate  spikes  2-5.    No.  139  - 151. 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  573 

A.     Spike  solitary,  simple  ;  its  scales  or  bracts  small  and  scarious  or  colored  (never 
green  or  foliaceous) .     PSYLLOPHORA,  Loiseleur. 
§  1.     Spike  dioecious,  or  the  fertile  merely  with  a  few  staminate  floviers  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  gyndcrates,   Wormskiold.      Culm  and  bristle-form  radical  leaves 
smooth,  or  minutely  rough  at  the  top ;  sterile  spike  linear ;  fertile  spike  ovoid, 
loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  oblong,  short-beaked,  with  a  white  membranaceous 
obtusely  2-toothed  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nerved  throughout,  smooth, 
spreading  horizontally  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  acute  or  acutish  scale ;  stig- 
mas 2. —  Swamps,  Wayne  and  Genesee  Co.,  New  York  (Sartwell,  &c.),  Michi- 
gan, and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  scirpoidea,  Michx.     Leaves  flat;  spike  narrowly  cylindrical ;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  with  a  minute  point,  densely  hairy,  dark  purple  at  maturity,  about 
the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate  scale  ;  stigmas  3.     ( C.  Wormskioldiana,  Hornem. 
C.  Michauxii,  Schw.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire,    Willoughby   Mountain,   Vermont  ( Wood),  Drummond's  Island, 
Michigan,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit. 
*  Stigmas  2  :  leaves  bristle-form. 

3.  C.  capitata,  L.     Spike  small,  roundish-ovoid ;  perigynia  broadly  ellip- 
tical with  a  notched  membranaceous  point,  compressed,  smooth,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  rather  obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  Robbins,  Oakes.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm. 

4.  C.  paucifldra,  Lightfoot.     Spike  few-flowered ;  sterile  flowers  1  or  2  ; 
perigynia  awl-shaped,  reflexed;  scales  deciduous.     (C.  leucoglochin,  Ehrh.)  — 
Peat-bogs,  from  New  England  and  W.  New  York  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  C.  polytrich.oides,    Muhl.      Culm  capillary  ;  spike  very  small,  few- 
flowered;    perigynia  erect,   alternate,   oblong,   compressed-triangular,   obtuse, 
slightly  nerved,  entire  at  the  apex,  green,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  scale. 
(C.   leptalea,   Wahl.      C.    microstachya,   Michx.) — Low  grounds  and   bogs: 
very  common. 

*  *  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  (about  1')  broad,  longer  than  the  naked  culm, 

6.  C.  Fraseriana,  Sims.     Pale  or  glaucous  and  glabrous ;  leaves  without 
a  midrib,  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  minutely  crisped  cartilaginous  margins 
(9'-  18'  long),  convolute  below  around  the  base  of  the  scape-like  culm:  spike 
oblong,  the  fertile  part  becoming  globular;  perigynia  ovoid,  inflated,  mucro- 
nately  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  point,  longer  than  the  scarious  oblong  obtuse 
scale ;  often  enclosing  a  short  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  achenium.  —  Rich 
woods,  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  ?  Virginia,  and  southward  :  rare,  and  a  most 
remarkable  plant. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit :  bracts  and 
scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  green,  leaf-like,  tapering  from  a  broad  base,  the  lowest 
much  longer  than  the  spike,  the  uppermost  equalling  the  slightly  inflated  peri- 
gynia :  style  jointed  at  the  base :  stigmas  3.  (Leaves  long  and  grassy,  much 
exceeding  the  short  almost  radical  culms.)  PHYLLOSTACHYS,  Torr.  &  Gr. 


574  CYPERACE^:.      (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

7.  C.  Willden6vii,  Schk.     Sterile  flowers  4  -  8,  closely  imbricated ;  peri- 
gynia 6-9,  somewhat  alternate,  oblong,  rough  on  the  angles  and  tapering  beak; 
achenium  oblong,  triangular,  finely  dotted ;  stigmas  downy.  —  Copses,  Mass,  to 
N.  Virginia  and  westward. 

8.  C.  Steud&Lii,  Kunth.     Ster He  flowers  10- 15,  rather  loosely  imbricated 
into  a  linear  (apparently  distinct)  spike;  perigynia  2-3,  roundish-obovoid,  smooth, 
with  a  long  and  abrupt  rough  beak  ;  achenium  roundish,  obscurely  triangular,  very 
minutely  dotted;  stigmas  downy.     (C.  Jamesii,  Schw.)  —  Woody  hillsides,  N. 
New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

9.  C.  Backii,  Boott.     Sterile  flowers  3,  inconspicuous,'  perigynia  2-4,  loose, 
globose-ovoid,  with  a  conical  beak,  smooth  throughout:  achenium  globose-pyriform, 
scarcely  dotted;  stigmas  smooth.  —  Rocky  hills,  W.  Massachusetts  (Mount  Tom, 
Prof.  Whitney),  and  N.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — 
Culms  generally  shorter,  and  the  leafy  scales  broader  and  more  conspicuous, 
than  in  the  last  two. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (rarely  dioecious),  sessile,  forming  a 
compact  or  more  or  less  interrupted  sometimes  paniculate-compound  inflores- 
cence :  stigmas  2  :  achenium  lenticular.  VIGN&A,  Beauv. 

§  1.  Spikes  approximated,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situated: 
perigynia  plano-convex,  nerved,  with  a  rough  slightly  toothed  beak :  bracts 
light  brown,  resembling  the  scales,  or  with  a  prolonged  point,  shorter  than 
the  (at  maturity)  brown  and  chaffy  spikes.  —  SICCAT^E. 

10.  C.  bromoides,  Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  some  of 
the  central  ones  wholly  fertile ;  perigynia  erect,  narrow-lanceolate  with  a  tapering 
point,  solid  and  spongy  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale ;  style  jointed 
at  the  base.  —  Swamps  :  common.  —  Slender,  occasionally  dioecious. 

11.  C.  Siccata,  Dew.     Spikes  4-8,  ellipsoid,  the  uppermost  and  commonly 
1-3  of  the  lowest  fertile  below,  the  intermediate  ones  frequently  all  staminate;  peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  with  a  long  rather  abrupt  beak,  about  the 
length  of  the  scale  ;  style  minutely  hairy.     ( C.  pallida,  C.  A.  Meyer. )  —  Sandy 
plains,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northwestward. 

12.  C.  disticha,  Huds.     Spikes  numerous,  short  and  ovoid,  the  upper  or  mid- 
dle ones  frequently  almost  all  staminate,  the  lower  principally  or  entirely  fertile ;  peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate,  the  margins  not  united  to  the  top,  leaving  a  deep  cleft 
on  the  outer  side ;  scale  ovate,  pointed,  nearly  the  length  of  the  perigynium. 
(C.  intermedia,  Good.     C.  Sartwellii,  Dew.,  and  former  editions.)  —  Seneca  Co., 
New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.    Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit. 

#  Perigynia  of  a  thick  and  corky  texture,  with  a  short  2-toothed  roughly  margined 
beak,  nerved  towards  the  base,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  polished  at  maturity  : 
spikes  decompound,  paniculate :  scales  light  brown,  with  white  membrana- 
ceous  margins ;  the  bracts  at  the  base  resembling  them,  and  with  a  short 
bristly  prolongation.  — PANICULATE. 

13.  C.   teretitlSCUla,   Good.      Spikes  with  short  appressed  branches, 
crowded  in  a  slender  spiked  panicle ;  perigynia  ovate,  unequally  biconvex,  short- 
stalked,  with  3-5  short  nerves  on  the  outer  side  near  the  broad  somewhat  heart-shaped 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  575 

base;  scale  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigyniura ;  achenium  obovoid-pyriform, 
obtusely  triangular.  ( C.  paniculata,  var.  teretiuscula,  Wahl. )  —  Swamps,  especially 
northward.  (Eu.) 

Var.  major,  Koch.  Spikes  more  panicled;  perigynia  rather  narrower. 
(C.  Ehrhartiana,  Hoppe.  C.  prairiea,  Dew.)  —  Bogs  and  low  grounds,  New 
England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

14.  C.  decomp6sita,  Muhl.    Panicle  large,  with  very  numerous  densely- 
crowded  spikes  on  the  rather  short  spreading  branches ;  periyynia  obovate,  un- 
equally biconvex,  sessile,  with  a  short  very  abrupt  beak,  conspicuously  nerved  on  each 
side,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.     (C.  paniculata,  var.  decom- 
posita,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois, 
and  southwestward. 

#  *  Perigynia  small,  compressed,  2-3-nerved,  membranaceous,  with  a  short 

2-toothed  rough  beak,  yellow  or  brown  at  maturity :  spikes  decompound,  with 
numerous  small  very  densely-Jlowered  heads :  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny, 
with  the  green  keel  prolonged  into  a  rough  point:  bracts  short  and  resem- 
bling them  at  the  base,  or  often  becoming  green  and  bristle-shaped,  and 
much  exceeding  the  culm.  —  MULTIFIX^ILS;. 

15.  C.  vulpinoidea,  Michx.     Spike  oblong  and  dense,  or  more  or  less 
interruptedf(l£'-2£'  long),  of  8-10  crowded  clusters;  perigynia  ovate  from  a 
broad  base,  with  a  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  diverging  at  maturity.     (C.  multi- 
flora,  Muhl.    C.  bractebsa  and  C.  polymdrpha,  Schw.     C.  microsperma,  Wahl.) 
—  Varies  with  the  perigynium  narrower,  and  the  beak  tapering  and  more 
strongly  serrulate.     (C.  setacea,  Dew,)  — Low  meadows  :  everywhere  common. 

#  #  #  Perigynia  on  short  stalks,  plano-convex,  without  a  margin,  membranaceous, 

with  a  thick  and  spongy  base  and  a  long  tapering  2-toothed  rough  beak,  dis- 
tinctly nerved  (only  obscurely  so  in  No.  19  and  20),  widely  spreading  and 
yellow  at  maturity :  spikes  dense,  more  or  less  aggregated,  sometimes  decom- 
pound: scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with  a  sharp  point:  bracts  bristle- 
shaped,  shorter  than  the  thick  and  triangular  culms.  —  VULPINE. 

16.  C.  crus-corvi,  Shuttleworth.      Spike  very  large,  decompound,  the 
lower  branches  long  and  distinct,  the  upper  shorter  and  aggregated ;  brads  o/len 
2-toothed  at  the  base ;  perigynia  attenuated  from  an  ovate  diluted  and  truncate  base  into 
a  very  long  slightly-winged  beak,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  tumid  at  the  base. 
(C.  sicaeformis,  Boott.      C.  Halei,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southwestward. — A  conspicuous,  very  large  species,  with  spikes  4' -9' long, 
often  somewhat  paniculate,  and  glaucous  leaves  6"  wide. 

17.  C.  stipata,  Muhl.     Spikes  10-15,  aggregated,  or  the  lower  mostly 
distinct  and  sometimes  compound ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  with  a  long  beak  tapering 
from  a  truncate  base,  many-nerved,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  slightly  tumid  at 
the  base.     (C.  vulpinoidea,  Torr.,  Cyp.,  not  of  Michx.) — Low  grounds:  com- 
mon. —  Culm  flaccid  :  spikes  pale. 

18.  C.   COnjtincta,   Boott.     Resembles  the  preceding;   but  the  spikes 
(6-12)  more  simple;  perigynia  ovate  from  a  subcordate  flat  (not  corky-tumid) 
base,  short-beaked,  fewer-nerved,  longer  and  broader  than  the  pointed  scale ; 
style  bulbous  at  the  base.     (C.  vulpma.  of  former  editions;  —  from  which  it 


576  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

differs  in  its  flaccid  culm,  transversely  wrinkled  sheaths,  orbicular  achenium, 
&c.)  —  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

19.  C.    alopecoidea,  Tuckerman.     Head  of  8-12  aggregated  spikes, 
oblong,  dense  ;  peri'gynia  compressed,  nerveless  or  very  ol>scurely  nerved,  ovate  from 
a  broad  truncate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale  ; 
achenium  pyriform;  base  of  the  style  not  tumid.     (C.  cephalophora,  var.  maxima, 
Dew.)  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  &c.  —  Resembles  the  last, 
but  smaller,  with  shorter  and  more  compact  spikes  ;  easily  distinguished  by  the 
nearly  nerveless  i>er'igynia,  and  the  different  achenium  and  style. 

20.  C.  muricata,  L.     Spikes  4-6,  ovoid,  approximate  but  distinct,  the 
lowermost  sometimes  a  little  remote  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved  towards  the  base,  rather  longer  than  the 
scale;  achenium  ovate;  base  of  the  style  not  tumid.  —  Fields,   Massachusetts 
(introduced?),  Ohio,  and  Kentucky:  rare.  —  Spikes  mostly  looser  than  in  the 
last,  the  perigynia  narrower,  with  a  longer  and  more  tapering  beak.     (En.) 

*  *  *  *  Perigynia  sessile,  plano-convex,  compressed,  more  or  less  margined,  mem- 
branaceous,  with  a  rather  short  and  rough  (or  wholly  smooth  in  No.  26) 
2-toothed  beak,  spreading  and  green  at  maturity  :  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes 
tawny  or  white  :  bracts  bristle-shaped,  commonly  shorter  than  the  culm.  — 


21.  C.  sparganioides,  Muhl.     Spikes  6-12,  avoid;  the  upper  ones  aggre- 
gated, the  lower  distinct  and  more  or  less  distant  ;  perigynia  broadly-ovate,  nerveless, 
rough  on  the  narrow  margin,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-pointed  scale  ; 
achenium  roundish-ovate  ;   style  short,  merely  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Var.  silxoR, 
Boott,  is  merely  a  reduced  form.     (C.  cephalophora,  var.  Torr.     C.  muricata, 
var.  cephaloidea,  Dew.     C.  cephaloidea,  Dew.  in  part.)  —  Low  rich  grounds.  — 
A  robust  species,  with  rather  wide  pale-green  leaves;  sometimes  with  1-2  short 
branches  of  a  few  spikes  each  at  the  base  of  the  compound  spike  (probably  C. 
divulsa,  Pursh,  not  of  Goodenough). 

22.  C.  cephaloidea,  Dew.  (in  part),  Boott.     Spikes  5  or  6,  contiguous; 
the  broadly  ovate  perigynia  wing-margined,  spongy  at  the  base,  shorter  beaked, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  cuspidate-tipped  scale  ;  style  bulbous  at  the  base.  — 
New  York?  Illinois  (Vasey).  —  Much  resembles  and  has  been  confounded  with 
the  small  form  of  the  foregoing. 

23.  C.  Cephal6phora,  Muhl.     Spikes  5-6,  small,  and  densely  aggregated 
in  a  short  ovoid  head  ;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  with  3-4  indistinct  nerves  on  the  outer 
side,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale  j  achenium  and  style 
as  in  the  last.     (C.  cephaloidea,  Dew.  (in  part.)  —  Var.  ANGUSTir6LiA,  Boott, 
is  a  narrow-leaved,  smaller  form.      (C.  Leavenworthii,  Dew.)  —  Woods  and 
fields  :  common. 

24.  C.  Mulllenb6rgii,  Schk.     Spikes  3-9,  closely  approximate,  forming 
an  oblong  head  ;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  with  a  very  short  beak,  prominently  many- 
nerved  on  both  sides,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale  ;  ache- 
nium orbicular,  with  a  very  short  bulbous  style.  —  Fields  :  rather  common,  especially 
southward.  —  Culms  12'  -1  8'  high,  and  with  the  leaves  pale  and  rigid:  com- 
monly with  a  bract  to  each  spike. 


CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  577 

Var.  endrvis,  Boott.  Scales  sometimes  pointless ;  perigynia  nearly  or  wholly 
nerveless ;  spikes  often  bractless.  —  Hudson  River,  New  York,  J.  L.  Russell.  — 
Distinguished  from  C.  cephaloidea  by  its  rigid  culm,  narrower  leaves,  and 
firmer  perigynium,  spongy  at  the  base. 

25.  C.  rbsea,  Schk.     Spikes  4-8,  the  2  uppermost  approximate,  the  others  all 
distinct,  and  the  lowest  often  remote  ;  perigynia  oblong  (about  8-10  in  each  spike), 
narrow  at  the  base,  widely  diverging  at  maturity,  twice,  as  long  as  the  broadly 
ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Var.  MINOR,  Boott,  has  the  4  -  6  spikes  smaller  and  more 
separated,  the  scales  less  obtuse  and  with  a  rough  mucronate  point ;  perigynia 
more  erect ;   leaves  narrower.  —  Var.  RADIATA,  Dew,  is  still  more  slender, 
almost  capillary,  and  has  only  3  or  4  remote  and  3-4-flowered  spikes.      (C. 
neglecta,  Tuckenn.)  —  Moist  woods  and  meadows:  common. 

26.  C.  retrofl6xa,  Muhl.  Spikes  3 - 6,  all  approximate,  the  1  -2  lowest  dis- 
tinct but  not  remote ;  perigynia  (about  5  -  7  in  each  spike)  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth  on  the  margin  and  beak,  not  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  pointed 
scale,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity.  (C.  rosea,  var.  retroflexa,  Torr., 
Gyp.)  —  Copses  and  moist  meadows  :  less  common  than  the  last,  from  which  it 
is  distinguished  by  the  smaller  approximate  spikes,  longer  and  sharper  scales, 
and  especially,  from  every  species  in  this  subsection,  by  the  smooth  perigynium. 

#  #  #  *  #  Perigynia  plano-convex,  without  a  beak,  of  a  thick  and  leathery  texture, 

prominently  nerved,  smooth  (except  on  the  angles),  with  a  minute  and  entire 
or  slightly  notched  white  membranaceous  point :  achenium  conformed  to  the  peri- 
gynium, crowned  with  the  short  thick  style :  bracts  like  the  scales  (brown), 
the  lowest  with  a  prolonged  point :  rootstock  creeping.  —  CHORDORHIZ^E. 

27.  C.  chordorhiza,  Ehrh.     Culms  branching  from  the  long  creeping  root- 
stock  (4' -9'  high),  smooth  and  naked  above,  clothed  at  the  base  with  short  ap- 
pressed  leaves  ;  spikes  in  an  ovoid  head;  perigynia  ovate,  a  little  longer  than  the 
scale.  —  Cold  bogs,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

28.  C.  tenella,  Schk.     Spikes  2-6,  very  small,  rather  remote,  or  the  upper 
approximate,  with  2  or  3,  rarely  4,  fertile  /lowers ;  perigynia  ovate,  twice  as  long 
as  the  scale.     (C.  loliacea,  Schk.  suppl,  not  of  L.     C.  disperma,  Dew.     C.  gra- 
cilis,  Ed.  1,  not  of  Ehrh.)  — Cold  swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward. — A  slender  species,  6'- 12'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves, 
growing  in  loose  tufts.     (Eu.) 

§  3.   Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  the  base. 

*  Spikes  roundish-ovoid,  rather  small,  more  or  less  distant  on  the  zigzag  axis  (closely 

aggregated  in  No.  30) :  perigynia  plano-convex,  smooth,  pale  green,  becoming 
whitish  or  silvery :  scales  white  and  membranaceous ;  the  bracts  resembling 
them,  or  prolonged  and  bristle-shaped.  —  CANESCENTES. 

•«-  Perigynia  mostly  somewhat  thickened  and  leathery,  distinctly  nerved,  and  with  a 
smooth  or  minutely  serrulate  short  point,  entire  or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex. 

29.  C.  trisp6rma,  Dew.     Spikes  2  -3,  very  small,  with  about  3  fertile  flow- 
ers, remote,  the  lowest  with  a  long  bract ;  perigynia  oblong,  with  numerous  slender 
nerves,  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  swamps  and  woods,  especially  on  moun- 
tains, New  England  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  northward.  —  Resembling  the  last, 
but  larger  spikes  and  fruit,  and  weak  spreading  culms,  l°-2°  long. 

37 


578  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

30.  C.  tenuiflbra,  Wahl.      Spikes  3,  few-flowered,  closely  approximated; 
perigynia  ovate-oblong,  about   the   length  of  the   broadly  ovate  scale.  —  Cold 
swamps,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

31.  C.  can&SCens,  L.  (in  part).      Pale  or  glaucous;   spikes  5-7   (about 
\2-2Q-Jlowered),  the  upper  approximated,  the  rest  distinct,  the  lowermost  remote; 
.perigynia  ovate,  equalling  the  pointed  scale.      (C.  curta,  Good.     C.  Richardi, 
Michx.)  —  Marshes  and  wet  meadows  .  common,  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  vitilis  is  a  more  slender  and  weak  form,  not  glaucous,  with  smaller 
and  roundish  6-15-flowered  spikes,  the  more  pointed  perigynia  spreading  (and 
often  tawny)  at  maturity:  perhaps  a  good  species.  (Var.  alpicola  and  var. 
sphaerostachya,  Ed.  1.  C.  tenella,  Ehrh.  C.  Persoonii,  Sieber.  C.  vitilis,  Fries. 
C.  Gebhardi,  Hoppe.  C.  sphserostachya  and  C.  Buckleyi,  Dew.)  —  On  moun- 
tains, and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

32.  C.  Norv^gica,  Schk.    Pale ;   stem  1°  or  less  high,  angled ;  spikes 
2-5,  rather  approximate,  oblong,  short-bracted,  with  a  few  staminate  flowers 
below  the  numerous  fertile  ones,  or  the  terminal  one  all  staminate ;  perigynia 
oval  or  oblong,  lenticular,  many-nerved,  with  a  short  entire  beak,  equalling  the 
obtuse  scale.  —  Salt  marsh,  Wells,  Maine,  Rev.  J.  Blake.     (Eu.) 

•i-  •»-  Perigynia  thin,  spongy-thickened  at  the  base,  scarcely  nerved,  ^-toothed. 

33.  C.  Deweyana,  Schw.    Spikes  about  4;  the  2  uppermost  approximate, 
the  others  distinct,  the  lowest  long-bracted  ;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
ing into  a  rough  serrate-margined  beak,  rather  longer  than  the  sharply  pointed 
or  awned  scale. : —  Copses,  New  England  and  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward. 

#  #  Spikes  ovoid  or  obovoid,  more  or  less  clustered;  perigynia  concave-convex,  com- 
pressed, margined  or  winged,  nerved,  with  a  rough  2-toothed  beak,  often 
tawny  at  maturity :  scales  tawny  or  white,  awnless  :  bracts  bristle-shaped, 
usually  falling  before  the  maturity  of  the  spikes. 
•«-  Spikes  small:  perigynia  usually  (but  not  always)  becoming  spongy -thickened  at  the 

base,  the  margins  rigid.  —  STELLTJLA.T^:. 
•«•  Spikes  completely  or  incompletely  dioecious. 

34.  C.  exilis,  Dew.     Spike  commonly  solitary  and  cylindrical,  dioecious  or 
androgynous  (staminate)  and  contracted  below,  often  with  1-6  small  additional 
fertile  spikes  contiguous  to  the  terminal  larger  one ;  perigynia  otate-lanceolate, 
plano-convex,  with  a  few  fine  nerves  only  on  the  convex  side,  spreading,  turning 
brownish,  longer  than  ovate  acute  or  obtuse  scale ;  leaves  involute-filiform.  — 
Swamps,  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast :   also  borders  of 
mountain  lakes,  Essex  County,  New  York. 

35.  C.  St^rilis,  Willd.     Spilces  4  -6,  all  staminate  and  rarely  all  pistillate 
on  some  plants,  many  androgynous,  especially  the  lower  spikes,  all  oblong  or  the 
fertile  roundish ;  perigynia  ovate  from  a  broad  somewhat  heart-shaped  sharply  mar- 
gined base,  flat,  diverging  or  the  lower  recurved,  very  acutely  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  about  equalling  the  acute  or  pointed  scale ;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  pale. 
(C.  stellulata,  var.  sterilis,  of  former  ed.)  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows:  com- 
mon, especially  northward. 


CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  579 

,  ++•*-«•  Spikes  androgynous. 

36.  C.  Stellulata,  L.     Spikes  3-5,  the  uppermost  much  contracted  at  the 
base  by  the  numerous  staminate  flowers;    perigynia  ovate  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  which  has  thickish  or  obtuse  margins,  the  apex  more  mi- 
nutely toothed ;  scales  rather  blunt  and  considerably  shorter ;  leaves  flatter  and 
pale :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last.  —  Lake  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  scirpoides.  Culms  slender  and  weak  (9'  -20') ;  leaves  very  narrow ; 
spikes  contiguous,  smaller ;  perigynia  with  a  rounded  or  truncate  base,  plano- 
convex, almost  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  scale.  (C.  scirpoides,  Schk.)  — 
Wet  places  :  common.  t 

Var.  angustata,  is  remarkable  for  the  narrow  lanceolate  perigynia  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  scale  and  oblong  achenium:  otherwise  as  in 
var.  scirpoides.  —  Fairfield,  New  York. 

•*-  -*-  Spikes  rather  large:  perigynia  thickened  and  spongy  on  the  angles,  with  a  more 
or  less  dilated  membranaceous  margin  or  wing.  —  OVALES. 

37.  C.  sychnoc6phala,  Carey.     Spikes  densely  clustered,  forming  a  short 
compound  spiked  head,  subtended  by  3  very  long  and  unequal  persistent  leafy  bracts  ; 
perigynia  tapering  from  an  abruptly  contracted  ovate  base  into  a  long  slender  beak, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  lanceolate  abruptly  mucronate  scale.     (C.  cyperoides, 
Dew.,  not  oFZ.) — Jefferson  County  (Vasey  &  Knieskern)  and  Little  Falls,  New 
York,  Vasey.  —  Different  in  habit  from  the  rest  of  this  section ;  recognized  at 
once  by  the  ovoid  compound  spike,  subtended  by  long  leafy  bracts,  by  which 
the  lower  spikes  are  partly  concealed. 

38.  C.  arida,  Schw.  &  Torr.     Spikes  8-10,  approximate  (£'  long),  oblong- 
cylindrical,  contracted  at  each  end;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate  (4-5  lines  in 
length),  tapering  into  a  long  beak  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-lanceolate 
scale;  achenium  sessile,  narrowly  oblong.     (C.  Muskingumensis,  Schw.)  —  Wet 
meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  —  In  characters  scarcely  distin- 
guished from  the  next,  but  strikingly  different  in  appearance ;  much  larger,  with 
long,  dry,  and  chaffy-looking  spikes. 

39.  C.  SCOparia,  Schk.     Spikes  5-8,  club-shaped,  at  length  ovate,  more  or 
less  approximate,  sometimes  forming  a  dense  head;  perigynia  elliptical-lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  long  slender  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  scale ;  achenium 
distinctly  stalked,  exactly  oval.  —  Low  meadows :  everywhere  common.  —  Spikes 
brownish  or  straw-colored  when  ripe.  —  Var.  M!NOR,  Boott.    Spikes  more  rusty, 
smaller,  contiguous ;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate.  —  Base  of  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire,  and  northward. 

40.  C.  lagopodioldes,  Schk.     Spikes  10-15  or  more,  approximate,  or 
the  lower  more  separated ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate- 
oblong  rather  pointed  scale ;  achenium  narrowly  oval,  on  a  short  stalk ;  leaves  very 
tapering  to  the  apex ;  their  sheaths  loose,  enlarging  upwards,  sharp-edged.  — 
Moist,  rather  shady  places :  common. 

41.  C.  cristata,  Schw.     Spikes  smaller,  8-12  closely  aggregated,  globular, 
greenish;  perigynia  oblong  or  ovate,  recurved  at  maturity;  scales  obtuse ;  otherwise 
as  in  the  last,  of  which  in  former  editions  it  was  taken  for  a  variety.  —  Wet  or 
moist  ground :  common. 


580  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

Var.  mirabilis,  Boott,  has  broadly  ovate  perigynia  with  a  shorter  beak, 
longer  than  the  acute  scale.  (C.  festucacea,  var.  mirabilis  of  former  edition^. 
C.  mirabilis,  Dew.) — Mass,  to  Ohio,  &c. 

42.  C.  adlista,  Boott  (not  of  former  ed.).     Spikes  4-10,  pale  or  brown, 
globular,  or  the  upper  club-shaped,  the  lower  remote  and  sometimes  compound ; 
perigynia  oval,  ovate,  or  roundish,  gradually  tapering  to  a  beak,  many-nerved,  with 
the  narrow  wing  wider  above  the  middle,  turgid  at  maturity,  equalling  the  scale 
in  length  and  breadth ;  achenium  large,  orbicular,  sessile.      ( C.  argyrantha, 
Tuckerm.,  is  a  very  delicate  form  of  this,  found  in  rocky  woods.)  — '•  Moist  copses, 
&c.,  from  Rhode  Island  (Olney)  and  New  Jersey  (Kneiskern),  northward  and 
westward :  rare. 

43.  C.  fCBnea,  Willd.     Spikes  3-8,  pale  or  silvery  green,  finally  straw-col- 
ored, mostly  approximate,  ovoid,  generally  acute,  the  uppermost  contracted  or 
club-shaped  at  the  sterile  base ;  perigynia  oval,  orbicular  or  obovate,  short-beaked, 
broadly  winged,  appressed,  transversely  wrinkled,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate 
or  lanceolate  white  scale ;  achenium  on  a  short  stalk,  oval.  —  Sandy  and  mostly 
salt  or  brackish  marshes,  &c.,  along  the  coast,  from  New  England  southward. 

Var.  ?  ferruginea,  referred  here  by  Dr.  Boott,  with  rusty-colored  acute 
spikes,  and  longer-beaked  perigynia,  generally  acutish  at  base  and  exceeding 
the  acute  or  mucronate  scale  (Ohio,  Sullivant),  connects  this  with  C.  straminea. 

Var.?  sabul6num,  also  referred  here  by  Dr.  Boott,  has  2 -10  drooping 
rather  remote  spikes,  more  or  less  obovate  or  club-shaped,  contracted  at  base, 
pale  green  turning  straw-color ;  perigynia  broadly  winged  at  base,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  pointed  scale :  it  is  C.  adiista  of  former  editions,  not  of  Boott  — 
Sands  of  the  sea-shore  from  Maine  southward.  —  Leaves  narrow,  often  involute. 

44.  C.  Straminea,  Schk.     Spikes  2-12,  pale  or  tawny,  varying  from  obo- 
vate-globular  to  club-shaped,  contiguous  or  rather  remote ;  perigynia  orbicular- 
ovate  of  oval,  often  heart-shaped  at  base,  very  flat,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
or  tapering  into  a  longer  beak,  winged,  much  wider  and  commonly  longer  than 
the  usually  acute  or  pointed  scale ;    achenium  nearly  sessile,  oval.  —  Open 
grounds  and  borders  of  woods  :  common,  and  very  variable.    The  following  are 
the  varieties  designated  by  Dr.  Boott.  —  Var.  TYPICA,  with  3-6  roundish  spikes ; 
perigynia  spreading,  broadly  winged,  rather  longer  and  much  broader  than  the 
scale.  —  Var.  TENERA,  more  slender  and  delicate,  with  3-6  smaller  oval  or  ob- 
ovate spikes,  more  tawny ;  perigynia  with  a  short  and  broad  beak,  rather  longer 
and  broader  than  the  scale.     (C.  tenera,  Dew.     C.  festucacea,  var.  tenera,  of 
former  cd.,  in  part.)  —  Var.  APERTA.     Spikes  4-8,  tawny,  tapering  at  base, 
drooping ;  perigynia  long-beaked,  thrice  the  length  of  the  very  sharp-pointed 
scale,  loosely  spreading  in  the  spike.  —  Var.  FESTUCACEA.     Spikes  5-8,  club- 
shaped,  tawny  or  greenish ;  perigynia  abruptly  short-beaked  and  mostly  nar- 
rowly winged,  longer  than  the  acute  or  mucronate  scale ;  plant  tall  and  rather 
rigid.     (C.  festucacea,  Schk.,  and  former  ed.)  —  Var.  HYAL^NA,  a  chiefly  West- 
ern form,  approaching  the  next  species,  with  larger  and  thick  pale  spikes,  usu- 
ally 6,  all  tapering  at  base ;  perigynia  greenish,  with  a  wide  spongy  wing,  and 
a  long  beak,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  brown  pointless  scale ;  rather  tall  and 
stout,  with  broad  leaves.     (C.  straminea,  var.  Crawei,  Boott;  but  probably  by 
some  mistake  said  to  be  collected  in  Michigan  by  the  late  Dr.  Crawe.     C.  hya- 


CYPERACE^E.        ( SEDGE    FAMILY.)  581 

lina,  Boott,  is  a  small  Texan  form  of  it.) — Var.  ME,\DII  (Illinois,  Dr.  Mead}, 
resembles  the  last,  but  has  rather  smaller  and  rounder  spikes,  thinner  wings  to 
the  perigynia,  and  long-tapering  or  rough  awn-pointed  scales. 

45.  C.  alata,  Torr.     Spikes  3-10,  pale,  turgid-ovoid,  contiguous,  mostly  large 
(6" -10"  long);  perigynia  dilated  orbicular  or  obovate,  broadly  winged,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  either  heart  shaped  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  longer  and  thrice 
broader  than  the  lanceolate  or  ovate  acute  or  rough  awn-pointed  scale ;  achenia 
stipitate.  —  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  All  these, 
from  No.  38  to  the  present,  run  together  variously. 

D.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less  stalked) 
simple  spikes  on  the  same  culm;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes  con- 
stantly uppermost,  having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  intermixed  ; 
the  lower  spikes  all  pistillate  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at 
their  base  or  apex  :  stigmas  3  :  achenium  sharply  triangular  (only  usually  2  stigmas 
and  the  achenium  lenticular  in  No.  46-56,  65,  149,  150).     CAREX  proper. 
§  1.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  or  scarcely  any,  smooth,  not  inflated  (slightly  in  No. 
55,  56),  terminating  in  a  minute,  straight,  entire  or  notched  point,  glaucous-green 
when  young,  becoming  whitish,  often  spotted  or  tinged  with  purple,  or 
occasionally  nearly  black  at  maturity :  pistillate  scales  blackish-purple  (barely 
brown  in  No.  55,  56,  64),  giving  a  dark  appearance  to  the  spikes. 
*  Sterile  spikes  1-3,  stalked,  often  with  more  or  less  fertile  flowers:  pistillate 
spikes  3  -  5,  frequently  with  sterile  flowers  at  the  apex :  bract  of  the  lowest  spike 
leaf-like,  mostly  with  dark-colored  expansions  (auricles)  at  the  base,  and 
very  minute  sheaths  or  none.     ( Culm  and  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous. ) 
•«-  Stigmas  2  (in  No.  46  and  47*  sometimes  3) :  perigynia  lenticular.  —  ActsTM. 
+•*  Alpine,  saxatile :  pistillate  scales  pointless :  leaves  flat. 
•tn-  Scales  awnless,  mostly  obtuse. 

46.  C.  rigida,  Good.    Sterile  spike  solitary ;  the  fertile  2-  4,  cylindrical,  erect, 
rather  loosely  flowered,  the  lower  on  short  peduncles ;   lowest  bract  about  the 
length  of  the  culm,  with  rounded  auricles ;  stigmas  2-3;  perigynia  elliptical,  with 
an  entire  scarcely  pointed  apex,  nerveless,  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  scale ;  culm 
rigid,  nearly  smooth  except  towards  the  top,  about  the  length  of  the  firm  erect 
leaves.     (C.  saxatilis,  Fl.  Dan.,  partly  of  L.)    (Eu.)  — Our  plant  is  the 

Var.?  Bigeldvii  (C.  Bigelovii,  Torr.  C.  Washingtbnia,  Dew.),  with  3-5 
longer  and  laxer  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest  long-stalked,  spreading,  and  sometimes 
remote ;  the  sterile  or  terminal  one  often  fertile  at  the  top ;  perigynia  more  or 
less  nerved :  perhaps  a  distinct  species.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of 
New  England,  New  York,  and  high  northward. 

*+  *+  Not  alpine,  paludose:  pistillate  scales  awnless,  single-nerved. 
a.   leaves  with  involute  margins  when  dry ;  their  sheaths  not  flbrillose. 

47.  C.  VUlgaris,  Fries.     Sterile  spike  1-3;  the  fertile  2-4,  approximated, 
oblong,  erect,  densely-flowered,  occasionally  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lowest  on 
a  very  short  stalk ;   lowest  bract  barely  the  length  of  the  culm,  with  small 
blackish  rounded  auricles;  'perigynia  ovate-elliptical,  stalked,  nerved  especially  to- 
wards the  base,  with  a  veiy  short  abrupt  entire  or  minutely  notched  point, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  oppressed  black  scale;  culm  slender,  sharply  triangular, 


582  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILT.) 

nearly  smooth,  except  at  the  top.  (C.  acuta,  var.  vulgaris,  L.  C.  caespitbsa, 
of  authors. )  —  Wet  banks,  &c.  New  England  to  "Wisconsin  and  northward.  — 
Grows  in  small  patches  (not  in  dense  tufts  like  No.  50),  and  varies  in  height 
from  3'  to  18',  with  narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.  (Eu.)  The  follow- 
ing may  be  appended. 

47*.  C.  limula,  Fries  ?  Fertile  spikes  less  approximate  or  rather  remote ;' 
their  bracts  surpassing  the  culm  (at  least  the  lowest)  and  with  rougher  margins ; 
leaves  longer  and  more  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  rougher  culm ;  perigynia 
nerveless ;  stigmas  often  3  :  otherwise  like  C.  vulgaris.  —  E.  New  England,  near 
Boston,  W.  Boott,  who  rather  doubtfully  identifies  it  with  the  Lapland  plant. 
The  specimens  in  Herb.  Suec.  Norm,  differ  in  their  flat  leaves,  and  narrower, 
longer,  and  even  pointed  scales.  (Eu.) 

48.  C.  aquatilis,  Wahl.     Sterile  spikes  commonly  2 -3;  the  fertile  3-5, 
cylindrical,  inclining  to  club-shaped,  erect,  densely-flowered,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on 
very  short  stalks ;  bracts  long,  1-2  lowest  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  obovate- 
elliptical,  stalked,  nerveless,  with  a  very  short  entire  point  about  the  length  of  the 
lanceolate  scale  ;  culm  smooth,  not  much  exceeding  the  pale-green  glaucous 
leaves.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  rivers,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward.—  Eobust,  2° -3°  high ;  the  thick  fertile  spikes  l'-3'  long.     (Eu.) 

b.  Leaves  with  more  or  less  revolute  margins  when  dry  ;  sheaths  at  length  flbrillose, 
i.  e.  when  old  splitting  up  or  resolved  more  or  less  into  slender  parallel  or  loosely 
reticulated  fibres. 

49.  C.  t6rta,  Boott     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  commonly  I,  fertile  3-4,  elongated, 
narrowly-cylindrical  or  slightly  club-shaped,  loosely  few-flowered  at  the  base,  occasion- 
ally more  or  less  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  smooth  slender  stalks, 
spreading  or  drooping ;  bracts  with  oblong  auricles,  or  very  slightly  sheathing,  the 
lowest  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  the  rest  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than  their 
respective  spikes;  perigynia  elliptical,  short-stalked,  tapering  to  a  distinct  point, 
with  a  minutely  notched  or  jagged  membranaceous  orifice,  very  smooth,  nerve- 
less, the  empty  tips  spreading  or  obliquely  recurved  at  maturity,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  narrow  obtuse  scale;  achenium  broadly  obovate,  much  shorter  than  the 
perigynium ;  culm  very  smooth,  leaves  short,  slightly  rough  on  the  margin  only. 
(C.  acuta,  var.  sparsiflora,  Dew.  ?)  —  Kills  and  wet  banks,  N.  New  England,  New 
York,  &c.,  and  along  the  mountains  from  Penn.  southward.  —  Well  marked  by 
its  smooth  flaccid  culm  (12' -18'  high),  soft  and  short  grassy  leaves,  and  the 
tortuous  empty  apex  of  the  perigynium. 

50.  C.  ap6rta,  Boott.     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  oblong-cylindrical,  acute ;  fer- 
tile 2-4,  oblong,  erect,  the  uppermost  approximate  and  sessile  ;  the  lower  distant  and 
short- stalked,  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  often  entirely  fertile ;  lowest  bract  about 
the  length  of  the  culm,  with  oblong  brown  auricles,  or  very  slightly  sheathing, 
the  upper  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than  the  spikes ;  perigynia  roundish-ovate,  stalked, 
without  nerves,  covered  with  very  minute  transparent  dots,  and  sometimes  very 
slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  with  an  abrupt  very  short  notched  orifice,  broader  and 
much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  brown  scale ;  culm  sharply  triangular,  smooth 
below,  exceeding  the  rough  sharp-pointed  leaves.  —  Wet  meadows,  Rhode  Island 
and  Mass,  to  Illinois  and  far  westward.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high,  with  commonly 


CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  583 

2  fertile  spikes  9"- 18"  in  length,  appearing  somewhat  bristly  from  the  long  and 
spreading  scale.  Differs  from  the  next  chiefly  in  the  rounder  perigynium  and 
nearly  smooth  culm,  and  should  perhaps  be  referred  to  it. 

51.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  (not  of  Good.)     Sterile  spikes  1-3;  the  fertile  2  -  4, 
cylindrical,  slender,  usually  barren  at  the  summit,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  short 
stalk ;  lower  bract  with  rounded  or  oblong  brown  auricles,  seldom  exceeding 
the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate-acuminate  or  elliptical,  nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  few- 
nerved,  often  minutely  rough  on  the  short,  entire,  or  slightly  notched  point,  usually 
shorter  and  broader  than  the  narrow  reddish-brown  scale ;  culm  slender,  sharply 
triangular,  rough,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  rigid  rough  and  glaucous  leaves ; 
their  older  sheaths  with  conspicuous  reticulated  fibres.     ( C.  aciita,  Muhl.,  &c., 
not  of  L.      C.  Virginiana,  Smith  in  Rees,  Cycl.      C.  acuta,  var.  erecta,  Dew. 
C.  angustata,  Boott.)  —  Var.  STR^CTIOR  has  shorter  and  more  densely  flowered 
fertile  spikes,  and  perigynia  equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  scale.     (C. 
strictior,  Dew.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps  :  very  common.  —  Grows  in  large 
and  very  compact  tufts  :  culms  2°  -  2^°  high.     Scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  very 
variable  ;  the  lower  commonly  acute,  the  upper  narrower  and  obtuse.    (C.  xero- 
carpa,  S.  H.  Wright,  in  Dew.  Cat.,  seems  to  be  a  mere  state  of  C.  stricta.) 

52.  C.  lenticular  is,  Michx.     Sterile  spike  single  and  mostly  fertile  at  the 
top ;  the  fertile  2-5,  erect,  cylindrical  (6"-12"long),  sessile,  or  the  lower  short- 
peduncled,  densely-flowered;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  perigynia  ovate-oval, 
sessile,  more  or  less  nerved,  abruptly  short-pointed,  the  point  entire,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  and  very  obtuse  scale ;  culm  (6'  -20'  high)  and  leaves  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  pale.  —  Wet  gravelly  banks  and  shores,  N.  Maine  (.7.  Blake^  C. 
E.  Smith),  N.  New  York   (Torrey,  Knieskern,  J.  A.  Paine),  Upper  Michigan 
(Prof.  Porter,  frc.),  and  northward. 

.M.  ++  •»-*.  Paludose  or  maritime :  pistillate  scales  awned  or  pointed  from  the  broad  and 
strong  more  or  less  triple-nerved  centre  or  midrib. 

53.  C.  salina,  Wahl.     Sterile  spikes  2  -  3 ;  the  fertile  2-4,  cylindrical,  erect, 
often  sterile  at  the  apex,  on  more  or  less  included  stalks ;  bracts  long,  with 
rounded  auricles,  the  two  lowest  commonly  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate- 
elliptical,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  nerveless,  rather  shorter  than  the  roughly-awned 
dark-brown  scale;  culm  (l°-2°high)  rough  at  the  top,  rather  exceeding  the 
leaves.  —  Salt  marshes,  Massachusetts  ( Greene,  W.  Boott),  Maine  ( G.  L.  Good- 
ale),  and  far  northward.     (Eu.) 

54.  C.  maritima,  Vahl.     Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  each  2-4  (the  latter 
rarely  5  or  6)  (l'-2'  long),  spreading  or  drooping  on  slender  peduncles ;  perigynia 
nearly  orbicular,  with  a  short  entire  point,  much  shorter  than  the  long-awned  green- 
ish scale;  culm  (l°-2°  high)   and  the  broad  fiat  leaves  smooth.     (C.  paleacea, 
Wahl. )  —  Salt  marshes,  Cambridge  and  Medford,  Mass.   ( Greene,  W.  Boott), 
Wells,  Maine,  («/.  Blake)  and  northward:  rare.     (Eu.) 

55.  C.  crinita,  Lam.      Sterile  spikes  1-2,  often  with  fertile  fiowers  vari- 
ously intermixed;  the  fertile  3-5,  long-cylindrical  (2' -3'  long),  densely  flowered, 
often  staminate  at  the  apex,  on  exserted  nodding  stalks ;  bracts  very  long,  exceed- 
ing the  culm ;  perigynia  roundish-obovate,  slightly  inflated,  obscurely  nerved,  with 
a  short  entire  point,  shorter  than  the  oblong  mostly  notched  roughly-serrate  awned 


584  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

light-brown  scale;  cmm  (2° -4°  high)  rough  and  sharply  angled  above,  leafy  below ; 
the  pale  leaves  (3" -4"  wide),  rough  on  the  edges,  their  surface  and  the  shtaths 
smooth.  —  Varies  in  size  (but  usually  tall) ;  and  with  the  lower  fertile  scales  often 
very  long-awned,  the  fruit  imperfect  and  deformed  (var.  MORBIDA,  Carey  in 
Sill.  Jour.  C.  paleacea  of  authors).  —  Wet  grounds  by  streams  :  common. 

56.  C.  gynandra,  Schw.,  Boott.     Sheaths  rough  with  minute  hairiness; 
fertile  spikes  rather  thicker  and  looser,  and  oftener  staminate  at  the  apex ;  peri- 
gynia more  ovate  or  oblong  and  elliptical ;  the  scales  longer  and  less  spreading 
but  mostly  shorter-awned :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding,  —  to  which  it  is  very 
nearly  related. — In  similar  situations,  but  less  common,  from  New  England  to 
Penn.  and  Michigan. 

•*-  •«-  Stigmas  3 :  perigynium  obtusely  triangular,  indistinctly  few-nerved,  more 
or  less  compressed :  pistillate  spikes  on  filiform  drooping  stalks.  —  LiM6s^E. 

57.  C.  Barrattii,  Schw.  &  Torr.    Sterile  spike  mostly  single,  sometimes  2  or 
even  3,  dark  purple ;  fertile  mostly  2  or  3,  cylindrical,  commonly  staminate  at  the  top ; 
lower  bract  usually  shorter  than  the  culm ;  sheaths  obsolete  or  minute ;  peri- 
gynia  oval  or  oval-lanceolate,  obliquely  divergent,  scarcely  notched  at  the  point, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  and  blunt  black-purple  scale;  culm  (l°-2°  high) 
sharply  triangular,  nearly  smooth,  longer  than  the  glaucous  flat  leaves ;  the  old 
sheaths  at  base  splitting  into  threads.     (C.  flacca,  of  former  ed.,  and  probably  a 
mere  geographical  variety  of  that  European  species.) — Marshes,  New  Jersey 
near  the  coast,  Collins,  Knieskern ;  and  Townsend,  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canby. 

58.  C.  limdsa,  L.      Staminate  spike  solitary ;  fertile  1  -2,  oblong,  10-20- 
flowered,  occasionally  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  apex ;  bracts  very  narrow,  the 
lowest  shorter  than  the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  about 
equal  to  the  ovate  mucronate  dull  or  purplish-brown  scale.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culm  6' -12' high,  erect, 
sharply  triangular,  longer  than  the  acute  and  rigid  keeled  leaves.     (Eu.) 

59.  C.  rariflbra,  Smith.     Resembles  the  last  (of  which  it  was  thought  to 
be  a  variety),  but  smaller,  4' -9'  high;  culm  obtuse-angled;  leaves  flatter  and 
rather  broader;  pistillate  spikes  with  only  5-10  less  crowded  flowers;   peri- 
gynia very  short-pointed  or  bluntish,  rather  shorter  than  and  involved  in  the 
broadly-ovate  black-purple  scale.  —  Mt.  Katahdin,  Maine  ( G.  L.  Goodale),  and 
northward.     (Eu.) 

60.  C.  irrigua,  Smith.     Staminate  spike  solitary ;  the  fertile  2-  4,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  occasionally  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowers  at  the 
base ;  lowest  bract  as  wide  as  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  culm ;  perigynia  roundish- 
ovate  or  obovate,  with  an  entire  orifice,  much  shorter  than  the  tapering  and  slender- 
pointed  dark  purple  scale.    (C.  Magellanica,  Lam.,  according  to  Boott.    C.  lirhbsa, 
var.  irrigua,  Wahl.    C.  paupe'rcula,  Michx. )  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Taller  than  No.  58,  growing  in  loose  clumps,  with 
weaker  and  nodding  stems,  often  exceeded  by  the  leaves.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Uppermost  spike  club-shaped,  pistillate  above  and  staminate  at  the  base;  the  rest 
all  fertile  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowers  below :  lowest  bract  leaf-like,  scarcely 
equalling  the  culm,  with  minute  light-brown  auricles  and  no  sheaths  :  culm 
and  leaves  of  a  pale  glaucous-green.  — 


CYPERACEJ2.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  585 

t~  Scales  of  the  spike  deep-colored,  purple  or  dark  brown. 

61.  C.  Buxbaiimii,  Wahl.     Spikes  3-4,obovoid  or  oblong,  the  uppermost 
short-stalked  (rarely  altogether  staminate),  the  others  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest 
somewhat  remote ;   perigynia  elliptical,  obtusely  triangular,  compressed,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  with  a  distinctly  notched  orifice,  scarcely  equalling  the  ovate 
sharp-pointed  or  short-awned  (brown-purple)  scale.    (C.  cane'scens,  L.,  in  part.) 
—  Peat-bogs:  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

62.  C.  atrata,  L.    Spikes  3-4,  oblong-ovoid,  approximate,  all  on  short  Jiliform 
stalks,  at  length  drooping ;  perigynia  ovoid,  with  a  short  notched  point,  about  the 
length  of  the  ovate  acute  or  dark  brown-purple  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire. — About  12' -15'  high,  with  rather  rigid 
leaves,  nearly  equalling  the  culm.    Fruit  at  first  pale  straw-color,  often  becom- 
ing dark  purple  or  nearly  black.     Stigmas  sometimes  2.     (Eu.) 

63.  C.  alpina,  Swartz.     Spikes  3-4,  small,  oval  or  globular,  crowded  into  a 
head  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  naked  culm,  nearly  sessile,  mostly  overtopped 
by  a  foliaceous  bract ;  perigynia  orbicular  or  obovate,  pointed  with  a  small,  short 
beak,  minutely  notched"  at  the  orifice,  roughish,  longer  than  the  ovate  bluntish 
black-purple  scale.     (C.  Vahlii,  Schk.)     Isle  Royale,  &c.,  Lake  Superior,  Prof. 
Whitney,  C.  G.  luring,  Jr.,  and  northward.  — Culms  in  ours  l°-2°  high,  the 
leaves  all  at  the  base :  spikes  2" -4"  long.     (Eu.) 

•«-  •«-  Scales  and  spikes  greenish  .turning  straw-color. 

64.  C.  Shortiana,  Dew.     Spikes  3-5,  cylindrical,  erect,  more  or  less  dis- 
tant (^'-Ig'  l°ng)>  and  the  lowest  rather  remote,  all  androgynous  and  densely 
flowered ;  the  terminal  one  about  half  staminate,  the  rest  with  only  a  few  barren 
flowers  at  the  base,  the  lower  on  short  stalks  ;  perigynia  broadly  obovate,  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  with  an  extremely  minute  entire  point,  little 
longer  than  the  short-pointed  somewhat  obovate  scale.  —  Marshes,  S.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  l°-3°  high  :  leaves  flat,  3"  wide. 

§  2.  Perigynia  without  a  beak  (except  in  No.  67,  &c.),  smooth,  slightly  inflated, 
bluntly  triangular,  nerved,  with  an  obtuse  and  pointless  orifice,  or  a  short  (and 
straight  or  oblique)  entire  or  notched  point :  bracts  leaf-like,  sheathing:  stami- 
nate spike  solitary  (except  sometimes  in  No.  71),  or  androgynous  and  pistillate 
above ;  the  rest  all  fertile. 

*  Staminate  spike  on  an  elevated  stalk  (rarely  short-stalked  or  sessile,  or  with  1-2 
small  ones  at  its  base) :  pistillate  spikes  1-6,  erect,  the  upper  on  very  short, 
the  lower  on  more  or  less  elongated  exserted  stalks  (short  and  included  in 
No.  73)  :  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (except  in  No.  65  and  72) :  perigynia 
with  an  entire  and  straight  or  obliquely  bent  point,  glaucous-green  when  young, 
becoming  cream-colored  or  yellow  at  maturity,  sometimes  spotted  with  purple ; 
pistillate  scales  dark-brown  with  white  margins,  fading  to  tawny.  (Leaves 
mostly  radical,  more  or  less  glaucous.)  — PANfcE^E. 

•«-  Stigmas  mostly  2  :  perigynium  wholly  pointless,  turgid-obovate. 

65.  C.  atirea,  Nutt.     Fertile  spikes  3-4,  oblong,  loosely  flowered,  the 
lowest  often  very  remote ;  perigynia  pear-shaped,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  scale ;  achenium  lenticular.     (C.  pyrifdrmis,  Schw.)  —  Wet  grassy  banks, 
especially  on  limestone,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A 


586  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

slender  delicate  species,  4'  -  8'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves,  and  bracts  exceed- 
ing the  culm.     Sterile  spike  often  with  some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex. 
-»-  -i-  Stigmas  3  :  perigynium  somewhat  pointed  and  3-sided. 
•w-  Staminate  spike  (or  the  cluster  in  No.  71)  long-stalked. 

66.  C.  livida,  Willd.     Fertile  spikes  1-2,  rarely  with  a  third  near  the  base 
of  the  culm,   10-  \5-flowered;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  with  faint  pellucid  nerves, 
tipped  with  a  straight  obtuse  point,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.     (C. 
limosa,  var.  livida,  Wahl.     C.  Grayana,  Dew.) — Peat-bogs  and  wet  pine  bar- 
rens, New  Jersey,  Oneida  Co.,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Rarely  with 
a  single  (sterile)  spike,  or  with  an  additional  fertile  one  on  an  erect  stalk  4' -9' 
long,  from  the  base  of  the  culm.     Plant  very  glaucous,  the  leaves  rigid  and 
finely  tapering.     (Eu.) 

67.  C.  vaginata,  Tausch.     Sterile  spike  with  its  stalk  commonly  bent  to  a 
right  angle  with  the  culm  at  flowering  time,  afterwards  erect ;  fertile  2  or  3, 
remote,  erect,  slender-ped uncled,  loosely  flowered ;  bracts  foliaceous,  short,  with 
dilated  sheaths ;  perigynia  short-ovate  when  mature  and  with  a  distinct  terete 
beak  or  beak-like  oblique  point,  emarginate  at  the  orifice,  exceeding  the  ovate  acute 
scale;  culm  slender  (l°-2°  long),  weak  and  reclining,  naked,  stoloniferous ;  the 
long-creeping  sterile  shoots  bearing  tufts  of  flat  green  leaves  (2" -3"  wide) 
almost  equalling  the  fertile  culms.     (C.  sparsiflbra,  Fries.     C.  phaostachya, 
Smith.)  —  Moist  banks,  Bergen  swamp,  Genesee  Co.,  New  York  (J.  A.  Paine), 
Lake  Superior  (Bobbins  and  Porter),  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

68.  C.  panicea,  L.    Sterile  spike  always  erect ;  fertile  1-3,  mostly  2,  erect, 
remote,  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  rather  loosely  flowered,  only  the  lower  slen- 
der-peduncled ;   sheaths  of  the  short  foliaceous  bracts  shorter  and  narrower; 
perigynia  turgid-ovate  at  maturity,  obscurely  nerved,  tipped  with  a  short  bent 
entire  point  (mostly  straw-colored),  longer  than  the  ovate  blunt  scale. — Moist 
grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canby)  :  rare.     (Eu.) 

69.  C.  Meadii,  Dew.     Differs  from  the  last  onty  in  the  denser  fertile  spikes, 
the  sterile  one  sometimes  longer ;  and  the  perigynia  more  triangular,  less  turgid, 
paler,  less  indistinctly  nerved,  the  scales  pointed ' ;  culms  more  rigid  and  rough- 
ish  :  the  more  slender  forms  closely  approach  the  next.     (C.  panicea,  chiefly  of 
former  ed.)  — Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

70.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.     Fertile  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  oblong-cylindrical, 
loosely  flowered,  especially  at  the  tapering  base,  remote ;  perigynia  when  young 
pointed  at  each  end,  at  maturity  obovoid,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  slightly  bent  point, 
longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  and  often  abruptly  mucronate  or  awn-pointed  scale. 
(C.  conoidea,  Gray,  Gram.  Sf  Cyp.,  not  of  Schk.     C.  Woodii,  Dew.)  —  Margins 
of  lakes  and  rivers,  W.  Mass,  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  southward. 

71.  C.  Crawei,  Dew.     Sterile  spikes  often  1  or  2  small  ones  at  the  base 
of  the  terminal,  which  is  occasionally  fertile  at  the  apex  ;  fertile  spikes  3-6,  re- 
mote, and  the  lowest  near  the  root,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  and  some- 
times slightly  compound  at  the  base ;  their  short  peduncles  included,  or  the 
lowest  exserted  ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  obscurely  nerved,  with  a  very  small  straight 
or  slightly  recurved  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  or  acute  or  short-pointed 
scale.      (C.  heterostachya,  Torr.)  —  Wet  places,  S.  Herkimer  and  Jefferson 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  587 

Counties,  New  York,  to  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  northwestward.  —  Variable, 
4' -12' high;  the  taller  forms  resembling  the  next ;  but  the  perigynium  is  less 
round  and  with  fewer  and  more  indistinct  nerves,  the  bracts  do  not  exceed  the 
culm,  and  the  staminate  spike  is  long-peduncled. 

++  **  Staminate  spike  nearly  sessile :  periyynium  turgid,  many-nerved,  greenish. 

72.  C.  granularis,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  mostly  shorter  than  the  approx- 
imate uppermost  of  the  3  or  4  fertile ;  these  cylindrical,  dense,  the  lowest  remote  and 
slender  peditncled,  sometimes  from  near  the  root ;  perigynia  globular-ovoid,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  often  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  pointed  scale ; 
plant  pale,  glabrous;  bracts  long,  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Wet  meadows  :  common. 

73.  C.  T6rreyi,  Tuckerman.     Sterile  spike  overtopping  the  2  or  3  ovoid 
contiguous  nearly  sessile  fertile  spikes ;  perigynia  obovate,  strongly  nerved,  the  very 
obtuse  or  retuse  summit  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  cylindraceous  beak- 
like  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  mostly  acute  or  pointed  scale;  culm,  leaves, 
and  short  sheathless  bracts  downy.     (C.  abbreviate,  Schw.,  Boott.)  —  Bethlehem, 
Pennsylvania,  Schweinitz,  New  York  ?  and  high  northward.  —  Probably  over- 
looked from  its  close  external  resemblance  to  the  next;  but  it  is  very  distinct. 

*  *  Staminate  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked  (except  in  No.  75) :  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  erect,  all  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks ;  bracts  longer  than  the  culm 
(except  in  No.  75) :  perigynia  very  obtuse,  with  an  abrupt  and  minute  or 
almost  obsolete  point,  green  and  somewhat  pellucid  at  maturity :  pistillate 
scales  tawny,  fading  to  white.  —  PALLESCENTES. 

74.  C.  pallescens,  L.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid,  densely  flowered,  approxi- 
mate ;  perigynia  obovoid-oblong ,  obscurely  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  scale.  — 
Var.  UNDULATA  is  a  mere  state  with  the  lower  bract  at  the  base  transversely 
wavy-lined.      (C.  undulata,  Kunze.)  —  Meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.  and 
northward.  —  Plant  8'  - 18'  high  :  culm  and  leaves  slightly  pubescent.     (Eu.) 

75.  C.  COnoidea,  Schk.     Staminate  spike  on  a  long  stalk ;  fertile  2-3,  oblong, 
closely  flowered,  the  lower  distant ;  perigynia  oblong-conical,  with  impressed  nerves, 
slightly  oblique  at  the  summit,  rather  longer  (or  sometimes  shorter)  than  the 
sharply   pointed  or  awned  scale;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm.     (C.  tetanica, 
Schw.  Sf  Torr.,  not  of  Schk.}  — Moist  meadows :  rather  common. 

76.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.     Fertile  spikes  3-6,  oblong,  rather  loosely  flowered,  re- 
mote, or  the  2  upper  contiguous  and  the  lowest  distant ;  perigynia  oblong,  rather 
longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  abruptly  strongly  awned  scale  (the  awn  rough- 
hispid  ;  style  bulbous-thickened;  leaves  light  green,  flat,  rather  broad.     (C.  laxi- 
flbra,  Schk.,  not  of  Lam.)  —  Moist  grounds :  rather  common. 

77.  C.  flaccosperma,  Dew.    Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  the 
flaccid  leaves  paler  or  glaucous;  spikes  longer,  cylindrical  (about  1'long),  with 
more  numerous  flowers,  usually  more  distant,  their  bracts  shorter ;  perigynia 
larger  (2" -3"  long),  laxer,  turning  brownish,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
short-pointed  or  short-awn-pointed  scale;  style  not  thickened.     (C.  grisea,  var. 
miitica,  of  former  ed.     Prof.  Dewey  now  proposes  to  change  the  name  to  xan- 
thosperma,  because  flaccosperma  is  a  hybrid  word  and  "yellow- fruited"  was 
meant.    But  the  fruit  is  not  yellow,  and  the  original  name  has  been  adopted 
by  Boott  and  Steudel.) — Low  grounds,  Penn.  and  New  Jersey,  Knieskern  (a 
dubious  form),  and  common  southward. 


588  CYPERACE.E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Uppermost  spike  fertile-flowered  at  the  apex  (rarely  all  staminate) :  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  loosejy  flowered,  distant,  on  exserted  JUi- 
form  stalks :  bracts  equalling  or  often  exceeding  the  culm :  perigynia  oblong, 
with  a  short  and  abrupt  notched  point  (obsolete  in  No.  80),  green  and  inera- 
branaceous  at  maturity  :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white.  —  GRAC^ LLIMLE. 
-t-  Fertile  spikes  nodding  or  pendulous. 

78.  C.  Davisii,  Schw.  &  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  oblong-cylindrical,  rather  thick; 
perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at  each  end,  scarcely  longer  than  the  conspicuously 
owned  scale.     (C.  aristata,  Dew.,  not  of  R.  Br.     C.  Torreyana,  Dew.)  —  Wet 
meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Larger  than  the  next 
(1°-  2°  high),  and  with  stouter  and  longer  spikes. 

79.  C.  formbsa,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  oblong,  short,  all  commonly  with  2  or 
3  barren  flowers  or  empty  scales  at  the  base ;  perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at 
each  end,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  pointed  or  cuspidate  .scale.  —  Wet  meadows, 
Massachusetts  to  W.  New  York. 

80.  C.  gracillima,   Schw.      Fertile  spikes  linear,  slender;  perigynia  obtuse 
and  slightly  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  awned  or  awnless  scale. 
(C.  digitalis,  Schw.  $-  Torr.,  not  of  Wiild.)  —  Wet  meadows,  New  England  to 
Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  When  the  uppermost  spike  is  alto- 
gether staminate  this  resembles  C.  arctata ;  but  is  distinguished  by  the  obtuse 
and  sessile  perigynium. 

•*-  •*-  Fertile  spikes  nearly  erect,  all  but  the  lowest  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile. 

81.  C.  8BStivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Spikes  slender,  loosely  flowered;  peri- 
gynia acutish  at  both  ends,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  or  mucronate  scale; 
achenium  somewhat  stipitate ;  sheaths  of  the  lower  leaves  pubescent :  otherwise 
nearly  as  the  last,  but  smaller  (l°-l£°  high).  —  Saddle  Mountain,  W.  Massa- 
chusetts (Dewey),  mountains  of  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward. 

§  3.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  hairy  (in  No.  83  becoming  smooth  at  maturity), 
slightly  inflated,  bluntly  3-angled,  obtuse,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  mi- 
nute abrupt  straight  point :  bracts  narrow,  with  very  short  or  obsolete 
sheaths,  the  lowest  exceeding  the  culm ;  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white ; 
spikes  2  —  4,  erect,  the  uppermost  androgynous,  fertile-flowered  at  the  apex  and 
club-shaped:  the  rest  all  fertile.  —  VIRESCENTES. 

82.  C.  Vir6scens,  Muhl.     Spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on  short  stalks;  peri- 
gynia  ovoid,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned  scale ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  hairy.     (C.  costata,  Schw.)  — Rocky  woods  and  hillsides,  New 
England  to  Michigan,  and  southward. — Culms  rough,  slender,  l°-2°high: 
fertile  spikes  6" -12"  long. 

83.  C.  triceps,   Michx.      Spikes  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  closely  approximate; 
perigynia  broadly  obovoid,  entire  at  the  orifice,  downy  when  yOung,  smooth  at 
maturity,  rather  longer  than  the  pointed  scale ;  sheaths  very  hairy ;  leaves  more 
or  less  so.     (C.  hirsuta,  Willd.     C.  viridula,  Schw.  $•  Torr.,  not  of  Michx.)-—. 
Varies  with  the  spikes  rather  longer  and  on  stalks,  and  leaves  nearly  smooth. 
(C.  hirsuta,  var.  pedunculata,    Schw.  Sf  Torr.) — Woods  and  meadows:  the 
smoother  form  southward.  —  Culm  12'  - 18'  high.     Spikes  6"  -  9"  long. 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  589 

§  4.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflated,  3-angled,  regularly  striate,  termi- 
nating in  a  short,  entire,  rather  obliguely  bent  or  recurved  point,  remaining  green  at 
maturity :  pistillate  scales  membranaceous,  mostly  tipped  with  a  rough  point 
or  awn,  brown  or  spotted,  fading  to  white :  staminate  spike  solitary :  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  more  or  less  remote,  the  lowest  often  near  the  base  of  the  culm. 

*  Sterile  spike  club-shaped :  fertile  spikes  (erect,  the  uppermost  commonly  near 

the  base  of  the  sterile)  all  on  stalks  principally  included  within  sheathing  bracts, 
except  sometimes  the  lowest,  and  shorter  than  the  spikes  or  not  much  exceeding 
them :  perigynia  ovoid-triquetrous,  narrowed  at  each  end  :  culms  numerous, 
diffuse  and  in  fruit  becoming  prostrate :  leaves  all  radical,  very  broad,  finely 
andfclosely  nerved  throughout,  with  3  distinct  ribs.  —  PLANTAofNE^E. 

84.  C.  plantaginea,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  4,  oblong,  about  5-8- 
flowered ;  bracts  very  short,  dark  purple,  or  the  lowest  greenish.     (C.  latifolia, 
Schk.)  —  Shady  woods,  mostly  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil,  New  England  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward  ;  and  southward  through  the  Alleghanies. 

85.  C.  Careyana,  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid  or  oblong,  about  3-5- 
flowered;    bracts  green,  the  upper  equal  to  the  spikes,  the  lower  somewhat 
exceeding  them;  perigynia  large  (2"-2i"  in  length);  leaves  dark  green.  —  In 
similar  situations  with  the  last,  N.  New  York  to  -Penn.  and  Ohio  :  rare. 

86.  C.  platyph^lla,  Carey.    Fertile  spikes  3,  Jiliform,  loosely  3  -  4-Jlowered ; 
bracts  as  in  the  last;  perigynia  small;  culms  slender;  leaves  pale  or  whitish-green. 
—  In  similar  situations  with  No.  84  ;  and  commoner  southward. 

*  *  Sterile  spike  short,  club-shaped,  pedunculate :  fertile  spikes  2-4,  all  on  Jili- 

form exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves ;  the  upper- 
most, as  well  as  the  leaves,  exceeding  the  slender  and  at  length  prostrate 
culms  :  perigynia  as  in  the  last  subsection.  — DIGITALES. 

87.  C.  retroctirva,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  compactly  3-8- 
flowered,  on  long  drooping  stalks,  frequently  with  one  or  two  staminate  flowers  at 
their  base ;  leaves  glaucous,  3  —  4  lines  wide,  with  3  prominent  nerves.  —  Copses  and 
hillsides,  New  England  to  W.  New  York,  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Closely 
approaching  the  next ;  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  it. 

88.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.   Fertile  spikes  linear-oblong,  loosely  6  -  9 -flowered,  on 
long  stalks,  the  lowest  sometimes  drooping ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow,  dark  green ; 
perigynia  smaller  than  in  the  last.     (C.  oligocarpa,  Schw.  Sf  Torr.,  not  of  Schk. 
C.  Vanvleckii,  Schw.)  —  Copses  and  hillsides  :  not  rare.  —  Slender,  6'  -  12'  high, 
growing  in  tufts,  with  numerous  culms  and  long  grassy  leaves. 

*  *  *  Sterile  spike  linear,  either  conspicuously  peduncled  or  smaller  and  nearly 

sessile  in  the  same  species :  fertile  spikes  2-6,  erect ;  the  1-2  uppermost 
commonly  near  the  base  of  the  sterile,  on  an  included  stalk ;  the  rest  on 
exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves ;  the  uppermost 
exceeding  the  erect  culm :  perigynia  with  obtuse  angles,  about  the  length  of 
the  scale.  —  OLIGOCARPJE. 

•*-  Perigynia  distinctly  nerved,  and  with  a  hyaline  orifice :  style  nearly  even :  scales 
of  the  pistillate  spikes  awnless  or  barely  awn-pointed. 

89.  C.  Iaxifl6ra,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  slender  and  loosely  several  -  many- 
flowered  on  a  zigzag  rhachis,  cylindrical,  or  sometimes  rather  dense  and  oblong; 


590  ,        CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

perigynia  oval-triangular,  narrowed  to  each  end,  the  point  either  strongly  or 
sometimes  slightly  recurved.  —  A  most  polymorphous  species ;  very  common 
in  open  woods,  copses,  &c.  The  leading  forms  were  collated  by  Dr.  Boott  as 
follows.  —  The  typical  form  taken  by  him  (C.  striatula,  Michx.)  has  the  leaves 
long  and  narrow  (2" -4"  wide),  spikes  about  1'  long  and  loosely  flowered;  peri- 
gynia with  a  slightly  recurved  or  almost  straight  point,  their  scale  except  the 
lowest  nearly  pointless ;  sterile  spike  mostly  conspicuous  and  long-peduncled. 

—  Var.  STYLOFLEXA,  Boott.     (C.  styloflexa,  Dew.     C.  fusiformis,  Chapman.) 
Slende^  the  weak  filiform  culms  l°-2£°  long;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  short,  5-10- 
flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  long  setaceous  peduncle ;  bracts  mostly  shorter  than 
the  culm  ;  perigynia  more  tapering  or  triangular-fusiform,  the  point  commonly 
recurved.    New  Jersey  (C.  F.  Austin),  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter),  and  southward. 

—  Var.   PLANTAGfNEA,  Boott  (var.  patulifolia  of  former  edition.     C.  planta- 
ginea,  Schk.),  has  the  root-leaves  5" -7"  broad,  otherwise  as  in  the  typical  form. 

—  Var.  INTERMEDIA,  Boott  (C.  anceps,  Willd.,  Schk.),  includes  various  slender, 
narrow-leaved  forms,  with  loosely-flowered  spikes,  but  otherwise  as  the  next. 
— Var.  BLANDA  (C.  blanda,  Dew.     C.  laxiflora,  var.  striatula,  Ed.  2),  includes 
narrow-leaved  forms,   6' -18'   high,   with  the  sterile  spike   usually  short  or 
club-shaped  and  nearly  sessile. ;  the  fertile  oblong  and  dense,  the  uppermost 
approximate  ;  bracts  much  surpassing  the  culm ;  perigynia  obovate  with  a  short 
abruptly  bent  point ;  scale  usually  awn-pointed.  —  Var.  LATir6LiA,  Boott,  has 
a  broadly  and   very  sharp-angled  culm,   and  very  broad  leaves   and   bracts 
(8" -15"  wide),  inconspicuous  sterile  spike,  the  fertile  ones  cylindrical  and 
loosely  flowered,  but  the  broad  perigynium  much  longer  than  the  truncate  or 
abruptly  short-pointed  scale. 

•*-  -i-  Perigynia  densely  striate,  or  as  if  finely  wrinkled  rather  than  nerved,  of  a  firm 
texture,  obscurely  triangular,  with  a  callous  orifice :  style  thickened  above  the  base : 
scale  with  the  somewhat  3-nerved  keel  extended  into  a  stout  rough  awn  or  point. 

90.  C.    oligocarpa,    Schk.      Fertile  spikes   small,  3  -  8-flowered ;    the 
point  of  the  perigynium   straight  or  slightly  oblique,  not  recurved;  leaves 
rough  only  on  the  edge;    sheaths  smooth.     (C.  Sartwelliana,  Gay.) — Woods, 
W.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  slender,  6' -12'  long. 

91.  C.  Hitchcockiana,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  very  loosely  3-  5-flowered  ; 
apex  of  the  perigynium  recurved  ;  sheaths  and  upper  side  of  the  leaves  roughly 
pubescent.  — Woods,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  1  °  -  2° 
high,  stouter,  and  fruit  larger  than  in  the  last. 

§  5.  Perigynium  without  a  beak,  smooth  or  downy,  not  inflated,  obovoid-triquetrous, 
with  a  minute  obliquely  bent  white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown 
or  olive-colored  at  maturity :  bracts  reduced  to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short 
green  prolongation  :  leaves  all  radical,  narrow  or  bristle-shaped.  —  DIGITATE. 

92.  C.  eblirnea,  Boott.     Sterile  spike  solitary  ;  the  fertile  3-4,  erect,  about 
5-Jlowered,  approximated  and  elevated  on  long  stalks  above  the  staminate  spike :  the 
lowest  sometimes  a  little  remote ;  perigynia  obscurely  nerved,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing, rather  longer  than  the  broad  and  obtuse  membranaceous  whitish  scale. 
(C.  alba,  var.  setifolia,  Dew.)  — Limestone  rocks,  N.  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
and  northward.  —  A  delicate  species,  with  very  slender  culms,  4'-  10  high,  and 


CYPERACEuE.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  591 

bristle-shaped  leaves,  forming  dense  tufts.     The  fertile  spikes  2"  -  3"  in  length, 
about  1"  broad. 

93.  C.  pedUHCUlata,  Muhl.     Spikes  3-5,  commonly  4,  the  uppermost  sterile 
with  2  -3  fertile  floicers  at  the  base,  the  rest  fertile  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the 
apex,  all  on  long  stalks,  remote,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
sheaths  with  green  tips  much  shorter  than  the  stalks ;  perigynia  with  a  long 
attenuated  base  and  a  minutely  notched  orifice,  somewhat  downy,  especially  on  the 
angles,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  abruptly  awned  or  pointed 
dark-purple  scale.  —  Dry  woods  and  hillsides,  E.  New  England  to  Penn., 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culms  4' -10'  high,  prostrate  at  maturity,  in 
tufts,  partly  concealed  by  the  very  long  and  narrow  grassy  leaves. 

§  6.  Periyynia  with  a  straight  or  slightly  bent  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  hairy,  not  in- 
flated, terminating  in  a  membranaceous  notched  or  2-toothed  orifice :  bracts 
short,  either  green  and  slightly  sheathing  orauriculate  at  the  base,  or  small 
and  resembling  the  scales  :  scales  dark  brown  or  purple  with  white  margins, 
fading  lighter  or  sometimes  turning  nearly  white  :  staminate  spike  solitary ; 
the  fertile  2-3,  nearly  sessile  and  erect,  or  the  lower  on  a  long  radical 
peduncle.  ( Culms  mostly  low  and  slender  .•  leaves  all  radical,  long  and  narrow. ) 
—  MONTANA. 

94.  C.  umbellata,  Schk.     Culms  very  short  (l'-3',  rarely  6'  high),  in  close 
tufts  ;  staminate  spike  sometimes  with  a  few  pistillate  flowers ;  fertile  spikes  4  -5, 
ovoid,  few-flowered ;  the  uppermost  commonly  close  to  the  sterile  spike  and  sessile,  the 
rest  on  stalks  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem  and  of  about  equal  height,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  long  grassy  leaves ;  perigynia  ovoid,  3-angled,  with  a  rather 
long  abrupt  beak,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  —  Rocky  hill- 
sides, New  England  to  Illinois,  and  northward. 

95.  C.  Novae- Angliae,  Schw.     Sterile  spike  sessile,  short  and  usually  in- 
conspicuous ;  fertile  2-4,  greenish-purple,  3  -  8-flowered,  contiguous  and  sessile, 
or  the  lowest  rather  distant  (sometimes  even  radical)  and  more  or  less  pe- 
duncled  ;  the  lower  or  all  the  leafy  bracts  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  globular- 
pear-shaped  with  a  much  attenuated  base  and  a  short  conical  2-toothed  beak,  mi- 
nutely hairy,  longer  and  broader  than  the  ovate  mucronate-pointed  purple  scale 
(with  green  midrib  and  hyaline  margins) ;  achenium  apiculate  with  the  very 
short  persistent  base  of  the  style;   culms  very  slender  (4' -10'  long),  weak, 
soon  reclined  or  procumbent.  —  Saddle  Mountain,  Massachusetts,  Adirondack 
Mountains,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Too  near  C.  pilulifera,  L.,  of 
Europe  and  the  following. 

96.  C.  Emmbnsii,  Dew.     Paler,  and  the  spikes  greenish,  not  purple,  usu- 
ally more  crowded  than  in  the  foregoing,  often  a  long-peduncled  one  from  the 
base ;  bracts  short,  rarely  equalling  the  culm ;  perigynia  oval  and  more  3-sided, 
hairy:   and  with  a  longer  cylindrical  beak;  base  of  the  style  deciduous  by  an 
articulation.     (C.  Novse-Anglrae,  var.  Emmonsii,  Ed.  2.     C.  Davisii,  Dew.,  &c.) 
—  Dry  woody  hills:  not  rare. 

97.  C    Pennsylvanica,  Lam.     Sterile  spike  commonly  on  a  short  stalk; 
fertile  \  -3,  usually  2,  approximate,  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  4-6-flowered,  the  lowest 

commonly  with  a  colored  scale-like  long-aumed  bract;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  with 


592  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

a  short  and  abrupt  minutely-toothed  beak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed 
chestnut-colored  scale.  (C.  marginata,  Muhl.) —  Dry  woods  and  hills  :  common, 
especially  northward. 

98.  C.  varia,  Muhl.     Sterile  sjnke  sessile ;  fertile  2-3,  mostly  3,  distinct,  on 
very  short  stalks,  ovoid,  6  -  10-floivered ;  the  lowest  and  sometimes  the  2  lower 
u'ith  green  leaf-like  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid,  with  an  abrupt  distinctly  toothed  beak, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  light-brown  scale.    (C.  Pennsylvanica,  var. 
Muhlenbergii,  Gray,  Gram,  fr  Gyp.) — Dry  wooded  hills:  common,  especially 
northward.     Closely  resembles  the  last ;  but  has  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rigid 
glaucous  leaves;  also  taller  (l°-l£°)  and  more  erect  than  No.  96,  broader- 
leaved,  and  the  spikes  scattered.     All  these  seem  to  run  together. 

99.  C.  PR^COX,  Jacq.      Sterile  spike  club-shaped;  fertile  2-3,  oblong-ovoid, 
aggregated  near  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  on  a 
very  short  stalk,  with  a  leaf-like  bract  scarcely  exceeding  the  spike ;  fteriyynia 
ovoid-triangular,  attenuated  at  the  base,  with  a  short  beak  and  nearly  entire  orifice, 
about  equal  to  the  ovate  pointed  dark-brown  scale ;  achenium  obovoid,  with  a 
prominent  ring  at  the  apex  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style ;  culm  3' -6'  high  ; 
leaves  short,  rather  rigid.     (C.  verna,  Villars,  Dew.,  not  of  Schk.)  —  Rocky  hills, 
Salem  and  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

100.  C.  Richardsdnii,  R.  Br.    Sterile  spike  peduncled,  cylindrical ;  fertile 
1  or  2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  approximate,  oblong,  longer  than  the  scale-like 
brownish  and  mostly  short-pointed  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid-triangular,  with  a 
tapen-'ing  base,  obtuse,  nearly  btakless,  the  short  point  with  an  almost  entire  orifice, 
rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acutish  brown  or  chestnut-colored  scale ;  culm 
(5' -9'  high)  and  rigid  leaves  rough.  —  Dry  ground,  near  Rochester,  New  York 
(Dewey) ;  prairies  of  Illinois  (Mead);  Wisconsin  (Sartwell),  and  northward. — 
A  well-marked  species,  in  aspect  most  like  No.  97. 

101.  C.  pub6scens,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  usually  sessile ;  fertile  3-4,  ob- 
lonq  or  cylindrical,  loosely  fiowered,  somewhat  approximated,  or  the  lowest  a  little 
remote,  on  a  short  stalk,  with  a  narrow  leaf-like  bract  about  the  height  of  the 
culm ;  fruit  ovoid  and  sharply  triangular,  downy,  attenuated  at  the  base,  with  an 
abrupt  slender  beak  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  abrupt- 
ly-pointed white  scale ;  culm  and  flaccid  flat  leaves  soft  downy.  —  Moist  woods  and 
meadows,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     Differs  from  the  other 
species  of  this  section  in  its  greater  size  and  in  aspect,  and  especially  in  the 
sharply  angled  perigynium. 

§  7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  with  a  short  beak,  terminating  in  an  entire  or  slightly 
notched  orifice-,  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  (in  No.  102  usually  pistil- 
late at  the  summit)  :  culms  tall  and  leafy.  (Two  quite  unlike  species,  arti- 
ficially combined  merely  for  convenience.)  — ANOMALY. 

102.  C.  miliacea,  Muhl.     Staminate  spike  commonly  fertile  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  rather  slender,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  on 
filiform  nodding  stalks;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm,  with  short  or  nearly  obsolete 
sheaths ;  perigynia  ovoid-triangular,  very  smooth  and  thin,  with  an  entire  or  very 
minutely  notched  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  short-awned  white  scale.     (C. 
prasma,  Wahl)  — Rills  and  wet  meadows  :  rather  common. 


(SEDGE  FAMILY.)  593 

103.  C.  SCabrata,  Schw.      Fertile  spikes  4-5,  cylindrical,  erect,  rather 
distant,  densely  flowered,  the  lower  on  long  stalks ;  bracts  without  sheaths,  exceed- 
ing the  culm ;  perigynia  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  prominently  few-nerved, 
rough,  spreading  at  maturity,  with  an  obliquely  notched  beak,  longer  than  the 
ovate  slightly  ciliate  brown  scale;    culm  leaves  and  bracts  very  rough.  —  Wet 
meadows  and  swamps,  E.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

§  8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  3-angled,  smooth  and  shining  (minutely  pubescent 
in  No.  104  and  one  form  of  108),  green,  with  a  straight  tapering  beak  (short- 
pointed  in  No.  107),  terminating  mostly  in  2  small  membranaceous  teeth: 
lower  bracts  green  and  sheathing :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white :  stami- 
nate  spike  solitary,  stalked  :  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  loosely  flowered,  all  (except 
in  No.  104)  on  filiform  nodding  stalks. 

#  Fertile  spikes  mostly  slender,  remote;  perigynia  somewhat  nerved:  bracts  equalling 

or  exceeding  the  culm.  —  DEBILES. 
•i-  Leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  soft-pubescent :  fertile  spikes  nearly  erect. 

104.  C.  Sullivantii,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  commonly  4,  narrowly 
cylindrical,  erect,  rather  dense,  the  upper  approximate,  the  lowest  often  remote, 
tapering  towards  the  base  and  slightly  compound,  all  on  rough  peduncles; 
bracts  sheathing,  not  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  elliptical,  hairy,  slightly 
stalked,  very  obscurely  nerved,  with  an  entire  or  notched  orifice,  rather  longer 
than  the  ovate  ciliate  rough-awned  or  merely  mucronate  white  scale.  —  Woods, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant. 

105.  C.  Knieskdrnii,  Dew.    Less  pubescent;  fertile  spikes  2  or  3,  on 
longer  and  somewhat  spreading  peduncles ;  perigynia  glabrous,  more  evidently 
nerved:  otherwise  like  the  preceding :  too  little  known.  —  Copses,  Oneida  Co., 
New  York,  Dr.  Knieskern,  Dr.  Vasey. 

•»-  -»-  Glabrous  or  nearly  so :  fertile  spikes  mostly  nodding  or  spreading,  loose. 

106.  C.  arctata,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  slender-cylindrical,  narrowed  to- 
wards the  base ;  perigynia  ovate,  short-stalked  from  a  blunt  base,  short-beaked, 
longer  than  the  pointed  scale.     (C.  sylvatica,  Dew.,  not  of  Hudson.)  —  Woods 
and  meadows,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  northward. 

107.  C.  glabra,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  rather 
dense  and  the  terminal  one  oftener  partly  fertile ;  perigynia  elliptical-oblong, 
not  stalked,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  base,  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  but 
nearly  beakless,  minutely  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  orifice,  prominently 
nerved,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  brownish-margined  scale.  —  Oneida 
Co.,  New  York,  Dr.  Knieskern.     Near  Philadelphia,  C.  E.  Smith.     Probably 
not  rare,  but  confounded  with  the  next :  also  resembling  C.  formosa. 

108.  C.  d6bilis,  Michx.     Staminate  spike  occasionally  fertile  at  the  apex ; 
fertile  spikes  slender-cylindrical,  with  loose  alternate  flowers  on  a  somewhat 
zigzag  rhachis ;  perigynia  spindle-shaped  or  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
slender  beak  with  a  hyaline  2-lobed  tip,  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  and  pointless 
scale.     (C.  te'nuis,  Rudge.     C.  flexubsa,  Muhl.)  — Moist  meadows:  rather  com- 
mon, especially  southward.  —  Perigynium  often  rusty-dotted :  —  in  var.  ptrBERA 
minutely  pubescent  and  passing  to  C.  venusta,  Dew.  of  the  Southern  States. 
Bear  Meadows,  Centre  Co.,  Penn.,  Prof.  Porter. 

38 


594  CYPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

#  *  Fertile  spikes  short :  perigynia  nerveless :  bracts  short  —  FLEXILES. 

109.  C.  capillaris,  L.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  3,  minute,  with  about  6  alter- 
nate flowers  ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  slightly 
serrulate  beak,  with  an  oblique  nearly  entire  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 

—  Point  de  Tour,  Lake  Michigan;  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire;  and  high  northward.  — An  extremely  delicate  species,  4' -6' 
high,  with  spikes  3" -6''  long,  and  a  line  or  less  in  width.     (Eu.) 

110.  C.  flexilis,  Rudge.     Sterile  spike  short  and  club-shaped ;  fertile  spikes 
oblong  or  sometimes  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the  base  and  becoming 
club-shaped;  the  upper  bracts  short  and  scale-like,  the  lower  bristle-shaped, 
very  slightly  sheathing ;   perigynia  ovoid,  obscurely  neryed,  tapering  into  a 
beak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  hairy-fringed  scale,-  leaves  pale  green  and 
glaucous,  and  with  the  bracts  soft-hairy.     (C.  blephardphora,  Gray.) — Moist 
and  shady  places,   Connecticut  (near  Salisbury),  Central  and  Northern  New 
York,  Lake  Superior,  and  Newfoundland  :  rare. 

§  9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  3-angled,  nerved,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  beak, 
with  two  mostly  distinct  teeth,  becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity :  achenium 
obovate-triquetrous,  contracted  at  the  base ;  staminate  spike  usually  soli- 
tary. —  FiAv^E. 

#  Perigynia  erect,  slender-beaked:   spikes  remote;    the  staminate  one  usually  long- 

stalked:  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm,  and  with  long  sheaths. 

111.  C.  ISBVigata,  Smith.     Fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  on  exserted  nodding 
stalks ;  perigynia  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  2-cleft  beak,  rather  longer  than  the  light- 
brown  or  purplish  pointed  and  awned  scale;  culm  smooth.     (C.  Greeniana,  Dew.) 

—  Massachusetts  (Tewksbury?  B.  D.  Greene).     Introduced?     (Eu.) 

112.  C.  fli.lv a,  Good.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  oblong  or  ovoid,  erect,  the  lowest  on 
an  exserted  stalk ;  perigynia  ovoid,  not  much  exceeding  the  dark-brown  scarcely 
pointed awnless  scale;  culm  rough.     (C.  binervis,  Dew.,  not  of  Smith.)  —  Pond  at 
Tewksbury,  Massachusetts,  B.  D.  Greene:  not  since  found.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Perigynia  ascending,  short-beaked :  spikes  approximate  or  the  lower  remote ;  the 

staminate  one  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  bracts  much  surpassing  the  culm ;  the  upper 
nearly  without  sheaths. 

113.  C.  ext&QSa,  Good.     Fertile  spikes  2 -4.  oblong,  brown-green,  very 
dense  (5" -10"  long),  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  on  a  short  included 
stalk;  perigynia  ovate,  the  short  conical  beak  sharply  2 -toothed,  longer  than 
the  ovate  pointed  purple  scale ;  leaves  and  bracts  long  and  narrow,  involute, 
erect,  rigid  ;  culms  tufted,  8'  -  20'  high.  —  Border  of  salt-marshes,  coast  of  Long 
Island,  New  York,  Dr.  T.  F.  Allen.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Perigynia  spreading  or  reflexed,  longer  than  the  scale :  spikes  mostly  approxi- 

mate or  crowded;  the  staminate  mostly  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  fertile  at  the 
apex  or  middle /  the  fertile  (2-4)  erect  all  or  all  but  the  lowest  short-stalked  or 
sessile :  bract.s  much  exceeding  the  smooth  culm,  their  sheaths  very  short. 

114.  C.  flava,  L.    Fertile  spikes  2,  roundish-ovoid,  dense,  the  upper  approxi- 
mated, the  lowest  often  remote  on  a  short  exserted  stalk ;  bracts  spreading  or  re- 
flexed;  perigynia  tapering  from  an  ovoid  contracted  base  into  a  slender  recurved 


CYPERACEJE.        (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  595 

beak,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity. — Wet  meadows,  especially 
northward.  —  Whole  plant  of  a  yellowish  hue,  6' -15'  high,  with  spikes  about 
6"  in  length.  (Eu.) 

115.  C.  (Ederi,  Ehrh.     Fertile  spikes  oblong-ovoid,  closely  aggregated,  or  the 
lowest  rather  remote,  on  very  short  stalks,  densely  flowered,  sometimes  stami- 
nate  at  the  apex ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow,  rigidly  erect ;  perigynia  ovoid,  with  a 
short  and  rather  abrupt  minutely  notched  beak,  scarcely  recurved  at  maturity.     (C. 
viridula,  Michx.,  not  of  Schw.  $•  Torr.    C.  irregularis,  Schw.)  —  Wet  rocks  and 
bluffs,  coast  of  New  England  to  Illinois,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — 
Resembles  the  last ;  but  the  fertile  spikes  and  perigynia  are  much  smaller,  and 
the  beak  more  abrupt,  shorter,  and  straight.     (Eu.) 

§  10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  ovoid  or  obtusely  3-angled,  with  an  abrupt 
straight  beak,  nerved,  densely  pubescent  or  rough-puberulent,  the  pubescence 
nearly  concealing  the  nerves,  except  in  No.  119  :  bracts  leaf-like,  with  short 
sheaths :  scales  dark-purple  or  brown. 

#  Perigynia  densely  pubescent  of  a  thick  or  somewhat  leathery  texture,  ovoid,  with  2 

short,  and  diverging  membranaceous  teeth :  bracts  much  exceeding  the  nearly  smooth 
qulm :  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  the  uppermost  stalked,  the  lower  short  and 
sessile  :  fertile  spikes  1  -4,  usually  2,  erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  very  short 

Stalks.  —  LANUGIN6S.E. 

116.  C.  fllif6rmis,  L.     Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  ovoid;  perigynia  very 
short-beaked  and  with  2  sharp  teeth;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow  and  involute;  culm 
very  slender  (l£°-3°  high). — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 

117.  C.  lantlginosa,  Michx,    Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical;  peri- 
gynia more  hispidly  pubescent ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat,  broader  and  shorter ;  culm 
stouter  (l°-2°  high);  staminate  spikes  usually  shorter.     (C.  pellita,  Muhl.)  — 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows.    New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward. 

#  #  Perigynia  thin,  downy  like  the  fast  or  roughly  granulate,  or  even  smooth,  ovoid, 

the  beak  terminating  in  a  tjiin  and  scarious  oblique  orifice,  either  entire  or  slightly 
notched;  bracts  rigidly  erect,  shorter  than  the  sharply  triangular  rough 
culm.  —  ScARi6s^:. 

118.  C.  vestita,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes   1-2.  the  uppermost  cylindrical, 
short-stalked;  fertile  1-2,  approximate,  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex  ;  perigynia  densely  pubescent,  with  a  short  thick  beak,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale;  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stout  and  rigid 
culm.  —  Sandy  soils,  growing  in  tufts,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  southward. 
—  Resembling  the  last  in  external  appearance,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the 
membranaceous  beak  of  the  fruit,  which  is  reddish  at  the  base  and  white  and 
transparent  at  the  orifice ;  and  the  style  is  twisted  within  the  perigynium. 

119.  C.  polym6rpha,  Muhl.   (in  part.)     Sterile  spikes  1-4,  the  upper- 
most on  a  long  stalk ;  the  lower  short,  often  with  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the 
base ;  fertile  spike  solitary  or  rarely  2,  remote,  cylindrical,  sometimes  staminate  at 
the  apex,  erect,  on  partly  exserted  stalks;  perigynia  few-  (5 -10-)  nerved,  very 
minutely  roughened  with  granular  dots,  or  smooth,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender 


596  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

cylindrical  usually  purplish  beak,  with  a  whitish  hyaline  entire  orifice,  longer  than 
the  ovate  blunt  purplish  scale.    (C.  Halseyana,  Dew.  Sf  Ed.  1.     C.  striata,  Torr. 
N.  Y.  FL,  not  of  Michx. )  —  Varies  considerably  ;  in  one  form  with  the  fertile 
spikes  filiform,  and  the  flowers  alternate  and  very  distant  on  the  rhachis.  — 
Upland  meadows,  Rhode  Island  and  Mass,  to  Pennsylvania. 
§11.   Periqynia  moderately  inflated,  conspicuously  many -nerved,  smooth  or  pubescent, 
with  a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  teeth :  bracts 
leaf-like,  with  very  short  sheathing  bases,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm : 
staminate  spikes  1-5. 

*  Perigynia  with  a  short  and  thick  beak,  and  short  teeth.  —  LACtJSTRES. 
-i-  Perigynia  hairy,  sometimes  glabrate,  turgid-ovate. 

120.  C.  Striata,  Michx.  (not  of  Ed.  1).     Sterile  spikes  3,  the  uppermost 
slender-stalked;  fertile  spikes  1 -2,  oblong,  .erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  short 
stalks  (or  the  lower  rarely  on  a  slender  stalk) ;  perigynia  minutely  hairy  or 
smoothish,  or  rarely  smooth,  rather  thin,  longer  than  the  blunt  or  pointed  scale, 
the  teeth  usually  scariously  lobed  at  the  base  ;  leaves  and  bracts  long  and  nar- 
row, rather  rigid,  involute,  with  slender  or  setaceous  rough  extremities.     (C. 
polymorpha,  Ed.  1.)  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

121.  C.  Hought6nii,  Torr.     Sterile  spikes  mostly  2 ;  fertile  2  -  3,  oblong 
or  cylindraceous,  thicker  and  less  distant,  olive-colored ;  perigynia  hairy,  thick- 
walled,  longer  than  the  pointed  or  short-awn-tipped  scale ;   the  teeth  at  the 
orifice  narrow  and  entire ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat,  shorter  and  broader,  and  culm 
lower  (9f  -  15')  than  in  the  foregoing. — Wisconsin  (Lake  La  Biche),  Dr. 
Houghton  ;   shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  Prof.  Whitney  ;   Medford  above  Bangor, 
Maine,  J.  Blake ;  and  northwestward. 

-«-  ••-  Perigynia  very  smooth,  very  finely  many-nerved. 

122  C.  riparia,  Curtis.  Sterile  spikes  2 -5,  the  uppermost  stalked;  fer- 
tile spikes  2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  remote,  nearly  sessile,  or  the  lowest 
on  a  short  stalk,  large  and  thick  (2' -3' long,  4" -6"  wide),  olive-colored;  peri- 
gynia lanceolate-conical,  coriaceous,  tipped  with  rather  slender  short  teeth, 
longer  than  the  lance-ovate  awned  scale.  (C.  lacustris,  Willd.  and  former  ed.) 
—  Borders  of  streams,  ponds,  and  swamps:  common.  —  Very  robust,  3° -5° 
high:  leaves  3" -5"  wide,  and  sheaths  nodose-reticulated.  (Eu.) 

123.  C.  paludosa,  Good.     More  slender,  with  spikes  smaller,  leaves  nar- 
rower, perigynia  ovate,  flattened,  and  more  strongly  nerved  than  the  preceding, 
the  orifice  merely  notched,  and  hardly  exceeding  the  awned  scale.  —  Border  of 
a  salt  marsh  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  W.  Boott.    (Nat.  from  Eu.  1) 

*  *  Perigynia  with  an  elongated  tapering  beak  and  with  long  and  setaceous  or  awn- 
like  spreading  or  divergent  teeth.  —  AniSTAT.ffi. 

•*-  Staminate  spikes  2-5  (rarely  with  some  fertile  fiowers) :  fertile  spikes  remote, 
erect,  rather  loose,  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  without  sheaths,  the  lowest  ojlen 
on  an  exserted  sometimes  spreading  peduncle :  perigynia  ascending. 

124.  C.  aristata,  E.  Br.    Fertile  spikes  2  -  4,  cylindrical ;  perigynia  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  slender  beak  tipped  with  very  slender  at 
length  diverging  awn-like  teeth,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  and 
above  hispid-ciliate  scale ;  culm  smooth ;  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  597 

hairy.  (C.  atherbdes,  Spreng.  C.  mirata,  Dew.}  — Lake  shores  and  river-banks, 
N.  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  northwestward.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high :  leaves 
2"  -3"  wide.  Fertile  spikes  2' -3'  long,  often  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base. 
(Eu.  C.  orth'dstachys.) 

125.  C.  trichocarpa,  Muhl.      More  slender;   leaves  and  bracts  rough, 
but  not  hairy ;  fertile  spikes  2  or  3,  fewer-flowered  ;  perigynia  more  ovate  and 
with  shorter  and  stouter  teeth,  downy-pubescent,  the  scale  short-awnecl  or  awn- 
less.     (C.  striata,  Ed.  1,  not  of  Michx.)  —  In  water  or  wet  ground:  common, 
especially  northward. 

Yar.  imberbis.     Perigynia  glabrous;  sheaths  rather  rough.    Penn-Yan, 
New  York,  Sartwdl.     Illinois,  Mead,  E.  Hall,  and  northwestward. 

-i-  H-  Staminate  spikes  solitary,  with  a  filiform  bract ;  fertile  3-5,  cylindrical,  densely- 
flowered,  on  long  exserted  and  at  length  drooping  stalks,  mostly  approximate: 
perigynia  widely  spreading,  reflexed  at  maturity. 

126.  C.  comdsa,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  thick  (l'-3;  long,  and  6" -7" 
wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote;  perigynia  tapering  from  a  stalked  ovoid- 
triangular  base  into  a  long  deeply  2-forked  beak,  the  sharp  elongated  teeth  widely  spread- 
ing or  somewhat  recurved ;  scales  lanceolate,  with  a  long  bristle-shaped  awn 
shorter  than  the  mature  fruit ;  culm  rough  and  triquetrous.     (C.  furcata,  Ell., 
not  of  Lapeyr.     C.  Pseudo-Cyperus,  Schw.  Sf  Torr.,  Dew.,  frc.,  in  part,  not  of /».) 

—  Wet  places :    common.  — A  robust  species  2°  -  3°  high,  formerly  confounded 
with  the  next,  which  it  greatly  resembles ;  but  it  differs  especially  in  the  larger 
fertile  spikes,  longer  beak  of  the  fruit,  and  the  longer,  smooth  and  widely 
spreading  teeth,  giving  to  the  spikes  a  comose  or  bristly  appearance. 

127.  C.  Pseudo-Cyp6rilS,  L.    Fertile  spikes  narrower  and  sometimes 
slightly  compound  at  the  base ;  perigynia  as  in  the  last,  but  with  a  shorter  beak 
and  shorter  less  spreading  teeth;  scale  about  the  length  of  the  mature  fruit.  —  Bor- 
der of  lakes  and  in  bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 
§  12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  a  long  taper- 
ing 2-toothed beak :  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceeding  the  culm:  scales  tawny 
or  white :  staminate  spike  stalked,  always  solitary.  —  LUPULIN^E. 

*  Bracts  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths. 

128.  C.  hystricina,  Willd.     Sterile  spike  often  bearing  a  few  fertile  flow- 
ers at  the  base  or  apex ;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindrical,  densely  flowered, 
the  uppermost  on  a  very  short  stalk,  the  others  on  long  stalks  and  at  length  nod- 
ding, the  lowest  often  very  remote ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  sharp  smooth  teeth,  longer  than  the  awned  scale. 

—  A  variety  with  shorter  ovoid  spikes,  the  lowest  very  remote  on  a  filiform  stalk, 
4'  -  6'  long,  with  rather  smaller  perigynia  not  much  longer  than  the  awn,  is 
C.  Cooleyi,  Dew.  —  Wet  meadows:  common. — Plant  pale  or  yellowish  green, 
with  fertile  spikes  9'"  to  1^'long.    Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the 
more  inflated  less  diverging  fruit,  its  beak  longer  and  teeth  shorter ;  and  from 
the  following  by  the  smaller  nodding  spikes  and  many-nerved  periginium, 
with  longer  and  smooth  teeth. 

129.  C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  cylindri- 
cal, densely  flowered,  approximate  and  diverging  horizontally,  the  uppermost  ses- 


598  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

sile,  the  lower  on  short  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
few-  (about  10-)  nerved  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  oblique  orifice  or  short 
minutely  serrulate  teeth,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale ;  achenium 
papillose-roughened.  ( C.  rostrata,  MuhL,  not  of  Michx. )  —  Wet  meadows  :  very 
common.  —  Var.  GR\CILIS,  Boott,  is  a  slender  form  with  2  much  smaller  fertile 
spikes  (4"-  12"  long,  3" -4"  broad).  —  Var.  ALTIOK,  Boott,  is  tall  (2°  high), 
with  more  scattered  large  fertile  spikes,  and  the  more  tapering  beak  of  perigy- 
nium  with  longer  teeth,  perhaps  a  hybrid  with  C.  lupulina.  Penn-Yan,  New 
York,  Sartwell,  and  Amherst,  Mass.,  Tuckerman. 

130.  C.  intlimescens,  Budge.   Fertile  spikes  1-3,  ovoid,  loosely  few-  ( 5  -  8-) ' 
flowered,  closely  approximated,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  very  short  exserted 
peduncle ;  perigynia  erect-spreading,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  1 5  -  20-nerved  base 
into  a  long  sometimes  rough  beak.     (C.  folliculata,  Scfik.,  Michx.,  not  ofZ.)  — Wet 
meadows  and  swamps  :  very  common.  —  Culm  slender,  about  1 8'  high :  fertile 
spikes  usually  contiguous  :  perigynia  6" -7"  long,  very  ventricose. 

131.  C.  Grayii,  Carey.     Fertile  spikes  2  (sometimes  single ),  globose,  densely 
(15  -30-)  flowered,  separate,  on  short  exserted  peduncles  ;  perigynia  (8"  long)  spread- 
ing and  deflexed,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  25  -  30-nerved  base  into  a  long  smooth 
and  shining  beak.  —  River  bottoms,  Oneida  Co.,  New  York,  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  : 
rather  rare.  —  Culm  robust,  3°  high;  leaves  broader;   and  flowers  in  July,  a 
month  later  than  the  last. 

*  *  Bracts  all  or  all  but  the  uppermost  conspicuously  sheathing. 

•»-  Fertile  spikes  approximate,  or  only  the  lowest  one  distant,  erect,  very  large  and 
turgid,  many-flowered:  perigynia  ascending,  long-beaked  from  an  ovate-ventricose 
base :  sterile  spikes  rarely  2. 

132.  C.  lupulina,  MuhL     Fertile  spikes  2-4,  cylindraceous  or  oblong 
(l'-2'  long,  1'  thick),  the  lower  on  exserted  stalks;  perigynia  (6£"-7"long) 
often  raised  on  a  short  stalk-like  base,  smooth  or  with  the  beak  rough  above, 
much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  rough  awn-pointed  scale;  stem  (2° -3°)  and 
long  broadly  linear  leaves  and  bracts  smooth,  the  latter  with  rough  margins 
(3" _ 4'/  wide).     (C.  lurida,  Wahl.)  —  Wet  grounds,  common.  —  C.  Canadensis, 
and  C.  Bellavilla,  Dew.,  appear  to  be  depauperate  and  attenuated  states  of  this, 
with  more  distant  lax,  and  fewer-flowered  spikes. 

133.  C.  lupulifdrmis,  Sartwell.    Fertile  spikes  4-5,  cylindrical  (2' -3' 
long),  less  approximate;  perigynia  sessile  (7" -8"  long);  achenium  broader, 
with  mamillated  angles ;  scale  more  awned ;  otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing,  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  mere  variety.     (C.  lupulina,  var.  polystachya,  Schw.  $• 
Torr. )  —  Swamps,  New  York  to  Delaware,  &c. 

-i-  -i-  Fertile  spikes  distant,  few -several-flowered:  perigynia  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  spindle-shaped,  loose  or  widely  spreading  at  maturity :  staminate  spike  small, 
short-stalked :  obtuse/y  angular  culms  and  grassy  soft  leaves  smooth. 

134.  C.  folliculata,  L.     Fertile  spikes  3-4,  remote,  12-20-flowered,  all  or 
the  lowest  on  exserted  peduncles,  turning  yellowish  at  maturity ;  perigynia  taper- 
ing ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broadish  base,  short-beaked,  at  length  widely  spread- 
ing, rather  exceeding  the  ovate  white  rough-owned  scale.      (C.  xanthophysa, 
Wahl.)  —Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  northward,  and  in  one  form 


CYPERACE^E.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  599 

southward.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high,  of  yellowish  appearance,  with  long  foliaceous 
bracts,  and  leaves  4"  wide. 

135.  C.  rostrata,  Michx.     More  slender  and  smaller  than  the  last  (10'- 
15'  high),  strictly  erect,  rather  rigid;  leaves  narrow;  fertile  spikes  1-3,  com- 
monly 2 ;  perigynia  scarcely  spreading  at  maturity,  lanceolate,  obtusely  triangular, 
slender-beaked,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  brownish  blunt  scale.  —  Cold  bogs, 
mountains  of  N.  New  York,  New  England,  and  northward. 

136.  C.  Sllbulata,   Michx.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  very  remote,  on  included 
peduncles  loosely  few-  (4  -  8-Jlowered,  commonly  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at 
the  apex ;  perigynia  awl-shaped,  reflexed  at  maturity ;  the  long  slender  beak  deeply 
cleft  or  grooved  down  one  side,  tipped  with  2  awn-like  and  at  length  rigidly  de- 
flexed  teeth.    ( C.  Collmsii,  Nutt.     C.  Michauxii,  Dew. )  —  Cedar  swamps,  Canada 
(Michaux)  to  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  and  New  Jersey  near  the  coast:  rare. 

§  13.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obovoid  or  obconic,  rather  few-nerved,  smooth,  with  a  long 
and  slender  2-toothed  beak  abruptly  produced  from  the  olttuse  or  at  maturity  even 
refuse  summit,  tawny -brown  or  straw-colored  at  maturity,  spreading  horizon- 
tally, or  the  lower  deflexed,  very  densely  aggregated  in  thick  spikes :  these, 
1  -  7  in  number,  are  either  all  androgynous,  staminate  at  base,  or  the  terminal 
wholly  staminate,  the  others  sometimes  wholly  pistillate :  leaves  and  bracts  flat, 
the  latter  much  longer  than  the  culm.  —  SQUARR6SJE. 

137.  C.  squarr6sa,  L.     Spikes  often  only  one,  commonly  2-5,  globular,  ovoid, 
or  cylindraccous  (6" -7"  thick),  the  terminal  one  with  a  slender-contracted  base 
from  the  numerous  staminate  flowers,  the  others  almost  wholly  fertile,  on  short 
slender  peduncles,  their  bracts  scarcely  sheathing ;  perigynia  sparingly  nerved, 
longer  than  and  concealing  the  blunt  or  short-pointed  scales.    (C.  typhina,  Michx.) 
—  Low  grounds,  E.  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Remarkable  for 
its  dense,  short  and  thick  spikes,  about  1'  long,  to  which  the  spreading  beaks  of 
the  perigynia  give  a  bristly  appearance. 

138.  C.  Sten61epis,  Torr.     Spikes  5-7,  the  terminal  one  wholly  staminate, 
or  sometimes  fertile  at  the  top  or  throughout ;  the  others  with  a  few  staminate 
flowers  at  the  base  or  sometimes  none,  cylindrical  (I1  or  more  long),  the  upper 
approximated,  nearly  sessile  on  the  zigzag  stem,  the  lower  remote  on  exserted 
stalks,  their  bracts  sheathing ;  perigynia  shorter  than  the  long  awn-like  rough 
scales.     (C.  Frankii,  Kunth.     C.  Shortii,  Steud.,  not  of  Torr.)  —  Marshes,  Penn- 
sylvania (Prof.  Porter)  and  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  south  westward.  —  Somewhat 
resembling  the  last ;  but  the  spikes  are  narrower  and  more  numerous,  and  of  a 
still  more  bristly  appearance  from  the  projecting  points  of  the  scales. 

§  14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth  and  shining,  becoming  straw-colored  at  maturity, 
with  a  tapering  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed  beak:  bracts  leaf-like,  with  very 
short  or  obsolete  sheaths  (conspicuously  sheathing  only  in  No.  139) ;  scales 
brown  or  tawny:  staminate  spikes  2-5,  rarely  1,  stalked.  —  VESICARI^E. 
#  Perigynia  conspicuously  nerved:  bracts  usually  much  exceeding  the  culm. 
•*-  Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  many -flowered. 

139.  C.  retrorsa,  Schw.     Sterile  spikes  1-3,  the  uppermost  occasionally 
with  a  few  fertile  flowers,  the  rest  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes 
4-5,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  the  upper  approximate  and  clustered  on  short  or  in- 


600  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.) 

eluded  stalks,  the  lowest  remote  on  a  long  exserted  stalk,  and  (with  one  or  more 
of  the  others)  often  bearing  1  -2  short  branches  at  the  base;  perigynia  crowded, 
spreading  and  at  length  reflexed,  strongly  few-nerved,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  con- 
tracted base  into  a  conspicuously  toothed  beak,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale. 
(C.  reversa,  Spreng.)  —  Marshy  borders  of  streams,  New  England  to  Perm.,  Wis- 
consin, and  northwestward.  —  Culm  nearly  smooth  (l£°-2£°  high) :  leaves  and 
bracts  3" -4"  wide,  much  exceeding  the  thick  spikes,  which  are  !'-!£'  long. — 
Var.  HART 1 1  (C.  Hartii,  Dew.)  is  a  slender  state,  with  fertile  spikes  distant,  the 
lower  long-peduncled.  —  Yates  Co.,  New  York,  Dr.  Hart  Wright. 

140.  C.  gigant&a,  Rudge.     Sterile  spikes  1-5;  sometimes  with  a  few 
fertile  flowers ;  fertile  spikes  3-5,  cylindrical,  somewhat  erect,  or  spreading  on 
exserted  peduncles,  distant  or  the  upper  contiguous,  all  or  most  of  them  staminate 
at  the  apex ;  perigynia  ascending,  at  length  horizontal,  many-nerved,  abruptly  tapering 
from  a  broadly  or  globular-ovate  ventricose  base  into  a  long  and  slender  sharply 
2-toothed  beak,  much  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  mostly  awn-pointed  scale ; 
achenium  broader  than  high,  strongly  triquetrous,  with  concave  faces.  —  Swamps, 
Delaware  ( W.  M.  Canby),  Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward.  —  Allied  to  the 
preceding  and  to  No.  133.     Culm  2° -3°  high  :  perigynia  about  6"  long. 

141.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Dew.     Sterile  spikes  commonly  2,  the  lower  often 
pistillate  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes  3  -4,  cylindrical,  somewhat  drooping,  densely 
flowered,  often  staminate  at-  the  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lower  rather  compound 
aj  the  base,  on  smooth  nearly  included  stalks ;  perigynia  ascending,  oblong-ovoid, 
rather  lightly  few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  smooth  short-toothed  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  roughly  long-awned  scale.  —  Wet  swamps,  New  England,  New 
Jersey,  W.  New  York,  and  northward:  not  common.  —  Culm  10' -15'  high, 
smooth  :  bracts  and  leaves  2" -3"  wide,  smooth  except  the  margins,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  culm  :  fertile  spikes  (2' -3'  long,  rather  narrow)  and  the  whole  plant 
turning  straw-color.    Perigynia  2£"  -  3"  long,  thin. 

142.  C.  Utriculata,  Boott     Sterile  spikes  3-4;  fertile  spikes  2-5,  com- 
monly 3,  rather  distant,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  (sometimes  loose  and  attenuated  at 
the  base),  peduncled,  cylindrical  (l^'-4'  long)  thick,  and  densely  very  many- 
flowered;  perigynia  ovate,  either  ventricose  and  abruptly  or  inclining  to  elliptical 
and  more  gradually  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  smooth  beak,  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  very  acute  or  awn-pointed  scale ;  culm  stout  and  thick,  obtusely  angular, 
spongy  at  base  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  flat  (3'  -4"  broad),  pale,  nodose-reticu- 
lated.    (C.  ampullacea,  var.  utriculata  of  former  ed.)     Swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  common  northward.  —  Fruit  sometimes  almost  that 
of  C.  vesicaria,  sometimes  that  of  C.  ampullacea,  into  which  it  merges  north- 
ward :  the  rough  mostly  awn-like  points  of  the  scale  usually  distinguish  it  from 
both  European  species. 

143.  C.  Vaseyi,  Dew.    Differs  from  the  last  in  the  slender  culm  with  acute 
rough  angles;  fertile  spikes  (2  or  3)  looser  and  fewer-flowered;  perigynia  more 
tapering  into  the  beak,  and  scales  less  pointed ;  from  C.  vesicaria,  L.  of  Europe 
(of  which  it  is  the  nearest  representative)  in  the  more  pointed  scales  and  fewer- 
nerved  perigynia  tapering  gradually  into  a  longer  beak;  from  the  next  (into 
which  it  probably  passes)  by  the  larger  elongated-ovate  perigynia  tapering  into  a 
slender  beak  (the  roughness  of  which,  indicated  by  Dr.  Boott,  is  rarely  obvious, 


CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  601 

the  teeth,  however,  rough-serrulate).  (C.  monile,  D*u.  in  1845,  not  of  Tuckerm. 
C.  vesicaria,  var.  cylindracea,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  Yates  Co.,  New  York,  Sartwett, 
to  Illinois  ?  x 

144.  C.  monile,  Tuckerman.     Sterile  spikes  3,  rarely  2  or  4 ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  2,  rarely  3  or  solitary,  cylindraceous  or  cylindrical  (l'-2^'long),  mostly 
slender,  slightly  or  the  lower  when  remote  longer-peduncled  ;  perigynia  globular- 
ovate,  very  ventricose,  shining,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  smooth  beak,  longer 
than  the  ovate-lanceolate  acute  or  scarcely  pointed  scale;  culm  slender  (l°-3° 
high),  sharply  triangular,  rough  on  the  angles ;  leaves  narrow  (barely  2"  wide). 

—  Wet  places:   common,   especially  northward.  —  Perigynia   2" -2^''   long. 
(C.  vesicaria,  var.  alpigena,  Fries,  of  N.  Eu.  appears  to  be  a  form  of  this.) 

145.  C.  Olneyi,  Boott.     Resembles  the  two  preceding  and  C.  vesicaria ; 
the  fertile  spikes  denser  and  thicker,  short-cylindrical  (1;-  l£'  long) ;  perigynia 
(2%"  -3"  long)  turgid-ovate,  with  the  short  beak  rough-serrate  at  the  apex  and  on 
the  awl-shaped  teeth  ;  the  scales  acute  or  bluntish ;  leaves  (1"  -2"  broad)  rough, 

—  Wet  ground,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  Olney. 

146.  C.  Tuckermani,  Boott.     Sterile  spikes  about  2  ;  fertile  spikes  2-3, 
commonly  3,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  somewhat  approximate,  on  rough  stalks, 
the  lowest  often  nodding ;  perigynia  shining,  thin  and  delicate,  much  inflated,  ovate, 
ascending,  tapering  into  a  rather  abrupt  slender  and  cylindrical  smooth  beak, 
much  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  or  short-pointed  scale ;  the  very 
long  narrow  bracts'and  leaves  rough,  much  surpassing  the  rough-angled  culm. 
(C.  bullata  of  authors,  not  of  Schk.     C.  cylindrica  of  former  ed. ;  but  the  cylin- 
drica  of  Schweinitz  belongs  mainly  to  the  next  or  to  some  others,  and  is  too 
much  confused  for  preservation. )  —  Swamps,  W.  New  England  to  Penn.,  Illi- 
nois, and  northward.  —  Differs  from  the  next  in  the  more  numerous  and  longer 
fertile  spikes  (8" -2'  long),  and  the  larger,  more  inflated  and  membranaceous 
fruit  (4" -5''  long),  with  a  smooth  beak. 

147.  C.  bullata,  Schk.     Sterile  spikes  2-3;  fertile  spikes  most  frequently 
only  one,  sometimes  2,  approximated,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  sessile  or  on  short 
smooth  stalks ;  perigynia  spreading,  shining,  turgid-ovate,  tapering  into  a  long  cylin- 
drical rough  beak,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointless  scale ;  bracts  and 
leaves  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  smooth  or  roughish  culm.  (C.  cylindrica, 
Schw.,  at  least  in  part,  Tuckerm.,  &c.)  —  Wet  swamps,  New  England  to  Penn. 
and  southward,  chiefly  eastward. 

•f-  •«-  Fertile  spikes  globular  or  oblong,  few -Jlowered. 

148.  C.  Oligosperma,  Michx.    Sterile  spikes  1  -2,  slender;  fertile  spikes 
1-2,  densely  6-  18-flowered,  the  lower  on  a  very  short  stalk ;  perigynia  turgid- 
ovate  (2^"  long),  tapering  into  a  short  minutely  toothed  beak,  not  much  longer 
than  the  ovate  awnless  scale ;  culm  very  slender ;  leaves  and  bracts  involute. 
(C.  Oakesiana,  Dew.)  — Wet  borders  of  ponds,  &c.,  E.  Mass,  to  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward,  chiefly  in  cold  or  mountainous  regions. 

*  *  Perigynia  nerveless  or  nearly  so :  bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm. 
-H-  Perigynia  pointed  with  a  very  short  smooth  beak,  minutely  2-toothed  at  the  a/tex : 
stigmas  either  2  or  3 :  fertile  spikes  2  or  sometimes  one,  dense,  short,  usually 
brown-purple  or  purplish,  the  upper  almost  sessile,  the  lower  short-pedund<d :  sttr- 


C02  GFRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

He  spikes  I  or  2,  oft'.-n  solitary.  (The  two  following  are  very  much  alike;  and 
one  or  the  other  is  doubtless  C.  miliaris,  Michx.  The  first  is  regarded  by 
Andersson  as  an  extreme  form  of  C.  ampullacea,  the  second  of  C.  vesicaria.) 

149.  C.  rotund&ta,  Wahl.  ?    Leaves  and  bracts  involute,  smoothish  ;  fertile 
spikes  oblong  or  cylindraceous,  or  the  upper  ovate  or  globular  ;  perigynia  short- 
ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  (obtuse,  or  in  our  specimens  acute 
or  pointed)  scale.  —  Gravel-bars  at  the  outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake,  N.  Maine, 
C.  E.  &  A.  If.  Smith.  —  The  specimens  are  a  foot  high,  with  one  leaf  on  the 
obtusely  angula.r  culm,  and  only  the  lowest  spike  leafy-bracted  :  sterile  spike 
single  •  the  fruit  not  fully  formed.     (Eu.) 

150.  C.  plilla,  Good.?   Leaves  and  bracts  fiat,  with  a  slender  triangular 
apex,  rough-margined  ;    culm   rather  sharply  triangular  ;  perigynia  inflated- 
ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.     (C.  saxatilis,  L.,  but  that  was  in 
part  C.  rigida  :  the  name  is  appropriate  for  that  but  not  for  this  species,  and  is 
better  discarded  altogether.)     (Eu.)  —  Var.  ?  MILIARIS.      Culm  more  slender, 
1°  or  more  high  ;  fertile  spikes  paler  (1-3),  ovoid  or  oblong,  in  our  specimens 
staminate  at  the  apex,  each  with  a  very  rough  leafy  bract,  the  lowest  often  sur- 
passing the  culm.     (C.  miliaris,  Michx.)  —  Outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake,  with  or 
near  the  preceding,  July  29,  C.  E.  &  A.  H.  Smith  ;  and  far  northward. 

•H-  •*-  Perigynia  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  long  and  2-toothed  beak. 

151.  C.  longirbstris,  Torr.     Sterile  spikes  usually  3,  at  the  summit  of 
a  long  slender  stalk  ;  the  lower  often  bearing  some  fertile  flowers  ;  fertile  spikes 
2-4,  cylindrical,  more  or  less  distant,  on  long  filiform  at  length  drooping  stalks, 
loosely  flowered  ;  perigynia  globose-ovoid,  smooth  and  shining,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  cylindrical  beak,  which  is  longer  than  the  body,  rough  on 
the  margin,  and  2-cleft  at  the  membranaceous  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  light-colored  or  white  scale.     (C.  Sprengelii,  Dew.)  —  Shady  rocks, 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 


ORDER  128.    GRAUltfEJE.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Grasses,  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  at  the  joints,  alternate  2- 
ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade  ;  the 
hypoyynous  flowers  imbricated  with  Z-ranked  glumes  or  bracts  :  the  outer 
pair  (glumes  proper)  subtending  the  spikelet  of  one  or  several  flowers  ; 
the  inner  pair  (palece  or  palets}  enclosing  each  particular  flower,  which  is 
usually  furnished  with  2  or  3  minute  hypogynous  scales  (squamulcz,  Juss., 
lodiculcE,  Beauv.).  Stamens  1-6,  commonly  3  :  anthers  versatile,  2-celled, 
the  cells  distinct.  Styles  mostly  2  or  2-parted  :  stigmas  hairy  or  feathery. 
Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  a  seed-like  grain  (caryopsis)  in  fruit. 
Embryo  small,  on  the  outside  and  at  the  base  of  the  floury  albumen.  — 
Roots  fibrous.  Sheath  of  the  leaves  usually  more  or  less  extended  above 
the  base  of  the  blade  into  a  scarious  appendage  (ligule).  Spikelets  pani- 
cled  or  spiked.  Inner  (upper)  palet  usually  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  enclosed 
or  partly  covered  by  the  outer  (lower)  palet.  Grain  sometimes  free  from, 


GRAMINEJE.        (GRASS   FAMILY.)  603 

• 

sometimes  permanently  adherent  to,  the  palets.  —  A  vast  and  most  impor~ 
tant  family,  as  it  'furnishes  the  cereal  grains,  and  the  principal  food  of  cat- 
tle, &c.  (See  Plates  7  - 14.) 

Tribe  I.  POACE.3E.  R.  Br.  Spikelets  1  -  many-flowered,  when  more  than  one-flowered 
centripetal  in  development ;  the  lowest  flowers  first  developing,  uppermost,  if  any.  imper- 
fect or  abortive,  the  rest  all  alike  in  the  spikelet  (perfect,  or  occasionally  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious) ;  only  in  a  few  exceptional  cases  with  the  lowest  of  the  several  flowers  less  perfect 
than  the  upper  (viz.  staminate  only  in  Arrhenatherum  and  Phragmites,  neutral  in  Uniola, 
Gtenium,  &c.). 

Subtribe  1.  Oryzete.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  panicles,  the  flowers  often  monoecious. 
Glumes  abortive  or  wanting !  Inner  paleae  3-nerved !  Stamens  1-6. 

1.  Leersla.     Flowers  perfect,  strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  awnless  conduplicate  palets. 

2.  Zizaiiia.    Flowers  monoecious.  Palets  convex  ;  the  lower  one  awned  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

Subtribe  2.  Agrostideee.  Spikeleta  1-flowered,  perfect,  and  occasionally  with  the 
rudiment  or  abortive  pedicel  of  a  seconbl  flower  above,  panicled,  or  clustered,  sometimes  so 
contracted  as  to  form  a  sort  of  spike,  but  the  Spikelets  are  not  directly  borne  on  the 
common  axis.  Stamens  1-3. 

*  PHLEOIDEjE.    Glumes  equal,  strongly  keeled,  laterally  flattened,  boat-shaped,  somewhat 

herbaceous,  as  well  as  the  paleae.    Inflorescence  densely  spiked ! 

3.  Alopecurus.     Glumes  united  at  the  base.    Lower  palet  bearing  an  awn  on  the  back  : 

the  upper  palet  wanting. 

4.  Phleum.     Glumes  distinct,  sharp-pointed,  much  larger  than  the  two  thin  and  truncate 

awnless  palets. 

5.  Crypgis.    Glumes  distinct,  not  longer  than  the  palets  ;  both  awnless  and  pointless. 

*  *  AGROSTIDEJE  proper.    Glumes  and  palets  both  membranaceous,  or  the  latter  sometimes 

very  thin  and  delicate.  Inflorescence  panicled  or  glomerate,  sometimes  rather  spike-like, 
but  not  contracted  into  a  uniform  cylindrical  spike.  Palets  not  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of 
hairs,  or  only  with  some  very  minute  ones  at  the  base. 

•*-  Flower  perfectly  sessile  in  the  glumes :  lower  palet  1-nerved :  awns  none. 

6.  Vilfa.    Fruit  a  caryopsis  (seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp,  as  in  most  grasses).    Panicle 

spiked  or  contracted. 

7.  Sporobolus.    Fruit  an  utricle  (seed  loose  in  the  thin  pericarp).    Panicle  open  or  close. 
+-  •»-  Flower  slightly  raised  in  the  glumes  on  a  short  sometimes  stalk-like  base  (callus") :  lower 

palet  3  -  5-nerved  ;  and  this  or  the  glumes  awned  or  pointed,  except  in  some  species  of  No.  8. 

8.  Agrostis.     Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer,  pointless,  exceeding  the  very 

thin  blunt  palets.    Lower  palet  pointless,  often  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  upper  sometimes 
wanting.     Panicle  open. 

9.  Poly  pogon.     Glumes  nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  palets,  the  lower 

of  which  is  often  short-awned  below  the  apex.     Stamens  3.     Panicle  contracted. 

10.  Cinna.     Glumes  acute,  the  lower  about  equalling  and  the  upper  slightly  exceeding  the 

similar  palets.    Stamen  1.     Flowers  raised  on  a  distinct  naked  stalk,  beardless :  lower 
palet  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  just  below  the  tip  ;  ttie  upper  1-nerved. 

11.  Mublenbergia.     Lower  glume  mostly  smaller.     Palets  chiefly  hairy-bearded  at  the 

base,  the  tip  of  the  lower  one  mucronate-pointed  or  awned.     Stamens  3. 

12.  Brachyelytrum.     Lower  glume  almost  obsolete,  and  the  upper  minute.    Lower  palet 

long-awned  from  the  tip  ;  the  upper  grooved  on  the  back  and  bearing  a  long  and  slender 
naked  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second  flower.    Stamens  2. 

*  *  *  CALAMAGR.OSTIDE.ffi.     Flower  with  a  copious  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  palets  : 

otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing  subdivision. 

13.  Calamagrostis.    Lower  palet  mostly  awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  glumes. 


604  GRAMINE.E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 


*  *  *  *  STIPES.  Paleae  coriaceous,  or  indurated  in  fruit,  commonly  shorter  than  the  mem- 
branaceous  glumes,  usually  on  a  rigid  base  or  callus ;  the  lower  involute,  terete,  closely 
enclosing  the  upper  and  the  grain,  mostly  1  -3-awned  at  the  apex.  Inflorescence  racemose 
or  panicled  :  spikelets  usually  large,  the  flower  deciduous  from  the  persistent  glumes, 

14.  Oryzopsis.     Awn  simple,  straight,  deciduous  from  the  palet  or  sometimes  wanting. 

15.  Stipa.     Awn  simple,  twisted  below.     Callus  conspicuous,  pointed  at  the  base. 

16.  Aristida.     Awn  .triple.    Upper  palet  small.     Callus  conspicuous,  pointed  at  the  base. 
*****  Palets  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  awnless.    Here  the  following  would  be  sought  by 

the  student  who  overlooked  the  pair  of  rudimentary  flowers  in  No.  56,  and  was  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  recondite  theoretical  structure  of  No.  57  and  58. 

56.  Phalaris.     Spikelets  laterally  flattened.    A  rudiment  at  the  base  of  each  palet. 

57.  Miliuiu.     Spikelets  dorsally  flattish,  not  jointed  with  the  pedicels  :  flowers  all  alike. 

68.  Amphicarpum.     Spikelets  of  two  sorts,  the  fertile  subterranean,  those  of  the  panicle 

separating  by  a  joint  without  ripening  grain. 

Subtribe  3.  Chloridese.  Spikelets  rarely  1-flowered,  usually  2 -several-flowered,  with 
one  or  more  of  the  upper  flowers  imperfect,  disposed  in  one-sided  spikes !  Glumes  persist- 
ent, the  upper  one  looking  outward.  Rhachis  (axis)  jointless.  Spikes  usually  several  and 
racemed  or  digitate.  Stamens  2  or  3. 

*  Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered. 

69.  Paspalum  might  be  looked  for  here,  having  to  all  appearance  merely  1-flowered  spikelets. 

17.  Spartina.    Spikelets  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  glumes,  imbricated  in  2  ranks  on 

the  triangular  rhachis  of  the  straight  spike. 

*  *  Spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  two  or  more  imperfect  or  neutral  flowers :     . 
•t-  The  perfect  flower  intermediate. 

18.  Ctenium.     Spikelets  closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  the  axis  of  a  single  curved  spike. 

•<-•»-  The  perfect  flower  below  the  one  or  more  neutral  or  rudimentary  ones. 

19.  Bouteloua.    Lower  palet  3-cleft  and  pointed  or  3-awned  at  the  apex.    Spikes  dense. 

20.  Gymnopogou.    Lower  palet  and  the  rudiment  1-awned.    Spikes  filiform,  racemed. 

21.  Cy  notion.     Flower  and  the  rudiment  awnless.     Spikes  slender,  digitate. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  several  flowered ;  more  than  one  of  the  lower  flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 
•4-  Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  dense. 

22.  Dactyl  octenium.    Glumes  compressed-keeled ;  outer  one awned :  lower  palet  pointed. 

23.  Eleusiue.    Glumes  and  palets  both  awnless  and  blunt. 

•i-  -t-  Spikes  racemed,  slender. 

24.  Leptochloa.     Spikelets  loosely  spiked.    Lower  palet  pointless  or  awned  at  the  tip. 

Subtribe  4.  Festuciiiece.  Spikelets  several-  (few -many-)  flowered,  panicled;  the 
uppermost  flower  often  imperfect  or  abortive.  Palets  pointless,  or  the  lower  sometimes 
tipped  with  a  straight  (not  twisted  nor  deeply  dorsal)  awn  or  bristle.  Stamens  1-3.  Culms 
sometimes  reed-like,  but  not  woody. 

*  Lowest  flowers  of  the  spikelet  perfect  and  fertile. 

•i-  Grain  free  from  the  palets. 

•H-  Joints  of  the  rhachis  of  the  spikelet  at  the  insertion  of  each  flower,  or  the  whole  rhachis, 
bearded,   flumes  and  convex  palets  membranaceous. 

25.  Tricuspls.     Spikelets  3  -  many -flowered.    Lower  paleae  hairy -fringed  on  the  3  nerves, 

one  or  all  of  which  project  into  awns  or  mucronate  tips,  mostly  from  notches  or  clefts. 

26.  Grapb.epb.orum.    Spikelets  2  -  few-flowered.    Glumes  and  palets  awnless  or  pointless. 

•H.  -H-  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  and  base  of  the  flower  not  bearded. 
o.  Lower  palet  1-pointed,  awned  or  acute,  the  nerves  when  present  running  into  the  point. 

27.  Dtarrhena.     Glumes  (short)  and  the  rigid-pointed  lower  3-nerved  palet  coriaceous, 

convex-boat-shaped.       Stamens  2.       Pericarp  cartilaginous,  large.       Panicle  loosely 
few-flowered. 


GRAM1NEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  605 

28.  Dnctylis.    Glumes  (rather  long)  and  lower  palet  awn-pointed,  herbaceous,  compressed- 

keeled.    Panicle  contracted  in  one-sided  clusters. 

29.  Kceleria.     Glumes  (nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet)  and  lower  palet  rnerubranaceous, 

keeled,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  rather  blunt.     Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 
37.  Festuca,  with  grain  sometimes  free,  may  be  looked  for  here. 

b.  Lower  palet  awnless  and  pointless,  blunt  (except  one  Glyceria),  the  nerves  parallel. 
1.  Glumes  extremely  dissimilar,  1$  -  3-flowered. 

30.  Eatonia.     Lower  glume  linear  ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate  and  folded  round  the  flowers. 

2.  Glumes  similar  in  shape,  but  often  unequal  in  size. 

31.  Melica.     Lower  palet  flattish-convex,  many-nerved,  membranaceous  at  the  top,  harden- 

ing on  the  loose  grain.     Fertile  flowers  1-3,  the  upper  enwrapping  deformed  sterile  ones. 

32.  Glyceria.    Lower  palet  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  scarious  at  the 

tip.     Spikelets  many -flowered  ;  the  flowers  deciduous  at  maturity  by  the  breaking  up  of 
the  rhachis  into  joints. 

33.  Brizopyrum.     Lower  palet  laterally  much  compressed  and  often  keeled,  acute,  rigid, 

rather  coriaceous,  smooth,  faintly  many -nerved.     Spikelets  flat,  spiked -clustered. 
37.  Festuca.    Lower  palet  slightly  if  at  all  laterally  compressed,  not  keeled,  only  1  -  5-nerved, 
not  cobwebby,  and  nearly  without  scarious  margins,  acutish  :  otherwise  as  in  Poa. 

34.  Poa.    Lower  palet  laterally  compressed  and  mostly  keeled,  5-nerved,  membranaceous, 

scarious-margined,  the  margins  or  nerves  below  often  cobwebby  or  pubescent :  the  upper 
palet  not  remaining  after  the  lower  falls.    Spikelets  flattened. 

35.  Eragrostis.    Lower  palet  3-nerved,  keeled,  deciduous,  leaving  the  upper  persistent  on 

the  rhachis.    Spikelets  flat. 

•*-  +-  Grain  adherent  to  the  upper  palet. 

36.  Briza.     Lower  palea  rounded,  very  obtuse,  pointless,  many-nerved,  flattened  parallel  to 

the  glumes,  soon  ventricose,  scarious-margined.     Spikelets  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

37.  Festuca.  Lower  palet  convex  on  the  back,  acute,  pointed,  or  awned  at  the  tip,  few-nerved. 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.     Styles  terminal. 

38.  Bromus.    Lower  palet  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back,  mostly  awned  or  bristle-bearing 

below  the  2-cleft  tip,  5  -  9-nerved.    Styles  scarcely  terminal. 

*  Lowest  flower  of  the  spikelet  neutral  or  staminate 

39.  Uniola.    Spikelets  very  flat ;  the  one  or  more  lowest  flowers  neutral,  of  a  single  empty 

palet.    Flowers  strongly  compressed-keeled,  crowded,  coriaceous. 

40.  Pliragmites.     Spikelets  strongly  silky-bearded  on  the  rhachis,  loosely-flowered,  the 

lowest  flower  staminate  or  neutral.    Palets  membranaceous. 

S ul> tribe  5.     Bambuseee.     Culms  woody  and  commonly  arborescent.    Spikelets  and 
flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  Sub  tribe,  awnless. 

41.  Arniidiiiaria.     Spikelets  flattened,  loosely  5  -  14-flowered,  in  depauperate  panicles. 

Subtribe  6.     Hordeineee.     Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
zigzag  jointed  rhachis  (which  is  excavated  or  channelled  on  one  side  of  each  joint),  forming 
a  spike.    Glumes  sometimes  abortive  or  wanting.     Otherwise  as  in  Subtribe  4. 
*  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

42.  Lepturus.     Spikelets  almost  immersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  very  slender  rhachis, 

1-flowered.    The  filiform  spikes  usually  several. 

43.  L«ol ium .     Spikelets  many-flowered,  placed  edgewise  on  the  rhachis  of  the  solitary  spike  : 

glume  only  one,  external. 

44.  Triticum.     Spikelets  3 -several  flowered,  placed  flatwise  on  the  rhachis  of  the  solitary 

spike  :  both  glumes  present,  transverse  (right  and  left). 

*  *  Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  :  spike  solitary. 
•*-  Glumes  anterior,  forming  a  sort  of  involucre  for  the  cluster  of  spikelets. 
45-  Hordeum.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint,  but  the  two  lateral  usually  sterile. 
46    Elymus.     Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  all  perfect  and  similar. 


606  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

•»-  t-  Glumes  none  or  1-2  awn-like  rudiments  in  their  place. 

47.  Gymiiostichum.    Spikelets  few-flowered,  somewhat  pedicelled,  1  -  3  at  each  joint. 

Sul> tribe  7.  Avenerc.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  panicled  ;  the  rhachis  or  base  of 
the  flowers  often  villous-bearded.  Glumes  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flowers. 
Lower  palet  bearing  a  twisted,  bent,  or  straight  awn  on  its  back  or  below  its  apex  ;  the 
upper  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  rudimentary. 

48.  Danthonia.     Spikelets  several-flowered.    Lower  palet  firm  and  rigid,  rounded  on  the 

back,  several -nerved,  the  3  middle  nerves  running  into  the  flattish  twisted  awn  which 
proceeds  from  the  cleft  at  the  apex. 

49.  A  vena.    Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered.    Lower  palet  roundish  on  the  back,  and  of  firmer 

texture  than  the  glumes,  several-nerved,  sharply  2-toothed  or  2-cleft  at  the  tip,  the  bent 
or  twisted  awn  rising  only  from  the  midnerve  at  or  below  the  cleft. 

60.  Trisetum.  Spikelets  2 -  several-flowered.  Lower  palet  laterally  compressed  and  keeled, 
sharply  2-toothed  or  2-pointed  at  the  apex,  the  slender  awn  rising  at  or  near  the  cleft, 
from  the  midnerve  only. 

51.  Aira.    Spikelets  small,  2-flowered,  with  or  without  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower.  Palets 

thin  or  scarious,  the  lower  awned  from  towards  the  base. 

*  *  One  of  the  flowers  staminate  only. 

52.  Arrlieiiatlierum.    Lower  flower  staminate ;  the  perfect  one  commonly  awnless ;  the 

uppermost  a  rudiment :  otherwise  as  in  Avena. 

53.  Helens.    Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless ;  the  upper  staminate  and  awned:  rudiment 

none  :  otherwise  resembling  Aira. 

Tribe  II.  PHALARIDEJE,  Trin.  (not  of  Kunth).  Spikelets  3-flowered  ;  the  upper- 
most or  middle  (terminal)  flower  perfect :  the  two  lower  (one  on  each  side)  imperfect, 
either  staminate,  neutral,  or  reduced  to  an  inconspicuous  rudiment. 

Subtribe  1.     Antlioxaiitlieeo.    Lateral  flowers  mostly  awned,  staminate  or  neutral, 

of  1  or  2  palets  ;  the  upper  one  awnless  and  diandrous.     Upper  palet  1-nerved. 
51.  Ilierocliloa.     Lateral  flowers  staminate  and  triandrous,  of  2  palets. 

55.  Aiithoxanthum.    Lateral  flowers  neutral,  each  of  a  single  awned  and  hairy  palet. 

Subtribe  3.  Phalarideee  proper.  Lateral  flowers  reduced  to  a  small  neutral  rudiment 
or  abortive  pedicel  on  each  side  of  the  fertile  one ;  which  is  awnless  and  triandrous. 

56.  Phalaris.    Glumes  boat-shaped,  keeled,  enclosing  the  coriaceous  fertile  flower. 

Tribe  III.  PANICEJE.  Spikelets  2-flowered ;  the  lower  flower  always  imperfect,  either 
staminate  or  neutral ;  in  the  latter  case  usually  reduced  to  a  single  empty  palet  (placed 
next  the  lower  glume,  if  that  be  present) ;  the  upper  (terminal)  flower  (placed  next  the 
upper  or  inner  glume)  only  fertile.  Embryo  and  groove  (when  present)  on  the  outer  side 
of  the  grain  !  (next  the  lower  palet  of  the  fertile  flower).  (Flowers  polygamous,  or  herni- 
gamous  (when  the  lower  flower  is  neutral),  or  sometimes  seemingly  simple  and  perfect, 
from  the  suppression  both  of  the  lower  glume  and  of  the  upper  palet  of  the  neutral  flower, 
sometimes  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious.  Rarely  both  glumes  are  wanting.) 

Subtribe  1.  Paspaleee,  Griseb.  Glumes  and  sterile  palets  herbaceous  or  membrana- 
ceous :  palets  of  the  fertile  flower  of  firmer  texture,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  awnless,  not 
keeled,  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes. 

*  Spikelets  appearing  as  if  simply  1-flowered,  from  the  suppression  of  the  lower  glume,  the 
single  neutral  palet  of  the  sterile  flower  apparently  occupying  its  place.  (Awnless.) 

57.  Mili  urn.     Spikelets  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  all  alike  in  a  terminal  open  panicle. 

58.  Amphicarpum.    Spikelets  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  of  2  sorts  ;  one  in  a  terminal 

panicle ;  the  other  subterranean,  on  radical  peduncles. 

59.  Paspalnm.    Spikelets  jointed  with  their  short  pedicels,  all  alike,  plano-convex,  in  one- 

sided spikes  or  spiked  racemes. 


GRAMINEJ2.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  607 

*  *  Spikelets  manifestly  1J  -  2-flowered  (polygamous,  the  lower  flower  staminate  or  often 

neutral,  of  one  or  both  palets),  the  lower  glume  being  present. 

60.  Paiiicum.     Spikelets  not  involucrate,  nor  the  peduncles  bristle-bearing.    Lower  glume 

usually  small  or  minute.     Sterile  flower  either  staminate  or  neutral. 

61.  Setaria.     Spikelets  spiked  or  dense-panicled,  the  peduncles  continued  into  naked  solitary 

bristles  or  awns  :. otherwise  as  in  Panicum. 

62.  Ceiichrus.     Spikelets  enclosedl-5  together  in  a  hard  and  spiny  or  bristly  and  globular 

bur-like  involucre. 

Sub  tribe  2.  Snccliarere.  Fertile  palets  membranaceous  or  scarious,  always  of  thinner 
and  more  delicate  texture  than  the  (often  indurated)  glumes,  frequently  awned  from  the 
tip.  Spikelets  usually  in  pairs  or  threes,  panicled  or  spiked,  some  of  them  entirely  sterile 
or  rudimentary. 

*  Spikelets  monoecious,  imbedded  in  the  separable  joints  of  the  spike.     ' 

63.  Tripsacum.    Staminate  Spikelets  above,  in  pairs  at  each  joint:  pistillate  Spikelets  sin- 

gle in  each  joint :  glumes  indurated. 

*  *  Fertile  spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  one  sterile  (staminate  or  mostly  neutral)  flower: 

lower  palet  of  the  perfect  flower  awned. 

64.  Eriaiithus.     Both  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  alike  fertile,  and  involucrate 

with  a  silky  tuft :  otherwise  as  in  the  next. 

65.  Androposfon.    Spikelets  a  pair  at  each  joint  of  the  plumose-hairy  spikes,  one  of  them 

sessile  and  fertile  ;  the  other  pedicelled  and  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

66.  Sorghum.    Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  2-3  together,  the  lateral  ones  sterile  or  some- 

times reduced  to  mere  pedicels. 

1.    LEE  RSI  A,    Solander.        WHITE  GRASS.    (PL  7.) 

Flowers  crowded  in  one-sided  panicled  spikes  or  racemes,  perfect,  but  those  in 
the  open  panicles  usually  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  ovary,  those  enclosed  in 
the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  close-fertilized  in  the  bud  and  prolific.  Spikelets 
1 -flowered,  flat,  more  or  less  imbricated  over  each  other,  jointed  with  the  short 
pedicels.  Glumes  wanting.  Palets  chartaceous,  strongly  flattened  laterally 
or  conduplicate,  awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keels,  closed,  nearly  equal  in 
length,  but  the  lower  much  broader,  enclosing  the  flat  grain.  Stamens  1-6. 
Stigmas  feathery,  the  hairs  branching.  —  Perennial  marsh  gVasses:  the  flat 
leaves,  sheaths,  &c.,  rough  upwards,  being  clothed  with  very  minute  hooked 
prickles.  (Named  after  John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 
*  Spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  rather  loosely  crowded. 

1.  L.  Virginica,  Willd.     (WHITE  GRASS.)     Panicle  simple;  the  spikelets 
closely  appressed  on  the  slender  branches,  around  which  they  are  partly  curved 
(1|"  long) ;  stamens  2  (a  third  imperfect  or  wanting) ;  palets  sparingly  ciliate 
(greenish- white). — Wet  woods.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  L.  oryzoides,  Swartz.    (RiCE  CUT-GRASS.)  Panicle  diffusely  branched ; 
spikelets  flat,  rather  spreading  (2£"  -3"  long) ;  stamens  3  ;  palets  strongly  bristly- 
ciliate  (whitish). —  Very  wet  places :  common.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Spikelets  broadly  oval,  imbricafely  covering  each  other  (2^" -3"  long). 

3.  L.  lenticul£ris,  Michx.     (FLY-CATCH  GRASS.)     Smoothish;  panicle 
simple;  palets  very  flat,  strongly  bristly  ciliate  (said  to  close  and  catch  flies) ; 
stamens  2 :  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward. 


608  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

2.    ZIZANIA,    Gronov.        WATER  or  INDIAN  RICE.     (PI.  7.) 

Flowers  monoecious;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  both  in  1-flowered  spikelets 
in  the  same  panicle.  Glumes  wanting,  or  rudimentary  and  forming  a  little 
cup.  Palets  herbaceo-membranaceous,  convex,  awnless  in  the  sterile,  the  lower 
one  tipped  with  a  straight  awn  in  the  fertile  spikelets.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas 
pencil-form.  —  Large,  often  reed-like  water-grasses.  Spikelets  jointed  with  the 
club-shaped  pedicels,  very  deciduous.  (Adopted  from  Zi£dviov,  the  ancient 
name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L.      (INDIAN  RICE.     WATER  OATS.)     Annual;   lower 
branches  of  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle  staminate^  spreading ;  the  upper  erect,  pis- 
tillate ;  pedicels  strongly  club-shaped ;  lower  palet  long-awned,  rough ;  styles  dis- 
tinct;  grain  linear,   slender.      (Z.  clavulbsa,  Michx.)  —  Swampy  borders  of 
streams  and  in  shallow  water :  common,  especially  northwestward..   Aug.— 
Culms  3°  -  9°  high.    Leaves  flat,  2°  -  3°  long,  linear-lanceolate.    Grain  6"  long ; 
largely  gathered  for  food  by  the  Northwestern  Indians. 

2.  Z.  miliacea,  Michx.    Perennial ;  panicle  diffuse,  ample,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  intermixed;  awns  short;  styles  united ;  grain  ovate.    Penn.  ? 
Ohio,  and  southward.    Aug. — Leaves  involute. 

3.    ALOPECURUS,    L.        FOXTAIL  GRASS.     (PL  7.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  strongly  compressed  and  keeled, 
nearly  equal,  united  at  the  base,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  lower  palet,  which 
is  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle :  upper  palet  wanting !  Stamens  3. 
Styles  mostly  united.  Stigmas  long  and  feathered.  —  Clusters  contracted  into 
a  cylindrical  and  soft  dense  spike.  Root  perennial.  (Name  from  a\a>irri£,fox, 
and  oupti,  tail,  the  popular  appellation,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

1.  A.  PRATENSIS,  L.     (MEADOW  FOXTAIL.)     Culm  upright,  smooth  (2° 
high) ;  palet  equalling  the  acute  glumes;  awn  exserted  more  than  half  its  length, 
twisted;  the  upper  leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath.  —  Meadows- and 
pastures,  eastward.    May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  GENICULATUS,  L.      (FLOATING  F.)     Culm  ascending,  bent  at  the 
lower  joints ;  palet  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  glumes,  the  awn  from  near  its  base 
and  projecting  half  its  length  beyond  it;  anthers  linear ;  the  upper  leaf  as  long  as 
its  sheath.  —  Moist  meadows,  eastward.    June  -  Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  aristulatus,   Michx.      (WILD  F.)      Glaucous;  culm  decumbent 
below,  at  length  bent  and  ascending ;  palet  rather  longer  than  the  obtuse  glumes, 
scarcely  exceeded  by  the  awn  which  rises  from  just  below  its  middle ;  anthers 
oblong.    (A.  subaristatus,  Pers.)  — In  water  and  wet  places :  common.    June- 
Aug.     Spike  more  slender  and  paler  than  in  the  last.     (Eu.) 

4.    PHLEUM,    L.        CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS.    (PI.  7.) 

Palets  both  present,  shorter  than  the  mucronate  or  awned  glumes ;  the  lower 
one  truncate,  usually  awnless.  Styles  distinct.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Alope- 
curus.  — Perennials.  Spike  very  dense,  harsh.  (An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  P.  PRATENSE,  L*  (TIMOTHY.  HERD'S-GRASS  in  New  England  and 
New  York.)  Tall;  spike  cylindrical,  elongated;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  back, 


GRAMINELE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  609 

tipped  with  a  short  bristle.  —  Meadows,   commonly  cultivated  for  hay.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  alpinum,  L.  Low ;  spike  ovate-oblong ;  glumes  strongly  ciliate  on 
the  back,  tipped  with  a  rough  awn  about  their  own  length.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

5.    CBYPSIS,    Ait.        CRYPSIS.     (PL  7.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  short 
spike  bracted  by  the  uppermost  leaves.  Glumes,  palets,  &c.  as  in  the  next 
genus,  or  rather  thinner.  —  Low  and  spreading  tufted  annuals,  natives  of  the 
East ;  with  short  leaves,  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  spathaceous.  (Name,,  Kpv\}ns, 
concealment,  the  spikes  at  first  partly  hidden  by  the  subtending  sheaths.) 

1.  C.  SCHQENO!DES,  Lam.  Leaves  rather  rigid,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point; 
heads  or  spikes  oblong,  7"  -20"  long,  thick.  (C.  Virgmica,  Nutt.,  excl.  syn.) 

—  Waste  places,  streets  of  Philadelphia  and  vicinity,  also  of  Wilmington,  Dela- 
ware :  becoming  very  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.    VILFA,    Adans.,  Beauv.        BUSH-GRASS.     (PL  7.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  1-nerved  or 
nerveless,  not  awned  or  pointed,  the  lower  smaller.  Flower  nearly  sessile  in 
the  glumes.  Palets  2,  much  alike,  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes  (mem- 
branaceo-chartaceous)  and  usually  longer  than  they,  naked,  awnless  and  mostly 
pointless;  the  lower  1-nerved  (rarely  somewhat  3-nerved).  Stamens  chiefly  3. 
Stigmas  simply  feathery.  Grain  (caryopsis)  oblong  or  cylindrical,  deciduous. 

—  Culms  wiry  or  rigid.     Leaves  involute,  usually  bearded  at  the  throat;  their 
sheaths  often  enclosing  the  panicles.     (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  V.  aspera,  Beauv.     Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted  (2°  -4°  high) ;  lowest 
leaves  very  long,  rigid,  rough  on  the  edges,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  and 
thread-like  point ;  the  upper  short,  involute  ;  sheaths  partly  or  at  first  wholly 
enclosing  the  contracted  panicle ;  palets  much  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes ; 
grain  oval  or  oblong.     (Agrostis  aspera,  Michx.    A.  clandestma  &  A.  involiita, 
Muhi.     A.  longifolia,  Ton:)  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  hills,  especially  southward. 
Sept.  —  Spikelets  2"  -  3"  long.     Palets  rough  above,  smooth  or  hairy  below,  of 
greatly  varying  proportions ;  the  upper  one  tapering  upwards,  acute,  and  one 
half  to  twice  longer  than  the  lower,  or  else  obtuse  and  equalled  or  even  con- 
siderably exceeded  by  the  lower ! 

2.  V.  vaginsefldra,  Torr.     Root  annual;   culms  slender  (6' -12'  high), 
ascending;    leaves   involute-awl-shaped   (l'-4'long);    panicles   simple  and 
spiked,  the  lateral  and  often  the  terminal  concealed  in  the  sheaths  ;  palets  some- 
what equal,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  nearly  equal  glumes ;  only  one  third  longer 
than  the  linear  grain.      (Agrostis  Virginica,  Muhl,  not  of  L.)  —  Barren  and 
sandy  dry  fields  :  common,  especially  southward.     Sept. 

3.  V.  CUSpidata,  Torr.     Root  perennial;  culms  and  leaves  more  slender 
than  in  the  preceding ;   panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow ;  spikelets 
smaller,  the  glumes  very  acute,  and  the  lower  palet  cuspidate.  —  Borders  of  Maine 
(on  the  St.  John's  River,  G.  L.  Goodale),  and  northwestward. 

39 


610  GRAMINEvE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  "V.  Virginica,  Beauv.  Hoot  perennial;  culms  tufted,  slender  (5' -12' 
long),  often  procumbent,  branched;  leaves  convolute,  rigid ;  palets  rather  shorter 
than  the  nearly  equal  acute  glumes.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  £.)  —  Sandy  sea- 
shore, Virginia  (Clayton)  and  southward.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  and  more 
numerous  than  in  the  others. 

7.    SPOROBOLTJS,    R.  Br.        DROP-SEED  GRASS.     (PL  7.) 

Spikelets  1-  (rarely  2-)  flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  open  panicle.  Flowers 
nearly  as  in  Vilfa  ;  the  palets  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes.  Stamens  2-3. 
Grain  a  globular  utricle  (hyaline  or  rarely  coriaceous),  containing  a  loose  seed, 
deciduous  (whence  the  name,  from  OTropa,  seed,  and  /3oXXo>,  to  cast  forth). 

*  Glumes  very  unequal :  panicle  pyramidal,  open :  ours  perennials,  except  No.  3. 

1.  S.  jtinceus,  Kunth.     Leaves  involute,  narrow,  rigid,  the  lowest  elon- 
gated ;  culm  (l°-2°  high)  naked  above,  bearing  a  narrow  loose  panicle;  glumes 
ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  as,  the  upper  equalling,  the  nearly 
equal  palets.     (Agrostis  juncea,  Michx.     Vilfa  juncea,  Trin.)  —  Dry  soil,  Penn- 
sylvania to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  southward.   Aug.  —  Spikelets  l"-2"  long, 
shining. 

2.  S.  heter61epis,  Gray.     Leaves  involute-thread-form,  rigid,  the  lowest  as 
long  as  the  culm  ( 1°  -  2°)  which  is  naked  above ;  panicle  very  loose  ;  glumes  very 
unequal;  the  lower  awl-shaped  (or  bristle-pointed  from  a  broad  base)  and  some- 
what shorter,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  and  taper-pointed  and  longei;  than  the  equal 
palets.     (Vilfa  heterolepis,  Gray.) — Dry  soil,  Connecticut,  and  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin.    Aug.  — Plant  exhaling  an  unpleasant  scent  (Sullivant), 
stouter  than  the  last,  the  spikelets  thrice  larger.    Utricle  spherical  (1"  in  diam- 
eter), shining,  thick  and  coriaceous  ! 

3.  C.  cryptandrus,  Gray.     Leaves  flat,  pale  (2"  wide) ;    the  pyramidal 
panicle  bursting  from  the  upper  sheath  which  usually  encloses  its  base,  its  spreading 
branches  hairy  in  the  axils ;  upper  glume  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  twice  the  length  of 
the  lower  one,  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  palets ;  sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the 
throat;  root  annual  ?     (Agr.  &  Vilfa  cryptandra,  Torr.)  — Sandy  shores,  coast 
of  New  England,  and  of  the  Great  Lakes.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Culm  2° -3°  high. 
Panicle  lead-color :  spikelets  1"  long. 

#  #  Glumes  almost  equal,  shorter  than  the  broad  palets :  panicle  racemose-elongated, 
open,  the  pedicels  capillary :  sheaths  naked  at  the  throat :  spikelets  not  unfrequently 
two-flowered:  root  perennial.  (CoLPODiUM?) 

4.  S.  COmpr6ssus,  Kunth.     Very  smooth,  leafy  to  the  top :  culms  tufted, 
stout,  very  flat:  sheaths  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  internodes;  leaves  erect, 
narrow,  conduplicate-channelled  ;  glumes  acutish,  about  one  third  shorter  than 
the  obtuse  palets.      (Agrostis  compressa,  Torr.     Vilfa,  Trin.)  — Bogs  in  the 
pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey.     Sept. — Forming  strong  tussocks,  l°-2°  high. 
Panicle  8' -12'  long:  spikelets  1"  long,  purplish. 

5.  S.  Ser6tinus,  Gray.     Smooth;  culms  very  slender,  flatfish  (8'- 15'  high), 
few-leaved;  leaves  very  slender,  channelled ;  panicle  soon  much  exserted,  the  diffuse 
capillary  branches  scattered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the  length  of  the 


GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  611 

palets.  ( Agr.  &  Vilfa  serotina,  Tan.  V.  tenera,  Trin.  Poa  ?  uniflora,  Muld. 
P.  modesta,  Tuckerm.)  —  Sandy  wet  places,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  Michigan. 
Sept.  —  A  very  delicate  grass  ;  the  spikelets  half  a  line  long. 

8.     AGROSTIS,     L.        BENT-GRASS.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  or  the 
lower  rather  longer,  usually  longer  than  the  palets,  pointless.  Palets  very  thin, 
pointless,  naked ;  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved,  frequently  awned  on  the  back ;  the 
upper  often  minute  or  none.  Stamens  chiefly  3.  Grain  (caryopsis)  free. — 
Culms  usually  tufted,  slender ;  root  commonly  perennial.  (Name  from  aypdy, 
a  fitld,  the  place  of  growth.) 

§  1.    TRICH6DIUM,  Michx.  —  Upper  palet  abortive,  minute,  or  none. 

1.  A.  elata,  Trin.     Culms  firm  or  stout  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  flat  (l"-2" 
wide) ;  upper  ligules  elongated  (2" -3"  long)  ;  spikelets  crowded  on  the  branches 
of  the  spreading  panicle  above  the  middle  (l£"  long) ;  lower  palet  awnless,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  glumes;  the  upper  wanting.    (A.  Schweinitzii, 
Trin.  f     A.  altissima,   Tuckerm.,  excl.  var.  laxa.      Trich.  elatum,  Pursh. )  — 
Swamps,  New  Jersey  and  southward.     October. 

2.  A.  per^nnans,  Tuckerm.     (THIN-GRASS.)     Culms  slender,  erect  from 
a  decumbent  base  (l°-2°high);  leaves  flat  (the  upper  4' -6' long,  1"- 2'' wide); 
panicle  at  length  diffusely  spreading,  pale  green  ;  the  branches  short,  divided  and 
flower-bearing  from  or  below  the  middle;  lower  palet  awnless  (rarely  short-awned), 
shorter  than  the  unequal  glumes  ;  the  upper  minute  or  obsolete.     (Cornucopia? 
perennans,  Walt.    Trich.  perennans,  Ell.    T.  deciimbens,  Michx.    T.  scabrum, 
Muhl.   Agr.  andmala,  WiUd.) — Damp  shaded  places.    July,  Aug.  —  Spikelets, 
&c.  as  in  No.  3,  into  which  it  seems  to  vary. 

3.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.     (HAIR-GRASS.)     Culms  very  slender,  erect  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute  (the  upper  1'  -3'  long, 
less  than  1"  wide);  panicle  very  loose  and  divergent,  purplish,  the  long  capillary 
branches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex;  lower  palet  awnless  or  occasionally 
short-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  very  acute  glumes ;  the 
upper  minute  or  obsolete ;  root  biennial  1  (A.  laxiflora,  Richard.  A.  Michauxii, 
Trin.  partly.      Trich.  laxiflorum,  Michx.     T.  montanum,  Torr.) — Exsiccated 
places  :  common.     June  -  Aug.  —  Remarkable  for  the  long  and  divergent  capil- 
lary branches  of  the  extremely  loose  panicle ;  these  are  whorled,  rough  with 
very  minute  bristles  (under  a  lens),  as  also  -the  keel  of  the  glumes.     Spikelets 
1'long.  —  A  variety?    from  about  the  White  Mountains,  &c.   (var.  montana, 
Tuckerm.),  has  a  more  or  less  exserted  awn,  thus  differing  from  the  T.  monta- 
num, Torr.  (A.  oredphila,  Trin.),  which  is  a  dwarfed  form,  growing  in  tufts  in 
hollows  of  rocks,  &c. 

4.  A.  canina,  L.      (BROWN  BENT-GRASS.)      Culms  8' -2°  high;   root- 
leaves  involute-bristle-form,  those  of  the  culm  flat  and  broader ;  panicle  loose ; 
glumes  slightly  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute ;  palet  exsertly  awned  on 
the  back  at  or  below  the  middle ;  spikelets  brownish  or  purplish,  rarely  pale  or 
greenish    (l"-l£"   long).  —  Meadows,    sparingly    naturalized  eastward.       A 
mountain    form  with  shorter  and  more  spreading   panicle   (A.   Pickeringii 


612  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

&  A.  concmna,  Tuckerm.,  A.  canina,  var.  alpina,  Oalces,  &  Ed.  2.,  and  essen- 
tially A.  rubra,  L.  ex  WahL,  and  A.  borealis,  Hartm.),  is  indigenous  on 
mountain-tops,  Maine  to  New  York ;  also,  an  ampler  form  in  the  Alleghanies 
of  Pennsylvania  (J.  R.  Lowrie),  and  southward  (A.  rupestris,  Chapman,  &c.). 
July -Aug.  (Eu.) 

§2.   AGROSTIS  proper.     Upper  palet  manifest,  but  shorter  than  the  lower. 

5.  A.  vulgaris,  With.     (RED-TOP.     HERD'S-GRASS  of  Penn.,  &c.)   Root- 
stocks  creeping  ;  culm  mostly  upright  (l°-2°  high) ;  panicle  oblong,  with  spread- 
ing slightly  rough  short  branches  (purple) ;  leaves  linear,  flat ;  ligule  very  short, 
truncate ;  lower  palet  nearly  equalling  the  glumes,  chiefly  awnless,  3-nerved ; 
the  upper  about  one  half  its  length.     (A.  polymdrpha,  Huds.,  partly.  —  Varies 
with  a  rougher  panicle  (A.  hispida,  Willd.),  and  rarely  with  the  flower  short- 
awned.  —  Low  meadows;   naturalized  from  Eu.,  and  apparently  also  native 
northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  A.  alba,  L.      (FIORIN  or  WHITE  BENT-GRASS.)      Rootstocks  moce 
stoloniferous,  and  culms  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  ascending ;  ligule  elon- 
gated, oblong  or  linear ;  panicle  contracted  after  flowering,  either  greenish,  pur- 
plish or  brownish  ;  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding,  and  equally  variable ;  rarely 
with  the  lower  palet  short-awned,  or  even  slender-awned  below  the  tip.     (A. 
stolonifera,  L.,  partly.)  —  Meadows  and  fields,  a  valuable  grass  :  nat.  from  Eu. : 
also  indigenous  on  river-banks,  N.  New  York  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

9.    POLYPOGON,    Desf.        BEARD-GRASS.    (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  a  contracted,  mostly  spike-like  panicle.  Glumes  nearly 
equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  membranaceous  palets,  the  lower  of 
which  is  commonly  short-awned  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free. 
(Name  composed  of  TTO\U,  much,  and  Trcoycoi/,  beard ;  from  the  awns.) 

1.  P.  MONSPELIENSIS,  Desf.  Panicle  interrupted  ;  glumes  oblong,  the  awn 
from  a  notch  at  the  summit ;  lower  palet  awned  ;  root  annual.  Hampton  Beach, 
New  Hampshire  (Robbins),  Virginia?  and  southward.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    CINNA,    L.        WOOD  REED-GRASS.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  much  flattened,  crowded  in  an  open  flaccid  panicle. 
Glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  rough-serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the 
lower  rather  smaller,  the  upper  a  little  exceeding  the  palets.  Flower  manifestly 
stalked  in  the  glumes,  smooth  and  naked ;  the  palets  much  like  the  glumes ; 
the  lower  longer  than  the  upper,  short-awned  or  mucronate  on  the  back  below 
the  pointless  apex.  Stamen  one,  opposite  the  1 -nerved  upper  palet !  Grain 
linear-oblong,  free.  —  A  perennial,  rather  sweet-scented  grass,  with  simple  and 
upright  somewhat  reed-like  culms  (2° -7°  high),  bearing  an  ample  compound 
terminal  panicle,  its  branches  in  fours  or  fives ;  the  broadly  linear-lanceolate 
flat  leaves  (4'' -6"  wide)  with  conspicuous  ligules.  Spikelets  green,  often  pur- 
plish-tinged. (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  arundinacea,  L.  — Moist  woods  and  shaded  swamps  :  rather  com- 
mon. July,  Aug.  —  Panicle  6'  -  15'  long,  rather  dense  ;  the  branches  and  pedi- 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  613 

eels  spreading  in  flower,  afterwards  erect.     Spikelets  2£"-3"  long.     Awn  of 
the  palet  either  obsolete  or  manifest. 

Var.  pendula,  Gray.  Panicle  loose  and  more  slender,  the  branches  nearly 
capillary  and  drooping  in  flower ;  pedicels  very  rough  ;  glumes  and  palets  thin- 
ner, the  former  less  unequal ;  spikelets  l£"-  2"  long  ;  upper  palet  obtuse.  (C. 
pendula,  Trin.  C.  latifolia,  Griseb.  C.  expansa,  Link.  Blyttia  suaveolens, 
Fries.)  —  Deep  damp  woods,  N.  New  England  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward, 
and  on  mountains  southward. — A  slender  variety  of  the  last,  as  is  shown  by 
intermediate  specimens,  always  monandrous.  (Eu.) 

11.    MUHLENBERGIA,    Schreber.        DROP-SEED  G.    (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  contracted  or  rarely  in  open  panicles.  Glumes  mostly 
acute  or  bristle-pointed,  persistent ;  the  lower  rather  smaller  or  minute.  Flower 
very  short-stalked  or  sessile  in  the  glumes  ;  the  palets  usually  minutely  bearded 
at  the  base,  herbaceous,  deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain,  often  equal ;  the 
lower  3-nerved,  mucronate  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  (Dedicated  to 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished  American  botanist  of  the  early 
part  of  this  century.) 

§  1.    MUHLENBERGIA  proper.      Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate,  terminal 
and  axillary :  perennials  (in  our  species)  with  branching  rigid 'culms,  from  scaly 
creeping  rootstocks  :  leaves  short  and  narrow. 
#  Lower  palet  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed.     (Sp.  of  Cinna,  Kunth,  Trin.) 

1 .  M.  SObolifera,  Trin.  Culms  ascending  ( 1°  -  2°  high),  rarely  branching ; 
the  simple  contracted  panicle  very  slender  or  filiform ;  glumes  barely  pointed,  almost 
equal,  one  third  shorter  than  the  equal  palets ;  lower  palet  abruptly  short-mucronate. 
(Agrostis  sobolifera,  Muhl.)  — Open  rocky  woods,  Mass,  to  Michigan,  Illinois, 
and  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long. 

2.  M.  glomerata,  Trin.   Culms  upright  (1°-  3°  high),  sparingly  branched 
or  simple  ;  panicle  oblonq -linear,  contracted  into  an  interrupted  glomerate  spike,  long- 
peduncled,  the  branches  sessile ;  glumes  awned,  nearly  equal,  and  (with  the 
bristle-like  awn)  about  twice  the  length  of  the  unequal  very  acute  palets.   (Agr. 
racemosa,  Michx.    A.  setosa,  Muhl.     Polypbgon  racemosus,  Nutt.) — Bogs: 
common,  especially  northward.     Aug.  —  Panicle  2' -3'  long. 

3.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.    Culms  ascending,  much  branched  (2°  -  3°  high)  ; 
panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included  at  the  base,  contracted,  the  branches 
densely  spiked-clustered,  linear  (green  and  purplish) ;  glumes  awnless,  sharp-pointed, 
unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute  lower  palet.     (Agr. 
Mexicana,  L.    A.  lateriflora,  Michx.)  — Varies  with  more  slender  panicles  (A. 
filitormis,  Muhl.)  — Low  grounds  :  common.     Aug. 

*  *  Lower  palet  bristle-awned  from  the  tip :  Jlowers  short-pedicelled. 

4.  M.  sylvatica,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Culms  ascending,  much  branched  and 
diffusely  spreading  (2° -4°  long);   contracted  panicles  densely  many-flowered-, 
glumes  almost  equal,  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  palet,  which  bears  an 
awn  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     (Agr.  diffusa,  Muhl.)  — Low  or 
rocky  woods  :  common.    Aug.,  Sept.  — In  aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 


614  ,      GRAMINE^.      (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

5.  M.  Willdenbvii,  Trin.     Culms  upright  (3°  high),  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched;  contracted  panicle  slender,  loosely  flowered ;  glumes  slightly 
unequal,  short-pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palet,  which  bears  an  awn  3-4 
times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     ( Agrostis  tenuiflora,  WiUd.)  —  Rocky  woods  : 
rather  common.    Aug. 

6.  M.  difiusa,  Schreber.      (DROP-SEED.    NIMBLE  WILL.)      Culms  dif- 
fusely much  branched  (8'- 18'  high) ;  contracted  panicles  slender,  rather  loosely 
many-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral ;  glumes  extremely  minute,  the  lower  obsolete, 
the  upper  truncate ;  awn  once  or  twice  longer  than  the  palet.     (Dilepyrum 
minutiflorum,  Michx.) —  Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  S.  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sep^t. —  Spikelets  only  1"  long. 

§  2.    TRICH6CHLOA,  DC.     Panicle  very  loose  and  open,  the  long  branches  and 
pedicels  capillary :  leaves  narrow,  often  convolute-bristle-form. 

7.  M.  capillaris,  Kunth.   (HAIR-GRASS.)    Culm  simple,  upright  (2° high) 
from  a  fibrous  root ;  panicle  capillary,  expanding  (6' -20'  long,  purple) ;  glumes 
unequal,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  long-awned  palets,  the  lower  mostly 
pointless,  the  upper  more  or  less  bristle-pointed.  —  Sandy  soil,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Pedicels  l'-2'  long, 
scarcely  thicker  than  the  awns,  which  are  about  1'  long. 

12.    BRACHYELYTRUM,    Beauv.    (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  conspicuous  filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second 
flower  about  half  its  length,  nearly  terete,  few,  in  a  simple  appressed  racemed 
panicle.  Glumes  unequal,  persistent,  usually  minute,  or  the  lower  one  almost 
obsolete.  Palets  chartaceo-herbaceous,  involute,  enclosing  the  linear-oblong 
grain,  somewhat  equal,  rough  with  scattered  short  bristles ;  the  lower  5-nerved, 
extended  into  a  long  straight  awn ;  the  upper  2-pointed ;  the  awn-like  sterile 
pedicel  partly  lodged  in  the  groove  on  its  back.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  and  stig- 
mas very  long. — Perennial,  with  simple  culms  (l°-3°  high)  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  downy  sheaths,  broad  and  flat  lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  spike- 
lets  £'  long  without  the  awn.  (Name  composed  of  Ppa^vs,  short,  and  e'XvTpov, 
husk,  from  the  minute  glumes.) 

1.  B.  aristatum,  Beauv.  (Muhlenbergia  erecta,  Schreb.  Dilepyrum 
aristosum,  Michx.) — Rocky  woods  :  common.  June.  —  Var.  ENGELMANNI, 
is  a  Western  form,  with  the  upper  glume  awn-pointed,  nearly  half  the  length  of 
the  palet. 

13.    CALAMAGRbSTIS,    Adans.    REED  BENT-G.    (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  and  often  with  a  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  second  abor- 
tive flower  (rarely  2-flowered),  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  keeled  or 
boat-shaped,  often  acute,  commonly  nearly  equal,  and  exceeding  the  flower, 
which  bears  at  the  base  copious  white  bristly  hairs.  Palets  thin ;  the  lower 
bearing  a  slender  awn  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip,  or  sometimes  awnless ;  the 
upper  mostly  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Perennials,  with  running 
rootstocks,  and  mostly  tall  and  simple  rigid  culms.  (Name  compounded  of 
,  a  reed,  and  aypooris,  a  grass.) 


GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  615 

§  1.  DEYEtfXIA,  Kunth.  Rudiment  of  a  second  flower  present  in  the  form  of  a 
plumose  or  hairy  small  pedicel  behind  the  upper  palet  ( very  rarely  jnore  developed 
and  having  palets  or  even  stamens) :  glumes  and  palets  membranaceous,  or  the  lat- 
ter thin  and  delicate  as  in  Agrostis ;  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved  and  awn-bearing. 

#  Panicle  loose  and  open,  even  after  flowering :  the  mostly  purple-tinged  or  lead-colored 

strigose-scabrous  glumes  not  closing  in  fruit:  copious  hairs  surrounding  the  flower 
about  equalling  the  hyaline  lower  palet,  not  surpassed  by  those  of  the  rudiment : 
awn  delicate,  straight. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  Beauv.      (BLUE  JOINT-GRASS.)     Culm  tall  (3°-5° 
high);  leaves  flat  when  fresh,  glaucous;  panicle  oblong;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  1^"  - 1£"  long ;  awn  from  near  the  middle  of  the  palet,  not  exceeding  and 
scarcely  stouter  than  the  hairs  around  the  flower.      (Arundo  Canadensis,  Michx. 
C.  Mexicana,  Nutt. )  —  Wet  grounds  :  common  northward.     July. 

2.  C.  Langsdorffii,  Trin.     Spikelets  larger,  2£"-3"  long;  glumes  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate  and  gradually  taper-pointed;  awn  stouter:  otherwise  like 
th*e  preceding.  —  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Panicle  strict,  its  short  branches  appressed  or  erect  after  flowering,  and  the  glumes 

mostly  closed :  lower  palet  less  delicate,  roughish,  sometimes  of  as  firm  texture  as 
the  glumes :  awn  stouter. 

-»-  Leaves  narrow,  inclined  to  be  involute:  awn  straight. 

3.  C.  Stricta,  Trin.    Panicle  glomerate  and  lobed,  strict ;  glumes  1^"- 2" 
long,  ovate-oblong,  not   acuminate;  hairs  scarcely  or  little  shorter  than  the 
flower,  and  as  long  as  those  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  thin 
palea  or  lower,  and  barely  exceeding  it.  —  Ledges  at  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont 
(  W.  Boott),  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

-<—  -i—  Leaves  broader,  flat :  awn  stouter,  bent,  divergent,  or  twisted  when  dry. 

4.  C.  confinis,  Nutt.   Panicle  elongated,  its  rather  slender  branches  spread- 
ing at  flowering-time,  afterwards  appressed ;  glumes  lance-oblong,  very  acute, 
2"  long,  pale;  hairs  of  the  flower  copious,  equal,  slightly  or  one  third  shorter  than 
the  thin  lower  palet  and  than  those  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  borne  much  below  the 
middle  of  the  palet,  somewhat  surpassing  it ;  grain  glabrous.     (Arundo  confinis, 

Wiild.!     C.  inexpansa,  Gray.) — Swamps,  N.  and  W.  New  York  (especially 
Penn  Yan,  Sartwcll.)  and  Pennsylvania.     July.  —  Culm  tall. 

5.  C.  Nuttalliana,  Steud.     Culm  stout  (3°  -5°  high);  panicle  contracted 
and  spike-like;  glumes  lanceolate  and  tapering  into  slender  awl-shaped  tips, 
3"  long ;  hairs  on  the  lower  side  scanty  and  barely  half  the  length  of  the  firm  and 
keeled  lower  palet,  on  the  other  side  longer  and  equalling  the  copious  tuft  on  the 
summit  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  borne  half-way  between  the  middle  and  the  taper- 
ing tip  of  the  palet,  stout,  not  twisted ;  grain  bearded  at  the  top.     ( C.  Canaden- 
sis, Nutt.     C.  coarctata,  Torr.,  and  of  former  ed.) — Moist  grounds,  E.  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

6.  C.  Porteri,  Gray.     Culm  slender  (2° -4°  high);  a  woolly-bearded  ring 
at  the  junction  of  the  broadly  linear  leaves  with  the  sheath ;  panicle  long  and 
narrow,  with  the  branches  appressed ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  2"  to  2^" 
long;  hairs  of  the  flower  and  of  the  short  rudiment  scanty,  and  both  reaching  about 
to  the  middle  of  the  flower  behind  the  upper  palet,  but  very  short  or  none  at  the 


616  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

base  of  the  firm-membranaceous  lower  palet,  which  bears  near  its  base  a  twisted  awn 
of  its  own  length.  —  Dry  woods,  Pulpit  Rocks  and  vicinity,  Huntingdon  Co., 
Pennsylvania,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter. 

7.  C.  Pickering!!,  Gray.  Culm  l°-l|°high;  leaves  short,'  panicle  py- 
ramidal, purplish;  glumes  ovate-oblong,  bluntish  or  bluntly  pointed  (l£"-2" 
long) ;  hairs  both  ofthejlower  and  of  the  rudiment  very  short  and  scanty,  one  fourth 
or  fifth  the  length  of  the  flower,  none  behind  the  obtuse  lower  palet,  which 
bears  between  its  middle  and  base  a  short  and  stout  (straight  or  bent,  not  twisted) 
awn.  —  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  in  the  alpine  region  of  Mt.  Wash- 
ington (Dr.  Pickering,  &c.) ;  and  a  more  luxuriant  form  with  smaller  spikelets 
at  Echo  Lake,  Franconia,  W.  Boott.  Sept. 

§2.  CALAMOVfLFA.  Glumes  and  equal  palets  rather  chartaceous,  compressed- 
keeled;  the  lower  glume  shorter  than  the  upper  and  shorter  than  the  palets,  of  which 
the  lower  is  l-nerved  and  entirely  awnless:  the  upper  strongly  2-keeled:  rudiment 
of  second  flower  wanting :  panicle  open  and  loose. 

8.  C.  brevipilis,  Gray.    Branches  of  the  diffuse  pyramidal  panicle  capil- 
lary (purplish) ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate ;  the  upper  slightly,  the  lower  nearly 
one  half  shorter  than  the  palets,  which  are  above  twice  the  length  of  the  hairs  and 
bristly-bearded  along  the  keels.     (Arundo  brevipilis,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine- 
barrens  of  New  Jersey :  rare.     Sept.  —  Culm  3°  -  4°  high :  leaves  nearly  flat. 

9.  C.  longifolia,  Hook.     Culm  (l°-4°  high)  stout,  from  thick  running 
rootstocks  ;  leaves  rigid,  elongated,  involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  thread- 
like point ;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth ;  glumes  lanceolate,  the  up- 
per as  long  as  the  similar  palets,  the  lower  one  fourth  shorter ;  the  copious  hairs 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  palets.  —  Sands,  along  the  upper  Great  Lakes, 
from  Illinois  and    Michigan    north  westward.      Aug. —  Spikelets  2£"   long. 
Sheaths  clothed  with  deciduous  wool. 

§3.  AMM6PHILA,  Host.  Rudiment  of  second  Jlower  present  and  plumose  above : 
glumes  nearly  equal  and  rather  longer  than  the  equal  similar  palets,  scarious-char- 
aceous,  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled:  lower  palet  5-nerved,  slightly  mucronate  or 
obscurely  awnfd  near  the  tip ;  the  upper  2-keeled:  squamulce  lanceolate,  much  longer 
than  the  ovary :  panicle  spiked-contracted:  spikelets  large  (£'  long). 

10.  C.  arenaria,   Roth.      (SEA    SAND-REED.)      Culm   stout  and  rigid 
(2° -3°  high)  from  firm  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  long,  soon  involute ;  panicle 
contracted  into  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  (5' -9'  long) ;  hairs  only  one  third  of 
the  length  of  the  palet.     (Arundo,  L.     Psamma,  Beauv.)  —  Sandy  beaches, 
New  Jersey  to  Maine,  and  northward,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

14.     ORYZOPSIS,    Michx.        MOUNTAIN  RICE.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  nearly  terete.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  thin-membrana- 
ceous,  several-nerved,  nearly  equal,  commonly  rather  longer  than  the  oblong 
flower,  which  is  deciduous  at  maturity,  and  with  a  very  short  obtuse  callus  or 
scar-like  base  Lower  palet  coriaceous,  at  length  involute  so  as  closely  to  enclose 
the  upper  (of  the  same  length)  and  the  oblong  grain;  a  simple  untwisted  and 
deciduous  awn  jointed  on  its  apex.  Stamens  3.  Squamulae  2  or  3,  conspicuous. 
Stigmas  plumose. — Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow  raceme  or 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  617 

panicle.     Spikelets  greenish,  rather  large.     (Name  composed  of  opv£a,  rice,  and 
o\lris,  likeness,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  grain.) 

*  Styles  distinct,  short:  culm  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  broad  and  flat. 

1.  O.  melanocarpa,  Muhl.      Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed;   sheaths 
bearded  in  the  throat;   panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched;   awn  thrice  the 
length  of  the  blackish  paltts  (nearly  1'  long).     (Milium  racemosum,  Smith.     Pip- 
tatherum  nigrum,  Torr.)  —  Rocky  woods.     Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -3°  high. 

*  *  Styles  united  below,  slender:  culms  tufted,  naked:  leaves  concave  or  involute. 

2.  O.  asperifblia,  Michx.     Culms  (9'-18'  high)  with  sheaths  bearing  a 
mere  rudimentary  blade,  overtopped  by  the  long  and  rigid  linear  leaf  from  the  base ; 
very  simple  panicle  or  raceme  few-flowered ;  awn  2-  3  times  the  length  of  the  rather 
hairy  whitish  paltts.     (Urachne,  Trin. )  —  Hillsides,  &c.,  in  rich  woods :  common 
northward.     May. — Leaves  without  keels,  rough-edged,  pale  beneath,  lasting 
through  the  winter.     Squamulse  lanceolate,  almost  as  long  as  the  inner  palet ! 

3.  O.   Canadensis,   Torr.      Culms   slender   (6' -15'  high),   the  lowest 
sheaths   leaf-bearing  ;    leaves  involute-thread-shaped ;    panicle   contracted  ( 1 '  -  2' 
long),  the  branches  usually  in  pairs;  palets  pubescent,  whitish;  awn  short  and 
very  deciduous,  or  wanting.     (O.  parviflora,  Nutt.     Stipa  juncea,  Michx.     S.  Can- 
adensis, Poir.     Milium  pungens,  70/r.     Urachne  brevicaudata,  Trin.)  —  Rocky 
hills  and  dry  plains,  W.  New  England  to  mountains  of  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward :  rare.     May.  —  Glumes  1"  -2"  long,  sometimes  purplish. 

15.    STIPA,    L.    FEATHER-GRASS.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  terete;  the  flower  falling  away  at  maturity  (with  the 
conspicuous  obconical  bearded  and  often  sharp-pointed  callus)  from  the  mem- 
branaceous  glumes.  Lower  palet  coriaceous,  cylindrical-involute  and  closely 
embracing  the  smaller  upper  one  and  the  cylindrical  grain,  having  a  long 
and  twisted  or  tortuous  simple  awn  jointed  with  its  apex.  Stamens  mostly  3. 
Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves  and  a  loose 
panicle.  (Name  from  OTUTTJJ,  tow,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen  appearance  of  the 
feathery  awns  of  the  original  species.  In  our  species  the  awn  is  naked.) 
*  Callus  or  base  of  the  flower  short  and  blunt:  glumes  pointless. 

1.  S.  Richards6nii,   Link.      Culm  (l£°-2°  high)  and  leaves  slender; 
panicle  loose  (4' -5'  long),  with  slender  few-flowered  branches;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  oblong,  acutish  (2^"  long),  about  equalling  the  pubescent  linear-oblong 
lower  palet,  which  bears  a  tortuous  awn  6" -8"  long.  —  Pleasant  Mountain, 
near  Sebago  Lake,  Maine,  C.  J.  Sprague,  and  northwestward.    (Flowers  rather 
smaller  than  in  Richardson's  plant,  as  described.) 

*  *  Callus  or  base  of  the  flower  pungently  pointed,  at  maturity  villous-bearded :  lower 
palet  slender  and  minutely  bearded  at  the  tip  :  glumes  taper-pointed. 

2.  S.  avenacea,  L.     (BLACK  OAT-GRASS.)     Culm  slender  (1°- 2°  high)  ; 
leaves  almost  bristle-form ;  panicle  open ;  palets  blackish,  nearly  an  long  as  the  glumes 
(about  4"long) ;  theawn  bent  above,  twisted  below  (2'-3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy 
woods,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

3.  S.  spartea,  Trin.,  not  of  Hook.     (PORCUPINE  GRASS.)     Culm  rather 


618  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

stout  (l£°-3°  high) ;  panicle  contracted;  palets  linear,  |'- 1'  long  (including  the 
long  callus),  pubescent  below,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  slender  subulate-pointed 
greenish  glumes;  the  twisted  strong  awn  (3£'-7'  long,  pubescent  below,  rough 
above.  (S.  juncea,  Pursh?)  — Plains  and  prairies,  from  Illinois  and  N.  Michi- 
gan northwestward.  May -July. 

16.     ABISTIDA,    L.        TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS.     (PI.  8.) 

Glumes  unequal,  often  bristle-pointed.  Lower  palet  tipped  with  three  awns ; 
the  upper  much  smaller.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Stipa.  —  Culms  branching: 
leaves  narrow,  often  involute.  Spikelets  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes. 
Grain  linear.  (Name  from  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.)  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
soil,  and  all  ours  have  the  awns  naked  and  persistent,  and  flower  late. 

*  Awns  separate  to  the  base,  not  jointed  with  the  palet. 

•*-  Awns  very  unequal ;  the  much  shorter  or  minute  lateral  ones  erect ;  the  elongated 
middle  one  horizontal  or  turned  downwards :  glumes  equal  or  the  upper  one  longer  : 
low  (5'-  18'  high]  and  branching,  mostly  tufted  annuals. 

**  Spikelets  few  in  loose  simple  spikes  or  racemes:  glumes  3  —  5-nerved. 

1.  A.    ramosissima,    Engelm.  mss.      Culms   diffusely  much  branched; 
glumes  (9" -10"  long)   rather  shorter  than  the  flower;  middle  awn   1' long, 
soon  abruptly  hooked-recurved,  the  lateral  ones  hardly  2"  long ;  ligule  truncate, 
bearded.  —  Dry  prairies  of  Illinois  (Engelmann,  Vasey)  and  Kentucky  (Michanx). 
—  Var.  UNIARISTATA,  with  lateral  awns  wanting.     Odin,  S.  Illinois,  Vasey. 

•»-*•  •*-«•  Spikelets  more  numerous :  glumes  (3" -4"  long)  carinately  l-nerved. 

2.  A.   dichdtoma,    Michx.      (POVERTY    GRASS.)      Culms  low,   much 
branched  throughout,  ascending ;  Spikelets  in  short  narrow  clusters ;  glumes 
nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  flower,  fully  equalling  its  minute  lateral  awns,  the 
soon  reflexed  middle  awn  about  the  length  of  the  palet.  —  Dry,  sandy  or  gravelly 
fields :  common,  especially  southward. 

3.  A.  gracilis,  Ell.     Culms  slender,  erect  (6'  -18'  high),  naked  above  and 
terminating  in  a  slender  raceme-  or  spike-like  virgate  panicle ;  glumes  about 
the  length  of  the  flower,  the  exserted  lateral  awns  varying  from  one  third  to  fully 
half  the  length  of  the  horizontally  bent  middle  one;  or  in  var.  DEPAUPERATA,  from 
one  fifth  to  one  third  its  length.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast  of  Mass,  and  from  Illi- 
nois southward.  —  Middle  awn  6" -9"  long,  in  the  ordinary  forms.     In  the  var. 
which  abounds  on  micaceous  hills  near  Philadelphia  (C.  E.  Smith),  the  flowers 
are  much  smaller,  and  awns  shorter ;  but  it  passes  into  the  larger  form. 

-i—  -t—  Awns  all  diverging  and  alike,  or  the  lateral  ones  moderately  shorter. 
**  Glumes  equal  or  the  upper  one  longer. 

4.  A.  Stricta,  Michx.    Culms  (2°  -3°  high)  densely  tufted  from  a  perennial 
root,  bearing  a  (1°)  long  spiked  panicle,'  leaves  involute-thread-form,  long,  rigid, 
sometimes  downy:  awns  about  the  length  of  the  flower  (6")  or  the  lateral  one 
third  shorter.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  A.  Oligantha,  Michx.     Culms  (6" -20"  high)  tufted  from  an  annual? 
root,  bearing  a.loosely  few-flowered  raceme;  leaves  short,  somewhat  involute  when 
dry;  lower  glume  3-5-nerved  (nearly  V  long);  awns  capillary,  1^-3'  long, 
much  exceeding  the  slender  flower.  —  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  common  south- 
westward. 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  619 

•w-  *+  Upper  glume  shorter  than  the  lower :  perennials,  simple-stemmed,  2°  -  4°  high. 

6.  A.  purpurascens,  Poir.      Glabrous;  leaves  rather  involute;  flowers 
in  a  (10'-  18')  long  spiked  panicle;  awns  much  longer  than  the  flower,  the  middle 
one  about  1' long.     (A.  racemosa,  Muhl.    A.  Geyeriana,  Steud.) — Massachu- 
setts to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward :  common. 

7.  A.  lanata,  Poir.     Tall  and  stout ;  leaves  tardily  involute,  rough  on  the 
upper  side,  rigid;  sheaths  woolly ;  panicle  (l°-2°  long)  spike-like  or  more  com- 
pound and  open;  middle  awn  (I'  long)  longer  than  the  flower.  —  Salisbury, 
Maryland,  W.  M.  Canby,  and  southward. 

*  *  Awns  united  below  into  one,  jointed  with  the  apex  ofthepalet:  root  annual. 

8.  A.  tuberculdsa,  Nutt.     Culm  branched  below  (6'- 18' high),  tumid 
at  the  joints ;  panicles  rigid,  loose ;  the  branches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  short  and 
about  2-flowered,  the  other  elongated  and  several-flowered;  glumes  (1'long,  in- 
cluding their  slender-awned  tips  longer  than  the  palet;  which  is  tipped  with 
the  common  stalk  (about  its  own  length)  of  the  3  equal  divergently-bent  awns 
(l£'-2'  long)  twisting  together  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey  ;  also  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

17.     S  PAH  TIN  A,    Schreber.        CORD  or  MARSH  GRASS.      (PL  9.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  without  a  rudiment,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  spiked 
in  2  ranks  on  the  outer  side  of  a  triangular  rhachis.  Glumes  strongly  compressed- 
keeled,  acute,  or  bristle-pointed,  mostly  rough-bristly  on  the  keel ;  the  upper  one 
much  larger  and  exceeding  the  pointless  and  awnless  palets,  of  which  the  upper 
is  longest.  Squamulae  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less  united.  — 
Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  culms,  from  extensively  creeping 
scaly  rootstocks,  racemed  spikes,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  and  tough 
leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  (nraprivr],  a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from  the 
bark  of  the  Spartium  or  Broom.) 

*  Spikelets  compactly  imbricated,  very  rough-hispid  on  the  keels:  spikes  (2' -4'  long) 
more  or  less  peduncled:  culm  and  elongated  leaves  rigid. 

1.  S.  cynosuroides,  Willd.    (FRESH-WATER  CORD-GRASS.)  Culm  rather 
slender  (2° -6°  high) ;  leaves  narrow  (2° -4°  long,  £'  or  less  wide  below),  taper- 
ing to  a  very  slender  point,  keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying,  smooth 
except  the  margins ;  spikes  5  -  20,  scattered,  spreading ;  rhachis  rough  on  the 
margins ;  glumes  awn-pointed,  especially  the  upper,  the  lower  equalling  the  lower 
palet,  whose  strong  rough-hispid  midrib  abruptly  terminates  below  the  membra- 
nous apex.     (Trachynbtia  cynosuroides,  Michx.    L/imnetis,  Pers.) — Banks  of 
rivers  and  lakes,  especially  northward.    Aug.  —  Glumes  strongly  serrulate-hispid 
on  the  keel ;  the  awn  of  the  upper  one  about  £'  long.    Palets  somewhat  unequal. 
—  Certainly  distinct  from  the  next,  to  which,  in  strictness,  the  Linntean  name 
belongs. 

2.  S.  polystachya,  Willd.,  Muhl.     (SALT  KEED-GRASS.)    Culm  tall  and 
stout  (4° -9°  high,  often  1'  in  diameter  near  the  base);  leaves  broad  (^'  to  1'), 
roughish  underneath,  as  well  as  the  margins;  spikes  20  — 50,  forming  a  dense  oblong 
raceme  (purplish) ;  glumes  barely  mucronate,  the  lower  half  the  length  of  the  equal 
palets,  of  Avhich  the  rough-hispid  midrib  of  the  lower  one  reaches  to  the  apex. 


620  GRAMINEJE.        (GRASS    FAMILY). 

(Trachynotia  polystachya,  Michx.     Dactylis  cynosuroides,  L.I  in  part,  excl. 
var.)  —  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  within  tide-water,  especially  southward. 

3.  S.  jlineea,  Willd.     (Rusn  SALT-GRASS.)     Culms  low  (1°  -  2°  high)  and 
slender;  leaves  narrow  and  rush-like,  strongly  involute,  very  smooth  ;  spikes  I  -5,  on 
very  short  peduncles ;  the  rhachis  smooth ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  scarcely  half 
the  length  of  the  upper,  not  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palet.     (Dactylis  pa- 
tens, Ait.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  sea-beaches.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Spikelets  loosely  imbricated,  or  somewhat  remote  and  alternate,  the  keels  only  slightly 
hairy  or  roug/tish  under  a  lens:  spikes  sessile  and  erect,  soft:  leaves,  rhachis,  Sfc. 
very  smooth :  culm  rather  succulent. 

4.  S.  stricta,  Roth.     (SALT  MARSH-GRASS.)      Culm  l°-4°  high,  leafy 
to  the  top ;  leaves  soon  convolute,  narrow ;  spikes  few  (2-4),  the  rhachis  slightly 
projecting  at  the  summit  beyond  the  crowded  or  imbricated  spikelets :  glumes 
acute,  very  unequal,  the  larger  1 -nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the  palets.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Pennsylvania,  £c.  (Muhl)  —  Odor  strong  and  rancid.     (Eu.) 

Var.  gl&bra.  (S.  glabra,  M uhl.,  partly.)  Culm  and  leaves  longer ;  spikes 
5-12  (2' -3'  long)  ;  spikelets  imbricate-crowded. —  Common  on  the  coast. 

Var.  alterni£l6ra.  (S.  alterniflora,  Loisel.  Dactylis  cynosuroides,  var., 
L.)  Spikes  more  slender  (3' -5'  long),  and  the  spikelets  remotish,  barely  over- 
lapping, the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspicuous  bract-like  appendage : 
larger  glume  indistinctly  5-nerved  (not  so  evidently  as  in  the  European  and 
Tropical  American  plant) :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it 
passes.  —  Common  with  the  last :  also  Onondaga  Lake,  J.  A.  Paine. 

18.    CT  6NIUM,    Panzer.        TOOTHACHE-GRASS.     (PL  9.) 

Spikelets  densely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curved  rhachis 
of  the  solitary  terminal  spike.  Glumes  persistent :  the  lower  one  (interior)  much 
smaller ;  the  other  concave  below,  bearing  a  stout  recurved  awn,  like  a  horn,  on 
the  middle  of  the  back.  Flowers  4-6,  all  but  one  neutral ;  the  one  or  two  lower 
consisting  of  empty  awned  palets :  the  one  or  two  uppermost  of  empty  awnless 
palets  :  the  perfect  flower  intermediate  in  position ;  its  palets  membranaceous, 
the  lower  awned  or  mucronate  below  the  apex  and  densely  ciliate  towards  the 
base,  3-nerved.  Squamulae  2.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  (Name  Krevioj>, 
a  small  comb,  from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike.) 

1.  C.  American  urn,  Spreng.  Culm  (3°  -4°  high  from  a  perennial  root) 
simple,  pubescent  or  roughish ;  larger  glume  warty-glandular  outside  and  con- 
spicuously awned.  (Mondcera  aromatica,  Ell.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia 
and  southward.  —  Taste  very  pungent. 

19.    BOUTELOUA,    Lagasca  (1805).        MUSKET-GRASS.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
rhachis,  comprising  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  sterile  (mostly 
neutral)  or  rudimentary  flowers.  Glumes  convex-keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Perfect  flower  with  the  3-nerved  lower  palet  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the 
2-nerved  upper  palet  2-toothed ;  the  teeth,  at  least  of  the  former,  pointed  or  sub- 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  621 

ulate-awned.  Stamens  3  :  anthers  orange-colored  or  red.  Rudimentary  flowers 
mostly  I  -  3-awned.  Spikes  solitary,  racemed  or  spiked ;  the  rhachis  somewhat 
extended  beyond  the  spikelets.  (Named  for  Claudius  Boutelou,  a  Spanish  writer 
upon  floriculture  and  agriculture.) 

§  1.  CHONDR6SIUM,  Desv.  Spikes  pectinate,  of  very  many  spikelets,  oblong 
or  linear,  very  dense,  solitary  and  terminal  or  few  in  a  raceme :  sterile  flowers 
\  - 3  on  a  short  pedicel,  neutral,  consisting  of  1-3  scales  and  awns. 

1.  B.  oligOStachya,  Torr.     Glabrous,   perennial  (6' -12'  high);   leaves 
very  narrow ;  spikes  1-5,  the  rhachis  glabrous ;  glumes  and  lower  fertile  palet 
sparingly  soft-hairy ;  the  lobes  awl-pointed ;  sterile  flower  copiously  vil/ous-tufted 
at  the  summit  of  the  naked  pedicel,  its  3  awns  equalling  the  larger  glume. 
(Atheropogon,  Nutt.)  —  N.  W.  Wisconsin  and  westward.  —  Glumes  obscurely 
if  at  all  papillose  along  the  keel.     Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  palet  2-cleft  at  the 
tip.     Sterile  flowers  often  2,  the  second  mostly  a  large  awnless  scale,  becoming 
hood-like  and  coriaceous.     (Near  B.  gracilis  :  perhaps  B.  juncifolia,  Lag.) 

2.  B.  hirstlta,   Lagasca.      Tufted,  annual?    (8' -20'  high);   leaves  flat, 
lance-linear,  papillose-hairy  or  glabrous;  spikes  1-4;  upper  glume  hispid  with 
strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands ;  lower  palet  pubescent,  3-cleft  into  awl- 
pointed  lobes ;  sterile  flower  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns  longer  than  the 
glumes  and  fertile  flower.     (Atheropogon  papillosus,  Engelm.     Chondrosium 
hirtum,  H.  B.K.)  —  Sandy  plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south  west  ward. 

§  2.  ATHEROPOGON,  Muhl.  Spikes  short,  numerous  in  a  long  and  virgate 
one-sided'  spike  or  raceme,  spreading  or  reflexed,  each  of  few  (4-12)  spikelets: 
sterile  flowers  neutral,  rudimentary. 

3.  B.  Clirtipdndula,   Gray.      Culms  tufted  from  perennial  rootstocks 
(l°-3°  high) ;  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  narrow;  spikes  £'  or  less  in  length, 
nearly  sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose  general  spike  (8'-  15' long) ;  flowers 
scabrous  ;  the  lower  palet  of  the  fertile  with  3  short  awl-pointed  teeth ;  sterile 
flower  reduced  to  a  single  small  awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than  the  fer- 
tile flower,  and  1  or  2  small  or  minute  scales.    (B.  racemosa,  Lagasca.    Chloris 
curtipendula,  Michx.    Atheropogon  apludioides,  Muhl.    Eutriana  curtipendula, 
Trin.) — Dry  hills  and  plains,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
July  -Sept.  —  Passes  by  transitions  into,  Var.  ARISTOSA,  with  spikes  shorter ; 
sterile  flower  of  a  large  saccate  lower  palet,  awned  at  the  2-cleft  tip  and  from  the 
lateral  nerves,  the  middle  awn  exserted,  and  with  a  rudiment  of  an  inner  palet 
(Eutriana  affinis,  J.  D.  Hook.)  —  Illinois  (Geyer),  and  southward. 

20.     GYMNOPOGON,    Beauv.        NAKED-BEARD  GRASS.     (PL  9.) 

Spikelets  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  second  (consisting  of 
an  awn-like  pedicel  mostly  bearing  a  naked  bristle),  sessile  and  remotely  alter- 
nate on  long  and  filiform  rays  or  spikes,  which  form  a  crowded  naked  raceme. 
Glumes  lance-awl-shaped,  keeled,  almost  equal,  rather  longer  than  the  some- 
what equal  membranaceous  palets  ;  of  which  the  lower  is  cylindrical -in  volute, 
with  the  midrib  produced  from  just  below  the  2-cleft  apex  into  a  straight  and 
slender  bristle-like  awn ;  the  upper  with  the  abortive  rudiment  at  its  base. 


622  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

Stamens  3.  Stigmas  pencil-form,  purple.  —  Root  perennial.  Leaves  short  and 
flat,  thickish,  l'-3'  long.  (Name  composed  of  yvpvos,  naked,  and  Trco-yeoi/,  a 
beard,  alluding  to  the  reduction  of  the  abortive  flower  to  a  bare  awn. ) 

1.  G.   racemdsus,  Beauv.      Culms  clustered  from  a  short  rootstock 
(1°  high),  wiry,  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  spikes  flower -bear  ing  to  the  base 
(5' -8'  long),  soon  divergent ;  awn  of  the  abortive  flower  shorter  than  its  stalk, 
equalling  the  pointed  glumes,  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  awn  of  the 
fertile  flower.      (Anthopbgon  lepturoides,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  pine-barrens,  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  G.  brevifdlius,  Trin.     Filiform  spikes  long-peduncled,  i.  e.  flower-bear- 
ing only  above  the  middle ;  lower  palet  ciliate  near  the  base,  short-awned ;  awn 
of  the  abortive  flower  obsolete  or  minute;  glumes  acute.     (Anthopbgon  brevifolius  & 
filifdrmis,  Nutt.)  —  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  and  southward. 

21.  CYNODON,    Richard.        BERMUDA  or  SCUTCH-GRASS.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  mere  naked  short-pedicelled  rudiment  of  a  second 
flower,  imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ;  the  spikes  usually 
digitate  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  culms.  Glumes  keeled,  pointless, 
rather  unequal.  Palets  pointless  and  awnless ;  the  lower  larger,  boat-shaped. 
Stamens  3.  —  Low  diffusely-branched  and  extensively  creeping  perennials,  with 
short  flattish  leaves.  (Name  composed  of  KVO>V,  a  dog,  and  oSouy,  a  tooth.) 

1.  C.  DACTYLON,  Pers.  Spikes  3  -  5  ;  palets  smooth,  longer  than  the  blunt 
rudiment.  —  Penn.  and  southward ;  troublesome  in  light  soil.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

22.  DACTYLOCTENTUM,    Willd.        EGYPTIAN  GRASS.    (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  with  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect,  crowded  on 
one  side  of  a  flattened  rhachis,  forming  dense  pectinate  spikes,  2-5  in  number, 
digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Glumes  compressed  laterally  and  keeled, 
membranaceous,  the  upper  (exterior)  one  awn-pointed.  Lower  palet  strongly 
keeled  and  boat-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  a  thin  utricle,  con- 
taining a  loose  globular  and  rough-wrinkled  seed.  —  Root  annual.  Culms  dif- 
fuse, often  creeping  at  the  base.  (Name  compounded  of  SaKruAos,  finger,  and 
KTeviov,  a  little  comb,  alluding  to  the  digitate  and  pectinate  spikes.) 

1.  D.  ^EGYPTIACUM,  Willd.  Spikes  4-5;  leaves  ciliate  at  the  base. 
(Chloris  mucronata,  Michx.)  —  Cultivated  fields  and  yards,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  (Adv.  from  Afr.  ?) 

23.    ELEUSINE,    Gsertn.        CRAB-GRASS.    YARD-GRASS.    (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  with  a  terminal  naked  rudiment,  closely  imbricate- 
spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis  ;  the  spikes  digitate.  Glumes  membra- 
naceous, pointless,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Palets  awnless  and  pointless  ;  the 
lower  ovate,  keeled,  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  (utricle) 
containing  a  loose  oval  and  wrinkled  seed.  —  Low  annuals,  with  flat  leaves, 
and  flowers  much  as  in  Poa.  (Name  from  'EXevaiV,  the  town  where  Ceres,  the 
goddess  of  harvests,  was  worshipped.) 


GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  623 

1.  E.  INDICA,  Gasrtn.  (DOG'S-TAIL  or  WIRE  GRASS.)  Culms  ascending, 
flattened;  spikes  2-5  (about  2'  long,  greenish).  —  Yards,  &c.,  chiefly  south- 
ward. (Nat.  from  Ind.  ?) 

24.    LEPTOCHLOA,    Beauv.        (OXYD^NIA,  Nutt.)     (PL  9.) 

Spikelefs  3  -  many-flowered  (the  uppermost  flower  imperfect),  loosely  spiked 
on  one  side  of  a  long  filiform  rhachis  :  the  spikes  racemed.  Glumes  membra- 
naceous,  keeled,  often  awl-pointed,  the  upper  one  somewhat  larger.  Lower 
palet  3-nerved,  with  the  lateral  nerves  next  the  ciliate  or  hairy  margins  awn- 
less,  or  bristle-awned  at  the  entire  or  2-toothed  tip,  larger  than  the  upper. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Seed  sometimes  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Ours  annuals. 
Leaves  flat.  (Name  composed  of  Xerrroy,  slender,  and  x^°a'  9rass,  from  the 
long  attenuated  spikes.) 

§  1.   LEPTOCHLOA  proper.     Lower  palet  awnless  or  simply  aimed. 

1.  L.  mucronata,  Kunth.      Sheaths  hairy;    spikes  numerous  (20-40, 
2' -4'  in  length),  in  a  long  panicle-like  raceme  ;  spikelets  small ;  glumes  more 
or  less  mucronate,  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  3-4  awnless  flowers.  — 
Fields,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    August. 

§2.    DIPLACHNE,  Beauv.     Lower  palet  bristle-awned  from  the  2-toothed  apex; 
the  marginal  nerves  often  excurrent  into  lateral  teeth  or  points. 

2.  L.  fascicularis,  Gray.     Smooth ;  leaves  longer  than  the  geniculate- 
decumbent  and  branching  culms,  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded 
panicle-like  raceme,  which  is  composed  of  many  strict  spikes  (3'-  5' long) ;  spike- 
lets  slightly  pedicelled,  7  -  1 1 -flowered,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glumes ; 
palets  hairy-margined  towards  the  base ;  the  lower  one  with  2  small  lateral 
teeth  and  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex.     (Festuca  fascicularis,  Lam. 
F.  polystachya,  Michx.      Diplachne    fascicularis,   Beauv.,   Torr.)  —  Brackish 
meadows,  from  Rhode  Island  southward  along  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois 
southward  on  the  Mississippi.    Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Makes  a  direct  transition  to  the 
next  genus. 

25.    TRICIJSPIS,    Beauv.    (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  3 - 1 2-flowered,  somewhat  terete;  the  terminal  flower  abortive. 
Glumes  unequal.  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  bearded  below  each  flower.  Palets 
membranaceous  or  somewhat  chartaceous ;  the  lower  much  larger  than  the  2- 
toothed  upper  one,  convex,  2  -  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  conspicuously 
hairy-bearded  or  villous  on  the  3  strong  nerves,  of  which  the  lateral  are  mar- 
ginal or  nearly  so  and  usually  excurrent,  as  is  the  mid  nerve  especially,  into  a 
short  cusp  or  awn.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  dark  purple,  plumose.  Grain  ob- 
long, nearly  gibbous.  —  Leaves  taper-pointed :  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Panicle  simple  or  compound;  the  spikelets  often  racemose,  purplish.  (Name 
from  the  Latin  tricuspis,  three-pointed,  alluding  to  the  lower  palet.) 
§  1.  TRICUSPIS  proper.  (Windsoria,  Nutt.)  Glumes  shorter  than  the  crowded 
flowers :  lower  palet  3-cuspidate  by  the  projection  of  the  nerves,  and  usually  with 
intermediate  membranaceous  teeth ;  the  upper  palet  naked. 


624  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  seslerioides,  Torr.     (TALL  RED-TOP.)     Perennial ;  culm  upright 
(3°-  5°  high),  very  smooth,  as  are  the  flat  leaves  ;  panicle  large  and  compound, 
the  rigid  capillary  branches  spreading,  naked  below  ;  spikelets  very  numerous, 
5  -  7-flowered,  shining,  purple  (4"  long)  ;  the  flowers  hairy  toward  the  base. 
(Poa  flava,  L.  I     P.  seslerioides,  Michx.     P.  quinquefida,  Pursh.     Windsoria, 
poaefdrmis,  Nutt.   Uralepis  ciiprea,  Kunth.)  — Dry  or  sandy  fields,  S.  New  York 
to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  A  showy  grass,  with  the  spreading  panicle 
sometimes  1°  wide.     Points  of  the  low'er  palet  almost  equal,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  intermediate  teeth,  thus  appearing  5-toothed. 

§  2.  TRIPLASIS,  Beauv.  (Diplbcea,.  Raf.  Uralepis,  Nutt.)  Glumes  much 
shorter  than  the  somewhat  remote  flowers :  both  palets  strongly  fringe-bearded ;  the 
lower  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  its  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn  between  the  trun- 
cate or  awn-pointed  divisions. 

2.  T.  purpurea,  Gray.     (SAND-GRASS.)     Culms  many  in  a  tuft  from  the 
same  annual  root,  ascending   (6' -12'  high),  with   numerous  bearded  joints; 
leaves  invohite-awl-shaped,  mostly  short;  panicles  very  simple,  bearing  few  2- 
5 -flowered  spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary  ones  included 
in  the  commonly  hairy  sheaths ;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  palet,  seldom  exceed- 
ing its  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  lateral  lobes.     (Aira  purpurea,  Walt.     Diplocea 
barbata,  Raf.     Uralepis  purpurea  and  U.  aristulata,  Nutt. )  —  In  sand,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  along  the  coast,  and  southward :  also  Lake  Erie,  near 
Buffalo,  G.  W.  Clinton.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  acid  to  the  taste. 

(T.  CORNEA  (Uralepis  cornuta,  Ell.,  and  Triplasis  Americana,  Beauv.!) 
may  perhaps  extend  north  to  the  borders  of  Virginia. ) 

26.    GRAPHEPHORUM,    Desv.    <DUPONTIA,  R.Br.)  (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  2  -  5-flowered,  rather  terete.  Glumes  membranaceous,  mostly  nearly 
equalling  the  remote  flowers.  A  cluster  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each 
flower.  Palets  thin  and  membranaceous  or  scarious ;  the  lower  one  convex, 
scarcely  keeled,  faintly  nerved,  entire,  pointless  and  awnless.  Stamens  3.  Stig- 
mas plumose.  Ovary  glabrous.  —  Perennial  and  northern  or  arctic  grasses, 
with  linear  flat  leaves,  their  sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  the  spikelets  in  a  loose 
panicle.  ( Genus  allied  to  the  Aveneae,  but  awnless ;  named  from  ypa<f)is,  a  pen- 
cil, and  <£epo>,  to  bear,  from  the  tufts  of  hair  at  the  base  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  G.  melicoides,  Bcauv.  Culm  1°- 2°  high;  leaves  roughish ;  panicle 
open ;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  their  midrib  and  the  pedicels  rough ;  joints 
of  the  rhachis  unilaterally  bearded  between  the  2-4  flowers.  Grand  Detour, 
Upper  Michigan,  Prof.  Porter,  Shore  of  Moosehead  Lake,  Maine,  C.  E.  Smith, 
and  northward  :  rare.  —  Var.  MAJOR,  Gray  (Dupontia  Cooleyi,  of  former  ed.), 
is  a  luxuriant  form,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  ampler  panicle ;  found  on  the  borders 
of  a  swamp,  Washington,  Macomb  County,  Michigan,  by  Dr.  Cooley.  Aug. 

27.    DIARRHENA,     Raf.        DIARRHENA.     (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  smooth  and  shining,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost 
flowers  sterile.  Glumes  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  one  much  smaller.  Lower  palet  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  rigidly  cori- 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  625 

aceous,  its  3  nerves  terminating  in  a  strong  and  abrupt  cuspidate  or  awl-shaped 
tip.  Squamulae  ovate,  ciliate.  Stamens  2.  Grain  very  large,  obliquely  ovoid, 
obtusely  pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  palets,  the  cartilaginous  shining  peri- 
carp not  adherent  to  the  seed.  —  A  nearly  smooth  perennial,  with  running  root- 
stocks,  producing  simple  culms  (2° -3°  high)  with  long  linear-lanceolate  flat 
leaves  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  a  few  short-pedicelled  spikelets 
(2" -3"  long)  in  a  very  simple  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  8/s,  two,  and 
apprjv,  man,  from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  Beauv.  (Festuca  diandra,  Michx.)  —  Shaded  river- 
banks  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  Aug. 

28.    DACTYLIS,    L.        ORCHARD  GRASS.    (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  crowded  in  one-sided  clusters,  forming  a  branching 
dense  panicle.  Glumes  and  lower  palet  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough- 
ciliate  on  the  keel ;  the  5  nerves  of  the  latter  converging  into  the  awn-like  point ; 
the  upper  glume  commonly  smaller  and  thinner.  Stamens  3.  Grain  lance- 
oblong,  acute,  free. — Perennials:  leaves  keeled.  (Name  SaKTvXis,  a  finger's 
breadth,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  size  of  the  clusters.) 

1.  D.  GLOMERAxA,  L.  Rough,  rather  glaucous  (3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly 
linear ;  branches  of  the  panicle  naked  at  the  base ;  spikelets  3  -  4-flowered.  — 
Fields  and  yards,  especially  in  shade.  A  variety  with  downy  spikelets,  Med- 
ford,  Mass.,  W.  Boott.  June.  —  Good  for  hay.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

29.    KCELERIA,    Pers.        KCELERIA.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  and  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 
Glumes  and  lower  palet  membranaceous,  compressed-keeled,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
barely  acute,  or  the  latter  often  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed ;  the  former  mod- 
erately unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  — 
Tufted  Grasses  (allied  to  Dactylis  and  Poa),  with  simple  upright  culms;  the 
sheaths  often  downy.  (Named  for  Prof.  G.  L.  Kb'hler,  or  Koder,  an  early  writer 
on  Grasses.) 

1.  K.  cristata,  Pers.  Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base  ;  spikelets  2  -  4-flowered ;  lower  palet  acute  or  mucronate ;  leaves  flat, 
the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  —  Var.  GRAciLis,  with  a  long  and  narrow 
spike,  the  flowers  usually  barely  acute.  (K.  nitida,  Nutt.)  —  Dry  hills,  Penn. 
to  Illinois,  thence  northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

30  .    E  A  T  6  N I A ,    Eaf.        (PvEBotrLEA,  Kunth.)    (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  and  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel, 
numerous,  in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Glumes  somewhat 
equal  in  length,  but  very  dissimilar,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  lower 
narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1 -nerved;  the  upper  broadly  obovate,  folded  round  the 
flowers,  3-nerved  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  scarious-margined.  Lower  palet  ob- 
long, obtuse,  compressed-boat-shaped,  naked,  chartaceous ;  the  upper  very  thin 
and  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong,  not  grooved.  — Perennial,  slen- 
40 


626  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

der  grasses,  with  simple  and  tufted  culms,  and  often  sparsely  downy  sheaths, 
flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (or  rarely  purplish-tinged)  spikelets. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Amos  Eaton,  author  of  a  popular  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
United  States,  which  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  general  work  available  for 
students  in  this  country,  and  of  other  popular  treatises.) 

1.  E.  Obtusata,  Gray.     Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat  interrupted, 
rarely  slender ;  the  spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches ;  upper  glume 
rounded-obotate,  truncate-obtuse,  rough  on  the  back  ;  flowers  lance-oblong.     (Aira 
obtusata,  Michx.      A.  truncata,  Muhl.     Kceleria  truncata,  Ton.     K.  paniculata, 
Nutt.    Reboulea  gracilis,  Kunth,  in  part.     R.  obtusata,  Ed.  1.     Eatonia  purpu- 
rascens,  Raf.?) — Dry  soil,  N.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 
June,  July. 

2.  E.  Pennsylvanica,  Gray.     Panicle  long  and  slender,  loose,  the  racemose 
branches  somewhat  elongated ;  upper  glume  obtuse  or  bluntly  somewhat  pointed ; 
the  2  (rarely  3)  flowers  lanceolate.     (Koeleria  Pennsylvania,  DC.     Aira  mollis, 
Muhl.     Reboulea  Pennsylvanica,  Ed.  1.)  —  Varies,  with  a  fuller  panicle,  6'-  8' 
long,  with  the  aspect  of  Cinna  (var.  MAJOR,  Ton.) ;  and,  rarely,  with  the  lower 
palet  minutely  mucronate-pointed  !  —  Moist  woods  and  meadows  :  common. 

31.    ME  LIC  A,    L.        MELIC-GRASS.     (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  2  -  5-flowered  ;  the  1-3  upper  flowers  imperfect  and  dissimilar,  con- 
volute around  each  other,  and  enwrapped  by  the  upper  fertile  flower.  Glumes 
usually  large,  scarious-margined,  convex,  obtuse ;  the  upper  7  -  9-nerved.  Palets 
papery-membranaceous,  dry  and  sometimes  indurating  with  age  ;  the  lower 
rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  7  -  many-nerved,  scarious  at  the  entire  blunt 
summit.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  —  Perennials  with  soft  and 
flat  leaves.  Panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  the  rather  large  spikelets 
racemose-one-sided.  (An  old  name,  from  fic'Xi,  honey.) 

1.  M.  mutica,  Walt.  Panicle  simple  or  branched ;  glumes  unequal,  the 
larger  almost  equalling  the  spikelet ;  fertile  flowers  2  ;  lower  palet  naked, 
glabrous  minutely  scabrous  on  the  nerves.  (M.  glabra,  Michx.  M.  specibsa, 
Muhl.) — Var.  GLABRA  (M.  glabra,  Pursh)  has  the  panicle  often  few-flowered 
and  rather  simple,  the  lower  palet  very  blunt. — Var.  DirrtiSA  (M.  diffiisa, 
Pursh)  is  taller,  2^° -4°  high,  with  a  more  compound  and  many-flowered  pani- 
cle ;  the  lower  palet  commonly  more  scabrous  and  its  tip  narrower.  —  Rich  soil, 
S.  E.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June. 

32.     GLYCERIA,    R.  Br.,  Trin.        MANNA-GRASS.     (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish,  several -many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  mostly  early 
deciduous  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints,  leaving  the  short  and 
unequal  1  -  3-nerved  membranaceous  glumes  behind.  Palets  naked,  of  a  rather 
firm  texture,  nearly  equal ;  the  lower  rounded  on  the  back,  scarious  (and  some- 
times obscurely  toothed)  at  the  blunt  or  rarely  acute  summit,  glabrous,  5-7- 
nerved,  the  nerves  parallel  and  separate.  Stamens  3,  or  in  the  first  section 
commonly  2.  Stigmas  plumose,  mostly  compound.  Ovary  smooth.  Grain 
oblong,  free.  —  Perennial,  smooth  marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  627 

rootstocks  ;  the  spikelets  panicled.     (Name  from  yXviccpos,  sweet,  in  allusion  to 
the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

§  1.  GLYCERIA  proper.  Lower  palet  conspicuously  nerved:  styles  present: 
plumes  of  the  stigma  branched  or  toothed :  grain  grooved  on  the  inner  side : 
leaves  flat,  the  sheaths  nearly  entire. 

*  Spikelets  ovate,  oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  \"  -3"  in  length, 
H-  At  length  nodding  in  an  open  panicle,  Jlattish  laterally  but  turgid. 

1.  G.  Canad^nsis,  Trin.      (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.)      Panicle  oblong- 
pyramidal,  at  length  drooping ;  spikelets  ovate,  at  length  very  broad  and  tu- 
mid, Briza-like,  2"  long,  pale,  with  purplish  glumes  ;  lower  palet  acute  or  blunt- 
pointed,  tirm,  with  not  very  prominent  nerves,  longer  than  the  rounded  upper 
one;    culm  stout,  2° -3°  high;    leaves  long,  roughish.      (Briza  Canadensis, 
Michx.) — Bogs  and  wet  places  :  common  from  Penn.  northward.     July. 

•<-  •»-  Erect  in  a  narrow  contracted  panicle,  somewhat  flattened  and  turgid. 

2.  G.  Obttisa,  Trin.     Panicle  narrowly  oblong,  dense ;  (3f-5'long);  spike- 
lets  6 - 7-flowered ;  2" -3'  long;  lower  palet  obtuse;  culm  stout,  l°-2°  high, 
very  leafy;  leaves  long,  smooth.     (Poa  obtusa,  Muhl.)  —  Bogs,  E.  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  near  the  coast. 

3.  G.  elongata,   Trin.      Panicle  narrowly  racemose,  elongated  (1°  long), 
recurving ;  the  branches  and  3  -  4-flowered  spikelets  appressed ;  lower  palet  ob- 
tuse;   leaves  very  long  (1°  or  more),  rough.     (Poa  elongata,  Torr.) — Wet 
woods,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     July -Aug. 

-i-  -i-  •)-  Diffuse :  lower  palet  truncate-obtuse,  prominently  1 -nerved ;  upper  2-toothed. 

4.  G.  nervata,  Trin.     (FOWL-MEADOW  GRASS,  in  part.)    Branches  of 
the  loose  panicle  capillary,  at  length  drooping,  the  very  numerous  small  spikelets 
ovate-oblong,  3  -  7-flowered ;  leaves  rather  long.     (Poa  nervata,  Willd.     P.  stri- 
ata,  Michx.      P.  parviflora,  Pursh.)  —  Moist  meadows  :  very  common.      June. 

—  Culm  erect,  l°-3°  high.     Spikelets  1"  -  2"  long,  commonly  purplish. 

5.  G.    pallida,    Trin.      Branches  of  the  rather  simple  panicle  slender,  erect- 
spreading,  rough  ;  the  spikelets  usually  few,  somewhat  appressed,  oblong-linear,  5  -  9- 
flowered  (pale,  2''  —  3"  long) ;  lower  palet  minutely  5-toothed ;  the  upper  lanceolate, 
conspicuously  2-toothed  ;  leaves  short,  sharp-pointed,  pale.     (Windsoria  pallida 
&  Poa  dentata,  Torr.)  —  Shallow  water  :  common,  especially  northward.    July. , 

—  Culms  slender,  l°-3°  long,  ascending  from  a  creeping  base. 

6.  G.  aquatica,  Smith.    (REED  MEADOW-GRASS.)    Panicle  much  branched, 
ample  (8'  —  15'  long) ;  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age;  spikelets 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-9-flowered  (usually  purplish,  2" -3"  long) ;  lower  palet 
entire ;  leaves  large  (1°  -  2°  long,  £'  to  £'  wide.  —  Wet  grounds  :  common  north- 
ward.    July.  —  Culm  stout,  upright,  3°  -  5°  high.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Spikdets  linear  (£'-!'  long),  pale,  appressed  on  the  branches  of  the  long  and 
narrow  racemose  panicle,  terete  except  during  anthesis :  palets  minutely  roughish, 
the  upper  2-toothed :  squamnlce  unilateral  or  united :  ligule  long :  culm  fattened 
(l°-5°  high),  ascending  from  a  rooting  base.  (Glyceria,  R.  Br.) 

7.  G.  fltlitans,  R.  Br.     Spikelets  7  -13-flowered;  lower  palet  oblong,  obtuse, 
or  the  scarious  tip  acutish,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed,  usually  rather  longer 


628  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

than  the  blunt  upper  one.  (G.  plicata,  Fries.)  —  Shallow  water:  common. 
June -Aug.  —  Leaves  short  and  rather  broad,  very  smooth.  Panicle  1°  long  : 
the  simple  branches  appressed,  finally  spreading  below.  (Eu.) 

8.  G.  acutifl6ra,  Torr.      Spikelets  5  -  12-flowered,  few  and  scattered; 
lower  palet  oblong-lanceolate)  acute,  shorter  than  the  long  tapering  point  of  the  upper 
one.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  to  Maine  :  rather  rare.    June.  —  Resembles  the  last ; 
but  the  erect  leaves  smaller,  the  separate  flowers  twice  the  length  (4"  long),  and 
less  nerved. 

§  2.  HELE6CHLOA,  Fries.  (Sclerochloa,  Ed.  1.)  Lower  palet  inconspicu- 
ously or  olsoletely  5-nerved :  stigmas  nearly  sessile  and  simply  plumose :  grain 
hardly  grooved :  saline  species  :  panicle  contracted  with  age. 

9.  G.  maritima,  Wahl.     (SEA  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Sterile  shoots  procumbent, 
runner-like ;  flowering  culms  erect  (1°-  l£°  high) ;  branches  of  the  panicle  solitary 
or  in  pairs ;  spikelets  oblong  or  linear,  4  -  8-flowered ;  lower  palet  rounded  at  the 
summit,  slightly  pubescent  towards  the  base ;  leaves  somewhat  involute  ;  ligule 
elongated.     (Poa  maritima,  Huds.)  —  Sea  coast :  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

10.  G.  distans,  Wahl.     Culms  geniculate  at  the  base,  ascending,  destitute 
of  running  shoots ;  branches  of  the  panicle  3  —  5  in  a  half  whorl,  spreading ;  spike- 
lets  3  -6-flowered  ;  lower  palet  truncate-obtuse ;  leaves  mostly  flat ;  ligule  short. 
(P.  fasciculata,  Torr.)  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast.  —  Too  like  the  last.     (Eu, ) 

32.    BRIZOPYRUM,    Link.        SPIKE-GRASS.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  and  numerous  flowers  compressed,  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  or 
capitate  panicle.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  membranaceous ;  the  lower  faintly 
many-nerved.  Lower  palet  rather  coriaceous,  laterally  much  flattened,  indis- 
tinctly many-nerved,  acute.  Ovary  stalked.  —  Flowers  dioecious,  pretty  large. 
Leaves  crowded  on  the  culms,  involute,  commonly  rigid.  (Name  compounded 
of  Briza,  the  Quaking-Grass,  and  Trvpoy,  wheat. ) 

1.  B.  spicatum,  Hook.  Culms  tufted  from  creeping  rootstocks  (9' -.18' 
high)  ;  spike  oblong,  flattened  (!'  long) ;  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  5  -  10-flow- 
ered;  flowers  smooth  and  naked;  grain  pointed.  (Uniola  spicata,  L.  Poa 
Michauxii,  Kunth. )  —  Salt  marshes  and  shores.  Aug.  —  Pistillate  flowers  more 
rigid  and  almost  keeled,  with  very  long  plumose  stigmas ;  the  sterile  smaller 
and  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back. 

34.    POA,    L.        MEADOW-GRASS.     SPEAR-GRASS.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  laterally  compressed,  several-  (2-  10-)  flowered, 
in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the  lower  smaller. 
Lower  palet  membranaceo-herbaceous,  with  a  delicate  scarious  margin,  com- 
pressed-keeled, pointless,  5-nerved  (the  intermediate  nerves  more  obscure  or 
obsolete),  the  principal  nerves  commonly  clothed  at  and  towards  the  base  with 
soft  hairs :  upper  palet  membranaceous,  2-toothed :  base  of  the  flower  often 
cobwebby.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  — 
Culms  tufted,  from  perennial  roots,  except  No.  1.  Leaves  smooth,  usually  flat 
and  soft.  (Eloa,  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  grass  or  fodder.) 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  02!) 

#  Law  and  spreading  (3'  —  6' high)  froin  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  flaccid :  branches 

of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

1.  P.  annua,  L.     (Low  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Culms  flattened ;  panicle  often 
1 -sided;    spikelets  crowded,  very  short-pedicelled,  3 - 7 -flowered.  —  Cultivated 
and  waste  grounds,  everywhere :  but  doubtful  if  indigenous.   April  -  Oct.    (Eu. ) 

*  *  Low;   the  culms  (6'-20'  long)  geniculate-ascending  from  a  running  rootstock, 

rigid,  very  much  flattened :  panicle  simple  and  contracted. 

2.  P.  compressa,  L.      (WIRE-GRASS.)      Pale,  as  if  glaucous;    leaves 
short;  panicle  dense  and  narrow,  somewhat  one-sided  (l'-3'  long),  the  short 
branches  mostly  in  pairs;  spikelets  almost  sessile,  3- 10-flowered,  flat.  —  Dry, 
mostly  sterile  soil,  in  waste  places ;  rarely  in  woods :  probably  introduced  with 
other  and  more  valuable  grasses  :  apparently  indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Low  alpine  or  alpestrine  species,  erect,  in  perennial  tufts. 

•*-  Soft  and  flaccid,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  even  to  the  branches  of  the  panicle:  leaves 

short  and  flat,  short-pointed;  ligule  elongated. 

3.  P.  alpina,  L.     Culms  rather  stout  (8'-  14'  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
especially  those  of  the  culm  (!£'-  2'  long,   l£"-3"  wide) ;  panicle  short  and 
broad;  spikelets  broadly  ovate,  3 - 9-flowered  (about  3"  long);  lower  palet  vil- 
lous  on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  C.  G.  Loring, 
Jr.,  Prof.  Porter,  N.  Maine?  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  laxa,  Haenke.     Culms  slender  (4' -9'  high);  leaves  narrow;  panicle 
somewhat  raceme-like,  narrow,  often  one-sided  and  nodding ;  spikelets  2  -  4-flow- 
ered,  one  half  smaller. — Alpine  mountain-tops  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

•«-  -«-  More  strict  and  rigid,  roughish,  especially  the  panicle :  ligule  short. 

5.  P.  c&sia,  Smith.     Culms  6' -20°  high;  leaves  narrow,  short,  soon  in- 
volute ;  branches  of  the  panicle  2-5  together,  very  scabrous ;  spikelets  purplish 
(or  sometimes  pale),  2  - 5-flowered ;   glumes  ovate-lanceolate  and  taper-pointed; 
flowers  lanceolate,  somewhat  webby  at  the  base ;  the  lower  palet  villous  on  the 
keel  and  margins  below  the  middle,  its  nerves  obscure.     (P.  aspera,  Gaudin.) 
—  N.  "Wisconsin,  I.  A.  Lapham;  a  form  with  loose  open  panicle  (P.  nemoralis, 
Ed.  2).  —  Var.  STRfcxiOR,  is  6' -12'  high,  with  a  contracted  grayish-purple 
panicle,  of  smaller  flowers.      N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  es- 
pecially Isle  Royale,  Prof.  Whitney,  &c.,  and  northward.     (Eu,) 

*  #  *  *  Taller  (l°-3°),  meadow  or  woodland  grasses :  panicle  open. 
H-  Spikelets  mostly  very  numerous  and  crowded  on  the  rather  short  rough  branches 
(usually  in  Jives)  of  the  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle,  green,  or  sometimes  violet- 
tinged:  flowers  acute,  crowded,  more  or  less  webbed  at  base. 

6.  P.  ser6tina,  Ehrhart.      (FALSE  RED-TOP.    FOWL  MEADOW-GRASS.) 
Culms  tufted  without  running  rootstocks ;   leaves  narrowly  linear,   soft  and 
smooth;  ligules  elongated;  spikelets  2-4-  (rarely  5-)  flowered  (l"-2"long),  all 
short-pedicelled  in  an  elongated  panicle,  often  tinged  with  dull  purple ;  flowers 
and  glumes  narrow;  lower  palet  very  obscurely  nerved.     (P.  nemoralis,  Pursh. 
P.  crocata,  Michx.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  low  banks  of  streams:  common,  espe- 
cially northward.     July,  Aug.  — A  good  grass  for  moist  meadows.     (Eu.) 


630  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

7.  P.  pratdnsis,  L.     (GREEN  or  COMMON  MEADOW-GRASS.    KENTUCKY 
BLUE-GRASS.)     Culms  sending  off  copious  running  rootstocks  from  the  base,  and 
the  sheaths  smooth  ,-  ligule  short  and  blunt ;  panicle  short-pyramidal ;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  crowded,  and  most  of  them  almost  sessile  on  the  branches,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  ovate ;  lower  palet  5-nerved,  hairy  along  the  margins  as  well  as  the  keel.  — 
Common  in  dry  soil :    imported  for  pastures  and  meadows.      Indigenous  in 
mountain  regions  from  N.  Penn.  northward.     May  -July.     (Eu.) 

8.  P.  TRIVIALIS.  L.     (RouGHiSH  MEADOW-GRASS.)     Culms  erect  from  a 
somewhat  decumbent  base,  but  no  distinct  running  rootstocks ;  sheaths  and  leaves 
more  or  less  rough ;  ligule  oblong,  acute ;  panicle  longer  or  with  the  branches  more 
distant ;  spikelets  mostly  3-flowered,  broader  upwards ;"  lower  palet  prominently 
5-nerved,  naked  at  the  margins:  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  Moist 
meadows,  &c.,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

-t-  -i-  Spikelets  fewer  and  more  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels:  plants  soft  and  smooth, 

flowering  early.     (No  running  rootstocks,  except  in  No.  13.) 
*+  Spikelets  small  (l"-2"  long),  pale  green,  rather  loosely  2 -4-flowered:  flowers 

oblong,  obtuse :  lower  palet  scarcely  scarious-tipped :  culm-leaves  lance-linear,  acute, 

l'-3'  long. 

9.  P.  sylv6stris,  Gray.    Culmflattish,  erect ;  branches  of  the  oblong-pyram- 
idal panicle  short,  numerous,  in  fives  or  more ;  lower  palet  villous  on  the  keel  for 
its  whole  length,  and  on  the  margins  below  the  middle,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base. 
—  Rocky  woods  and  meadows,  W?  New  York,  Penn.  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.     June. 

10.  P.  d6bilis,  Torr.     Culms  terete,  weak ;  branches  of  the  small  panicle 
few  and  slender  (the  lower  l£'-2'  long  to  the  few  spikelets),  in  pairs  and  threes ; 
flowers  very  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except  a  sparing  web  at  their  base.  — 
Rocky  woodlands,  Rhode  Island  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     May. 

•*-*•  -w-  Spikelets  2"  long,  light  green:  oblong-lanceolate  flowers  and  both  glumes  acute. 

11.  P.  alsbdes,  Gray.     Leaves  rather  narrowly  linear,  acute,  the  upper- 
most (2£;  -  4'  long)  often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  narrow  and  loose  panicle,  the 
capillary  branches  of  which  are  appressed  when  young,  and  mostly  in  threes  or 
fours ;  lower  palet  very  obscurely  nerved,  villous  on  the  keel  below,  and  with  a 
narrow  cobwebby  tuft  at  its  base,  otherwise  glabrous.     (P.  nemoralis,  Torr.  $* 
Ed.  1  :  but  wholly  different  from  the  European  species  of  that  name.)  —  Woods, 
on  hillsides,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.     May,  June. 

•w-  HH.  -M.  Spikelets  larger  (3"  -4"  long),  pale  green,  rarely  purple-tinged,  few  and 
scattered  at  the  extremity  of  the  long  and  capillary  branches  (mostly  in  pairs  or 
threes]  of  the  very  diffuse  panicle:  flowers  3-6,  loose,  oblong  and  Muse,  as  is 
the  larger  glume :  lower  palet  conspicuously  scarious  at  the  apex,  villous  below  the 
middle  on  the  keel  and  margins:  culms  flattish,  smooth. 

12.  P.  flexudsa,  Muhl.  (not  of  Wahl.)     Culms  l°-3°  high,  tufted;  its 
leaves  all  linear  (2' -5'  long)  and  gradually  taper-pointed;  panicle  very  effuse  (its 
branches  2'  -  4'  long  to  the  4  -  6-flowered  spikelets  or  first  ramification ) ;  lower 
palet  prominently  nerved,  no  web  at  the  base.     (P.  autumnalis,  Muhl.  in  Ell.     P. 
ca~mpyle,  Schult.) — Dry  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    Feb.  - 
May.  —  Wrongly  confounded  with  the  last,  but  near  it.    P.  autumnalis  is  an 


GRAMINEJE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  631 

inappropriate  name,  and  there  is  now  no  obstacle  to  restoring  to  this  species 
the  earlier  and  unobjectionable  (but  not  descriptive)  name  of  P.  flexuosa. 

13.  P.  brevifblia,  Muhl.  Culms  l°-l£°  high  from  running  rootstocks, 
2  -  3-leaved,  the  upper  leaves  very  short  (#  -  2'  long),  lanceolate,  all  abruptly  cus/tidate- 
tipped;  branches  of  the  short  panicle  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets  3  -  4-flowered ; 
lower  palet  rather  obscurely  nerved,  cobwebby  at  the  base.  (P.  piingens,  Nutt.,  excl. 
syn.  Ell  P.  cuspidata,  Barton.  The  older  and  more  appropriate  name  is  here 
restored.) — Rocky  .or  hilly  woodlands,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  sparingly 
westward.  April,  May.  —  Culm  scarcely  surpassing  the  long  root-leaves. 

35.    ERAGROSTIS,    Beauv.        EKAGROSTIS.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  2  -  70-flowered,  nearly  as  in  Poa,  except  that  the  lower  palet  is  but 
3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  not  webby-haired  at  the  base,  and  deciduous;  and  the  up- 
per one  persistent  on  the  rhachis  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen.  —  Culms 
often  branching.  Leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or  throat 
of  the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.  Panicle  various.  (An  early 
name,  probably  from  epa,  earth,  and  Agrostis,  in  allusion  to  the  procumbent 
habit  of  the  original  species.) 

#  Prostrate  and  creeping,  much-branched:   root  annual:   spikelets  flat,  imperfectly 

dioecious,  clustered,  almost  sessile,  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate. 

1.  E.  r^ptans,  Nees.     Spikelets  linearrlanceolate,  10-30-flowered;  flow- 
ers lance-ovate,  acute;  leaves  short,  almost  awl-shaped.     (Poa  reptans,  Michx.) 

—  Gravelly  river-borders  :  common.     Aug.  —  Flower-branches  2' -5'  high. 

#  #  Diffusely  spreading,  or  thejlowering  culms  ascending,  low  (6'-  15'  high) :  spike- 

lets  large,  densely-flowered,  flat,  forming  a  narrow  croivded  panicle. 

2.  E.  PO^EOIDES,  Beauv.     Lower  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  flat,  smooth ; 
spikelets  shortTpedicelled,  lance-linear  or  oblong-linear,  8  -  20-flowered,  lead-col- 
ored  (2" -5"  long);   flowers  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  nerves  evident.     (Poa 
Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Sandy  waste  places,  eastward  :  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  MEGASTACHYA.  Sheaths  mostly  glabrous;  spikelets  larger  (3" -10" 
long),  becoming  linear,  whitish  when  old,  10-50-flowered.  (E.  megastachya, 
Link.  Briza  Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Similar  situations,  and  more  common.  Aug. 

—  Emits  a  sharp,  unpleasant  odor.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  #  #  Erect,  or  in  No.  3  —  5  diffusely  spreading  and  ascending :  panicle  open,  its 

branches  capillary ;  the  spikelets  proportionally  small,  sometimes  minute.     (Num- 
ber of  flowers  in  the  spikelet  very  variable,  according  to  age,  &fc. ) 

•*-  Culms  slender,  branching  and  decumbent  or  spreading  at  the  base,  from  an  annual 
root:  leaves  narrow,  flat,  soft:  branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  rather  short  and 
thickly-flowered,  not  bearded  in  the  axils,  except  sometimes  the  lowest  'sparingly. 

3.  E.  PIL6SA,  Beauv.     Panicle  elongated-oblong,  with  rather  erect  branches 
(except  at  flowering-time) ;  spikelets  5-  12-flowered  (2" -4"  long,  purplish-lead- 
color),  becoming  linear,  about  equalling  their  pedicels;  glumes  (small)  and  lower 
palet  obtuse,  the  latter  broadly  ovate,  \-nerved  (lateral  nerves  obsolete).     (P.  pilo- 
sa,  L.     P.  Linkii,  Kunlh.)  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     A  :g.  — Plant  6'-  12'  high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


632  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  E.   Frankii,    Meyer.      Much  branched,  diffuse   (3'- 8' high);  panicle 
ovate-oblong,   rather  dense,  spreading;  spikelets  2-5-flowered  (1"-!^"  long), 
on  slender  pedicels;  glumes  very  acute;  lower  palet  ovate,  acute,  rather  obscurely 
3-nerved.      (E.  erythrdgona,  Nees,  from  the  joints  of  the  culm  being  mostly 
reddish.) — Low  or  sandy  ground,    S.  Pennsylvania   to   Illinois,  and  south- 
westward.     Aug. 

5.  E.  Plirshii,  (Bernh.  ?)  Schrader.     Sparingly  branched  at  the  decumbent 
base,  then  erect  (|°-2°  high) ;  panicle  elongated,  the  branches  widely  spread- 
ing,  very  loose;    spikelets   5 - 1  S-flowered,  oblong-lanceolate,   at  length  linear 
(2" -4^"  long),  mostly  much  shorter  than  their  capillary  pedicels ;  glumes  and  lower 
palet  ovate  and  acute,  or  the  latter  acutish,  3-nerved,     (Poa  tenella?  Pursh.     P. 
Caroliniana,  Spreng.     P.  pectinacea  of  authors,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Sandy  or 
sterile  open  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

•»-  •*-  Culms  simple  or  branching  only  at  the  very  base,  firm,  erect  from  an  annual  or 
perennial  root,  mostly  forming  thick  tufts:  leaves  very  long :  panicle  very  large, 
compound,  often  longer  than  the  culm,  with  elongated  and  loosely-flowered  branches, 
their  axils  often  bearded.  (Doubtful perennials,  or  No.  7  annual.) 

6.  E.  tenuis,  Gray.     Panicle  virgately  elongated  (l°-2^°  long),  very  loose, 
the  spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote  divisions 
and  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary ;  spikelets  2-6-  (sometimes  7  -  12- )  flowered, 
pale  or  greenish ;  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  vei-y  acute  (l^"-2"  long),  mem- 
branaceous,  as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  flowers ;  lower  palet  distinctly  3-nerved ; 
the  upper  ciliate-scabrous.    (Pba  tenuis,  EIL    P.  capillaris,  Michx.    P.  trichodes, 
Nutt.     E.  Geyeri,  Steud.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois,  Virginia?  and  southward. 
Aug. -Oct. — Leaves  rather  rigid,  l£°-2°  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy: 
the  sheaths  hairy  or  glabrous ;  the  throat  strongly  bearded.    Flowers  much 
larger  than  in  the  next,  fully  l£"  long. 

7.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.     Panicle  widely  expanding,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  culm,  its  spreading  branches  (mostly  naked  in  the  axils)  and  long  di- 
verging pedicels  capillary ;  spikelets  rather  terete,  very  small,  2  -  4-flowered,  green- 
ish or  purplish;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate,  acute  (less  than  1"  long);  lower  palet 
obscurely  3-nerved,  scarcely  keeled ;  the  upper  rough-ciliate.     (Poa  capillaris,  L. 
P.  hirsuta,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  dry  soil  and  fields  :  common,  especially  southward. 
Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  very  hairy,  or  nearly  glabrous ;  the  former 
about  1°  long,  not  rigid.     Panicle  1°  -  2°  long,  soon  diffuse. 

8.  E.  pectinacea,  Gray.     Panicle  widely  diffuse,  its  rigid  divergent  main 
branches  bearded  in  the  axils ;  the  capillary  pedicels  more  or  less  oppressed  on  the 
secondary  branches;  spikelets  flat,  5 - 1 5-flowered,  becoming  linear,  purple  or 
purplish  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acutish ;  lower  palet  strongly 
3-nerved;  the  upper  hirsute-ciliate.     (Poa  pectinacea,  Michx.,  ex  char.     P.  hirsuta, 
of  Amer.  authors.     E.  Unibnis  &  cognata  Steud.  ?)  — Leaves  long,  rigid,  mostly 
hairy,  the  sheaths  especially  so.  — Var.  SPECTABILIS.    Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly 
glabrous;  branches  of  the  panicle  (the  lower  reflexed  with  age)  and  pedicels 
shorter ;  spikelets  rather  larger.     (E.  spectabilis,  Ed.  1 .    Poa  spectabilis,  Pursh.) 
—  Sandy  dry  ground,  from  E.  Mass,  near  the  coast,  and  from  Ohio  and  Illinois 
southward.    Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Plant  1°  -3°  high.     Spikelets  2"  -  3"  long,  1"  wide, 
closely  flowered. 


GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  633 

36.    BRIZA,    L.         QUAKING  GRASS.     (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  flattish-tumid ;  the  flowers 
closely  imbricated.  Glumes  roundish,  unequal  (purple).  Lower  palet  round- 
ish and  entire,  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes,  ventricose  on  the  back,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  papery-membranaceous  and  becoming  dry,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  obscurely  many-nerved ;  the  upper  palet  much  smaller,  ovate,  flat.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  flattened  parallel  with  the  palets, 
adhering  to  the  upper  one.  —  Leaves  flat.  Panicle  loose,  diffuse,  with  the  large 
and  showy  spikelets  often  drooping  on  delicate  pedicels  (whence  the  name,  an 
ancient  Greek  appellation  for  some  kind  of  grain,  from  /3pt'£co,  to  slumber  (Linn.), 
or  /3pt$o>,  to  bend  downwards.) 

1.  B.  MEDIA,  L.  Panicle  erect,  the  branches  spreading;  spikelets  5-9- 
flowered  (3"  long) ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers  ;  root  perennial.  — 
Pastures  :  sparingly  eastward.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

37.    PESTUCA,     L.        FESCUE-GRASS.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  3  -  many -flowered,  panicled  or  racemose ;  the  flowers  not  webby  at 
the  base.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Palets  chartaceous  or  almost  coria- 
ceous, roundish  (not  keeled)  on  the  back,  more  or  less  3-5-nerved,  acute, 
pointed,  or  often  bristle-awned  from  the  tip,  rarely  blunt ;  the  upper  mostly  ad- 
hering at  maturity  to  the  enclosed  grain.  Stamens  1-3.  —  Flowers,  and  often 
the  leaves,  rather  dry  and  harsh.  (An  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  awl-shaped,  bristle-pointed  or  awnedfrom  the  tip :  panicle  contracted. 
H-  Annuals  or  biennials,  slender,  5'-  18'  high:  leaves  convolute-bristle-form. 

1.  P.  MYURUS,  L.    Panicle  spike-like,  one-sided ;  spikelets  about  5-flowered ; 
glumes  very  unequal ;  awn  much  longer  than  the  palet,  fully  6"  in  length ;  stamen  1 . 
—  Dry  fields,  New  Jersey,  S.  Penn.,  and  southward.     July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  tenella,  Willd.     Panicle  spike-like,  one-sided,  or  more  compound 
and  open  ;  spikelets  7-13-flowered;  awn  1"~3"  long,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
palet ;  stamens  2. — Dry,  sterile  soil,  especially  southward.    June,  July. . 

•*-  •<-  Perennial,  tufted,  6'  -  24'  high :  stamens  3. 

3.  P.  ovina,  L.     (SHEEP'S  FESCUE.)     Panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  short, 
usually  more  or  less  compound,  open  in  flowering ;  spikelets  3  -  8-flowered ;  awn 
not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  often  much  shorter  or  almost  want- 
ing. —  Indigenous  in  Northern  New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward  : 
naturalized  farthdr  south  as  a  pasture  grass.     June.  —  Varies  greatly.  —  Var. 
vivfpARA  (which  with  us  has  running  rootstocks),  a  state  with  the  spikelets 
partially  converted  into  leafy  shoots,  is  found  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  *—  Var.  DURIUSCULA, 
(F.  duriuscula,  L.)  is  a  tall  form,  with  spikelets  rather  larger,  usually  in  a  more 
compound  panicle ;  culm-leaves  often  flat  or  less  convolute,  and  the  lower  with 
their  sheaths  either  smooth  or  hairy.     New  England  to  Virginia ;  nat.,  and  in- 
digenous northward.  —  Var.  RUBRA  (F.  rubra,  L.)  has  running  rootstocks  and 
forms  looser  tufts ;  the  leaves  often  reddish  and  pubescent  above.     Naturalized 
eastward:  wild,  Lake  Superior,  ZV.  Bobbins,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


634  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  #  Flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate,  awnless  or  nearly  so  (l£"-4"  long) :  grain  ojlen 

free!     (Root perennial :  culms  mostly  tall :  leaves  jiat.} 

4.  P.  EiAxiOR,    L.      (TALLER   or  MEADOW   FESCUE.)      Panicle  narrow, 
contracted  before  and  after  flowering,  erect,  with  short  branches  ;  spikelets  crowded, 
5-10-flowered;  the  flowers  rather  remote,  oblong-lanceolate ;  lower  palct  5-nerved, 
scariouS-margined,  blunt,  acute,  or  rarely  with  a  distinct  but  very  short  awn.  — 
The  type  is  large,  3°  — 4°  high ;  spikelets  about  6"  long,  in  an  ample  and  com- 
pound panicle.     Rich  grass-land.  —  Var.    PRATENSIS    (F.  pratensis,  Huds.)  is 
lower  (l°-3°  high),  with  a  simpler  or  close  panicle,  of  smaller  or  narrower 
spikelets  ;  and  abounds  in  grass-lands.     June- Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  P.  lllltans,  Willd.     Panicle  of  several  long  and  slender  spreading  branches, 
mostly  in  pairs,  drooping  when  old,  rough,  naked  below,  bearing  near  their  ex- 
tremity a  few  ovate  3-5-flowered  spikelets  (3"  long)  on  pretty  long,  pedicels; 
flowers  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  close  together,  coriaceous,  smooth,  very  obscurely 
5-nerved.  —  Rocky  woods  and  copses.     July.  —  Culm  2°  —  4°  high,  naked  above : 
leaves  broadly  linear,  taper-pointed,  dark  green,  often  rather  hairy. 

38.     BROMUS,    L.        BROME-GRASS.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  5  -  many-flowered,  panicled.  Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous ;  the 
lower  1  -  5-,  the  upper  3  -  9-nerved.  Lower  palet  cither  convex  on  the  back  or 
compressed-keeled,  5  -  9-nerved,  awned  or  bristle-pointed  from  below  the  mostly 
2-clcft  tip  :  upper  palet  at  length  adhering  to  the  groove  of  the  oblong  or  linear 
grain.  Stamens  3.  Styles  attached  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.  —  Coarse 
Grasses,  with  large  spikelets,  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thickened  at  the 
apex.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Oat,  from  (3pop.os,food.) 

§  1 .  Lower  palet  convex  on  the  back  ;  the  flowers  imbricuttd  over  one  another  before 
expansion  :  lower  glume  3  -  5-nerved,  the  upper  5  -  9 -nerved. 

#  Annuals  or  biennials,  weeds  of  cultivation,  introduced  into  grain-fields,  or  rarely  in 

waste  grounds,  probably  all  derived  from  the  European  B.  arvensis,  L. 

1.  B.  SECALINUS,  L.     (CHEAT  or  CHESS.)     Panicle  spreading,  even  in  fruit, 
the  drooping  peduncles  little  branched ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  of 
8-10  rather  distant  flowers;  lower  palet  rather  longer  than  the  upper,  short- 
awned  or  awnless ;  sheaths  nearly  glabrous.  —  Too  common  in  wheat-fields. 
June,  July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  RACEM6sus,  L.      (UPRIGHT  CHESS.)      Panicle  erect,   simple,  rather 
narrow,  contracted  in  fruit ;  flowers  closer,  more  imbricated;  lower  palet  decidedly 
exceeding  the  upper,  bearing  an  awn  of  its  own  length ;  culm  more  slender ;  sheaths 
sometimes  hairy  :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last,  for  which  it  is  often  mistaken 
in  this  country.     (Adv.  fromEu.) 

3.  B.  MOLLIS,  L.     (SorT  CHESS.)     Panicle  erect,  closely  contracted  in  fruit ; 
spikelets  conical-ovate,  somewhat  flattened ;  the  flowers  closely  imbricated,  downy 
(as  also  the  leaves,  &c.) ;  lower  palet  acute,  long-awned.  —  Wheat-fields,  New  York 
to  Virginia:  scarce.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  indigenous.     (Lower  glume  strongly  3-nerved,  the  upper  5-nerved. 

4.  B.  Kalmii,  Gray.    (WILD  CHESS.)    Panicle  simple,  small  (3'  -  4'  long) ; 
spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely  7  -  12-flowered,  densely  silky 


GRAMINEJS.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  635 

all  over ;  awn  only  one  third  the  length  of  the  lance-oblong  flower ;  lower  palet 
7-9-nerved,  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  upper;  culm  slender  (l£°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  conspicuously  or  sparingly  hairy.  (B.  ciliatus,  Muhl. 
B.  piirgans,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.)  — Dry  ground  :  common  northward.  June,  July. 
—  This  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Linnams  under  the  name  of  B.  ciliatus,  but  is 
not  the  plant  he  described  ;  thence  has  arisen  much  confusion. 

§  2.  SCHED6NORUS,  Beauv.,  Fries.  Lower  palet  somewhat  convex,  but  keeled 
on  the  back  and  laterally  more  or  less  compressed,  at  least  above:  flowers  soon 
separating  from  each  other:  lower  glume  l-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved,  or  with  an 
obscure  additional  pair, 

*  Perennial,  tall  (3° -5°  high) :  flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

5.  B.  Ciliatus,  L.     Panicle  compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches 
at  length  divergent,  drooping ;  spikelets  7  -  12-flowered ;  lower  palet  tipped  with 
an  awn  half  to  three  fourths  its  length,  silky  with  appressed  hairs  near  the 
margins,  at  least  below  (or  rarely  naked),  smooth  or  smoothish  on  the  back 
(B.  Canadensis,  Hichx.       B.  pubescens,  Muhl.); — or,  in  var.  PURGANS  (B. 
purgans,  L. !),  clothed  all  over  with  short  and  fine  appressed  hairs.  —  River- 
banks  and  moist  woodlands :  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Culm  and  large  leaves 
(3''-Gr  wide)  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  the  sheaths  in  the  larger  forms  often 
hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top.     Variable,  comprising  several  forms,  in- 
cluding both  the  Linnaean  species;  for 'which  the  present  name  is  preferable  to 
the  inapplicable  purgans,  taken  from  Feuillee's  South*  American  species. 

6.  B.  ASPER,  L.     Culm  slender  and  panicle  smaller ;  spikelets  5  -  9-flowered ; 
lower  palet  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  keeled,  hairy  near  the  margins,  rather 
longer  than  the  awn ;  sheaths  and  lower  leaves  hairy  or  downy.  —  Bethel, 
Maine,  in  fields  along  the  river-bank,  W.  Boott.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial  (10'  — 30'  high)  :  flowers  slender. 

7.  B.  STERILIS,  L.     Panicle  open;  spikelets  of  5-9  rather  distant  and  7- 
nerved  roughish  linear-awl-shaped  long-awned  flowers  (awn  1'  long) ;  leaves 
rather  downy.  —  Waste  places  and  river-banks,  E.  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
and  Pennsylvania :  rare.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

39.    UNIOLA,    L.        SPIKE-GRASS.     (PL  11.) 

Spikelets  closely  many-flowered,  very  flat  and  2-edged ;  one  or  more  of  the 
lowest  flowers  sterile  (neutral)  and  consisting  of  a  single  palet.  Glumes  lance- 
olate, compressed-keeled.  Lower  palet  coriaceo-membranaceous,  strongly  lat- 
erally compressed  and  keeled,  striate-nerved,  usually  acute  or  pointed,  entire, 
enclosing  the  much  smaller  compressed  2-keeled  upper  one  and  the  free  laterally 
flattened  smooth  grain.  Stamen  1  (or  in  U.  paniculata  3).  — Upright  smooth 
perennials,  growing  in  tufts  from  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  with  broad  leaves 
and  large  spikelets  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  (Ancient  name  of  some  plant, 
a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

*  Spikelets  large  (£'-2'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  9  - 30-flowered :  panicle  open. 

1.  U.  paniculata,  L.  leaves  narrow,  when  dry  convolute ;  spikelets  ovate, 
short-pedicelled ;  flowers  glabrous,  bluntish,  several  of  the  lower  sterile ;  the  fer- 


636  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

tile  with  3  stamens;  culm  and  panicle  elongated  (4° -8°  high).  —  Sand-hills 
on  the  sea-shore,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  U.  latifolia,  Michx.     Leaves  broad  and  flat  (nearly  1'  wide);  spikdets 
at  length  oblong,  hanging  on  long  pedicds ;  flowers  acute,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  all 
but  the  lowest  perfect  and  monandrous.  —  Shaded  rich  hillsides,  S.  Pennsylvania 
to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high :  panicle  loose. 

*  *  Spikdets  small :  panicle  contracted  and  wand-like :  perfect  flowers  long-pointed. 

3.  U.  gracilis,   Michx.      Spikelets  shorl-pedicdled  (2" -3"  long),  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  4  -  ^-flowered ;  the  flowers  ovate  and  diver- 
gently beaked,  long,  the  lowest  one  neutral.  —  Sandy  soil,  from  Long  Island  to 
Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  3°  high,  slender. 

40.     PHBAGMITES,     Trin.         REED.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  3  -  7-flowered ;  the  flowers  rather  distant,  silky-villous  at  their  base, 
and  with  a  conspicuous  silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  and  3-androus,  except 
the  lowest,  which  is  either  neutral  or  with  1-3  stamens,  and  naked.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  very 
unequal.  Palets  membranaceous,  slender;  the  lower  narrowly  awl-shaped, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  upper.  Squamula?  2,  large.  Styles  long.  Grain  free. 
—  Tail  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle,  ((ppaypires^  growing  in  hedges,  which  this  aquatic  Grass  does  not.) 

1.  P.  COmmimis,  Trin.  Panicle  loose,  nodding;  Spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  (Arundo,  //.) — Edges  of  ponds.  Sept. — 
Looks  like  Broom-Corn  at  a  distance,  5°-  12°  high  :  leaves  2'  wide.  (Eu.) 

41.    ARUNDINARIA,    Michx.        CANE.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  flattened,  5- 14-flowered;  the  flowers  somewhat  separated  on  the 
jointed  rhachis.  Glumes  very  small,  membranaceous,  the  upper  one  larger. 
Palets  herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous ;  the  lower  convex  on  the  back, 
many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  mucronate  point  or  bristle.  Squamul®  3,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Arborescent  or  shrubby 
Grasses,  simple  or  with  fascicled  branches,  and  with  large  spikelets  in  panicles 
or  racemes ;  the  flowers  polygamous.  (Name  from  arundo,  a  reed.) 

1.  A.  macrosp^rma,   Michx.      (LARGE   CANE.)      Culms  arborescent, 
10° -20°  high,  rigid,  simple  the  first  year,  branching  the  second,  afterwards  at 
indefinite  periods  fruiting,  and  soon  after  decaying;  leaves  lanceolate  (l'-2; 
wide),  smoothish;  panicle  lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  racemes;  spikelets 
purple,  erect ;  lower  palet  lance-ovate,  pubescent,  fringed  (S"  long).   Chapman, 
under  A.  gigantea. — River-banks,  S.  Virginia?  Kentucky?  and  southward, 
forming  canebrakes. 

2.  A.  tecta,  Muhl.    (SMALL  CANE.)    Culms  slender,  2°- 10°  high,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (9"-  1'  wide),  roughish,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  spikelets  solitary  or  in  a  simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  branches, 
or  frequently  on  leafless  radical  culms;  lower  palet  (6"  long)  ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth,  fringed  on  the  margins.  Chapman.     (Arundo  tecta,  Walt.)  —  Swamps 
and  moist  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.     April. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  637 

42.    LBPTUBUS,    K.  Br.        LEPTUHUS.      (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  filiform  rhachis,  and  partly  immersed 
in  the  excavation,  1  -  2-flowered.  Glumes  1-2,  including  the  2  thin  pointless 
palets.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free,  ohlong-linear,  cylindrical.  —  Low  and  branch- 
ing, often  procumbent  Grasses,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves  and  slender 
spikes  (whence  the  name,  from  XeTrrds,  slender,  and  ovpd,  tail.) 

1.  L.  panicillktus,  Nutt.  Stem  slender  (6' -20'  long),  naked  and 
curved  above,  bearing  3-9  racemosely  disposed  thread-like  and  triangular 
spikes ;  glumes  2,  transverse.  —  Open  grounds  and  salt  licks,  Illinois  ( Mead), 
and  westward.  Aug. 

43.    L6LITJM,    L.        DARNEL.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  continuous  rhachis, 
placed  edgewise ;  the  glume,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  only  one  (the  up- 
per) and  external: — otherwise  nearly  as  in  Triticum.  (Ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  L.  PERENNE,  L.    (COMMON  DARNEL,  KAY- or  RYE-GRASS.)    Root  peren- 
nial, glume  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  flowers  8-15,  awnless  or  sometimes  short- 
awned.  —  Fields  and  lots  :   eastward.      June.  —  A  pretty  good  pasture-grass. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  TEMULENTUM,  L.     (BEARDED  DARNEL.)     Root  annual ;  culm  taller, 
glume  fully  equalling  the  5  -7-flowered  spikelet ;  awn  longer  than  the  flower  (^'  long). 
—  Grain-fields :  rare.  —  Grain  noxious ;  almost  the  only  instance  of  the  kind 
among  Grasses.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

44.    TRITICUM,    L.        WHEAT.     (PI.  ll.) 

Spikelets  3  -  several-flowered,  single  at  each  joint,  and  placed  with  the  side 
against  the  rhachis.  Glumes  transverse  (i.  e.  right  and  left),  nearly  equal  and 
opposite,  herbaceous,  nerved.  Lower  palet  very  like  the  glumes,  convex  on  the 
back,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip :  the  upper  flattened,  bristly-ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  (The  classical 
name,  probably  from  tritus,  beaten,  because  the  grain  is  threshed  out  of  the 
spikes.)  —  The  true  species  are  annuals,  with  the  glumes  ovate  oblong,  turgid 
and  boat-shaped,  as  in  common  Wheat.  (T.  VULGARE).  Others  are  perennial, 
with  nearly  lanceolate  glumes,  and  2-ranked  spikes,  never  furnishing  bread-corn 
(§  AGRQPYRON,  Gaertn.) ;  to  which  the  following  belong.  Flowering  in  summer. 
*  Multiplying  by  long  running  rootstoclcs :  awn  shorter  than  the  flower  or  none. 

1.  .T.  ripens,  L.  (CoucH-,  QUITCH,  or  QUICK-GRASS.)  Spikelets  4-8- 
flowered,  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  glumes  5  -  7-nerved ;  rhachis  glabrous,  but  rough 
on  the  edges;  awns  when  present  straight;  leaves  flat  and  often  roughish  or 
pubescent  above.  —  Nat.  in  cultivated  grounds,  fields,  &c.,  and  very  troublesome ; 
indigenous  northwestward.  —  Varies  greatly.  A  tall  form,  rather  bright  green 
(Var.  NEMOR\LE,  Andersson)  bears  awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  palet.  A  lower 
form  is  glaucous  and  mostly  awnless  or  nearly  so.  A  maritime  form  (nearly 
Var.  INTERMEDIUM,  Fries,  and  approaching  T.  laxum,  Fries,  and  T.  acutum, 
DC.),  collected  by  Prof,  Tuckerman  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  is  glaucous,  rigid,  with 


638  GRAMINF^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

at  length  somewhat  involute  leaves,  crowded  spikelets,  blunt  and  rigid  glumes, 
and  pointless  or  mucronate-tipped  palets ;  the  rhachis  not  disarticulating  as  in 
T.  junceum,  L,  (Eu.) 

2.  T.  dasystachyum,  Gray.     Perhaps  a  remarkable  variety  of  the  last, 
but  the  glaucous  leaves  are  narrow  and  often  involute,  and  the  5  -  9-flowered 
spikelets  densely  downy-hairy  all  over.     (T.  repens,  var.  dasystachyum,  Hook.}  — 
Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  and  northward.     Aug. 

*  *  No  obvious  running  rootstocks,  glabrous,  or  the  flat  and  roughish  leaves  sometimes 
hairy  above :  glumes  as  well  as  flowers  mostly  awned  or  awn-pointed. 

3.  T.  violaceum,  Hornemann.    Spike  dense,  strict  and  rigid,  usually  tinged 
with  violet  or  purple;    spikelets  3 - 5-flowered ;  glumes  conspicuously  5-nerved; 
awns  straight,  varying  from  half  to  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  palet.     (T. 
Richardsonii,  Schroder.      T.  pauciflorum,   Schweinitz.) — Mountains,  of  Penn. 
(Porter) ;  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains  (Tuckerman),  Wiscon- 
sin (La.pham),  and  northward.  — Intermediate  in  character  between  the  last  and 
the  next.     (Eu.) 

4.  T.  canimim,  L.     (AWNED  WHEAT-GRASS.)     Spike  usually  mwe  or  less, 
nodding,  at  least  in  fruit,  rather  dense  (3'-6'  long);  spikelets  3 -5-flowered; 
glumes  3  —  5-nerved;  awns  mostly  somewhat  bent  or  spreading,  fully  twice  the  length  of 
the  palet.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  in  cult,  ground  and  meadows.     Indigenous 
along  our  northern  borders,  in  a  slender  form,  which  approaches  the  northwest- 
ern T.  divergens,  Nees,  or  T.  asgilopoides,  Turczaninow,  which  has  narrow  and 
convolute  leaves,  5  - 7-nerved  glumes,  and  widely  diverging  awns.     (Eu.) 

45.     HORDEUM,    L.        BARLEY.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  on  the  inner  side,  three  at 
each  joint  of  the  rhachis  ;  but  the  lateral  ones  usually  imperfect  or  abortive,  and 
shortrstalked.  Glumes  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  6  in  number,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  involucre,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle-form.  Palets  herba- 
ceous, the  lower  (anterior)  convex,  long-awned  from  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  oblong,  commonly  adhering  to  the  palets.  Spike  often  separating  into 
joints.  Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials,  or  scarcely  perennial.  (The  ancient 
Latin  name.) 

1.  H.  jubatum,  L.      (SQUIRREL-TAIL    GRASS.)      Low;   lateral   flowers 
abortive,  on  a  short  pedicel,  short-awned ;  the  perfect  flower  bearing  a  capillary 
awn  (2'  long)  about  the  length  of  the  similar  capillary  glumes,  all  spreading.  — 
Sandy  sea-shore,  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward.     June. 

2.  H.  pratense,  Huds.     Low  (6' -18' high);  lateral  flowers  imperfect  or 
neutral,  awnless  or  merely  pointed ;  perfect  flower  with  awn  as  long  as  those  of 
the  glumes  (3" -6") ;  spike  linear,  l'-2'  long.     (H.  pusfllum,  Nutt.  and  former 
ed.)  — Plains,  especially  in  saline  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  westward :  also  spar- 
ingly introduced,  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.    May,  June.     (Eu.) 

46.    EliYMTTS,    L.        LTME-GRASS.    WILD  RYE.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  all  fertile  and  alike,  sessile,  each 
1  -  7-flowered.  Glumes  conspicuous,  nearly  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets, 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  639 

2  for  each  spikelet,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  cluster.  Palets  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  rounded  on  the  back,  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Grain  adherent  to  the 
involving  palets  (whence  the  name,  an  ancient  one  for  some  grain,  from  cXuco, 
to  roll  up). 

*  Glumes  and  flowers  firm  or  rigid,  both  or  only  the  latter  awned:  spikelets  1-5- 

flowered:  perennials,  with  slender  culms  and  rather  harsh  and  broad  flat  leaves. 

-»-  Spike  large  and  stout. 

1.  E.  Virginicus,  L.     Spike  rigidly  upright,  dense  (2' -3'  long,  6"  thick), 
on  a  short  pedwide  usually  included  in  the  sheath ;  spikelets  2-3  together,  2-3- 
flowered,  smooth,  rather  short-awned,  about  the  length  of  the  thickened  strongly- 
nerved  and  bristle-pointed  lanceolate  glumes.  —  River-banks :  common.     Aug.  — 
Culm  stout,  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.  E.  Canactensis,  L.     Spike  soon  nodding  (5'-9'  long),  on  an  exserted 
peduncle ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  of  3  -  5  long-awned  rough  or  rough-haiiy 
flowers ;  the  awl-shaped  glumes  tipped  with  shorter  awns.     (E.  Philadelphicus,  L.  !) 

—  Var.  GLAUCIF6LIUS  (E.  glaucifolius,  Muhl.)  is  pale  or  glaucous  throughout, 
the  flowers  with  more  spreading  awns  (1^'  long).  — River-banks:  common. 

H-  Spike  more  slender,  as  also  the  culm. 

3.  E.  Sibiricus,  L.     Glabrous;  spike  wand-like  (I1  -  6'  long,  about  3"  thick), 
often  somewhat  nodding ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  3  -  6-flowered ;  glumes  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3  -  5-nervcd,  short-awned,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  which  are  rather  short-awned. 

—  South  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Porter),  and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  Striatus,  Willd.     More  or  less  pubescent,'  spike  dense  and  thickish 
(2'  -  4'  long),  upright  or  slightly  nodding;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  1-2-  (or 
rarely  3-)  flowered,  minutely  bristly-hairy;  glumes  awl-shaped,  bristle-awned,  1-3- 
ncrved,  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers  exclusive  of  the  capillary  awn  (which 
is  1'  long).  —  Var.  viLL6sus  (E.  villosus,  Muhl.!)  has  very  hairy  flowers  and 
glumes,  and  villous  sheaths.  —  Rocky  woods  and  banks.     July,  Aug.  —  Palets 
only  3"  long. 

#  *  Glumes  and  palets  awnless  and  soft  in  texture:  reed-like  perennials. 

5.  E.  mollis,  Trin.  (not  of  R.  Br.)     Culm  (3° high)  velvety  at  top;  spike 
thick,  erect  (8'  long) ;  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint,  5-8-flowered;  the  lanceo- 
late pointed  5-7-nerved  glumes  (!'  long)  and  the  pointed  palets  soft-villous ; 
rhachis  of  the  spikelets  separating  into  joints.  —  Shore  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
Maine,  and  northward.     (Near  E.  arenarius.) 

47.    GYMNOSTICHUM,    Schreb.      BOTTLE-BRUSH  GRASS.    (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  2  -  3  or  sometimes  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  raised  on  a 
very  short  callous  pedicel,  loosely  2  -  4-flowered  (when  solitary  flatwise  on  the 
rhachis.)  Glumes  none!  or  small,  awn-like,  and  deciduous  (whence  the  name, 
from  yvfwos,  naked,  and  ort^os,  rank).  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Elymus. 

1.  G.  H^strix,  Schreb.  Spike  loose  (3' -6' long);  the  spreading  spike- 
lets  2-3  together,  early  deciduous;  flowers  smoothish  or  often  rough-hairy, 
tipped  with  an  awn  thrice  their  length  (!'  long)  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smoothish ; 
culm  ;5°-4°  high;  root  perennial.  (Elymus  Hystrix,  L.) — Moist  woodlands. 
July,  Aug. 


640  GRAMINE^E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

48.    DANTHONIA,    DC.        Wi LI?  OAT-GRASS.     (PL  12.) 

Lower  palet  (oblong  or  ovate,  rounded-cylindraceous,  7-9-nerved)  bearing 
between  the  sharp-pointed  or  awn-like  teeth  of  the  tip  an  awn  composed  of  the 
3  middle  nerves,  which  is  flattish  and  spirally  twisting  at  the  base :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Avena.  Glumes  longer  than  the  imbricated  flowers.  Ours  peren- 
nials, l°-2°  high,  with  narrow  and  soon  involute  leaves,  hairy  sheaths  bearded 
at  the  throat,  and  a  small  simple  panicle  or  raceme  of  about  7-flowered  spikelets. 
(Named  for  Danthoine,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  D.  spicata,  Beauv.      Culms  tufted,  low;  leaves  short,   very  narrow 5 
spikelets  few,  3" -5"  long;  lower  palet  loosely  hairy,  its  teeth  short  and  pointless. — 
Dry  and  sterile  or  rocky  soil.     June -Aug. 

2.  D.  sericea,  Nutt.     Taller  and  not  tufted  (1°-  3°  high);  leaves  larger ; 
spikelets  more  numerous  and  panicled,  6" -9"  long;  lower  palet  very  silky-villous, 
tipped  with  slender  awn-pointed  teeth.  —  Dry  or  moist  sandy  soil,  Southern  Massa- 
chusetts (Dr.  Robbins),  New  Jersey  ( C.  E.  Smith,  C.  F.  Parker),  and  southward : 
rare.     June. 

49.    AVENA,    L.        OAT.     (PL  12.) 

Spikelets  2  -  many-flowered,  panicled ;  the  flowers  herbaceo-chartaceous,  01- 
becoming  harder,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  large  and  mostly  unequal  glumes ; 
the  uppermost  imperfect.  Lower  palet  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11- 
nerved,  bearing  a  long  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  below  the 
acutely  2-cleft  tip  proceeding  from  the  midnerve  only.  Stamens  3.  Grain  ob- 
long-linear, grooved  on  one  side,  usually  hairy  at  least  at  the  top,  free,  but  in- 
vested by  the  upper  palet.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  — The  COMMOX  OAT 
(A.  SATivA,  L.)  represents  the  large-flowered  annual  species  of  the  Old  World. 
The  following  are  smaller-flowered,  indigenous  perennials. 

1.  A.  Striata,  Michx.     Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  slender  (T°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  narrow ;  ligule  short,  truncate ;  panicle  simple,  loose ;  spikelets 
(6"  long)  on  capillary  pedicels,  3-6-flowcred,  much  exceeding  the  scarious- 
margined  purple  acute  glumes;    the  lower  glume  1-,  upper  3-nerved;   rhachis 
smooth ;  jlowers  short-bearded  at  the  base  ;  lower  palet  7-nerved,  much  longer  than 
the  ciliate-fringed  upper  one  (4"  long),  mostly  shorter  than  its  soon  bent  or 
divergent  awn,  which  rises  just  below   the   tapering  very  sharply  cuspidate 
2-cleft   tip.     (Trisetum  purpurascens,    Torr.)  —  Eocky,  shaded  hills,  N.  New- 
England,  New  York,  and  northwestward.     June. 

2.  A.  Smithii,  T.  C.  Porter,  n.  sp.     Taller  (2j°- 4^°  high),  rather  stout; 
leaves  broadly  linear  (3;/-6"  wide)  and  taper-pointed,  flat,  and  with  the  sheaths 
and  culm  retrorsely  scabrous;   ligule  elongated,  acute;  panicle  larger  (6' -12' 
long),  the  few  branches  at  length  spreading;  glumes  slightly  purplish,  scabrous 
on  the  nerves,  of  which  there  are  3  in  the  lower  and  5  in  the  upper ;  rhachis  mi- 
nutely hispid ;  Jlowers  (3-5)  not  hairy -tufted  at  the  base ;  awn  one  third  or  half 
the  length  of  the  7-nerved  palet,  straight.  —  Isle  Koyale,  Keweenaw  Point,  Lake 
Superior,  Robbins.    Woods  near  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  C.  E.  Smith,  for  whom  the 
species  is  named.    April,  May .  —  To  be  compared  with  the  Siberian  A.  callosa, 
Turczaninow,  which  was  referred  to  A.  striata  by  Trinius. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  641 

50.     TBISETUM,     Persoon.        TRISETUM.     (PL  12.) 

Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  often  in  a  contracted  panicle;  the  lower  palet 
compressed-keeled,  of  about  the  same  membranaceous  texture  as  the  glumes, 
bearing  a  bent  or  flexuous  (rarely  twisted)  awn  below  the  sharply  2-toothed  or 
2-pointed  apex  (whence  the  name,  from  tris,  three,  and  seta,  a  bristle) :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Avena.  Ours  are  perennials. 

1.  T.  Sllbspicatum,  Beauv.,  var.  m611e.     Minutely  sojl-downy;  panicle 
dense,  much  contracted,  oblong  or  linear  (2' -3' long) ;  glumes  about  the  length 
of  the  2-3  smooth  flowers ;  awn  diverging,  much  exserted.     (Avena  mollis, 
Michx. )  —  Mountains  and  rocky  river-banks,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.     July.  —  About  1°  high :  leaves  flat,  short.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  paltistre,  Torn     Smooth;  panicle  rather  long  and  narrow  (5'  long), 
loose,  the  branches  capillary;   spikelets  flat  (3"  long);   glumes  shorter  than  the 
t\vo  smooth  lanceolate  flowers,  of  which  the  upper  is  on  a  slightly  naked  joint  of 
the  rhachis,  and  bears  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  2-pointed 
tip,  while  the  lower  one  is  commonly  awnless  or  only  mucronate-pointed.     (Avena 
palustris,  Michx.     Aira  pallens,  Muhl.)  — Low  grounds,  Southern  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.     June.  —  Culm  slender,  2° -3°  high :  leaves  flat,  short. 
Spikelets  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  green. 

51.    AIRA,    L.        HAIR-GRASS.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  small,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle,  of  2  perfect  flowers  and  often  with 
the  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  third,  all  usually  shorter  than  the  membranaceous 
keeled  glumes,  and  hairy  at  the  base ;  the  upper  remotish.  Lower  palet  thin 
and  scarious,  2-cleft  or  else  truncate  and  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded  at  the 
summit,  bearing  a  slender  bent  or  straight  awn  on  its  back,  commonly  near 
its  base.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base.  Ovary  glabrous.  Grain 
oblong.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

§  1.  DESCHAMPSIA,  Beauv.  Lower  palet  delicately  3-5-nerved,  eroded  or 
toothed  at  the  truncate  summit ;  the  awn  attached  mostly  a  little  above  the  base: 
grain  not  grooved,  free, :  glumes  about  equalling  the  flowers :  root  perennial. 

1.  A.  flexuosa,   L.      (COMMON    HAIR-GRASS.)      Culms  slender,  nearly 
naked  (l°-2°  high)  above  the  small  tufts  of  involute  bristle-form  root-leaves  (1;  — 
6'  long) ;  branches  of  the  small  spreading  panicle  capillary;  awn  longer  than  the 
palet,  at  length  bent  and  twisted.  — Dry  places  :  common.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.   CSBSpitdsa,  L.       Culm    tufted   (2° -4°   high);    leaves  flat,   linear; 
panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong  (6'  long) ;  awn  straight,  barely  equalling  the  palt. 
—  Shores  of  lakes  and  streams  :  common  northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  AIIIOPSIS,  Desv.  Spikelets  very  small,  of  2  closely  approximate  flowers,  and 
with  no  rudiment  of  a  third :  lower  palet  of  firmer  texture,  obscurely  nerved,  acutely 
2-clefl  at  the  apex:  grain  grooved,  adnate:  low  annuals,  with  short  and  setaceous 


3.   A.  PR^ECOX,  L.     Culms  tufted,  3' -4'  high;  branches  of  the  small  and 
dense  panicle  appressed;  awn  from  below  the  middle  of  the  flower.     (Avena 
prsecox,  Beauv.)  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia :  rare.    (Xat.  from  Eu.) 
41 


642  GRAMINE.E.     (GRASS  FAMILY). 

4.  A.  CARYOPHYLLEA,  L.     Culms  5'-  10'  high,  bearing  a  very  diffuse  panicle 
of  purplish  and  at  length  silvery  scarious  spikelets.  —  Dry  fields,  Nantucket :  also 
Newcastle,  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canby.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  3.  VAHL6DEA,  Fries.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  longer  than  the  flowers :  lower 
palet  almost  coriaceous,  nerveless,  its  truncate-obtuse  tip  mostly  entire;  the  awn 
borne  at  or  above  the  middle:  grain  grooved,  Jlattish,  free :  alpine  perennial. 

5.  A.  atropurpiirea,    Wahl.      Culms  8'-15'  high,  weak;   leaves  flat, 
rather  wide ;  panicle  of  few  spreading  branches ;  awn  stout,  twice  the  length  of 
the  palet.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  those  of  Northern  New 
York.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

52.    ABBHENATHEBUM,    Beauv.      OAT-GRASS.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  open-panicled,  2-flowered,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower ;  the 
middle  flower  perfect,  its  lower  palet  barely  bristle-pointed  from  near  the  tip ; 
the  lowest  flower  staminate  only,  bearing  a  long  bent  awn  below  the  middle  of 
the  back  (whence  the  name,  from  apprjv,  masculine,  and  dOrjp,  awn) : — other- 
wise as  in  Avena,  of  which  it  is  only  a  peculiar  modification. 

1.  A.  AVENACEUM,  Beauv.  Root  perennial;  culm  2° -4°  high:  leaves 
broad,  flat;  panicle  elongated ;  glumes  scarious,  very  unequal.  (Avenaelatior, 
L. )  —  Meadows  and  lots  :  absurdly  called  Grass  of  the  Andes.  May  -  July. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

53.     HOLCUS,    L.  (partly).        MEADOW  SOFT-GRASS.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  2-flowered,  jointed  with  the  pedicels ; 
the  boat-shaped  membranaceous  glumes  enclosing  and  much  exceeding  the  re- 
motish  flowers.  Lower  flower  perfect,  its  papery  or  thin-coriaceous  lower  palet 
awnless  and  pointless ;  the  upper  flower  staminate,  otherwise  similar,  but  bear- 
ing a  stout  bent  awn  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base. 
Grain  free.  (An  ancient  name,  from  6X/cos,  attractive,  of  obscure  application.) 

1.  H.  LANATUS,  L.  (VELVET-GRASS.)  Perennial,  soft-downy  and  pale; 
panicle  oblong ;  upper  glume  mucronate-awned  under  the  apex ;  awn  of  the 
staminate  flower  curved.  —  Moist  meadows.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

54.    HIEBOCHLOA,     Gmelin.        HOLY  GRASS.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  open-panicled ;  the  flowers  all  with  2  palets ;  the  two 
lower  (lateral)  flowers  staminate  only,  3-androus,  sessile,  often  awned  on  the 
middle  of  the  back  or  near  the  tip ;  the  uppermost  (middle)  one  perfect,  short- 
pedicelled,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  others,  2-androus,  awnless.  Glumes  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  spikelet,  scarious  :  palets  chartaceous.  —  Perennials  :  leaves 
flat.  (Name  composed  of  tepos,  sacred,  and  ^Aca,  grass;  these  sweet-scented 
Grasses  being  strewn  before  the  church-doors  on  saints'  days,  in  the  North  of 
Europe.) 

1.  H.  borealis,  Roem.  &  Schultes.  (VANILLA  or  SENECA  GRASS.)  Pan- 
icle somewhat  one-sided,  pyramidal  (2' -5'  long)  ;  peduncles  smooth;  staminate 
flowers  with  the  lower  palet  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near  the  tip ; 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  643 

roots tock  creeping.  (Holcus  odoratus,  L.)  —  Moist  meadows,  chiefly  northward 
near  the  coast  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  May.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high,  with 
short,  lanceolate  leaves.  Spikelets  chestnut-color ;  the  staminate  flowers  strongly 
hairy-fringed  on  the  margins,  and  the  fertile  one  at  the  tip.  (Eu.) 

2.  H.  alpina,  Roem.  &  Schultes.  Panicle  contracted  (l'-2'  long);  one 
of  the  staminate  flowers  barely  pointed  or  short-awned  near  the  tip,  the  other 
long-awned  from  below  the  middle;  lowest  leaves  very  narrow. — Alpine  moun- 
tain-tops, New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.  July.  (Eu.) 

55.    ANTHOXANTHUM,    L.         SWEET  VERNAL-GRASS.    (PL  13.) 

Spikelets  spiked-panicled,  really  3-flowered ;  but  the  lateral  flowers  neutral, 
consisting  merely  of  one  palet  which  is  hairy  on  the  outside  and  awned  on  the 
back:  the  central  (terminal)  flower  perfect,  small,  of  2  awnless  chartaceous 
palets,  2-androus.  Glumes  very  thin,  acute,  keeled ;  the  upper  about  as  long 
as  the  flowers,  twice  the  length  of  the  lower.  Squamulae  none.  Grain  ovate, 
adherent.  (Name  compounded  of  avQos,  flower,  and  avdtov,  of  flowers.  L.) 

1.  A.  ODOR\TUM,  L.  Spikelets  (brownish  or  tinged  with  green)  spreading 
at  flowering- time ;  one  of  the  neufral  flowers  bearing  a  bent  awn  from  near  its 
base,  the  other  short-awned  below  the  tip.  —  Meadows,  pastures,  &c.  Perennial : 
very  sweet-scented  in  drying.  May- July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

56.    PHALARIS,    L.        CANARY-GRASS.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  crowded  in  a  clustered  or  spiked  panicle,  with  2  neutral  mere  rudi- 
ments (a  scale  or  a  pedicel)  in  place  of  lateral  flowers,  one  on  each  side,  at  the 
base  of  the  perfect  one,  which  is  flattish,  awnless,  of  2  shining  palets,  shorter 
than  the  equal  boat-shaped  and  keeled  glumes,  finally  coriaceous  or  cartilagi- 
nous, and  closely  enclosing  the  flattened  free  and  smooth  grain.  —  Stamens  3.  — 
Leaves  broad,  mostly  flat.  (The  ancient  name,  from  <£aXos,  shining,  alluding 
either  to  the  palets  or  the  grain.) 

§  1 .  PHALARIS  proper.     Panicle  very  dense,  spike-like :  glumes  wing-keeled. 

1.  P.  CANARIENSIS,  L.     (CANARY-GRASS.)      Annual,  l°-2°  high;  spike 
oval ;  rudimentary  flower  a  small  lanceolate  scale.  —  Waste  places  and  road- 
sides, Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania:  rare.     July-  Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  T>t GRAPHIS,  Trin.     Panicle  branched,  the  clusters  open  in  anthesis :  glumes 
not  winged  on  the  back. 

2.  P.  arundinacea,  L.     (REED  C.)    Perennial,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  flat 
(3" -5"  wide;  glumes  open  at  flowering,  3-nerved,  thrice  the  length  of  the  fertile 
flower ;  rudimentary  flowers  reduced  to  a  minute  hairy  scale  or  pedicel.  —  Wet 
grounds  :  common,  especially  northward.     June,  July.  —  Yar.  pfcxA,  the  leaves 
striped  with  white,  is  the  familiar  RIBBON-GRASS  of  the  gardens.     (Eu.) 

57       MlLIUM,         MILLET-GRASS.     (PL  13.) 

Spikelets  diffusely  panicled,  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  apparently  con- 
sisting of  2  equal  membranaceous  convex  and  awnless  glumes,  including  a  single 
coriaceous  awnless  floAver :  but  theoretically  the  lower  glume  is  wanting,  while 


644  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

an  empty  single  palct  of  the  lower  (neutral)  flower,  resembling  the  upper  glume, 
fulfils  its  office,  and  stands  opposite  the  narrow  upper  palet  of  the  terete  fertile 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  not  grooved,  enclosed 
in  the  palets,  all  deciduous  together.  (The  ancient  Latin  naine  of  the  Millet 
(which  however  belongs  to  a  different  genus),  probably  from  mille,  a  thousand, 
because  of  its  fertility.) 

1.  M.  efiusum,  L.  Smooth  perennial,  3° -6°  high;  leaves  broad  and 
flat,  thin;  panicle  spreading  (6' -9'  long);  flower  ovoid-oblong.  —  Cold  and 
damp  woods,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

58.    AMPHICARPUM,    Kunth.     (PL  13.) 

Spikelets  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  pedicels,  apparently  1 -flowered,  of  two 
kinds ;  one  kind  in  a  terminal  panicle,  like  those  of  Milium,  except  that  the 
rudiment  of  the  lowest  glume  is  ordinarily  discernible,  and  deciduous  from  the 
joint  without  ripening  fruit,  although  the  flower  is  perfect :  the  other  kind  soli- 
tary at  the  extremity  of  slender  runner-like  radical  peduncles  (which  are  more 
or  less  sheathed  towards  the  base),  much  larger  than  the  others,  perfect  and 
fertile,  subterranean,  fertilized  in  the  bud ;  the  enwrapping  glume  and  similar 
empty  palet  many-nerved.  Flower  oblong  or  ovoid,  pointed.  Stamens  3  (small 
in  the  radical  flowers).  Stigmas  plumose,  deep  purple.  Grain  not  grooved,  in 
the  radical  flowers  very  large,  the  embryo  next  the  lower  palet.  Neutral  palet 
somewhat  exceeding  the  glume  and  the  fertile  flower.  (Name  from  dfxfriKapTros, 
doubly  fmit-bearing. ) 

1.  A.  Plirshii,  Kunth.  Annual  or  bien-nial?  erect,  l°-4°  high;  leaves 
lanceolate,  copious  "on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  hispid,  especially  on  the 
sheaths;  panicle  strict,  naked;  grain  ovoid  or  oblong  (2" -3"  long),  terete. 
(Milium  amphicarpon,  Pursh.)  —  Moist  sandy  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey,  and 
in  the  Southern  States.  Sept. 

59.     PASPALUM,    L.        PASPALTJM.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  spiked  or  somewhat  racemed  in  2  -4  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
or  filiform  continuous  rhachis,  jointed  with  their  very  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,  apparently  only  one-flowered,  as  in  Milium ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  differing  from  Panicum  merely  in  the  want  of  the  lower  glume  ;  which, 
however,  is  occasionally  present  in  some  species,  as  a  small  scale.  Glume  and 
empty  palet  few-nerved.  Flower  coriaceous,  mostly  orbicular  or  ovate,  flat  on 
the  inner  side,  convex  on  the  outer.  Stamens  3.  (Said  to  have  been  a  Greek 
name  for  Millet.) 

*  Spikes  with  a  (1")  broad  and  thin  membranaceous  orfoliaceous  and  keeled  rhachis, 
the  incurved  margins  partly  enclosing  the  small  two-rovoed  spikelets.  (Smooth, 
aquatic,  or  nearly  so,  decumbent  or  floating.) 

1.  P.  flllit ans,  Kunth.  Annual;  leaves  lanceolate,  fiat  (3" -8")  broad; 
spikes  numerous  in  a  raceme ;  the  rhachis  somewhat  projecting  beyond  the  minute 
and  slightly  pubescent  spikelets  into  a  tapering  point,  scabrous  on  the  back. 
(Ceresia  fluitans,  Ell.) — Eiver-swamps,  Virginia,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward. Sept.,  Oct. 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  645 

2.  P.  Walterianum,  Schultes.      Perennial;    leaves  linear;  short;    spikes 
3-7,  the  lowest  partly  included  in  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf,  the  rhachis 
blunt;  spikelets  glabrous.     (P.  vaginatum,  Ell.) — Low  or  wet  grounds,  New 
Jersey  (Cape  May,  Nuttall),  Delaware  (Tatnall,  Canby),  and  southward. 

*  *  Spikes  with  a  narrow  wingless  rhachis :  perennials,  or  mostly  so. 
H-  Spikelets  very  obtuse,  orbicular :  spikes  one  terminal  and  often  1-5  lateral. 

3.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.     Culm  ascending  or  decumbent  (1°- 2°  long), 
slender;  leaves  (2"  wide,  flat)  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs; 
spikes  very  slender  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles  or  included ; 
spikelets  (%"  wide)  narrowly  2-rowed.    (Also  P.  decile  and  P.  ciliatifolium,  Michx.) 
—  Sandy  fields :  common  from  E.  Mass,  to  Illinois,  southward.     Aug. 

4.  P.  laeve,  Michx.     Culm  upright,  rather  stout  (1°- 5°  high) ;  the  pretty 
large  and  long  leaves  with  their  flattened  sheaths  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy  ; 
spikes  2-6,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  approximated  near  the  summit  of  an  elon- 
gated naked  peduncle,  spreading  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  except  a  bearded  tuft  at 
their  base;  spikelets  broadly  2-rowed  (over  1"  wide).  —  Moist  soil,  S.  New  Eng- 
land to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Either  glabrous  or  sometimes  the 
lower  sheaths,  &c.  very  hairy.     As  here  received  this  perhaps  comprises  two  or 
more  species. 

•»-  •*-  Spikelets  acute :  spikes  always  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  peduncle. 

5.  P.  distichum,  L.    (JOINT-GRASS.)     Nearly  glabrous,  rather  glaucous ; 
culms  ascending  (about  1°  high)  from  a  long  creeping  base;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate (2' -3'  long);  spikes  short  and  closely-flowered  (9" -2'  long),  one  short- 
pedunded,  the  other  sessile  ;  rhachis  flat  on  the  back ;  spikelets  ovate,  slightly  pointed 
(barely  1^"  long).  —  Wet  fields,  Virginia  and  southward.    July -Sept. 

6.  P.  Digitaria,  Poir.     Culms  ascending  (l°-2£°high)  from  a  creeping 
base ;  leaves  lanceolate  (3'  —  6'  long,  4"  —  6"  wide) ;  spikes  sender,  rather  sparsely 
flowered  (l'-4'  long),  both  sessile  at  the  apex  of  the  slender  peduncle;  spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate  (2"  long).   (Miliuin  paspalodes,  Ell.)  — Virginia  and  southward. 

60.    PANICUM,    L..      PANIC-GRASS.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  panicled,  racemed,  or  sometimes  spiked,  not  involucrate,  l£-  2-flow- 
ered.  Glumes  2,  but  the  lower  one  usually  short  or  minute  (rarely  even  want- 
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ;  the  upper  as  long  as  the  fertile  flower.  Lower 
flower  either  neutral  or  staminate,  of  one  palet  which  closely  resembles  the  upper 
glume,  and  sometimes  with  a  second  thin  one.  Upper  flower  perfect,  closed, 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  usually  flattish  parallel  with  the  glumes,  awnless 
(except  in  §3),  enclosing  the  free  and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose,  usually  purple.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  Millet,  P. 
Italicum  (now  Setaria  Italica),  thought  to  come  frompanis,  bread ;  some  species 
furnishing  a  kind  of  bread-corn.) 

§  1.  DIGIT  ARIA,  Scop.  Spikelets  crowded  2-3  together  in  simple  and  mostly 
l-sided  clustered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  wholly  awnless  and  pointless :  lower 
flower  neutral,  of  a  single  palet:  lower  glume  minute,  sometimes  obsolete  or  want- 
ing :  root  annual :  plant  oflen  purplish. 


646  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  Spikes  erect;  the rhachis  JUiform  and  nearly  terete. 

1.  P.  filifdrme,  L.     Culms  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  upright;  lower 
sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  2-8,  alternate,  approximated,  filiform ;  spikelets  oblong, 
acute  (^"  long) ;  lower  glume  almost  wanting.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts 
to  New  Jersey  along  the  coast,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

#  #  Spikes  spreading ;  the  rhachis  flat  and  thin. 

2.  P.  GLABRUM,  Gaudin.     Culms  spreading,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect 
(5'-  12' long),  glabrous;  spikes  2-6,  widely  diverging,  nearly  digitate;  spikelets 
ovoid  (about  I"  long) ;  upper  glume  equalling  the  flower,  the  lower  one  almost  want- 
ing. —  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places  :  common,  especially  southward :  in 
some  places  appearing  as  if  indigenous.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.    SANGUINALE,    L.      ( COMMON  CRAB-  Or  FlNGER-GRASS.)      Culms  erect 

or  spreading  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  hairy  ;  spikes  4-15, 
spreading,  digitate;  spikelets  oblong  (l£"  long) ;  upper  glume  half  the  length  of  the 
flower,  the  lower  one  small.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  Aug.  -  Oct.  (Nat. 
from-Eu.) 

§  2.  PANICUM  proper.     Spikelets  scattered,  in  panicles,  awnless. 

*  Panicle  elongated  and  racemose,  wand-like  or  pyramidal ;  the  numerous  and  usually 

pointed  spikelets  short-pedicelied,  excepting  2Vb.  7  and  8. 

••-  Sterile  flower  neutral  and  of  2  palets,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lower  glume: 
spikelets  small  (1"  or  1^"  long)  :  root  perennial. 

4.  P.  anceps,   Michx.     Culms  flat,  upright  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  rather 
broadly  linear  (l°-2  long,  4"-5"  wide),  smooth;  panicle  contracted-pyramidal ; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  curved ;  upper  glume  5  -  7 '-nerved;  neutral 
flower  one  third  longer  than  the  perfect  one.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  and 
Penn.  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Too  near  the  next :  spikelets  and 
branches  of  the  panicle  longer. 

5.  P.  agTOStoideS,  Spreng.      Culms  flattened,  upright  (2°  high) ;  leaves 
long,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  panicles  terminal  and  often  lateral,  pyram- 
idal (4' -8'  long) ;  the  spikelets  racemose,  crowded  and  one-sided  on  the  spread- 
ing branches,  ovate-oblong,  acute  (purplish)  ;  upper  glume  5-nerved,  longer  than  the 
neutral  flower  which  exceeds  the  perfect  one ;  perfect  flower  bearded  at  the  apex. 
(P.  agrostidiforme,  Lam.  ?    P.  multiflorum,  Poir.)  — Wet  meadows  and  shores, 
E.  Massachusetts  and  New  York  (Oneida  Lake,  A.  H.  Curtiss)  to  Illinois,  and 
common  southward.     Aug. 

•H-  •*-  Sterile  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  palet,  much  longer  than  the  lower  glume; 

spikelets  %" -l£"  long ;  annuals  except  No.  8  :  leaves  flat;  sheaths  flattened. 
++  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout ;  spikelets  crowded,  oppressed,  short-pedicelled. 

6.  P.  proliferum,  Lam.     Culms  usually  thickish  and  rather  succulent, 
branched,  geniculate  and  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base  ;  sheaths  flattened ; 
ligule  ciliate ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound,  pyramidal,  the  slender 
primary  branches  at  length  spreading;  spikelets  pale  green,  rarely  purplish; 
lower  glume  broad,  J  to  i  the  length  of  the  upper ;  neutral  flower  little  longer 
than  the  perfect  one.  —  Marshy  river-banks  and  shores,  especially  when  brack- 
ish, but  also  in  the  interior,  from  Mass,  and  Illinois  southward.     Aug. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  647 

**  •*-»•  Hispid  or  hairy  on  the  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower ;  spikelets  mostly  scattered  on 
slender  or  capillary  pedicels  in  an  ample,  loose,  at  length  very  effuse  panicle: 
culms  mostly  branched  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending  ( 10'  -  20'  high). 

7.  P.  capillare,  L.     (OLD-WITCH  GRASS.)     All  the  sheaths  and  usually 
the  leaves  copiously  hairy  or  hispid ;  panicle  mostly  very  compound,  the  branches 
divaricate  when  old ;  spikelets  varying  from  ovoid  to  narrowly  oblong,  pointed ; 
lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  neutral  palet  which  is  longer  than  the  elliptical 
obtuse  perfect  flower.  —  Sandy  soil  and  cultivated  fields  everywhere.     Aug.  -  Oct. 
—  Varies  extremely  in  size  and  appearance :  in  depauperate  forms  the  spikelets 
only  |",  in  the  larger  forms  l£"  in  length. 

8.  P.  autumnale,  Bosc!     Root  perennial?   lower  sheaths  and  margins 
of  the  small  narrow  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  otherwise  glabrous,  except  some 
bristly  hairs  in  the  main  axils  of  the  very  effuse  capillary  panicle,  its  much  elongated 
divisions  sparingly  branched,  or  even  simple  and  terminated  with  solitary  spindle- 
shaped  spikelets;  lower  glume  minute;  perfect  flower  lanceolate-oblong  and  pointed, 
nearly  equalling  the  lance-oblong  obtusish  upper  glume  and  the  neutral  palet. 
(P.  nudum,  Walt.  ?    P.  dichotomiflorum,  Michx.      P.  divergens,  Muhl.,  not  of 
H.B.K.     P.  fragile,  Kunth. )  —  Sand-hills,  Mason  County,  Illinois  (Mead,  E. 
Hall),  and  southward. 

•«-•»-+-  Sterile  flower  staminate,  of  2  palets:  lower  glume  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  upper :  spikelets  large  (2"  -  2^"  long),  ovate,  pointed,  as  are  the  glumes,  frc. : 
perennials,  glabrous,  with  tall  or  stout  and  rigid  upright  culms. 

9.  P.  virgatum,  L.      Tall   (3° -5°  high);    leaves  very  long,  flat;   ligule 
silky-bearded;  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  (9' -2°  long)  at 
length  spreading  or  drooping ;  spikelets  scattered,  usually  purplish.  — Moist  sandy 
soil :  common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

10.  P.  amarum,  Ell.     Culms  (l£°high)  sheathed  to  the  top;  leaves  in- 
volute, glaucous,  coriaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contracted  panicle,  the  simple 
racemose  branches  of  which  are  appressed ;  spikelets  pale.  —  Sandy  shores,  Con- 
necticut (Barratt,  Robbins),  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

*  *  Panicle  loosely  spreading  or  diffuse,  short  or  small :  perennials. 

t-  Lower  (sterile)  flower  neutral,  or  in  No.  11,  and  sometimes  in  No.  14,  staminate^ 

formed  of  2  palets,  the  upper  one  scarious  and  sometimes  small  and  inconspicuous. 

++  Culm-leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  with  9-15  principal  nerves. 

11.  P.  latifolium,  L.     Culm  (l°-2°  high)  smooth;  the  joints  and  the 
orifice  of  the  throat  or  margins  of  the  otherwise  smooth  sheaths  often  bearded  with 
soft  woolly  hairs;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  heart-clasping  base  (often  1' 
wide),  taper-pointed,  1 1  - 1 5-nerved,  smooth,  or  sparingly  downy -hairy;  panicle 
more  or  less  exserted  (2' -3'  long),  usually  long-peduncled,  the  branches  spread- 
ing; spikelets  obovate,  1^"  long,  downy;  lower  glume  ovate,  not  half  the  length 
of  the  many-nerved  upper  one ;  sterile  flower  often  (not  always)  with  3  stamens. 
(P.  Walteri,  Poir.)  —  Moist  thickets  :  common.     June  -  Aug. 

12.  P.  clandestinum,  L.     Culm  rigid  (l°-3°  high),  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  at  length  producing  appressed  branches,  the  joints  naked;  sheaths  rough 
with  papillce  bearing  very  stiff  and  spreading  bristly  hairs;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base,  very  taper-pointed ;  lateral  and  usually  also  the  ter- 


648  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

minal  panicle  more  or  Jess  enclosed  in  the  sheaths,  or  with  the  terminal  one  at  length 
long-peduncled  (P.  pedunculatum,  Torr.) :  —  otherwise  resembling  No.  11 ;  but 
the  spikelets  more  ovoid,  often  smooth ;  the  lower  flower  (always  ? )  neutral.  —  Low 
thickets  and  river-banks  :  common.  June  -  Sept.  • 

13.  P.  microcarpon,  Muhl.    Culm  and  sheaths  as  in  No.  11 ;  the  broadly 
lanceolate  leaves  nearly  similar,  but  longer  in  proportion  and  less  pointed,  not 
dilated  at  the  rounded  bristly-ciliate  base,  very  rough-margined,  the  upper  sur- 
face roughish ;  panicle  soon  exserted  on  a  slender  peduncle,  very  many-flowered, 
narrowly  oblong  (3'  - 11  long) ;  spikelets  only  about  $"  long,  ovoid,  smooth  or 
smoothish ;  lower  glume  orbicular  and  very  small.     (P.  multiflorum,  Ell.  ?  not 
of  Poir.)  — Dry  or  moist  thickets,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     July  -  Sept. 

14.  P.  xanthoph^TSUIQ,  Gray.     Culm  simple,  or  at  length  branched  near 
the  base  (9'- 15'  high) ;  sheaths  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  (4'  -  6'long  by 
£'  wide),  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate-bearded  clasping  base,  smooth  except  the  margins, 
strongly  9  —  ll-nerved;  panicle  long-peduncled,  very  simple,  the  appressed  branches 
bearing  a  few  roundish-obovate  spikelets  (about  l£"  long);  lower  glume  ovate, 
acutish,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  9-nerved  upper  one.  —  Dry  sandy 
soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rare.    June.  —  Plant  yellowish-green : 
spikelets  minutely  downy :  sterile  flower  sometimes  staminate. 

15.  P.  viscidum,  Ell.      Culms   upright  or   ascending,  at  length    much 
branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  velvety-downy  all  over,  as  also  the  sheaths,  with 
reflexed  soft  and  often  clammy  hairs,  except  a  ring  below  each  joint ;  leaves 
likewise  velvety,  lanceolate  (£'  wide),  11  -  13-nerved;  panicle  spreading,  the  lat- 
eral ones  included;  spikelets  obovate  1"  or  l£"  long,  downy;  the  roundish  lower 
glume  scarcely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  upper  one.  —  Damp  soil, 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

16.  P.  paucifldrum,  Ell.  ?     Culms  upright,  at  length  much  branched  and 
reclining  (l°-2°  long),  roughish;  leaves  lanceolate  (3' -5'  long  by  i'*£'wide), 
rather  faintly  9-nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  fringed  on  the  whole  margin  or  next  the 
base  with  long  and  stiff  spreading  hairs,  the  sheaths  bristly  throughout  with  similar 
hairs  ;  panicle  open,  nearly  simple,  bearing  few  tumid-obovate  hairy  or  smoothish 
spikelets  about  l£"  long ;  lower  glume  roundish,  about  half  or  a  quarter  of  the 
length  of  the  upper  one.  —  Wet  meadows  and  copses,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.     June,  July.  —  Distinguished  by  its  much  larger  spike- 
lets,  more  nerved  leaves,  and  coarser  aspect,  from  any  form  of  the  next.     It  has 
probably  been  described  under  several  names,  some  of  them  earlier  than  Elliott's. 

•*•+  +•*•  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  few  or  indistinct  primary  nerves. 

17.  P.  dich6tomum,  L. !     Culms  (8' -20'  high)  at  first  mostly  simple, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  exserted  spreading  compound  panicle  (l'-3'  long),  and 
lanceolate  Jlat  leaves  (those  tufted  at  the  root  usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  very 
short,  thickish) ;  but  commonly  branching  later  in  the  season,  the  branches  often 
clustered,  and  bearing  nearly  simple  and  included  small  panicles  ;  spikelets  £"  to 
about  1"  long;  oblong-obovate,  downy  or  smooth;  lower  glume  roundish,  one  third 
or  a  quarter  the  length  of  the  5-  7-nerved  upper  one.  —  Founded  on  an  autumnal 
state  of  the  species,  much  forked  and  with  densely  clustered  lateral  branchlets 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  649 

and  panicles.  (P.  nodiflorum,  Lam. )  —  Exhibits  an  interminable  diversity  of 
forms;  of  which  a  shaggy-hairy  and  larger-flowered  variety  is  P.  pubescens, 
Lam. ;  and  one  with  smaller  spikelets  is  P.  laxiflorum,  Lam. ;  while  the  varied 
smooth  or  smoothish  states  with  shining  leaves  are  P.  nitidum,  Lam.,  and  (the 
more  slender  forms)  P.  barbulatum  and  P.  ramulosum,  Michx.,  $°c.  Some  of 
these  may  be  good  species.  — Dry  or  low  grounds  :  common.  June-  Aug. 

18.  P.    depauper&tum,    Muhl.      Culms  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  forming  close  tufts  (6'  -  12'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  and  few-flowered 
contracted  panicle,  often  much  overtopped  by  the  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  (4'  -  7') 
upper  leaves ;  spikelets  |"  - 1£"  long,  oval-obovate,  commonly  pointed  when  young ; 
the  ovate  lower  glume  one  third  the  length  of  the!  -  ^-nerved  upper  one.    (P.  strictum, 
Pursh.     P.  rectum,  Rcem.  Sf  Schult.)  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  involute,  at  least 
when  dry  (P.  involutum,  Torr.),  and  with  the  sheaths  either  beset  with  long 
hairs  or  nearly  smooth :  the  panicle  either  partly  included,  or  on  a  long  and 
slender  peduncle.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills :  rather  common.    June. 

•«-  •<-  Lower  sterile  flower  of  a  single  palet,  and  neutral. 

19.  P.  verrucbsum,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  branching  and  spreading, 
very  slender  (l°-2°  lo.ng),  naked  above  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2" -3"  wide), 
shining ;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle  capillary,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  warty- 
roughened  (dark  green),  oval,  acute,  f "  long ;  the  lower  glume  one  fourth  the 
length  of  the  obscurely  nerved  upper  one.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  England  to 
Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    Aug. 

§  3.  ECHIN6CHLOA,  Beauv.  Spikelets  imbricated-spiked  on  the  branches  of 
the  simple  or  compound  raceme  or  panicle,  usually  rough  with  appressed  stiff  hairs : 
lower  palet  of  the  sterile  flower  awl-pointed  or  awned. 

20.  P.  CRUS-GALLI,  L.     (BARNYARD-GRASS.)     Root  annual;  culms  stout, 
branching  from  the  base  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  (|'  or  more  wide), 
rough-margined,  otherwise  with  the  sheaths  smooth;  spikes  alternate  (l'-3; 
long),  crowded  in  a  dense  panicle;  glumes  ovate,  abruptly  pointed ;  lower  palet 
of  the  neutral  flower  bearing  a  rough  awn  of  variable  length.  —  Varies  greatly ; 
sometimes  awnless  or  nearly  so ;  sometimes  long-awned,  especially  so  in  the  var. 
HfspiDUM  (P.  hispidum,  Muhl.,  P.  longisetum,  Torr.),  a  very  large  and  coarse 
form  of  the  species  with  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  very  bristly.  —  Moist,  chiefly 
manured  soil :  the  variety  in  ditches,  especially  of  brackish  water ;  possibly  in- 
digenous.   Aug. -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

61.     SET ARIA,    Beauv.        BRISTLY  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.     (PL  13.) 

Spikelets  altogether  as  in  Panicum  proper,  and  awnless,  but  with  the  short 
peduncles  produced  beyond  them  into  solitary  or  clustered  bristles  resembling 
awns  (but  not  forming  an  involucre).  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked  panicle,  or 
apparently  a  cylindrical  spike.  —  Annuals,  in  cultivated  or  manured  grounds, 
with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves :  properly  to  be  regarded  as  merely  a  sub- 
genus  of  Panicum.  (Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.) 

*  Bristles  single  or  in  pairs,  roughened  or  barbed  downwards. 

1.  S.  VERTICILL\TA,  Beauv.  Spike  cylindrical  (2' -3'  long,  pale  green), 
composed  of  apparently  whorled  short  clusters;  bristles  short,  adhesive.  (Pan- 
icum verticillatum,  L.)  — Near  dwellings.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


650  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

*  *  Bristles  in  clusters,  roughened  or  barbed  upwards. 

2.  S.  GLAtiCA,  Beauv.     (FOXTAIL.)     Spike  cylindrical,  dense,  tawny  yellow 
(2' -4'  long) ;  bristks  6-11  in  a  duster,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  perfect 
flower  transversely  wrinkled.  —  Very  common,  in  stubble,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  vfRims,  Beauv.     (GREEN  FOXTAIL.    BOTTLE-GRASS.)     Spike  nearly 
cylindrical,  more  or  less  compound,  green  ;  bristles  few,  longer  than  the  spikelets  ; 
perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

4.  S.  ITALICA,  Kunth.     Spike  compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  thick,  nod- 
ding (6' -9'  long,  yellowish  'or  purplish ) ;  bristles  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  either  much 
longer  or  else  shorter  than  the  spikelets.     (S.  Germanica,  Beauv.)  —  Sometimes 
cultivated  under  the  name  of  MILLET,  or  BENGAL  GRASS  :  rarely  spontaneous. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

62.  CENCHBUS,    L.        HEDGEHOG- or  BUR-GRASS.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum,  awnless,  but  enclosed  1  to  5  together  in  a  globular 
and  bristly  or  spiny  involucre,  which  becomes  coriaceous  and  forms  a  deciduous 
hard  and  rigid  bur :  the  involucres  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike.  Styles  united 
below.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  Setaria  Italica.) 

1.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Culms  branched  and  ascending  (1°-  2°  high)  from 
an  annual  root ;  leaves  flat ;  spike  oblong,  of  8  -  20  spherical  heads ;  involucre 
prickly  all  over  with  spreading  and  barbed  short  spines,  more  or  less  downy, 
enclosing  2  or  3  spikelets.  —  Sandy  soil,  on  the  coast,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the 
larger  rivers.  Aug.  —  A  vile  weed. 

63.  TBIPSACUM,    L.        GAMA-GRASS.     SESAME-GRASS.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  monoecious,  in  jointed  spikes,  which  are  staminate  above  and  fertile 
below.  Staminate  spikelets  2,  sessile  at  each  triangular  joint  of  the  narrow 
rhachis,  forming  a  1 -sided  and  2-ranked  spike  longer  than  the  joints,  both  alike, 
2-flowered :  glumes  coriaceous,  the  lower  (outer)  one  nerved,  the  inner  one  boat- 
shaped  :  palets  very  thin  and  membranaceous,  awnless  :  anthers  (turning  orange 
or  reddish-brown)  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  apex.  Pistillate  spikelets  single 
and  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  rhachis, 
occupying  a  boat-shaped  recess  which  is  closed  by  the  polished  and  cartilaginous 
ovate  outer  glume,  the  inner  glume  much  thinner  and-  pointed,  2-flowered ;  the 
lower  flower  neutral,  palets  very  thin  and  scarious,  pointless.  Styles  united : 
stigmas  very  long  (purple),  hispid.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  Culms  stout  and  tall, 
solid,  from  very  thick  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  broad  and  flat.  Spikes  ax- 
illary and  terminal,  separating  spontaneously  into  joints  at  maturity.  (Name 
from  r/3t/3o>,  to  rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  polished  fertile  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloides,  L.  Spikes  (4' -8'  long)  2-3  together  at  the  summit 
(when  their  contiguous  sides  are  more  or  less  flattened),  and  also  solitary  from 
some  of  the  upper  sheaths  (when  the  fertile  part  is  cylindrical) ;  sometimes,  var. 
MONOSTACHYUM,  the  terminal  spike  also  solitary.  —  Moist  soil,  from  Connecti- 
cut to  Pennsylvania,  near  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois  south wai'd.  Aug.  —  Culm 
4°  -  7°  high  :  the  leaves  like  those  of  Indian  Corn.  —  This  is  one  of  our  largest 
and  most  remarkable  Grasses :  sometimes  used  for  fodder  at  the  South,  where 
better  is  not  to  be  had. 


GRAMINEJ2.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  651 

64.     ERIANTHUS,     Michx.       WOOLLY  BEARD-GRASS.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  spiked  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis ;  one  of  them 
sessile,  the  other  pedicelled  ;  otherwise  both  alike ;  with  the  lower  flower  neutral, 
of  one  membranaceous  palet ;  the  upper  perfect,  of  2  hyaline  palets,  which  are 
thinner  and  shorter  than  the  nearly  equal  membranaceous  glumes,  the  lower 
palet  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1  -  3.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and  stout  reed-like 
perennials,  with  the  spikes  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  clothed  with  long  silky 
hairs,  especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (whence  the  name, 
from  cpiov,  wool,  and  avOos,  flower). 

1.  E.  alopecuroides,  Ell.     Culm  (4° -6°  high)  woolly-bearded  at  the 
joints ;  panicle  contracted ;  the  silky  hairs  longer  than  the  spikelets,  shorter  than  the 
awn ;  stamens  "2.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward : 
rare.     Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  E.  brevib£rbis,  Michx.     Culm  (2° -5°  high),  somewhat  bearded  at 
the  upper  joints ;  panicle  rather  open ;  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  spikelets.  — 
Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

65.    ANDROPOGON,    L.        BEARD-GRASS.     (PL  14.) 

Spikelets  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis,  spiked  or  racemed; 
one  of  them  pedicelled  and  sterile,  often  a  mere  vestige ;  the  other  sessile,  with 
the  lower  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  palet ;  the  upper  perfect  and  fertile,  of  2 
thin  and  hyaline  palets  shorter  than  the  herbaceous  or  chartaceous  glumes,  the 
lower  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  —  Coarse,  mostly  rigid 
perennials,  mostly  in  sterile  or  sandy  soil ;  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  com- 
monly clustered  or  digitate ;  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-bearded,  and  often 
the  sterile  or  staminate  flowers  also  (whence  the  name,  composed  of  dvrjp,  avdpos, 
man,  and  TT&ryoof,  beard). 

#  Spikes  digitate,  thickish,  short-bearded,  the  sterile  spikelet  staminate :  stamens  3. 

1.  A.  furcktus,  Muhl.     Tall,  3° -4°  high,  rigid,  the  naked  summit  of  the 
culm  (and  usually  some  lateral  branches)  terminated  by  2  -  5  rigid  spikes ;  spike- 
lets  approximated,  appressed ;  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  fertile  spikelet,  on  the 
rhachis  and  on  the  stout  pedicel  of  the  awnless  staminate  spikelet  short  and 
rather  sparse ;  awn  of  fertile  flower  long  and  bent ;  leaves  flat,  roughish,  the 
lower  ones  long.  —  Common  in  dry  sterile  soil.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

#  *  Spikes  with  slender  often  zigzag  rhachis,  silky-villous, 

•*-  Single  and  scattered  along  the  branches,  with  the  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  flowers : 
sterile  spikelet  conspicuous  but  mostly  neutral;  the  fertile  triandrous. 

2.  A.  SCOp£rius,  Michx.     Culms  slender  (l°-3°  high),  with  numerous 
paniculate  branches;  lower  sheaths  and  narrow  leaves  hairy;  spikes  slender, 
scattered,  mostly  peduncled  (l'-2'  long),  very  loose,  often  purplish,  silky  with 
lax  dull-white  hairs ;  sterile  spikelet  awn-pointed  or  awnless ;  the  fertile  about 
half  the  length  of  its  twisted  or  bent  awn.  —  Dry  ground.     July  -  Sept. 

•»-  •*-  In  pairs  or  clustered;  the  copious  soft-silky  hairs  much  longer  than  the  flowers: 
sterile  spikelet  a  small  neutral  rudiment  (in  No.  3),  or  altogether  wanting  on  the 
summit  of  the  very  plumose-hairy  pedicel :  fertile  flower  monandrous,  its  awn 
capillary :  leaves  narrow,  the  lower  or  their  sheaths  often  rather  hairy. 


$52  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

3.  A.  arg^nteus,  Ell.      Culms   rather  slender  (l°-3°  high);  spikes  in 
pairs  (rarely  in  fours)  on  short  mostly  exserted  and  loosely  paniculate  peduncles, 
densely  flowered  (l'-2'  long),  very  silky  with  long  bright  white  hairs.   (A.  argyraeus, 
Schultes.     A.  Ellidttii,  Chapm.)  —  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canby),  Virginia,  near  the 
coast,  and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

4.  A.  Virginicus,  L.     Culm  flattish  below,  slender  (2° -3°  high),  spar- 
ingly short-branched  above,  sheaths  smooth ;  spikes  2  or  3  together  in  distant  oppressed 
clusters,  shorter  than  their  sheathing  bracts,  weak  (!'  long),  the  spikelets  loose  on  the 
filiform  rhachis,  the  soft  hairs  dull  white.     (A.  vaginatus,  Elf.,  a  form  with  larger 
and  inflated  sheaths.)  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and 
southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

5.  A.  macrotirus,  Michx.     Culm  stout  (2° -3°  high),  bushy-branched  at 
the  summit,  loaded  with  very  numerous  spikes  forming  thick  leafy  clusters  ;  sheaths 
rough,  the  uppermost  hairy;  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding;  the  sterile 
spikelet  of  each  pair  wholly  wanting,  its  pedicel  slender  and  very  plumose.  — 
Low  and  sandy  grounds,  New  York  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

66.    SORGHUM,    Pers.        BROOM  CORN.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  2-3  together  on  the  ramifications  of  an  open  panicle,  the  lateral 
ones  sterile  or  often  reduced  merely  to  their  pedicels ;  only  the  middle  or  ter- 
minal one  fertile,  its  glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  sometimes  awnless  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Andropogon.  Stamens  3.  ( The  Asiatic  name  of  S.  VDLGARE, 
the  INDIAN  MILLET,  to  which  species  belongs  GUINEA-CORN,  BROOM-CORN, 
the  SWEET  SORGHUM,  and  other  cultivated  races.) 

1.  S.  ntltans,  Gray.  (INDIAN  GRASS.  WOOD-GRASS.)  Root  perennial ; 
culm  simple  (3° -5°  high),  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glaucous;  sheaths 
smooth  ;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  crowded  or  loose  (6'  -  12'  long) ;  the  perfect 
spikelets  at  length  drooping  (yellowish  or  russet-brown  and  shining),  clothed, 
especially  towards  the  base,  with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
twisted  awn ;  the  sterile  spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to 
a  mere  plumose-hairy  pedicel.  (Andropogon  nutans,  L.)  — Dry  soil :  common, 
especially  southward,  where  it  runs  into  several  marked  varieties  or  perhaps 
species  (S.  avenaceum,  nutans,  and  secundum,  Chapman).  Aug. -Oct. 


EQUISETACE.E.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  653 


SERIES     II. 

CRYPTOGAMOUS    OR    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  destitute  of  proper  flower's  (i.  e.  no  stamens 
and  pistils),  producing,  in  place  of  seeds,  minute  bodies  of 
homogeneous  structure  (called  spores) ,  in  which  there  is* 
no  embryo,  or  plantlet  anterior  to  germination. 

CLASS  III.     ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and 
branches),  growing  from  the  apex  only,  containing  woody 
fibre  and  vessels  (especially  ducts),  and  usually  with  some 
kind  of  foliage. 

ORDER  129.     E<|UISETACEJE.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

Leafless  plants,  with  rush-like  hollow  and  jointed  stems,  arising  from  run- 
ning rootstocks,  terminated  by  the  fructification  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  spike, 
which  is  composed  of  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  bearing  the  spore-cases 
underneath.  —  Comprises  solely  the  genus 

1.    EQUISETUM,    L.      HORSETAIL.     SCOURING  RUSH.     (PI.  15.) 

Spore-cases  (sporangia,  thecca)  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  angled 
shield-shaped  scales  of  the  spike,  1-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side  and  dis- 
charging the  numerous  loose  spores.  To  the  base  of  each  spore  are  attached  4 
thread-like  and  club-shaped  elastic  filaments,  which  roll  up  closely  around  the 
spore  when  moist,  and  uncoil  when  dry.  —  Stems  mostly  from  running  root- 
" stocks,  striate-grooved  (in  many  the  hard  cuticle  abounding  in  silex),  hollow,  and 
also  with  an  outer  circle  of  smaller  air-cavities  corresponding  with  the  grooves ; 
the  joints  closed  and  solid,  each  bearing  instead  of  leaves  a  sheath,  which  sur- 
rounds the  base  of  the  internode  above,  and  is  split  into  teeth  corresponding  in 
number  and  position  with  the  principal  ridges  of  the  stem :  the  stomata  in  the 
grooves.  Branches,  when  present,  in  whorls  from  the  base  of  the  sheath,  like 
the  stem,  but  without  the  central  air-cavity.  (The  ancient  name,  from 
horse,  and  seta,  bristle.) 


654  EQUISETACE^E.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.) 

§  1.  Annual-stemmed,  not  surviving  the  winter.     (Stomata  scattered.) 

*  Fruiting  in  spring  from  soft  and  rather  succulent  pale  or  brownish  fertile  stems,  the 

sterile  stems  or  branches  appearing  later,  herbaceous  and  very  different. 
•*-  Fertile  stems  remaining  simple,  soon  perishing ;  the  sterile  producing  copious  branches. 

1.  E.  Telmatdia,  Ehrh.     (GREAT  HORSETAIL.)     Stems  stout  (as  thick 
as  the  finger) ;  the  sheaths  of  the  fertile  ones  (l'-l£'  long)  enlarging  upwards, 
deeply  20  -  30-toothed  ;  sterile  stem  white,  20  -  30-furrowed ;  its  branches  simple, 
rough,  usually  4-angled  and  again  grooved  on  the  angles.     (E.  ebiirneum,  Roth., 
Schreber,  and  Ed.  2.     E.  fluviatile,  Smith.)  —  Shore  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes, 
and  northwestward:  rare.     April,  May.  —  Fertile  stems   10' -15',  the  sterile 
2° -5°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  E.  arv&ise,  L.      (COMMON   H.)      Fertile   stems   (4' -10' high)   with 
loose  and  usually  distant  about  8-12-toothed  sheaths;  the  sterile  slender  (at 
length  l°-2°  high),  10-14-furrowed,  producing  long  and  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  4-angular  branches ;   their  teeth  4,  herbaceous,  lanceolate.  —  Moist, 
especially  gravelly  soil :  very  common.  March  -  May.  —  Rootstocks  occasionally 
bearing  copious  little  tubers  like  small  peas  (Illinois,  S.  A.  Collier).  —  The  var. 
SEROTINUM,  Meyer,  an  accidental  state,  in  which  the  sterile  plant  produces  a 
spike  of  fruit  from  its  summit,  is  found  in  New  Jersey  by  C.  F.  Austin. 

•*-  •*-  Fertile  stems  when  older  producing  herbaceous  3-sided  branches,  and  lasting 
through  the  summer,  except  the  naked  top  which  perishes  after  fructification. 

3.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  finally  also  the  fertile  stems  producing 
simple  straight  branches;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with  ovate-lanceolate  short  teeth, 
those  of  the  branches  3-toothed :  stems  more  slender  and  the  branches  shorter 
than  in  the  last.     (E.  umbrosum,  Willd.     E.  Drummdndii,  Hook.) — Michigan 
(Cooley,  $-c.),  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     April,  May.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  sylvaticum,  L.     Sterile  and  fertile  stems  (about  12-furrowed)  pro- 
ducing compound  racemed  branches;  sheaths  loose,  with  8-14  rather  blunt  teeth, 
those  of  the  branches  bearing  4  or  5,  of  the  branchlets  3,  lance-pointed  divergent 
teeth.  —  Wet  shady  places :  common  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Fruiting  in  summer  ;  the  stems  all  of  one  kind,  or  the  fertile  contemporaneous  with 

and  like  the  sterile,  equally  herbaceous,  producing  mostly  simple  branches,  or  some- 
times nearly  naked. 

5.  E.  pallistre,  L.     Stems  (10'  -  18'  high)  slender,  very  deeply  5  -  9-grooved, 
the  grooves  separated  by  narrow  wing-like  ridges,  roughish,  the  lance-awl-shaped 
teeth  whitish-margined  ;  branches  rather  few  in  a  whorl.  — Wet  places,  Niagara 
River  ( G.  W.  Clinton),  Wisconsin  ( C.  F.  Austin),  and  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

6.  E.  limbsum,  L.     Stems  (2° -3°  high)  slightly  many-furrowed,  smooth," 
usually  producing  upright  branches  after  fructification ;  sheaths  appressed,  with 
10-22  (commonly  about  18)  dark-brown  and  acute  rigid  short  teeth.     (E.  uli- 
ginosum,  Muhl.)  —  In  shallow  water :  rather  common.  —  Air-cavities  none  under 
the  grooves,  but  small  ones  under  the  ridges.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

(E.  LITTOR\LE,  Kiihlewein,  a  species  of  N.  Europe  which  stands  between 
No.  5  and  No.  6,  is  said  by  Milde  to  grow  in  Canada,  on  the  authority  of  a 
specimen  in  herb.  Hook.,  and  may  be  looked  for  northward.) 


PILICES.     (FERNS.)  G55 

§  2.  Evergreen  or  perennial-stemmed,  surviving  the  winter,  mostly  rough  (the  cuticle 
abounding  in  silex) :  fruiting  in  summer:  spike  tipped  with  a  rigid  little  point. 
(Stomata  in  regular  rows,  in  our  species  \-rowed  on  each  side  of  the  groove.) 
*  Stems  tall  and  stout  (1^°  -  4°  or  even  6°  high],  simple  or  casually  branched,  evenly 
many-  (15-40-)  grooved:  sheaths  oppressed.  (Probably  all  forms  of  the  Com- 
mon Scouring  Rush.) 

7.  E.  l86vig&tum,  Braun.  Stems  l£°-4°  high,  sometimes  with  numer- 
ous branches ;  the  ridges  convex,  obtuse,  smooth  or  minutely  roughish  with  minute 
tubercles ;  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  narrow  black  limb  and  about  22  linear-awl- 
shaped  caducous  teeth,  I -keeled  below.  —  Dryish  clay  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 

B.  E.  roblistum,  Braun.  Stems  3° -6°  high;  the  ridges  narrow,  rough 
with  one  line  of  tubercles:  sheatlis  short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely 
with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  3-keeled  teeth  with  ovate-awl-shaped 
points.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Passes  by  var.  AFFINE, 
Engelm.  (smaller,  with  20-25  awl-pointed  more  persistent  teeth)  into  the  next. 

9.  E.  hyern&le,  L.    (SCOURING-RDSH.     SHAVE-GRASS.)    Stemsl£°-4° 
high;  the  ridges  roughened  by  2  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles;  sheaths 
elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base  and  a  black  limb,  of  about  20  (17  - 
26)  narrowly  linear  teeth,  \-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  awl-shaped  deciduous  points.  — 
Wet  banks  :  common  northward.     Used  for  scouring.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stems  slender,  in  tufts,  5  —  1  Q-grooved :  sheaths  looser. 

10.  E.  varieg£tum,  Schleicher.     Stems  ascending  (6'  -  18'  long),  usually 
simple  from  a  branched  base,   5  -  \Q-grooved ;   sheaths  green  variegated  with 
black  above ;  the  5  -  10-teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Shores  or  river- 
banks,  New  Hampshire  (Bellows  Falls,  Carey)  and  Niagara  to  Wisconsin  and 
northward:  rare.     (Eu.) 

11.  E.  Scirpoldes,  Michx.     Stems  very  numerous  in  a  tuft,  filiform  (3' -6' 
high),  flexuous  and   curving,   mostly   ^-grooved,  with  acute  ridges;    the  sheaths 
3-toothed,  the  bristle-pointed  teeth  more  persistent ;  central  air-cavity  wanting.  — 
Wooded  hillsides,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and  northward. 
(Eu.) 

ORDER  130.     FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

Leafy  plants,  with  the  leaves  (fronds)  usually  raised  on  a  stalk  or  petiole 
(stipe),  rising  from  a  root,  or  mostly  from  a  prostrate  or  assurgent  or  even 
erect  rootstock,  separately  rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  bud  (except  in  Sub- 
order IV.)  and  bearing  on  the  under  surface,  commonly  on  the  veins  or  along 
the  margjins,  the  simple  fructification,  which  consists  of  1-celled  spore-cases 
(sporangia),  opening  in  various  ways,  and  discharging  the  numerous  mi- 
nute spores.  (Antheridia  and  pistillidia  formed  and  fertilization  effected 
on  the  seeding  plantlet !)  —  Of  the  eight  well-marked  Suborders,  into 
which  the  Ferns  are  divided,  four  are  represented  in  the  Northern  United 
States. 

The  whole  order  has  been  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Prof.  DANIEL 
C.  EATON,  of  Yale  College. 


I 
656  FILICES.     (FEBNS.) 

SUBORDER  I.     POLYPODIACE^.     THE  TRUE  FERNS. 

Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines  or  variously  shaped  clusters  (son'  or 
fruit-dots)  on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  stalked, 
cellular-reticulated,  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete  many- 
jointed  ring,  which  by  straightening  at  maturity  ruptures  the  sporangium 
transversely  on  the  inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  Fruit-dots  often 
covered  (at  least  when  yoting)  by  a  membrane  called  the  indusium  (or  less 
properly  the  involucre),  growing  either  from  the  back  or  the  margin  of  the 
frond.  (Plates  15-18.) 

Tribe  I.  POLYPODIES.  Fructification  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  in  roundish  or 
elongated  fruit-dots  (sori)  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  without  indusium 
of  any  kind.  Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstock,  leaving  a  distinct  scar  when  separated. 
Veins  free  (not  reticulated)  in  our  species. 

1.  Polypodium.     Sori  round,  in  one  or  more  rows  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  of  the  seg- 

ments of  the  frond. 

Tribe  II.     PTERIDEJE.     Fructification  marginal  or  intramarginal,  provided  with  a 
general  indusium  formed  of  the  (either  altered  or  unchanged)  margin  of  the  frond.    Stipes 
not  articulated  to  the  rootstock.    Veins  free  in  all  our  species. 
*  Sporangia  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

2.  Adiantum.     Midrib  of  the  pinnules  near  the  lower  margin  or  none.     Stipe  black  and 

polished. 

*  *  Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  marginal  vein-like  receptacle,  which  connects  the  apices 

of  the  veins,  and  is  covered  by  a  delicate  whitish  indusium  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin 
of  the  pinnule. 

3.  Pteris.     Midrib  of  the  pinnules  central.    Stipe  light-colored. 

*  *  *  Sporangia  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  borne  on  the  under  surface  of 

the  frond  :  indusium  various. 

4.  Cheilanth.es.    Sori  minute,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  indusium  continuous  or  interrupted. 

Fronds  mostly  chaffy,  woolly  or  pulverulent. 

5.  Pellsea.     Sori  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  distinct,  or  mostly  forming  a  confluent  sub- 

marginal  band  of  sporangia.     Indusium  membranaceous,  continuous,  rarely  altogether 
wanting.    Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike :  stipes  dark-colored  .  fronds  smooth. 

6.  Allosorus.     Sori  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  the  free  veins,  at  first 

covered  by  the  reflexed  herbaceous  margin  of  the  segment,  at  length  exposed  and  conflu- 
ent.   Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  very  different :  stipes  light-colored  :  fronds  smooth. 

Tribe  III.  ASPL.ENIEJE.  Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  occupying  one  or  both  sides 
(but  not  the  back)  of  the  veins,  covered  by  a  special  indusium  which  is  attached  by  one 
side  to  the  fertile  vein,  and  is  free  on  the  other.  Stipes  not  articulated. 

,*  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  cross  veins  parallel  to  the  midrib. 

7.  Woodwardia.    Sori  forming  a  chain-like  row  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein. 

Veins  reticulated. 

*  *  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  borne  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midrib. 

8.  Aspleiiium.     Sori  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fertile  veinlet,  rarely  on  both  sides  of  a  vein- 

let.    Veins  free  in  all  our  species. 

9.  Scolopendrium.     Sori  linear,  confluent  in  pairs,  each  pair  appearing  like  a  single  sorus 

with  a  double  indusium  opening  down  the  middle.    Veins  free. 
*  *  Sori  borne  partly  on  veins  parallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  on  veins  oblique  to  the  midrib. 

10.  Camptosorns.     Sori  oblong  or  linear,  the  outer  ones  often  approximating  in  pairs. 

Veins  reticulated. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  657 

Tribe  TV.  ASPIDIE^E.  Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of 
the  fertile  vein,  provided  with  a  special  indusium,  rarely  naked.  Stipes  not  articulated  to 
the  rootstock. 

*  Indusium  obsolete  or  none. 

11.  Phegopteris.    Sori  round,  rather  small.    Veins  free  in  our  species. 

*  *  Indusium  evident,  round  or  roundish,  covering  the  sporangia,  at  least  when  young.    Sterile 

arid  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike.     Veins  free  in  our  species. 

12.  Aspidium.     Indusium  flat,  orbicular  or  round-reniform,  fixed  by  the  centre,  opening  all 

round  the  margin. 

13.  Cystopteris.     Indusium  convex,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  partly  under  the  sorus,  com- 

monly reflexed  as  the  sporangia  ripen. 

*  *  *  Indusium  obscure,  irregularly  semicircular.    Fertile  fronds  much  contracted  and  very 

unlike  the  sterile  ones. 

14.  Strut  liiopteris.     Fertile  frond  simply  pinnate.    Sterile  frond  with  free  veins. 

15.  Onoclea.     Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate.    Sterile  frond  with  reticulated  veins. 

*  *  *  *  Indusium  roundish  or  stellate,  placed  beneath  the  sporangia,  sometimes  enclosing  them 

and  then  bursting  open  from  the  top. 

16.  Wooclsia.    Indusium  very  delicate,  cleft  into  irregular  lobes,  or  divided  into  a  ciliate 

fringe.    Veins  free. 

Tribe  V.  DA  VALL.1E.3E.  Sori  roundish  or  transversely  elongated,  borne  at  the  ends 
of  the  veins  or  on  marginal  cross-veinlets,  with  an  indusium  attached  at  the  base  or  base 
and  sides  and  opening  towards  the  margin  of  the  segment. 

17.  Dicksonia.     Sori  marginal,  very  small,  the  indusium  cup-shaped,  somewhat  2-valved, 

the  under  portion  confluent  with  a  lobule  of  the  frond.    Veins  free. 

SUBORDER  II.     SCIIIZ.EACEJE. 

Sporangia  ovate,  sessile,  having  a  complete  transverse  articulated  ring 
at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  (PL  19.) 

18.  ScbJzsea.     Sporangia  naked,  fixed  in  a  double  row  to  the  midrib  of  the  narrow  fertile 

segments.    Sterile  fronds  rigid,  simple  or  dichotomously  branched. 

19.  Lygodium.     Sporangia  borne  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  fertile  segments,  each  spo- 

rangium seated  on  a  separate  veinlet,  and  provided  with  a  special  scale-like  indusium. 
Fronds  leafy,  climbing. 

SUBORDER  III.     OSJttlTNDACEjE. 

Sporangia  naked,  globose,  pedicelled,  reticulated,  having  a  very  in- 
complete transverse  ring  around  the  apex,  opening  into  two  valves  by 
a  longitudinal  slit.  (PI.  19.) 

20.  Osmunda.     Fertile  pinnae  or  fronds  very  much  contracted,  bearing  the  abundant  and 

large  sporangia  upon  the  margins  of  the  very  narrow  segments.    Veins  free. 

SUBORDER  IV.    OPHIOGIA>SSACEJE. 

Sporangia  spiked,  destitute  of  a  ring,  naked,  coriaceous  and  opaque, 
not  reticulated,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit  into  two  valves,  discharging 
very  copious  powdery  spores.  Fronds  straight,  never  rolled  up  in  the 
bud!  (PI.  19.) 

21.  Botrychium.     Sporangia  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.    Veins  free. 

22.  Opliioglossiim.     Sporangia  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Veins  reticulated. 

42 


658  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

1.  POLYPODITJM,    L.    POLYPODY.      (PI.  15.)       . 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  arranged  on  the  back  of  the  frond  in  one  or  more 
rows  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein,  or  irregularly  scattered,  each  borne 
in  our  species  on  the  end  of  a  free  veinlet.  Rootstocks  creeping,  branched,  often 
covered  with  chaffy  scales,  bearing  scattered  roundish  knobs,  to  which  the  stipes 
are  attached  by  a  distinct  articulation.  (Name  from  iro\v}  many,  and  irovs,foot, 
alluding  to  the  branching  rootstock.) 

1 .  P.  vulgar© ,  L.    Fronds  evergreen,  oblong,  smooth  both  sides,  4'  - 10'  high, 
simply  and  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  somewhat 
acute,  remotely  and  obscurely  toothed ;  veins  once  or  twice  forked ;  fruit-dots 
large,  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin.  —  Rocks  :  common.   July.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  incanum,  Swartz.    Fronds  evergreen  and  coriaceous,  oblong,  2'- 
6'  high,  grayish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  peltate  scales,  simply  pinnatifid ; 
the  divisions  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  fruit-dots  rather  small,  near  the  margin ;  veins 
forking,  free  in  the  N.  American  plant !  —  Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  Virginia 
and  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug. 

2.  ADIANTUM,    L.        MAIDENHAIR.    (PI.  16.) 

Fruit-dots  marginal,  short ;  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  or  summit  of  a  lobe  or 
tooth  of  the  frond  reflexed  to  form  an  indusium :  the  sporangia  attached  to  the 
approximated  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins.  —  Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pinnules 
none,  or  at  the  lower  margin.  Stipes  black  and  polished.  (The  ancient  name, 
from  a  privative  and  StcuW,  meaning  unwetted,  the  smooth  foliage  repelling 
rain-drops. ) 

1.  A.  pedatum,  L.  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  of  the  upright  slender 
stalk  (9'-  15'  high),  the  recurved  branches  bearing  on  one  side  several  slender 
spreading  divisions,  which  bear  numerous  triangular-oblong  and  oblique  short- 
stalked  pinnules ;  these  are  as  if  halved,  being  entire  on  the  lower  margin,  from 
which  the  veins  all  proceed,  and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  —  Rich, 
moist  woods.  July.  —  A  delicate  and  most  graceful  Fern. 

3.  PTEBIS,    L.        BRAKE  or  BRACKEN.     (PI.  16.) 

Sporangia  in  a  continuous  slender  line  of  fructification,  occupying  the  entire 
margins  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covered  by  its  reflexed  narrow  edge,  which 
forms  a  continuous  membranaceous  indusium,  attached  to  an  uninterrupted 
transverse  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  the  forked  and  free 
veins. — Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name  of  Ferns,  from  Trrepdi/,  a  wing,  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate  or 
feathery  fronds.) 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  (COMMON  BRAKE.)  Frond  dull  green  (2° -3°  wide), 
ternate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk  (l°-2°  high),  the  widely  spreading 
branches  twice  pinnate ;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate ;  the  upper  undivided ;  the 
lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round  with 
the  indusium. — Thickets  and  hills  :  common.  Aug.  (Eu.) 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  659 

4.    CHEILANTHES,     Swartz.        LIP-FERN.     (PI.  16.) 

Sporangia  borne  on  the  thickened  ends  of  free  veinlets,  forming  small  and 
roundish  distinct  or  nearly  contiguous  marginal  fruit-dots,  covered  by  a  mostly 
whitish  and  membranaceous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  common  indusium,  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  separate  lobes  or  of  the  whole  pinnule.  —  Low,  mostly 
with  2  -  3-pinnate  and  hairy  or  chaffy  fronds,  the  sterile  and  fertile  nearly  alike, 
the  divisions  not  halved,  the  principal  vein  central.  Some  species  with  con- 
tinuous indusium  connect  this  genus  very  closely  with  the  next.  (Name  com- 
posed of  ^fiXos,  a  Up,  and  (ivQos,  flower,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  vestita,  Swartz.    Fronds  (6'-  1 5'  high),  lanceolate-oblong,  hirsute, 
as  are  the  brown  and  shining  stipes,  with  straightish  prominently  articulated  rusty 
hairs,  twice  pinnate ;  pinnae  rather  distant,  triangular-ovate ;  pinnules  oblong, 
crowded  (2" -4"  long),  more  or  less  incised,  the  ends  of  the  roundish  or  oblong  lotxs 
reflexed  and  forming  separate  herbaceous  involucres,  which  are  pushed  back  by  the 
ripened  sporangia.     (Nephrodium  lanbsum,  Michx. !)  —  Clefts  of  rocks,  Island 
of  New  York  (  W.  W.  Denslow],  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  tomentbsa,  Link.    Fronds  (12'  -  20'  high)  lanceolate-oblong,  densely 
tomentose  with  slender  and  entangled  whitish  obscurely  articulated  hairs,  thrice  pin- 
nate ;  primary  and  secondary  pinnae  oblong  or  ovate-oblong ;  pinnules  distinct, 
minute  (£"-1"  long),  roundish-obovate,  sessile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the  upper 
surface  less  woolly,  the  reflexed  narrow  margin  forming  a  continuous  somewhat  mem- 
branaceous involucre.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  ?  and  Kentucky ;  thence  westward 
and  southward.  —  Stipe  and  rhachis  rather  stout,  brown,  covered  with  narrow 
chaffy  scales  and  whitish  hairs. 

3.  C.  lanuginbsa,  Nutt.  (in  herb.  Hook.  &  Sp.  Fil.  1851).     Stipes  slen- 
der, at  first  hairy,  black  or  brown,  shining ;  fronds  (3'-  6'  high)  ovate-lanceolate, 
woolly  with  soft  whitish  distinctly  articulated  flattened  hairs,  becoming  smoother 
above,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate;  pinnae  (5" -6"  long)  ovate,  the  lowest  distant, 
the  others  contiguous ;  pinnules  crenately  pinnatifid,  or  mostly  divided  into  minute 
and  roundish  densely  crowded  segments  (i"-l"  long),  the  herbaceous  margin  re- 
curved forming  an  almost  continuous  involucre.    (C.  vestita,  Hook.    C.  lanosa,  Eaton, 
Moore,  excl.  syn.     C.  gracilis,  Mettenius,  1859.     Myridpteris  gracilis,  Fe'e.)  —  In 
dense  tufts,  on  dry  rocks  and  cliffs,  Wisconsin  (T.  J.  Hale],  Iowa  (Vasey),  Mis- 
souri (Nuttatt,  Engelmann],  thence  westward  and  southward. 

5.    PELL^IA,    Link.        CLIFF-BRAKE.      (PI.  15.) 

Sporangia  in  roundish'  or  elongated  clusters  on  the  upper  part  of  the  free 
veins,  distinct  or  confluent  laterally  so  as  to  imitate  the  marginal  continuous 
line  of  fructification  of  Pteris,  commonly  covered  by  a  broad  membranaceous  and 
continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  general  indusium,  which  consists  of  the  reflexed 
and  altered  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnule  or  division.  Small  Ferns,  with  1  - 
3-pinnate  fronds,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrower  divisions  than  the  sterile,  but 
otherwise  similar.  Stipes  generally  dark-colored,  smooth  and  shining.  (Name 
from  TreXXo?,  dusky,  alluding  to  the  stipe.) 

1.  P.  gracilis,  Hook.  Fronds  smooth  (3' -6'  high),  delicately  membrana- 
ceous and  slender,  of  few  pinnae,  the  lower  ones  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted 


660  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

into  3-5  decurrent  divisions,  those  of  the  fertile  frond  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
entire  or  sparingly  incised ;  of  the  sterile  ovate  or  obovate,  crenate  or  incised  ; 
veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked.  (Pteris  gracilis,  Miclix. 
Allosorus  gracilis,  Presl,  and  former  ed.  —  Shaded  calcareous  rocks,  Vermont 
1  and  Northern  and  Central  New  York,  to  Wisconsin-  and  northward :  rare. 
July.  —  Rootstock  very  slender,  creeping  :  stipes  polished,  brownish,  darker  and 
sparingly  chaffy  at  the  base. 

2.  P.  atropurptirea,  Link.  Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs  on 
the  midribs  and  especially  on  the  dark-purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis,  6'- 
15'  high ;  frond  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice'pinnate ;  the  divisions  broadly 
linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base  ;  veins  about  twice  forked.  ( Pteris 
atropurpurea,  Z.  Allosorus  atropurpureus,  Kunze,  and  former  ed.)  — Dry  cal- 
careous rocks  :  not  common,  but  of  wide  range.  July.  —  Rootstock  short  and 
stout :  stipes  clustered. 

6.    ALLOSORUS,    Bernhardi,  Link.        ROCK-BRAKE. 

Fruit-dots  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  on  the  free  forking 
veins.  True  involucre  or  indusium  none,  the  herbaceous  margins  of  the  fertile 
segments  at  first  reflexed  and  meeting  at  the  midrib,  at  length  opening  out  flat 
and  exposing  the  confluent  sporangia.  — Low,  with  smooth,  2  -3-pinnate  fronds, 
the  fertile  ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  and  with  much  narrower  divisions.  (Name 
from  oAAoS,  various,  and  crcopds1,  a  heap.) 

1.  A.  acrostichoides,  Sprengel.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  straw-colored; 
fronds  2 -3-pinnate  (6' -10'  high);  fertile  segments  stalked,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  (3" -5"  long),  the  sporangia  in  lines  extending  dOAvn  the  veins  almost 
to  the  midrib,  confluent  when  ripe  and  covering  the  under  surface  of  the  now 
fully  opened  segments;  sterile  fronds  on  much  shorter  stipes,  with  ovate  or 
obovate  decurrent  and  crenately  toothed  or  incised  segments.  (Cryptogramme 
acrostichoides,  R.  Br.)  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  thence  westward  and 
northward.  —  Very  near  A.  crispus  of  Eu. 

7.     WOODWARDIA,     Smith.         CHAIN-FERN.     (PI.  16.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  arranged  in  one  or  more  chain-like  rows  on  trans- 
verse anastomosing  veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed  by 
its  outer  margin  to  the  fruitful  veinlet,  free  and  opening  on  the  side  next  the 
midrib.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated,  free  towards  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
—  Large  Ferns,  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  fronds.  (Named  for  Thomas  J. 
Woodward,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  ANCHfSTEA,  Presl.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike:  veins  forming  only  one 

row  of  meshes  (areoles). 

1.  W.  Virginica,  Smith.  Fronds  (2°  -3°  high)  pinnate,  with  numerous 
lanceolate  pinnatifid  pinnae ;  segments  oblong ;  veins  forming  a  row  of  narrow 
areoles  along  the  midrib  both  of  the  pinnae  and  of  the  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets 
free  ;  fruit-dots  oblong,  one  to  each  areole,  confluent  when  ripe.  —  Wet  swamps, 
Maine  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  661 

§2.  LORINSERIA,  Presl.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  unlike :  veins  of  the  sterile 

fronds  forming  many  rows  of  meshes. 

2.  W.  angUStif61ia,  Smith.  Fronds  pinnatifid;  sterile  ones  (12' -18' 
high)  with  lanceolate  serrulate  divisions  united  by  a  broad  wing;  fertile  fronds 
taller,  with  narrowly  linear  almost  disconnected  divisions,  the  areoles  and  fruit- 
dots  (4" -5"  long)  in  a  single  row  each  side  of  the  secondary  midribs.  (W. 
onocleoides,  Willd.  "W.  areolata,  Moore.) — Bogs,  Massachusetts,  near  the 
coast,  to  Virginia,  and  southward :  rare.  Aug.,  Sept. 

8.     ASPLENIUM,     L.        SPLEENWORT.     (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique,  separate ;  the  straight,  or  rarely  curved, 
indusium  fixed  lengthwise  by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  fertile 
vein :  —  in  some  species  a  part  of  the  fruit-dots  are  double ;  the  fertile  vein 
bearing  two  indusia  placed  back  to  back.  Veins  free  in  all  our  species.  (Named, 
from  a  privative  and  OTT\T]V,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  properties.) 

§  1.  ASPLENIUM  proper.     Indusium  straight  or  slightly  curved,  attached  to  the 

upper  side  of  the  vein,  rarely  doMe. 
*  Indusium  flat,  orflattish,  thin.     (Fronds  evergreen.) 
-i-  fronds  pinnately  lobed  or  parted,  or  simply  pinnate. 

1.  A.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.     Fronds  (3'  -6'  long)  lanceolate,  pinnatijld,  or 
pinnate  below,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation,  "  the  apex  sometimes  root- 
ing "  ;  lobes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  lowest  pair  long-acuminate ;  fruit-dots  irreg- 
ular, those  next  the  midrib  often  double,  even  the  slender  prolongation  fertile, 
-r-  Cliffs  on  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissahickon,  near  Philadelphia,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies ;  also  sparingly  westward :  rare.     July.  —  Kesembles  the 
Walking-Leaf  (Camptosorus),  but  the  veins  are  free.     Stipes  brownish,  becoming 
green  higher  up,  and  so  passing  into  the  broad  pale-green  midrib. 

2.  A.  ebenoides,  R.  R.  Scott.     Fronds  (4' -9' long)  broadly  lanceolate, 
pinnatijld,  below  pinnate,  the  apex  prolonged  and  slender ;  divisions  lanceolate  from  a 
broad  base,  the  lower  ones  shorter,  often  proliferous,  as  is  the  apex  of  the  frond ; 
fruit-dots  much  as  in  the  last ;  stipes  black  and  polished,  as  is  the  lower  part  of  the 
midrib,  especially  beneath.  —  Limestone  cliffs  on  the  Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia, 
R.  R.  Scott,  F.  Bourguin,  frc. :  very  scarce,  growing  with  Camptosorus  and  As- 
plenium  ebeneum,  of  which  Rev.  M.  G.  Berkeley  ( Journ.  Royal  Horticult.  Soc. 
July,  1866)  considers  it  a  probable  hybrid. 

3.  A.  Trich6manes,  L.     Fronds  (3'  -  8'  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  pinnate ;  pinnce  numerous,  roundish-oblong  or  oval  (3" -4"  long), 
unequal-sided,  obliquely  wedge-truncate  at  the  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point, 
the  midvein  forking  and  evanescent ;  'the  thread-like  stipe  and  rhachis  purple- 
brown  and  shining.      (A.  melanocaiilon,  Willd.)  —  Shaded  cliffs:    common. 
July.    (Eu.)    A.  viride,  Huds.,  occurs  in  Canada,  perhaps  in  N.  New  England. 

4.  A.  ebfcneum,  Ait.     Fronds  upright  (8'  - 16'  high)  pinnate,  lance-linear  in 
outline ;  pinnce  (£' '-  1'  long)  many,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  oblong,  slightly  scythe- 
shaped,  finely  serrate,  sessile,  the  dilated  base  auricled  on  the  upper  or  both  sides ; 
fruit-dots  numerous  on  both  sides  of  the  elongated  midvein ;  stipe  and  rhachis 

'blackish-purple  and  shining.  —  Rocky,  open  woods  :  rather  common. 


662  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

•<—  •+-  Fronds  once  or  twice  pinnate :  pinnae,  incised. 

5.  A.  montamim,  Willd.     Fronds  (2'  -  5'  high),  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate : 
the  ovate pinnce  3-7 '-parted  (or  the  upper  barely  cleft)  and  cut-toothed;  fruit-dots 
very  short,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  double.  —  Cliffs  in  the  Alleghanies,  Penn- 
sylvania (Mr.  Lea,  Prof.  Porter),  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July.  —  Rhachis 
green,  broad  and  flat :  stipe  brown  at  the  base. 

6.  A.  Ruta-muraria,  L.     Fronds  (2' -4' long)  ovate  in  outline,  2-3-pin- 
nate  below,  simply  pinnate  above ;  the  Jew  divisions  rhombic-wedge-shaped,  toothed  or 
incised  at  the  apex;  veins  forking,  diverging  from  the  base;  fruit-dots  few,  elon- 
gated, soou  confluent.  — Limestone  cliffs,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and 
southward  along  the  mountains  :  scarce.     July.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Indusium  slightly  curved,  strongly  convex,  thickish :  fruit-dots  very  numerous  and 

crowded.     (Fronds  tall,  simply  pinnate,  decaying  in  autumn.) 

7.  A.  angUStifblium,  Michx.     Fronds  (2°  -3°  high)  thin,  simply  pinnate ; 
pinnce  numerous,  short-stalked,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  crenulate 
(3' -4'  long),  thoseof  the  fertile  frond  narrower;  fruit-dots  linear,  20-40  each  side 
the  midvein.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.     Sept. 

*  *  *  Lower  fruit-dots  single,  those  towards  the  ends  of  pinnce  double :  indusium 
straight,  slightly  convex,  thinnish.     (Fronds  tall  and  ample,  decaying  in  autumn.) 

8.  A.  thelypteroides,    Michx.      Fronds   (2° -3°  high)  pinnate;  pinnce 
deeply  pinnatiftd,  linear-lanceolate  (3' -5'  long);  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely toothed,  crowded,  each  bearing  3-6  pairs  of  oblong  fruit-dots.  —  Rich 
woods  :  not  rare.     July  -  Sept. 

§  2.  ATHYRIUM,  Roth.     Indusium  delicate,  curved,  often  crossing  the  vein,  and 
attached  to  both  sides  of  it,  thus  becoming  reniform,  or  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

9.  A.    Filix-fOBmina,    Bernh.      Fronds  (l°-3°  high)  ovate-oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  twice  pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  numerous ;  pinnules  con- 
fluent on  the  secondary  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  oblong  and  doubly  serrate, 
or  elongated  and  pinnately  incised  with  cut-toothed  segments ;  fruit-dots  short, 
variously  curved,  at  length  confluent.      (Aspidium  Filix-fceinina  &  A.  aspleni- 
oides,    Swartz.) — A  narrow  form    is    Aspidum  angiistum,    Willd.  —  Moist 
woods  :  common,  and  very  variable.    July.     (Eu.) 

9.    SCOLOPENDBIUM,    Smith.      HART'S-TONGUE.    (PL  17.) 

Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  contiguous 
by  twos,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  one  veinlet,  and  the  next  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  next  superior  veinlet,  thus  appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening 
along  the  middle.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  so  called  because  the  numerous 
parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the  feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Scolopendra.) 

1.  S.  Vlllgare,  Smith.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled-heart- 
shaped  base,  entire  or  wavy-margined  (7' -18' long,  1'- 2' wide),  bright  green. 
(S.  officinarum,  Swartz,  a  later  name.)  —  Shaded  ravines  and  under  limestone 
cliffs,  Chittenango  Falls,  and  near  Jamesville,  &c.,  Onondaga  Co.,  New  York, 
Pursh,  W.  Cooper,  Lewis  Foote,  J.  A.  Paine :  also  in  Canada  West.  (For  a  full 
account  of  stations,  see  Silliman's  Journal  for  May  and  September,  1 866.  (Eu. ) 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  663 

10.     CAMPTOSORUS,    Link.        WALKING-LEAF.     (PL  17.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  as  in  Asplenium,  but  irregularly  scattered  on 
either  side  of  the  reticulated  veins  of  the  simple  frond,  those  next  the  midrib  single, 
the  outer  ones  inclined  to  approximate  in  pairs  (so  that  their  two  indusia  open  face 
to  face),  or  to  become  confluent  at  their  ends,  thus  forming  crooked  lines  (whence 
the  name,  from  Ka/iTrrds,  bent,  and  tra>pos,  for  fruit-dot.) 

1.  C.  rhizoph^llus,  Link.  (Asplenium  rhizophyllum,  L.  Antigram- 
ma,  J.  Smith,  Torr.  Also  C.  rumicifolius,  Link.)  —  Shaded  calcareous  rocks, 
W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward :  rare  or  local.  July.  —  Fronds 
evergreen,  growing  in  tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (4'-9'  long),  lanceolate 
from  an  auricled-heart-shaped  or  often  hastate  base,  tapering  above  into  a  slender 
prolongation  like  a  runner,  which  often  roots  at  the  apex  and  gives  rise  to  new 
fronds,  and  these  in  turn  to  others ;  hence  the  popular  name.  — A  singular  form 
is  found  at  Mount  Joy,  Penn.,  by  Mr.  Stauffer,  having  roundish  fruit-dots  and 
inconspicuous  veins. 

11.    PHEGOPTEBIS,    Fee.'    (Sp.  of  POLTPODITJM,  L.)   BEECH-FERN. 

Fruit-dots  small,  round,  naked  (no  indusium),  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
below  the  apex.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free 
veins  and  bright-green  membranaceous  fronds,  decaying  in  early  autumn. 
(Name  composed  of  ^yoy,  an  oak  or  beech,  and  irre pis,  fern.) 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid:  pinnce  all  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  rhachis. 

1.  P.  polypodioides,  Fee.     Fronds  triangular,  longer  than  broad  (4/-9' 
long),  hairy  on  the  veins,  especially  beneath;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest 
pair  deflexed  and  standing  forwards ;  their  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  the 
basal  ones  decurrent  and  adnate  to  the  main  rhachis ;  fruit-dots  all  near  the 
margin.     (Ph.  vulgaris,  Mettenius.     Polypodium  Phegopteris,  L.,  and  former 
ed.      P.  connectile,  Michx.) — Damp  woods:    common  northward.      July. — 
Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  bearing  a  few  distant  slender  stalks,  rather  longer 
than  the  fronds.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  hexagon6ptera,  Fee.     Fronds  triangular,  usually  broader  than  long 
(7'-  12'  broad),  slightly  pubescent  and  often  finely  glandular  beneath;  pinnae 
lanceolate ;  upper  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  those  of  the  very 
large  lowest  pinnae,  elongated  and  pinnately  lobed,  basal  ones  very  much  "decurrent 
and  forming  a  continuous  many-angled  wing  along  the  main  rhachis  ;  fruit-dots 
near  the  margin ;  some  also  between  the  sinus  and  the  midrib.     (Polypodium 
hexagonopterum,  Michx.)  — Rather  open  woods  :  common,  especially  southward. 
July.  —  Larger  and  broader  than  the  last,  which  it  often  closely  resembles. 

*  *  Fronds  ternate,  the  three  divisions  petioled :  rhachis  wingless. 

3.  P.  Dryopteris,  Fee.    Fronds  smooth,  broadly  triangular  (4' -6'  wide); 
the  3  triangular  primary  divisions  widely  spreading,  1  -2-pinnate;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire  or  toothed ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin.     (Polypodium  Dry- 
opteris, L.) — Rocky  woods :  common  northward.  July.    (Eu.)     (P.  CALCAREA, 
which  is  more  rigid,  and  minutely  glandular-mealy,  especially  on  the  rhachis 
and  midrib,  is  to  be  sought  for  northward.) 


664  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

12.    ASPIDIUM,     Swartz.        SHIELD-FERN.      WOOD-FERN.      (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of  the  veins.  Indu- 
sium  covering  the  sporangia,  flat  or  flattish,  scarious,  orbicular  and  peltate  at 
the  centre,  or  round-kidney-shaped  and  fixed  either  centrally  or  by  the  sinus, 
opening  all  round  the  margin.  Stipe  continuous  (not  articulated)  with  the 
rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free  veins,  and  1-3-pinnate  fronds.  (Name, 
j  a  small  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusiuin.) 


§  1.  DRY6PTERIS,  Adanson.     (Nephrodium,  Rich.,  in  part,  Hook.    Lastrea, 
Bory.)     Indusium  round-kidney-shaped,  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus. 

#  Veins  simple  or  simply  forked  and  straight:  fronds  annual,  decaying  in  autumn,  the 

stalks  and  slender  creeping  rootstocks  nearly  naked.      (Thelypteris,  Schott.) 

1.  A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.     Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline  ;  pin- 
nae horizontal  or  slightly  recurved,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lowest 
pairs  scarcely  smaller  ;  lobes  oblong,  entire,  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  when  in 
fruit  from  the  strongly  revolute  margins;  veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  (soon 
confluent)  fruit-dots  near  their  middle  ;  intlusium  minute,  smooth  and  naked. 
(Polypodium  Thelypteris,  L.)  —  Marshes:  common.     Aug.  —  Stalk  1°  long 
or  more,  usually  longer  than  the  frond,  which  is  of  thicker  texture  than  the 
next,  and  slightly  downy.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  Noveborac^nse,  Swartz.    Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline, 
tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  the  lowest  2  or  more  pairs 
gradually  shorter  and  deflexed  ;  lobes  flat,  oblong,  basal  ones  often  enlarged  and 
incised  ;  veins  simple,  or  forked  in  the  basal  lobes  ;  fruit-dots  distinct,  near  the 
margin;  indusium  minute,  the  margin   glanduliferous.       (Polypodium   Nov- 
ebbracense,  L.      A.  thelypteroides,  Swartz.)  —  Swamps   and   moist   thickets: 
common.     July.  —  Frond  pale-green,  delicate  and  membranaceous,  hairy  be- 
neath along  the  midribs  and  veins. 

*  *  Veins,  at  least  the  lowest  ones,  more  than  once  forked  or  somewhat  pinnately 

branching;  the  fruit-bearing  veinlets  often  obscure  or  vanishing  above  the  fruit- 
dot  :  fronds,  at  least  the  sterile  ones,  often  remaining  green  through  the  winter  : 
stalks  and  apex  of  the  thickened  rootstock  scaly  or  chaffy,  and  often  the  main 
rhachis  also. 
•»-  Fronds  small,  pinnate  :  pinnae  pinnatifid  :  indusia  very  large,  persistent. 

3.  A.  fragrans,  Swartz.     Fronds  (4'  -12'  high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  with  linear-oblong  pinnately  -parted  pinna?  ;  their  crowded 
divisions  (2"tlong)  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  be- 
neath with  the  very  large  thin  imbricated  indusia,  which  are  orbicular  with  a 
narrow  sinus,  the  margin  sparingly  glanduliferous  and  often  ragged.  —  Falls  of 
the  St.  Croix,  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Parry  ;  Wisconsin  River,  Lapham,  Berlin  Falls, 
N.  Hampshire,  H.  Willey,  Mt.  Kineo,  Maine,  C.  E.  Smith,  and  northward.  — 
Rootstock  stout,  nearly  erect,  densely  chaffy,  as  are  the  crowded  stipes  and  rhachis. 
•»-  •»-  Large  (l°-2j°  high),  the  fronds  mostly  twice  pinnate  with  variously  toothed 

and  incised  pinnules  :  indusia  rather  small,  shrivelled  in  age,  or  deciduous. 

4.  A.  Spinul6sum,  Swartz.    Stipes  with  a  few  pal  e-brotvn  deciduous  scales; 
frond  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnae,  oblique  to  the  rhachis,  elongated-trian- 


FILTCES.     (FERNS.)  665 

gular,  the  lower  pairs  broadly  triangular ;  pinnules  set  obliquely  on  the  midribs, 
connected  by  a  very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  acute,  incisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid 
with  spinulosely-toothed  lobes;  indusium  smooth  and  without  marginal  glands. 
(A.  spinulosum, genuinum,  Milde.  Lastrea  spinulosa,  Presl.,  Moore.)  —  In  damp 
woods,  Penn  Yan,  New  York,  Sartwdl;  Vermont,  Frost;  and  probably  north- 
ward. July. —  The  common  European  type,  rare  in  North  America.  (Eu.) 

Var.  intermedium.  Scales  of  the  stipe  few,  brown  with  a  darker  centre; 
frond  broadly  oblong-ovate,  twice  or  often  thrice  pinnate ;  pinnae,  spreading,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, the  lower  ones  unequally  triangular-ovate;  pinnules  crowded, 
ovate-oblong,  spreading,  pinnately  divided ;  the  oblong  lobes  spinulose-toothed 
at  the  apex ;  margin  of  the  indusium  denticulate  and  beset  with  minute  stalked  glands. 
(A.  intermedium,  Willd.  Dryopteris  intermedia,  Ed.  1.)  —  Woods,  everywhere. 

Var.  dilat£tum.  Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  dark  centre ;  frond 
broader,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  oftenest  thrice  pinnate ;  pinnules  lance- 
oblong,  the  lowest  ones  often  much  elongated;  indusium  (in  the  North  American- 
plant)  smooth  and  naked.  (A.  dilatatum,  Swartz.  A.  campylopterum,  Kunze.) 

—  A  dwarf  state,  fruiting  when  only  5'  -  8'  high,  answers  to  var.  dumetorum.  — 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  chiefly  in  mountain  woods,  and  northward.  {Eu.) 

Var.  Bo6ttii.  Scales  of  the  stipe  pale-brown  ;  frond  elongated-oblong  or  elon- 
gated-lanceolate in  outline ;  pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pin- 
natifid, the  upper  and  smaller  merely  serrate;  indusium  minutely  glandular. 
(A.  Boottii,  Tuckerm.  Dryopteris  rigida,  Ed.  1;  not  A.  rigidum,  Swartz.)  — 
E.  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  to  New  York,  and  northward.  —  The  least 
dissected  form,  identical  with  A.  cristatum,  var.  uliginosum,  of  Milde,  and  inter- 
mediate in  appearance  between  A.  spinulosum  and  A.  cristatum,  but  passing 
into  the  former. 

H-  -t-n-  Large  (2° -4°  high) :  fronds  once  pinnate,  and  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid, 
or  nearly  twice  pinnate :  fruit-dots  not  very  near  the  margin ;  the  indusia  large, 
thinnish  and  flat,  persistent. 

5.  A.  cristatum,  Swartz.  Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline  (1°- 
2°  long) ;  pinnce  short  (2' -3'  long),  triangular-oblong,  or  the  lowest  nearly  trian- 
gular-ovate, from  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  acute,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the 
divisions  (6-10  pairs)  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  lowest 
pinnatifid-lobed ;  fruit-dots  as  near  the  midvein  as  the  margin ;  indusium  round-reni- 
form,  the  sinus  mostly  shallow,  smooth  and  naked.  (A.  Lancastriense,  Spreng.) 

—  Swamps,  &c. :  common.    July.  —  Stipes  and  the  stout  creeping  rootstock 
bearing  broad  and  deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Clintoni£nuin.  Frond  in  every  way  much  larger  (2^° -4°  long); 
pinnce  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base  (4' -6'  long,  l'-2'  broad),  deeply  pin- 
natifid; the  divisions  (8-16  pairs)  crowded  or  distant,  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
obscurely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  pinnately  lobed; 
veins  pinnately  forking,  the  lowest  anterior  veinlets  bearing  the  fruit-dots  near  the 
midvein ;  indusium  orbicular  with  a  shallow  sinus,  smooth  and  naked.  —  Swampy 
woods,  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  New  York  ( G.  W.  Clinton,  &c. ),  and  west- 
ward. July.  —  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  (like  the  stipes)  with  large 
bright-brown  scales.  A  showy  Fern,  unlike  any  European  form  of  A.  crista- 
4  turn,  and  often  mistaken  for  A.  Goldianura.  • 


666  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

6.  A.  Goldianum,  Hook.     Frond  broadly  ovate,  or  the  fertile  ovate-oblong 
in  outline  (2° -3°  long) ;  pinnce  (6' -9' long)  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  in  the 
middle,  pinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  (about  20  pairs)  oblong-linear,  slightly  scythe- 
shaped  (9"  -  15"  long),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth ;  veins  pinnately  forking  and 
bearing  the  fruit-dots  very  near  the  midvein;  indusium  very  large,  orbicular  with 
a  deep  narrow  sinus,  smooth  and  without  marginal  glands.  —  Rich  and  moist 
woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.     July.  —  A  stately  Fern, 
often  4°  high,  the  fronds  growing  in  a  circle  from  a  stout  ascending  chaffy  root- 
stock,  and  decaying  in  autumn.     Indusium  with  the   sides  of  the  sinus  often 
overlapping,  thus  appearing  to  be  round  and  entire  as  in  Polystichum. 

•*--•-•)--*-  Large  (1°  — 3°  high) :  stipes  very  chaffy  at  the  base :  fronds  twice  pinnate, 
but  the  upper  pinnules  confluent,  some  of  the  lower  pinnatifid-toothed :  fruit-dots 
rather  large :  the  indusium  convex,  without  marginal  glands,  persistent. 

7.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.     Frond  lanceolate  in  outline  (l°-3°  high); 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  base  to  apex ;  pinnules  oblong,  very  ob- 
tuse, serrate  at  the  apex,  and  obscurely  so  at  the  sides,  the  basal  ones  incisely 

"lobed,  distinct,  the  upper  confluent;  fruit-dots  nearer  the  midvein  than  the 
margin,  and  usually  confined  to  the  Tower  half  of  each  fertile  pinnule.  —  Rocky 
woods,  Keweenaw  Peninsula,  Lake  Superior,  Dr,  Robbins,  and  westward.  — 
Frond  thickish  but  not  surviving  the  winter.  (Eu.) 

8.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.     Frond  evergreen,  smooth,  thickish  and  almost 
coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (l°-2°  long);  pinnae  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  base ;  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-scythe-shaped,  crowded,  obtuse,  en- 
tire or  crenately-toothed ;  fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin.  —  Rocky  hillsides  in 
rich  woods  :  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

§  2.    POLYSTICHUM,    Roth.      (Aspidium,  Hook.}     Indusium  orbicular  and 
entire,  peltate,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre :  fronds  rigid  and  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
very  chaffy  on  the  rhachis,  Sfc. :  pinnce  or  pinnules  auricled  at  the  base  on  the 
upper  side,  crowded,  the  teeth  or  lobes  bristle-tipped. 
*  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

9.  A.  acrostichoides,  Swartz.     Frond  lanceolate  (1°-  2^°  high),  stalked; 
pinnce    linear-lanceolate,    somewhat   scythe-shaped,    half-halberd-shapcd    at    the 
slightly  stalked  base,  serrulate  with  appressed  bristly  teeth ;  the  fertile  (upper) 
ones  contracted  and  smaller,  bearing  contiguous  fruit-dots  near  the  midrib,  which 
are  confluent  with  age,  covering   the   surface.      (Nephrodium   acrostichoides, 
Michx.)  —  Var.  ixclsuM  (A.  Schweinitzii,  Beck)  is  a  state  with  cut-lohed  pinnae, 
a  not  unfrequent  case  in  the  sterile  fronds ;  sometimes  the  tips  of  almost  all  of 
them  fertile  more  or  less.  —  Hillsides  and  ravines  in  woods :  common  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     July. 

10.  A.  Lonchitis,  Swartz.    Frond  linear-lanceolate  (9' -20' high),  scarcely 
stalked,  very  rigid ;  pinnce  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped,  or  the  lowest  triangular, 
strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  wedge-truncate  on  the  lower,  densely 
spinulose-toothed  (!'  or  less  in  length),  copiously  fruit-bearing;  fruit-dots  con- 
tiguous and  near  the  margins.  —  Woods,  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  667 

#  Fronds  bipinnate. 

11.  A.  acilleatum,  Swartz,  var.  Braunii,  Koch.  Frond  spreading 
(l£°-2°  long),  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  tapering  base,  the  lower  of 
the  many  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae  gradually  reduced  in  size  and  obtuse ; 
pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  and  almost  rectangular  at  the  base, 
short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with  long  and  soft 
as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.  (A.  Braunii,  Spenner.) — Deep  woods,  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  N.  New  York,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

13.  CYSTOPTERIS,     Bernhardi.        BLADDER-FERN.      (PL  18.) 

Fruit-dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins ; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner 
side  (towards  the  midrib)  partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  early  opening  free  at  the 
other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat  jagged, 
soon  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  —  Tufted  Ferns  with  slender  and  delicate 
twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fronds ;  the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of  KUOTIS, 
a  bladder,  and  Tire pis,  fern,  from  the  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.    blllbifera,    Bernh.       Frond    lanceolate,    elongated    (l°-2°   long), 
2-pinnate;  the  pinnae  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  horizontal  (l'-2'long);  the 
rhachis  and  pinnae  often  bearing  bulblets  underneath,  wingless;  pinnules  crowded, 
oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  indusium  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side. 
( Aspidium  bulbiferum,  Swartz.      A.  atomarium,   Mull. !)  —  Shaded   ravines, 
&c. :  common.     July. 

2.  C.  fragilis,    Bernh.      Frond  oblong-lanceolate   (4' -8'  long,  besides   the 
stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2  -3-pinnate ;  the  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovate  or  lan- 
ceolate in  outline,  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed,  mostly  acute,  decurrent 
on  the  margined  or  winged  rhachis ;  indusium  tapering  or  acute  at  the  free  end.  — 
Var.  DENTATA,  Hook.,  is  narrower  and  less  divided,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with 
ovate  obtuse  and  bluntly-toothed  pinnules.    (Aspidium  tenue,  Swartz. }  —  Shaded 
cliffs  :  common,  and  very  variable.     July.     (Eu.) 

14.  STRTJTHIOPTERIS,    Willd.      OSTRICH-FERN.    (PL  15.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  on  the  pinnae  of  a  separate  contracted  and  rigid  frond,  the 
margins  of  which  are  rolled  backward  so  as  to  form  a  somewhat  necklace-shaped 
or  continuous  hollow  body  enclosing  the  fruit :  there  are  3-5  pinnate  free  veinlets 
from  each  primary  vein,  each  bearing  a  fruit-dot  on  its  middle :  fruit-dots  crowded 
and  confluent ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  receptacle  which  is  half-encir- 
cled at  its  base  by  a  very  delicate  semicircular  and  ragged  evanescent  indusium. 
—  Sterile  fronds  large,  very  much  exceeding  the  fertile,  pinnate,  the  pinnae 
pinnatifid,  all  growing  in  a  close  circular  tuft  from  thick  and  scaly  matted 
rootstocks.  Stipes  stout,  angular.  Pinnate  veins  free  and  simple.  (Name 
compounded  of  arpovdos,  an  ostrich,  and  irrepis,  a  fern,  from  the  plume-like 
arrangement  of  the  divisions  of  the  fertile  frond.) 

1.  S.  Germanica,  Willd.  Sterile  fronds  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  pinnae  gradually  much  smaller ;  pinnae  very  numerous,  narrowly  lance- 
olate, deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse :  fertile  frond  with  somewhat 


668  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

necklace-shaped  pinnae,  the  lowest  ones  much   smaller.     (S.    Pennsylvania, 
Willd.     Onoclea  Struthiopteris,  L.,  Hook.)  —  Alluvial  soil :  not  rare  northward. 

—  Fronds  intermediate  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  condition  (bearing  a  few 
fruit-dots  on  contracted,  but  still  herbaceous  pinna)  are  sometimes  found;  a 
condition  analogous  to  the  var.  obtusiloba  of  Onoclea  sensibilis.     (Eu.) 

15.  ONOCLEA,    L.        SENSITIVE  FERN.      (PI.  18.) 

Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate,  much  contracted ;  the  pinnules  short  and  revolute, 
usually  so  rolled  up  as  to  be  converted  into  berry-shaped  closed  involucres,  filled 
with  sporangia,  and  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme.  Fruit-dots  one  on 
the  middle  of  each  strong  and  simple  primary  vein  (with  or  without  sterile  cross- 
veins),  round,  soon  all  confluent.  Indusium  very  thin,  hood-like,  lateral,  fixed 
by  its  lower  side,  free  on  the  upper  (towards  the  apex  of  the  pinnule).  —  Sterile 
fronds  rising  separately  from  the  naked  extensively  creeping  rootstock,  long- 
stalked,  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lance-oblong  pinnae, 
which  are  entire  or  wavy-toothed,  or  the  lowest  pair  sinuate-pinnatifid  (decaying 
in  autumn) ;  veins  reticulated  with  fine  meshes.  (Name  apparently  from  ovos, 
a  vessel,  and  /cXei'co,  to  dose,  from  the  singularly  rolled  up  fructification.) 

1.  O.  sensibilis,  L. — Moist  or  wet  places,  along  streams:  common. 
July.  —  A  rare  abnormal  state,  in  which  the  pinnas  of  some  of  the  sterile  fronds, 
becoming  again  pinnatifid  and  more  or  less  contracted,  bear  some  fruit-dots 
without  being  much  revolute  or  losing  their  foliaceous  character,  is  the  var. 
OBTUSILOBA.TA,  Torr.,  N.  Y.  State  Fl.  (Connecticut,  New  York,  &c.)  This 
explains  the  long-lost  0.  obtusilobata,  Schkuhr  (from  Pennsylvania),  which,  as 
figured,  has  the  sterile  fronds  thus  2-pin  nately  divided.  (Ragiopteris,  PresL,  is 
founded  on  a  young  fertile  frond  of  this  species  with  the  sterile  frond  of  some 
Aspidium.) 

16.  WO6DSIA,    R.  Brown.        WOODSIA.     (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply-forked  free  veins ;  the  very  thin 
and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  receptacle, 
under  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the  top  into 
irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  Small  and  tufted  pinnately-divided  Ferns.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1 .  HYPOPELTIS,  Torr.     Indusium  conspicuous,  at  first  enclosing  the  sporangia, 

but  early  opening  at  the  top,  and  splitting  into  several  spreading  jagged  lobes. 
1.  W.  Obttisa,  Torr.  Frond  broadly  lanceolate,  minutely  glandular-hairy 
(6' -12'  high),  pinnate,  or  nearly  twice-pinnate;  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangu- 
lar-ovate or  oblong  (l'-2'  long),  bluntish,  pinnately  parted;  segments  oblong, 
obtuse,  crenately  toothed,  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lobes ;  veins 
forked,  and  bearing  the  fruit-dots  on  or  below  the  minutely  toothed  lobes. 
W.  Perriniana,  Hook.  $•  Grev.  Aspidium  obtusum,  Weber  $•  Mohr.,  Willd.) 

—  Rocky  banks  and  cliffs :  common,  especially  westward.     July. 

§  2.  WOODSIA  proper.  Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  open  and  fiat  from  an 
early  stage,  and  concealed  under  the  fruit-dot,  its  margin  deft  into  slender  hairs  or 
cilia. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  669 

*  Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base;  the  withered  fronds  falling  away  at  the  joint: 

cilia  of  the  indusium  long  and  inflexed  over  the  sporangia. 

2.  W.  Ilv6nsiS,  R.  Brown.    Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (2'  -  6'  long  by  1 '  wide), 
smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as  the  stalk  ivith 
rusty  bristle-like  chaff",  pinnate ;  the  pinnae  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  pin- 
nately  parted,  the  numerous  crowded  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  crenate, 
almost  coriaceous ;  the  fruit-dots  near  the  margin,  somewhat  confluent  when 
old.     (Nephrodium  rufidulum,  Michx.) — Exposed  rocks  :  common,  especially 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.     June.     (Eu.) 

3.  W.  glabella,  R.  Brown.      Smooth  and  naked  throughout;  frond  linear 
(2' -5'  high),  pinnate;  pinnce  roundish  or  ovate,  the  lower  ones  rather  remote, 
(2" -4"  long),  cut  into  3  —  7  rounded  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  lobes.  —  Rocks, 
Little  Falls,  New  York  ( Vasey) ;  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (  Wood,  C. 
C.  \Frost)  •  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Stipes  not  jointed:  cilia  of  the  indusium  very  short  and  hidden  by  the  sporangia. 

4.  W.  Oregana,  D.  C.  Eaton.     Smooth;  with  fronds  (2' -8'  high,  8"- 
12''  wide)  elliptical-lanceolate,  pinnate,  the  fertile  ones  tallest;  pinnae  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  finely  toothed, 
and  in  larger  fronds  incised ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin ;  indusium  very  small, 
divided  almost  to  the  centre  into  a  few  necklace-like-jointed  cilia.  —  Crevices  of 
rocks,  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Bobbins),  and  westward. 

17.    DICKSONIA,    L'Her.        DICKSONIA.     (PI.  17.) 

Fruit-dots  small,  globular,  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  a 
membranaceous  cup-shaped  indusium  which  is  open  at  the  top,  and  on  the  outer 
side  partly  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  frond.  (Named  for  James 
Dickson,  an  English  Cryptogamic  botanist.) 

1.  D.  puncti!6bula,  Kunze.  Minutely  glandular  and  hairy  (2° -3° 
high) ;  fronds  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed  in  outline,  pale  green,  very  thin,  with 
strong  chaffless  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively  creeping  naked  rootstocks, 
mostly  bipinnate  ;  primary  pinnae  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  secondary  pinnatifid 
into  oblong  and  obtuse  cut-toothed  lobes ;  fruit-dots  minute,  each  on  a  recurved 
toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe.  (D.  pilosiuscula,  Willd. 
Nephrodium  punctilobulum,  Michx.  Dennstaedtia,  Moore.  Sitolbbium,  J.  Smith.) 
—  Moist,  rather  shady  places  :  very  common  :  pleasantly  odorous.  July. 

18.     SCHIZ-ffiA,     Smith.        SCHIZ^A.     (PL  19.) 

Sporangia  large,  ovoid,  striate-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
cleft,  naked,  vertically  sessile  in  a  double  row  along  the  single  vein  of  the  nar- 
row divisions  of  the  pinnate  (or  radiate)  fertile  appendages  to  the  slender  and 
simply  linear,  or  (in  foreign  species)  fan-shaped  or  dichotomously  many -cleft 
fronds  (whence  the  name,  from  o^t^oo,  to  splj,t). 

1.  S.  pusilla,  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear,  very  slender,  flattened  and 
tortuous ;  the  fertile  ones  equally  slender  (%"  wide),  but  taller  (3'  -  4'  high),  and 
bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  appendage,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of  crowded 


670  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

pinnae  (each  1"  - 1£"  long).  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey :  very 
local.     Sept. 

19.    LYGODIUM,    S wartz.        CLIMBING  FERN.    (PI.  19.) 

Fronds  twining  or  climbing,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobed  (or  com- 
pound) divisions  in  pairs,  with  mostly  free  veins ;  the  fructification  on  separate 
contracted  divisions  or  spike-like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  a 
double  row  of  imbricated  hooded  scale-like  indusia,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  to 
short  oblique  veinlets.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizaea,  but  oblique,  fixed  to  the 
veinlet  by  the  inner  side  next  the  base,  one  or  rarely  two  covered  by  each  indu- 
sium.  (Name  from  \vya)8r)Sj  flexible.) 

1.  L.  palmatum,  S  wartz.  Very  smooth;  stalks  slender,  flexile  and  twin- 
ing (l°-3°  long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks ;  the  short  alternate  branches 
or  petioles  2-forked ;  each  fork  bearing  a  round-heart-shaped  palmately  4  -  7-lObed 
frondlet;  fertile  frondlets  above,  contracted  and  several  times  forked,  forming  a 
terminal  panicle.  (Hydrogldssum,  WiUd.)  —  Shaded  or  moist  grassy  places, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  sparingly  southward :  rare.  Sept. 

20.    OSMTJNDA,    L.        FLOWERING  FERN.     (PL  1 9. ) 

Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  of  the  frond  very  much  contracted,  and  bear- 
ing on  the  margins  of  the  narrow  rhachis-like  divisions  short-pedicelled  and 
naked  sporangia :  these  are  globular,  thin  and  reticulated,  large,  opening  by  a 
longitudinal  cleft  into  two  valves,  and  bearing  near  the  apex  a  few  parallel  striae, 
the  rudiment  of  a  transverse  ring.  —  Fronds  tall  and  upright,  from  thickened 
rootstocks,  once  or  twice  pinnate ;  veins  forking  and  free.  Spores  green.  ( Os- 
munder,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity,  Thor.) 

#  Fronds  twice  pinnate,  fertile  at  the  top. 

1.  O.  regalis,  L.     (FLOWERING  FERN.)     Very  smooth,  pale  green  (2°^ 
5°  high);  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  varying  from  oblong-oval  to  lance-oblong, 
finely  serrulate,  especially  towards  the  apex,  otherwise  entire,  or  crenately  lobed 
towards  the  rounded,  oblique  and  truncate,  or  even  cordate  and  semi-auriculate 
base,  sessile  or  short-stalked  (l'-2'  long) ;  the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at  the 
summit  of  the  frond.    .(0.  spectabilis,  Willd.     0.  glaucescens,  Link,  Mettenius.) 
—  Swamps  and  wet  woods  :  common.     The  cordate  pinnules  are  commoner  in 
Europe,  but  are  sometimes  found  here.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

#  #  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate :  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  lobes  entire. 

2.  O.  Claytoniana,  L.     Clothed  with  loose  wool  when  unfolding,  soon 
perfectly  smooth  (2° -3°  high);   pinnoz  oblong-lanceolate,  with  oblong  obtuse 
divisions;  some  (2-5  pairs)  of  the  middle  pinnce  fertile,  these  entirely  pinnate  ; 
sporangia  greenish  turning  brown.         (0.   interriipta,  Michx.,   Sf-c.) — Low 
grounds  :  common.      May.  —  Fruiting  as  it  unfolds.  —  This,  being  Clayton's 
plant  (as  ascertained  in  1839,  both  from  the  Claytonian  andLinnaean  herbaria), 
must  bear  the  original  Linnaean  name,  though  wrongly  described  from  young 
specimens  in  which  the  fructification  was  thought  to  be  terminal. 

3.  O.  Cinnam6mea,  L.     (CINNAMON-FERN.)     Clothed  with  rusty  wool 
when  young ;  sterile  fronds  smooth  when  full  grown,  the  lanceolate  pinnae  pin- 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  671 

natifid  into  broadly  oblong  obtuse  divisions ;  fertile  fronds  separate,  from  the 
same  rootstock,  contracted,  twice  pinnate,  covered  with  the  cinnamon-colored 
sporangia.  —  Var.  FROND6SA  is  a  rare  occasional  state,  in  which  some  of  the 
fronds  are  sterile  below  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  their  summit.  (O.  Clay- 
toniana,  Conrad,  not  of  L.) — Rarely  such  fronds  are  fertile  in  the  middle. — 
Swamps  and  low  copses,  everywhere.  May.  —  Growing  in  large  bunches ;  the 
fertile  fronds  in  the  centre,  perfecting  fruit  as  they  unfold,  1°  -2°  long,  decay- 
ing before  the  sterile  fronds  (at  length  4° -5°  high)  get  their  growth. 

21.  BOTRISfCHIIJM,  Swartz.  MOONWORT:  (PL  19.) 
Rootstock  very  short,  erect,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots  (which  are  full  of 
starch,  in  very  minute,  irregular  granules !) ;  the  base  of  the  naked  stalk  con- 
taining the  bud  for  the  next  year's  frond :  frond  with  an  anterior  fertile  and 
a  posterior  sterile  segment ;  the  former  mostly  1  -  3-pinnate,  the  contracted 
divisions  bearing  a  double  row  of  sessile  naked  sporangia ;  these  are  distinct, 
rather  coriaceous,  not  reticulated,  globular,  without  a  ring,  and  open  transverse- 
ly into  two  valves.  Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  ternately  or  pinnately  divided 
or  compound;  veins  all  free.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-color.  (Name  a  dimin- 
utive of  jSdrpus,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fructification.) 

#  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  sessile  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  part  of  the  common  stalk. 

1.  B.  Lunaria,  Swartz.     Sterile  segment  nearly  sessile,  borne  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  common  stalk,  oblong,  simply  pinnate  with  5-15  lunate  or  fan-shaped 
very  obtuse  crenate,  incised  or  nearly  entire,  fleshy  divisions,  more  or  less  excised 
at  the  base  on  the  lower  or  on  both  sides,  the  veins  radiating  from  the  base  and 
repeatedly  forking;    fertile  segment  panicled,  2 -3-pinnate. — Lake  Superior 
(Lesquereux),  and    sparingly    northward. — Plant    4' -10'   high,   very    fleshy 
throughout.     (Eu.)  « 

2.  B.  Simplex,  Hitchcock.     Fronds  small  (2'  -4',  rarely.  5' -6'  high),  the 
sterile  segment  short-petided  from  the  middle  or  upper  part  of  the  common  stalk,  thick- 
ish  and  fleshy,  simple  and  roundish,  or  pinnately  3-7-lobed;  the  lobes  roundish- 
obovate,  nearly  entire,  decurrent  on  the  broad  and  flat  indeterminate  rhachis ; 
the  veins  all  forking  from  the  base ;  fertile  segment  simple  or  1  -  2-pinnate.  —  Maine 
to  New  York,  and  northward  :  rare.    (Eu.) 

3.  B.  lanceolatum,    Angstrrem.    Fronds  small  (3' -8'  high);  the  sterile 
segment  closely  sessile  near  the  top  of  the  long  and  slender  common  stalk,  somewhat 
fleshy,  in  the  smallest  ones  3-lobed,  in  larger  ones  broadly  triangular,  ternately 
twice  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  incised  or  toothed;  veins  forking  from  a 
midvein;  fertile  part  2 -3-pinnate.     (B.  simplex  of  former  ed.) — New  England 
and  New  Jersey  ( C.  F.  Austin)  to  Ohio  and  Lake  Superior  (//.  Gillman).   July. 
(Eu.) 

4.  B.  Virginicum,  Swartz.     Fronds  tall  and  ample ;  sterile  segment  sessile 
above  the  middle  of  the  common  stalk,  broadly  triangular,  thin  and  membranaceous, 
ternate ;  the  short-stalked  primary  divisions  once  or  twice  pinnate,  and  then  once  or 
twice  pinnatifid ;  the  oblong  lobes  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex ;  veins  forking 

from  a  midvein ;  fertile  part  2  -  3-pinnate.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high,  or  often  reduced 
to  a  few  inches,  when  it  is  B.  gracile,  Pursh.  —  Rich  woods  :  common.  June, 
July.  (Eu.) 


672  LYCOPODIACEJE.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  long-petioled  from  near  the  base  of  the  common  stalk. 

5.  B.  lunarioides,  Swartz.  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  petioled  from 
near  the  base,  2  -  3-ternate,  or  the  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate  or  pinnately 
parted,  broadly  triangular  in  general  outline ;  the  lobes  or  divisions  obovate, 
somewhat  kidney-shaped,  roundish  or  oblong,  somewhat  crenate;  fertile  stalk 
3' -6'  high;  the  fertile  part  mostly  2-pinnate.  (Bdtrypus  lunarioides,  Michx. 
Botrychium  fumarioides,  Willd.)  —  Dry  and  rich  woods,  especially  southward. 
July.  —  A  state  from  Hingham,  Massachusetts  (C.  J.  Sprague),  has  the  two 
lateral  primary  divisions  .of  the  sterile  segment  changed  into  long-stalked 
fertile  fronds.  '  .  • 

Yar.  obllquum  (B.  obliquum,  Muhl.)  is  mostly  larger  (6' -17' high) ;  the 
fructification  more  compound ;  the  sterile  segment  with  oblong  or  lanceolate 
•divisions,  either  obtuse  or  oblique  at  the  base,  nearly  entire,  toothed,  or  irregu- 
larly pinnatifid.  —  New  England  to  "Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  rather  scarce. 

Var.  diss^Ctum  (B.  dissectum,  Muhl.)  has  the  divisions  of  the  sterile 
segment  compoundly  and  laciniately  cut  into  narrow  small  lobes  and  teeth  : 
otherwise  as  the  last,  into  which  it  passes,  and  with  which  it  grows. 

22.    OPHIOGLOSSUM,    L.        ADDER'S-TONGUE.        (PI.  19.) 

Mode  of  growth  much  as  in  Botrychium ;  but  the  coriaceous  sporangia  con- 
nate and  coherent  in  two  ranks  on  the  edges  of  a  simple  spike,  which  in  our 
species  is  single  and  placed  on  a  stalk  rising  from  the  base  of  the  simple  and 
reticulated- veined  sterile  segment.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-color.  (Name 
compounded  of  o^ts,  a  serpent,  and  y\£><r<Ta,  tongue.) 

1.  O.  VUlg&tlim,  L.  Sterile  segment  ovate  or  elliptical-oblong  (2' -3' 
long)  rather  fleshy,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  sessile  near  the  middle 
of  the  stalk  of  the  fertile  spike.  —  Bogs  and  meadows  :  not  common.  July.  — 
Stalk  6'-  12'  high,  rising  from  a  short  oblique  rootstock,  the  bud  not  enclosed 
in  the  base  of  the  stalk.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  131.    LYCOPODIACE^E.     (CLUB-Moss  FAMILY.) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  Moss-like  aspect ;  with  pretty  large  spore-cases 
(sporangia  or  sporocarps)  sessile  in  the  axil  of  simple  and  sessile,  persistent, 
mostly  awl-shaped  or  lanceolate  leaves :  —  of  three  genera,  including  the 
aquatic  and  peculiar  Isoetes. 

#  Terrestrial,  with  erect  or  creeping  stems :  spore-cases  free  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

1.  Lycopodiiim.     Spore-cases  all  of  one  sort,  coriaceous,  mostly  kidney-shaped,  2-valved, 

filled  with  innumerable  minute  spores. 

2.  Selaginella.     Spore-cases  of  two  sorts ;  one  very  small,  oblong  or  globular,  2-valved, 

filled  with  innumerable  minute  spores  j  the  other  larger,  3  -  4-valved,  containing  3  or  4 
large  spores. 

*  *  Aquatic,  with  a  corm  in  place  of  stem,  covered  above  with  the  dilated  bases  of  the  tufted 
long  and  rush-like  leaves,  to  which  the  spore-cases  adhere. 

3.  Isoetes.     Spore-cases  of  two  sorts  ;  one  containing  numerous  large,  the  other  numerous 

small  spores. 


LYCOPODIACEjE .       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.)  673 

1.     LYCOPODIUM,    L.,  Spring.        CLUB-MOSS.     (PI.  20.) 

Spore-cases  all  of  one  kind  (much  like  those  of  Ophioglossum,  only  larger), 
coriaceous,  flattened,  usually  kidney-shaped,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  mostly  by  a 
transverse  line  round  the  margin,  discharging  the  subtile  spores  in  the  form  of  a 
copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  with  evergreen  one- 
nerved  leaves,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4-16  ranks.  (Name  compounded  of 
Xv/cop,  a  wolf,  and  rrovs,foot,  from  no  obvious  resemblance.) 

§  1.  Spore-cases  in  the  axils  of  the  ordinary  and  uniform  (dark-green  and  shining, 
rigid,  lanceolate,  Spreading,  about  8-ranked)  leaves. 

1.  L.  lucidulum,  Michx.     Stems  thick,  2  or  3  times  forked,  the  branches 
ascending  (6'  - 12'  high) ;  leaves  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  acute,  minutely  toothed. 
—  Cold,  damp  woods  :  common  northward.     Aug.  —  Little  bulblets  form  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  of  young  shoots  (Austin,  Rothrock). 

2.  L.  SelagO,  L.     Stems  thick  and  rigid,  erect,  fork-branched,  forming  a 
level  topped  cluster  (3'  -  6'  high)  :  leaves  pointed,  entire.  —  Tops  of  high  moun- 
tains, Maine  to  New  York,  on  the  Alleghanies  southward,  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  northward :  rare  :  both  the  variety  with  more  erect,  and  that  with 
widely  spreading  leaves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Spore-cases  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  (bracteal)  leaves,  thus  forming  a  spike. 

*  Leaves  of  the  creeping  sterile  and  of  the  upright  fertile  stems  or  branches,  and  those 

of  the  simple  spike  all  alike,  many-ranked  (sporangia  opening  near  the  base). 

3.  L.  inundatum,    L.      Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid; 
the  fertile  solitary  (l'-4'  high),  bearing  a  short  thick  spike;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
lance-awl-shaped,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  naked,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  few  minute 
spiny  teeth.  — Leaves  (curving  upwards  on  the  prostrate  shoots)  narrower  in  the 
American  than  in  the  European  plant  (perhaps  a  distinct  species),  and  passing 
into  the  var.  BiGEL6rn,  Tuckerm.,  which  has  fertile  stems  5' -7' high,  its 
leaves  more  awl-shaped  and  pointed,  sparser  and  more  upright,  often  somewhat 
teeth-bearing.     (L.  Carolinianum,  Bigel.,  not  of  L. )  —  Sandy  bogs,  northward  : 
rare :  Ihe  var.  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey  and  southward.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  alopecuroides,  L.      Stems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  throughout; 
the  sterile  branches  recurved-procumbent  and  creeping ;  the  fertile  of  the  same 
thickness,  6'  -  20'  high ;  leaves  narrowlij  linear-awl-s.haped,  spinulose-pointed,  spread- 
ing, conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle ;  those  of  the  cylindrical  spike  with 
long  setaceous  tips.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stems,  including  the  dense  leaves,  £'  thick ;  the  comose 
spike,  with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  $'  to  1'  thick. 

*  *  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  catkin-like  spike  scale-like,  imbricated,  yellowish,  ovate  or 

heart-shaped,  very  different  from  those  of  the  sterile  stems  and  branches. 
H-  Spikes  sessik  (i.  e.  branches  equally  leafy  to  the  top),  single. 

5.  L.  ann6tinum,  L.     Much  branched ;  stems  prostrate  and  creeping  (1°- 
4°  long) ;  the  ascending  branches  similar  (5'  -  8'  high),  sparingly  forked,  the  sterile 
ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit ;  leaves  equal,  spreading,  in  about 
5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green) ;  spike  soli- 

43 


674  LYCOPODIACE^E.        (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

tary,  oblong-cylindrical,  thick.  —  Var.  PTJNGENS,  Spring,  is  a  reduced  sub-alpine 
or  mountain  form,  with  shorter  and  more  rigid-pointed  erectish  leaves.  (Var. 
montanum,  Tuclcerm.)  —  Woods:  common  northward:  the  var.  on  the  White 
Mountains,  with  intermediate  forms  around  the  base.  July.  (Eu.) 

6.  L.  dendroideum,  Michx.      (GROUND-PINE.)      Stems  upright  (6' -9' 
high)  from  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  simple  below,  and  clothed  with 
homogeneous  lanceolate-linear  acute  entire  leaves  appressed-erect  in  4  -  6  rows, 
bushy-branched  at  the  summit ;  the  crowded  branches  spreading,  fan-like,  with  the 
lower  row  of  leaves  shorter  and  the  lateral  spreading  :  —  in  var.  OBSCURUM  ap- 
pearing flat,  from  the  leaves  of  the  upper  side  being  also  shorter  and  appressed. 
(L.  obscurum,  L. )  —  Moist  woods.    Aug.  —  Remarkable  for  its  tree-like  growth. 
Spike  cylindrical,  4- 10  on  each  plant. 

•»-  •*—  Spikes  pe.duncled :  i.  e.  the  leaves  minute  on  the  fertile  branches, 
•»-<•  Leaves  homogeneous  and  equal,  many-ranked ;  stems  terete. 

7.  L.  clavatum,  L.      (COMMON    CLUB-MOSS.)      Stems  creeping  exten- 
sively, with  similar  ascending  short  and  very  leafy  branches ;  the  fertile  termi- 
nated by  a  slender  peduncle  (4'  — 6'  long),  bearing  about  2—3  (rarely  1  or  4) 
linear-cylindrical    spikes;    leaves  linear-awl-shaped,   incurved-spreading  (light 
green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts,  with  a  fine  bristle.  —  Dry  woods  :  common, 
especially  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

+*  •»-»•  Leaves  of  two  forms,  few-ranked:  stems  or  branches  flattened. 

8.  L.  Carolinianum,  L.     Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches 
entirely  creeping  (leafless  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly  clothed  with 
broadly  lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1 -nerved  lateral  leaves  widely 
spreading  in  2  ranks,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appressed  on  the  upper  side ; 
also  sending  up  a  slender  simple  peduncle  (2'  -4'  high,  clothed  merely  with  small 
bract-like  and  appressed  awl-shaped  leaves )',  bearing  a  single  cylindrical  spike.  — 
Wet  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July. 

9.  L.  complanatlim,  L.     Stems  extensively  creeping   (often  subterra- 
nean), the  erect  or  ascending  branches  several  times  forked  above;  bushy  brancUets 
crowded,  flattened,  all  clothed  with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves  in  4 
ranks,  with  decurrent-united  bases,  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading 
tooth-like  tips,  those  of  the  upper  and  under  rows  smaller,  narrower,  wholly 
appressed ;  peduncle  slender,  bearing  2-4  cylindrical  spikes.  —  Woods  and  thick- 
ets :  common  :  the  typical  form  with  spreading  fan-like  branches,  abundant  south- 
ward ;  —  while  northward,  especially  far  northward,  it  passes  gradually  into  var. 
SABiNJEF6Liu'M  (L.  sabinaefolium,  Willd.     L.  Chamaecyparissus,  Braun),  with 
more  erect  and  fascicled  branches.     (Eu.) 

2.    SELAGINELLA,    Beauv.,  Spring.     (PI.  20.) 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  namely,  of  spore-cases  like  those  of  Lycopodium, 
but  minute  and  oblong  or  globular,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored  pow- 
dery spores;  and  of  3-4-valved  tumid  larger  ones,  filled  by  3  or  4  (rarely  1  r 
6)  much  larger  globose-angular  spores  (oophoridia) ;  the  latter  either  intermixed 
with  the  former  in  the  same  axils,  or  solitary  (and  larger)  in  the  lower  axils  of 
the  leafy  4-ranked  sessile  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  an  ancient  name 
of  a  Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated.) 


LTCOPOCIACEvE.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.)  675 

*  leaves  all  alike  and  uniformly  imbricated;  those  of  the  spike  similar. 

1 .  S.  selaginoides,  Gray.     Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  small  and 
slender;  the  fertile  thicker,  ascending,  simple  (l'-3;  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
spreading,  sparsely  spinulose-dliate.     (S.  spinosa,  Beauv.     S.  spinulosa,  Braun.) 

—  Wet  places,  New  Hampshire  (Pursh),  Michigan,  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward :  rare.  —  Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  yellowish-green.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  rup6stris,  Spring.     Much  branched  in  close  tufts  (l'-3'  high);  leaves 
densely  oppressed-imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  convex  and  with  a  grooved  keel, 
minutely  ciliate,  bristle-tipped;  those  of  the  strongly  quad-angular  spike  rather 
broader ;  the  two  sorts  of  fructification  in  the  same  axils.     (Lycopodium  rupes- 
tre,  L.) — Dry  and  exposed  rocks:  very  common.  —  Grayish-green  in  aspect, 
resembling  a  rigid  Moss. 

#  *  Leaves  shorter  above  and  below,  resembling  stipules :  the  lateral  larger,  2-ranked. 

3.  S.  apUS,  Spring.     Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much  branched, 
flaccid ;  leaves  pellucid-membranaceous ;  the  larger  spreading  horizontally,  ovate, 
oblique,  mostly  obtuse ;  the  smaller  appressed,  taper-pointed ;  those  of  the  short 
spikes  nearly  similar ;  larger  spore-cases  copious  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike. 
(Lycopodium  apodum,  L.)  — Low,  shady  places  :  not  rare,  especially  southward. 
— A  delicate  little  plant,  resembling  a  Moss  or  Jungermannia. 

3.    ISOETES,    L.        QUILLWORT.     (PI.  20.) 

Stem  or  trunk  a  fleshy  more  or  less  depressed  corm,  rooting  just  above  its  2- 
lobed  (or  in  many  foreign  species  3-lobed)  base,  above  covered  with  the  dilated 
and  imbricated  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  or  linear  somewhat  quadrangular  leaves, 
which  include  4  air-tubes,  intercepted  by  cross  partitions.  Sporangia,  or  sporo- 
carps,  pretty  large,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  plano-convex,  very  thin,  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  and  united  at  the  back  with  their  excavated  bases  (the  thin 
edges  of  the  excavation  folding  round  partly  cover  them,  forming  the  velum), 
traversed  internally  by  transverse  threads ;  those  of  the  outer  leaves  filled  with 
large  spherical  spores  (macrospores) ,  their  whitish  crustaceous  integument  marked 
by  one  circular,  and  on  the  upper  surface  by  3  radiating  elevated  lines  (circum- 
scribing a  lower  hemisphere,  and  three  upper  segments  which  open  valve-like  in 
germination):  those  of  the  inner  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  and  powdery 
grayish  spores  (microspores) ;  these  are  always  obliquely  oblong  and  triangular. 

—  Mostly  small  aquatics,  grass-like  or  rush-like  in  aspect,  some  always  sub- 
merged, others  amphibious,  a  few  living  in  merely  moist  soil,  maturing  their 
fruit  in  late  summer  and  early  autumn,  except  No.  7,  and  some  forms  of  No.  6. 

Genus  much  investigated  of  late  by  Prof.  Durieu  and  the  late  J.  Gay  of 
France,  and  by  Prof.  Braun  of  Berlin,  newly  elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Dr. 
GEORGE  ENGELMANN. 

*  Growing  under  water,  only  accidentally  or  in  very  dry  seasons  out  of  water :  leaves 

without  stomata  (except  in  some  forms  of  No.  3),  and  without  peripherical  bast- 
bundles. 

1.  I.  laciistris,  L.  Leaves  (10-25  in  number,  2' -6' long)  dark  green, 
rigid ;  sporocarps  ovoid  or  circular,  the  upper  third  or  less  covered  by  the 
vfelum,  free  part  pale  and  unspotted  ;  both  kind  of  spores  the  largest  of  our  spe- 


676  LYCOPODIACE^E.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

cies;  macrospores  (0".32-0".38  wide)  covered  with  short  and  twisted  crested 
ridges,  which  often  anastomose ;  microspores  (0".017-0".020  long)  smooth. — 
Mountain  lakes,  Penn.,  New  York,  and  New  England  to  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward  often  with  No.  3.  (Eu.)  — The  American  is  distinguished  from  the 
European  plant  by  the  larger  macrospores,  therefore  I.  macrdspora,  Durieu. 

2.  I.  Tuckermani,  Braun,  n.  sp.       Leaves  (10-30,  2' -3'  long)  very 
slender,  awl-shaped,  olive-green,  the  outer  ones  recurved ;  sporocarps  ovoid  or 
circular,  the  upper  third  covered  by  the  velum,  the  free  part  sometimes  brownish- 
spotted;  macrospores  (0".22  -  0".28  wide)  on  the  upper  segments  covered  with 
parallel  and  anastomosizing  ridges,  the  lower  half  reticulated;    microspores 
(0".013-0'r.015  long)  smooth  or  very  delicately  papillose.  —  Mystic  and  other 
ponds  near  Boston,  together  with  the  next,  Tuckerman,  W.  Boott. 

3.  I.    echinbspora,    Durieu.     Leaves  slender,  awl-shaped;    sporocarps 
ovoid  or  circular;  macrospores  (0".20-0".25  wide)  beset  all  over  with  small 
entire  and  obtuse  or  slightly  forked  spinules.     (Eu.)  —  In  the  European  form, 
which  has  not  yet  been  found  in  America,  the  leaves  are  very  slenderly  attenu- 
ated (3' -4'  long),  the  upper  margin  of  the  sporocarp  only  is  covered  with  the 
narrow  velum,  the  free  part  is  unspotted,  and  the  slightly  papillose  microspores 
are  larger  (0".015-0".016  long).      The  following  are  the  American  forms  of 
this  species. 

Var.  Bratinii.  Leaves  (15-30  in  number,  3' -6'  long)  dark  and  often 
olive-green,  straight  or  commonly  recurved,  half  or  two  thirds  of  the  sporocarp 
covered  by  the  velum,  the  free  part  often  with  light  brown  spots ;  macrospores 
as  in  the  species ;  microspores  smaller  (0".013  -0".014  long),  smooth  (I.  Braunii, 
Durieu.} — Ponds  and  lakes,  New  England  to  New  York,  Penn.,  and  north- 
ward, often  with  the  two  preceding.  —  Often  with  a  few  stomata,  especially  in 
Niagara  specimens. 

Var.  muricata.     Leaves  (15-30,  6' -10' long)  straight  or  flaccid,  bright 

green  ;  about  one  half  of  the  almost  circular  sporocarp  covered  by  the  velum, 

unspotted  ;  macrospores  (0".22-0".27  wide)  with  shorter  and  blunter  spinules  ; 

'  microspores  as  in  the  last  variety,  or  rarely  spinulose.     (I.  muricata,  Durieu.}  — 

In  some  ponds  north  of  Boston,  W.  Boott. 

Var.  Bodttii.  Leaves  (12-20,  4' -5'  high)  awl-shaped,  stiffly  erect,  bright 
green,  with  stomata ;  sporocarp  as  in  last ;  macrospores  as  in  the  species,  but  a 
little  smaller  and  with  very  slender  spinules.  (I.  Boottii,  Braun,  in  litt.)  —  Pond 
in  Woburn,  near  Boston,  partly  out  of  water,  W.  Boott. 

*  *  Growing  partly  out  of  water,  either  by  the  pond  drying  up,  or  by  the  receding  of 
the  ebb  tide ;  leaves  with  stomata,  and  in  6  and  7  with  Jour  or  more  peripherical 
bast-bundles. 

4.  I.  saccharata,  Engelm.,  n.  sp.    Leaves  (10-15,  2' -3'  long)  slender, 
olive-green,  curved ;  sporocarps  small,  ovoid,  only  the  upper  edge  covered  by  the 
velum,  nearly  unspotted;  macrospores  (0".20-0".22  wide)   minutely  tubercu- 
late;  microspores  (0".012  long)  papillose. — On  Wicomico  River,  eastern  shore 
of  Maryland,  between  high  and  low  tide,  W.  M.  Canby. 

5.  I.  riparia,  Engelm.      Leaves  (15-30,  4' -8'  long)  slender,"  deep  green, 
erect;  sporocarps  mostly  oblong,  upper  margin  to  one  third  covered  by  the 


HYDROPTERIDES.       (MARSILIACE2E.)  677 

velum,  the  free  part  spotted;  macrospores  very  variable  in  size  (0".22-0".30 
wide),  the  upper  segments  covered  by  short  crested  ridges,  which  on  the  lower 
hemisphere  run  together  forming  a  network ;  microspores  larger  than  in  any 
other  species  except  No.  1  (0".013-0".016  long),  mostly  somewhat  tubercu- 
lated.  —  Gravelly  banks  of  the  Delaware,  from  above  Philadelphia  to  Wil- 
mington, between  flood  and  ebb  tide;  margins  of  ponds,  New  England  (Robbins, 
&c.),  and  northward.  —  Distinguished  from  the  nearly  allied  I.  lacustris  by  the 
stomata  of  the  leaves,  the  spotted  sporocarp,  the  smaller  size  of  the  spores  and 
their  reticulation  on  the  lower  half. 

6.  I.  Engelmanni,  Braun.     Leaves  long  (25-100,  9' -20'  long),  light 
green,  erect  or  at  last  prostrate,  flat  on  the  upper  side ;  sporocarps  mostly  ob- 
long, unspotted,  the  velum  very  narrow ;  macrospores  (0".19-0".24  wide)  cov- 
ered all  over  with  a  coarse  honey-comb-like  network;  microspores   (0".012- 
0".014  long)  mostly  smooth.  —  Shallow  ponds  and  ditches,  from  Massachusetts 
(near  Boston,  W.  Boott,  H.  Mann)  to  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  and  (prob- 
ably through  the  Middle  States)  to  Missouri.  — By  far  the  largest  of  our  species, 
often  mature  in  July. 

Var.  gracilis.  Leaves  few  (8-12  only,  9' -12'  long)  and  very  slender; 
both  kinds  of  spores  nearly  as  in  the  species.  —  Southern  New  England,  ap- 
parently in  deep  water. 

Var.  valida.  Trunk  large  and  stout  (often  l'-2'  wide);  leaves  (50-100, 
.even  200,  18- -25'  long)  with  an  elevated  ridge  on  the  upper  side;  sporocarps 
oblong  or  linear-oblong  (4" -9"  long),  one  third  or  one  half  or  more  covered  by 
the  velum;  both  kinds  of  spores  very  small,  macrospores  0".16-0".22  wide, 
microspores  0".011 -0".013  long,  spinulose.  —  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canby),  and 
Pennsylvania  (Prof.  Porter).  Sept. 

7.  I.  melanopoda,  J.  Gay.    Leaves  (15-50,  6' -10' long)  very  slender, 
keeled  on  the  back,  straight,  bright  green,  usually  with  dark  brown  or  black 
shining  bases ;  sporocarps  mostly  oblong,  with  a  very  narrow  velum,  brown  or 
spotted;  macrospores  vefy  small  (0".14-0".18  wide),  smoothish,  or  with  faint 
tubercles  or  ridges;  microspores  (0".010-0".012  long)  spinulose.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  and  wet  prairies  and  fields,  Central  and  Northern  Illinois  (E.  Halt, 
Vasey),  and  westward.    June,  and  sometimes  again  in  November.  —  Trunk 
more  spherical  and  more  deeply  2-lobed,  and  both  kind  of  spores  smaller  than 
in  any  other  of  our  species ;    leaves  disappearing  during  the  summer  heat. 
Closely  approaching  the  completely  terrestrial  species  of  the  Mediterranean 
region. 

Two  other  species,  I.  FL^CCIDA,  Shuttleworth,  and  I.  CHAPMANI,  Engelm., 
are  found  in  Florida ;  and  three  more,  I.  NUTTALLII,  Braun,  I.  CALIFOKNICA, 
Engelm.,  and  I.  PYGM^EA,  Engelm.,  in  the  Pacific  States. 

ORDER  132.    HYDROPTERIDES.     (MARSILIACEJS,  R.  Br.) 

Aquatic  cryptogamous  plants,  of  diverse  habit,  with  the  fructification  borne 
on  submerged  branches,  consisting  of  two  sorts  of  organs,  contained  in  irreg- 
ularly bursting  involucres  (sporocarps) :  —  here  represented  by  only  two 
genera. 


678  HYDROPTERIDES. 

1.    MARSILIA,    L.         MARSILIA. 

Submersed  or  emersed  aquatic  plants,  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  send- 
ing up  elongated  petioles,  which  bear  at  their  apex  a  whorl  of  4  nervose-veined 
leaflets,  and  at  or  near  their  base,  or  sometimes  on  the  rootstock,  one  or  more 
globular  but  somewhat  eccentric  sporocarps.  These  sporocarps  or  fruit  are  2- 
celled  vertically,  and  with  many  transverse  partitions,  and  split  or  burst  into  2 
lobes  at  maturity.  On  the  partitions  are  inserted  numerous  short-stalked  spo- 
rangia, of  two  sorts  intermixed ;  the  larger  ones  containing  a  single  oval  or  ol> 
long  spore,  the  smaller  containing  many  very  minute  spores.  (Named  for 
Aloysius  Marsili,  an  early  Italian  naturalist,  —  therefore  to  be  written  Marsilia, 
not  Marsilea.) 

1.  M.  quadrif61ia,  L.     Leaflets  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  glabrous ;  spo- 
rocarps usually  2  or  3  on  a  short  peduncle  from  near  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
pedicelled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy.  —  In  water,  the  leaflets  commonly  float- 
ing on  the  surface;  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  Dr.  T.  F.  Allen. 
The  only  known  habitat  in  America.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  uncinata,  Braun.,  with  hairy  leaflets,  and  villous  short-stalked  or 
sessile  sporocarps,  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  petiole,  will  doubtless  be  found 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Wisconsin.     It  has  been  confounded  with  the  very 
similar  M.  vestita,  Hook  and  Grev.,  of  the  Southwest. 

2  .    A  Z  6  L  L  A  ,    Lam.        AZOLLA.     (PI.  20. ) 

Plant  floating  free,  pinnately  branched,  clothed  with  minute  imbricated  leaves, 
appearing  like  a  small  Jungermannia, ;  fructification  sessile  on  the  under  side 
of  the  branches,  of  2  sorts.  Sporocarps  covered  at  first  with  an  indusium  of  a 
single  diaphanous  membrane,  ovoid :  the  smaller  kind  opening  transversely  all 
round,  containing  several  roundish  antheridia  ?  peltately  attached  to  the  sides  of 
a  central  erect  column :  the  large  or  fertile  kind  bursting  irregularly,  filled  with 
numerous  spherical  sporangia  rising  from  the  base  on  slender  stalks,  each  con- 
taining a  few  globular  spores.  (Name  said  to  come  from  a£o>,  to  dry,  and  oAAo>, 
to  kill,  being  destroyed  by  dryness.) 

1.  A.  Caroliniana,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  spreading,  red- 
dish underneath,  beset  with  a  few  bristles.  —  Still  water,  New  York  to  Illinois 
and  southward.  Plant  forming  little  mats  on  the  water,  6"- 12"  broad. 


SALV* NIA  NATANS,  L.,  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  floating  on  the  surface  of  small 
lakes  in  Western  New  York,  has  not  been  found  by  any  other  person,  and 
probably  does  not  occur  in  this  country.  It  is  therefore  omitted. 


ADDENDA. 

JANUARY,  1868. 


To  page  110. 

RtiTA  GRAVEOLENS,  L.,  GARDEN  RUE,  is  naturalized  on  rocky  roadsides, 
Bedford  Co.,  Virginia,  according  to  A.  H.  Curtiss. 

To  page  112,  113. 

2.  Vitis  sestlvalis,  Michx.      Original  of  the  Clinton,  Norton's  Virginia 
Seedling,  and  some  other  wine  grapes. 

Var.  ?  cin&rea,  Engelm.  "  Branchlets  and  both  sides  of  the  almost  entire 
leaves  canescent,  even  when  mature ;  berries  very  small,  black  and  shining,  very 
acid  until  after  frost.  —  Rich  bottom  lands  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Illinois, 
and  southward."  Engelmann. 

3.  V.  cordifolia,  Michx.,  according  to  Engelmann,  "  has  the  small  berries 
black  without  bloom,  the  small  seeds  rounded  above  and  with  a  prominent 
rhaphe.     Unfit  for  cultivation." 

3*.  V.  riparia,  Michx.,  Dr.  Engelmann  concludes  should  be  restored  as  a 
species,  with  the  following  character.  "  Leaves  larger,  usually  incisely  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  long-pointed ;  panicles  small,  rather  simple ;  berries  larger  and  mostly 
with  bloom  ;  seeds  larger,  obtuse  or  somewhat  obcordate  and  with  an  inconspic- 
uous rhaphe.  —  May,  earlier  than  V.  cordifolia.  Thickets  and  river-banks, 
from  Vermont  to  Michigan  and  Illinois.  Several  varieties  in  cultivation  :  the 
most  esteemed  white  one  is  the  Taylor-Bullit  Grape.  The  celebrated  claret-col- 
ored Delaware  Grape  seems  also  to  belong  here."  Engelmann. 

To  page  126,  after  Genista. 

CYTISUS  (or  SAROTH£MNUS)  SCOPARIUS,  SCOTCH  BROOM,  of  Europe, 
which  is  often  planted  for  ornament,  has  become  naturalized  extensively  in  Vir- 
ginia near  Washington  and  southward,  according  to  A.  H.  Curtiss,  so  as  to 
deserve  a  place  in  this  work.  May,  June. 

To  page  130. 

4.  Petalostemon  folidSUS,  Gray,  in  Proceed.  Amer.  Acad.  7,  p.  336. 
Smooth,  very  leafy  ;  leaflets  16-29,  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  the  glands  few 
and  small ;    spikes  cylindrical,  short-peduncled ;   bracts  slender-awned  from  a 
lanceolate  base,  exceeding  the  rose-purple  flowers ;    calyx  also  glabrous,  the 
teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  tube.  —  Banks  of  Fox  River, 
Kane  Co.,  Illinois,  Mr.  Burgess  Truesdell     Also  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Mr.  Hatch. 
"  Like  the  other  species  pleasantly  fragrant."    Aug. 


680  ADDENDA. 

To  page  143. 

6.  Baptisia  Vill6sa,  Ell.      Sometimes  soft-hairy,  usually  minutely  pu- 
bescent when  young,  erect,  2° -3°  high,  with  divergent  branches ;  leaves  almost 
sessile  ;  leaflets  wedge-lanceolate  or  obovate  ;  lower  stipules  lanceolate  and  per- 
sistent, those  of  the  branchlets  often  small  and  subulate ;  racemes  many-flow- 
ered ;  pedicels  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the  subulate  mostly  de- 
ciduous bracts ;   corolla  yellow ;   pods  ovoid-oblong  and  taper-pointed,  minutely 
pubescent.  —  Franklin,  S.  Virginia,  W.  M.  Canby,  and  southward.     May. 

To  page  150,  at  bottom. 

2.  POTERIUM  SANGUISORBA,  L.  GARDEN  BURNET.  Stamens  1 2  or  more 
in  the  lower  flowers  of  the  globular  greenish  head,  with  drooping  capillary  fila- 
ments, the  upper  flowers  pistillate  only ;  stems  about  1°  high ;  leaflets  numerous, 
small,  ovate,  deeply  cut.  —  Fields  and  rocks,  near  Baltimore,  P.  V.  Leroy.  July. 
(Adv.  fromEu.) 

To  page  159. 

7.  ROSA  CAN!NA,  L.    DOG  ROSE.      Resembles  Sweet-Brier  (No.  5),  but 
more  bushy,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  nearly  without  glands,  none  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaflets,  which  are  therefore  inodorous.  —  Pennsylvania, 
abundant  near  Easton,  Professors  Green  and  Porter.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

To  page  244. 

27».  SolidagO  tortifdlia,  Ell.  Stem  slender,  erect,  2° -3°  high,  sca- 
brous-puberulent  above,  thickly  leafy  to  crowded  panicle  of  racemes ;  leaves 
(often  twisted  at  the  base)  linear,  small  (£'-2'  long),  sharply  serrate  with  a 
few  scattered  small  teeth,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath,  the  veins 
very  inconspicuous ;  heads  small ;  the  small  rays  and  the  disk-flowers  each  3-5. 
—  Northampton  Co.,  E.  shore  of  Virginia,  and  southward,  W  M.'  Canby. 
Heads  like  those  of  small  forms  of  S.  Canadensis  :  the  leaves  peculiar. 

To  page  266,  line  2. 

Var.  TUBULIFLORUM,  S.  Tenney,  in  Amer.  Nat. :  an  abnormal  state  of  the 
WHITE-WEED,  with  the  rays  transformed  into  large  and  palmately  or  bilabiately 
5-lobed  (rarely  3- 4-lobed)  tubular  corollas. — Fields,  Poughkeepsie,  New  York, 
Prof.  Tenney. 

To  page  292,  before  Chiogenes. 

15.  Vaccinium  tendllum,  Ait.  Between  No.  14  and  No.  11,  taller 
than  the  latter  (l°-3°  high),  with  firmer  and  obscurely  serrulate  leaves,  and 
narrower  cylindraceous  corolla.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  Franklin,  S.  Virginia, 
W.  M.  Canby,  and  common  southward.  April,  May. 

To  page  323,  before  Phelipaea. 

OROBANCHE  MINOR,  L.,  LESSER  BROOM-RAPE,  is  parasitic  on  Clover  in 
the  vicinity  of  Washington  (F.  Peck),  and  has  been  met  with  in  New  Jersey 
(  W.  M.  Canby)  ;  but  it  may  not  long  abide.  The  genus  is  known  from  Phe- 
lipaea by  its  calyx  of  two  sepals  (either  entire  or  2-cleft)  and  no  bractlets,  the 


ADDENDA.  681 

style  persistent.  This  species  is  from  6'  to  15'  high,  light  yellowish-brown, 
with  some  bluish-purple  in  the  flowers,  these  in  a  loose  spike  from  .3'  to  9'  long. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

To  page  410. 

3.  ATRIPLEX  R6SEA,  L.  More  hoary-mealy  than  A.  patula  ;  leaves  short- 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base, 
coarsely  sinuate-toothed  ;  fertile  flowers  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  ;  fruiting 
bracts  broad,  cut-toothed  and  warty,  united  to  the  middle.  —  Albany,  New  York, 
in  streets  and  waste  places,  Sept.,  C.  H.  Peck,  G.  W.  Clinton.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

To  page  452. 

5».  Quercus  prinoides,  Willd.  (Q.  Prinus,  var.  humilis,  Marsh.),  the 
DWARF  CHESTNUT  or  CHINQUAPIN-OAK,  is  probably  a  quite  distinct  species. 
As  noted  by  Mr.  Emerson  in  Trees  of  Mass.,  some  of  the  scales  of  the  cup  are 
apt  to  produce  abortive  little  acorns  in  their  axils. 

To  page  479. 

3*.  Lemna  paucicostata,  Hegelmaier,  in  litt.  "  Fronds  obliquely  ob- 
ovate  (!"-  l£"  long),  thin,  mostly  grouped  3-5  together;  fruit  and  style  as  in 
L.  perpusilla ;  seed  marked  with  12  -  14  prominent  (instead  of  30  -  40  delicate) 
ribs,  between  them  (in  both  species)  transversely  striate.  —  Ponds,  about  St.  Louis 
and  southward  into  the  tropics .:  frequently  fertile,  Aug.  -  Oct."  Engelmann. 

To  page  483. 

3.  Naias  Indica,  var.  gracillima,  Braun,  Mss.  "  Branches  alternate ; 
leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  nearly  capillary,  straight,  serrate  (with  20-40  teeth 
consisting  of  3  cells  each),  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  sheathing  base  spinulose- 
ciliate ;  fruit  linear,  brown,  impressed-dotted  between  the  numerous  (about  24) 
ribs.  —  In  ponds,  Albany,  New  York,  C.  H.  Peck,  Woburn,  Massachusetts, 
Wm.  Boott,  1867,  Missouri,  Engelmann.  —  N.  minor,  not  yet  found  in  America, 
is  dichotomous,  with  recurved  leaves,  few  and  stout  spikes,  and  seeds  trans- 
versely reticulated. —  N.  flexilis  has  the  leaves  minutely  serrate  with  teeth  of 
single  cells,  their  abrupt  and  rounded  sheathing  base  toothed,  the  yellowish- 
brown  seeds  lance-oval,  smooth  and  shining,  &c."  Engelmann. 

To  page  491. 

3.  TriglOGhin  triandrum,  Michx.  Scape  and  leaves  slender  (6'  -  12' 
high) ;  flowers  very  small,  with  only  3  sepals  and  3  stamens  (instead  of  6  as  in 
the  others) ;  fruit  globose- triangular,  or  when  dry  3-lobed.  —  Sea-shore  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia,  W.  M.  Canby,  and  southward.  Aug.  -  Oct. 

To  page  499. 

2».  Habenaria  nivea,  Spreng.  Stem  slender,  l°-lj°  high,  many- 
leaved,  the  1  or  2  lower  leaves  lance-linear  and  4' -8'  long,  the  others  small  and 
bract-like  ;  spike  cylindrical,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  white,  small ;  pet- 
als and  entire  lip  linear-oblong  ;  spur  thread-shaped,  ascending,  as  long  as  the 
white  ovary.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  S.  Delaware,  W.  M.  Canby,  and  south- 
ward. Aug.  Ovary  not  twisted  :  spur  therefore  looking  towards  the  axis. 


682  ADDENDA. 

To  page  584. 

57a.  Carex  glaucescens,  Ell.  Sterile  spike  single,  long-peduncled ;  fertile 
spikes  3  -  10,  cylindrical  (!'  -  2'  long),  on  slender  drooping  peduncles,  most  of 
them  staminate  at  the  summit ;  lowest  bract  usually  exceeding  the  culm,  the 
others  shorter  and  bristle-like  ;  perigynia  ovate,  compressed-3-angled,  abruptly 
pointed  with  a  short  nearly  entire  beak,  nerveless  except  at  the  angles,  glaucous, 
longer  than  the  chestnut-colored  rough-awned  scale  ;  culms  2°  -  4°  high,  above 
rough  on  the  sharp  angles  ;  leaves  glaucous,  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the  culms, 
tapering  gradually  into  a  slender  bristle-like  apex.  —  Pine-barren  ponds,  from 
Portsmouth,  Virginia  (  W.  M.  Canby)  southward. 

To  page  691. 

96a.  C.  nigro-marginata,  Schw.  Culms  some  very  short  among  the 
bases  of  the  leaves,  some  8'  -  10'  high  ;  spikes  3,  rarely  4  or  5,  dark  purple,  the 
terminal  sterile  one  sometimes  inconspicuous  among  the  fertile,  which  are  crowded 
into  a  head,  or  the  lowest  occasionally  remote  and  peduncled  ;  bracts  scale-like 
and  pointed,  or  the  lowest  rarely  leafy  and  equalling  or  barely  exceeding  the 
culm ;  perigynia  nerveless,  pubescent,  stipitate,  oval  and  unequally  3-sided, 
pointed  with  an  obliquely  notched  beak ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  cuspidate,  the 
lowest  somewhat  lanceolate,  deep  purple  with  greenish  centre,  scarcely  equalling 
the  perigynium.  —  Dry  hillsides,  New  Jersey  (and  Pennsylvania  ?),  C.  F.  Austin, 
C.  F.  Parker,  Prof.  Porter,  C.  E.  Smith,  and  southward.  Grows  in  close  tufts, 
and  has  remarkably  rigid  long  and  curved  leaves. 

To  page  615,  after  line  25. 

3*.  CalamagTOStis  Lapp6nica,  Trin.  Culm  and  rootstocks  stouter 
than  in  C.  stricta ;  the  narrow  panicle  less  dense,  and  purplish  spikclets  larger ; 
glumes  fully  2"  long,  tapering  to  a  point;  awn  from  much  below  the  middle  of 
the  palet,  stout.  —  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

To  page  650,  after  No.  63. 
63a.   ROTTB4EL.I.IA,  L. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete  slender  spike,  awnless ;  one  imper- 
fect or  rudimentary  on  a  short  and  thick  appressed  pedicel ;  the  other  sessile 
and  imbedded  in  an  excavation  of  the  joint  of  the  rhachis,  2-flowered.  Exterior 
glume  hard  and  cartilaginous,  with  a  hinge-like  transverse  depression  next  the 
base,  the  inner  one  boat-shaped  and  membranaceous.  Palets  thin  and  delicate, 
one  for  the  lower  and  staminate  or  neutral  flower,  two  for  the  upper  and  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2.  —  Tall,  or  coarse  perennials,  with  rigid  stems, 
and  single  cartilaginous  spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  axillary  branches, 
chiefly  subtropical.  (Named  for  Prof.  C.  F.  Ruttbodl,  an  excellent  Danish 
botanist,  who  wrote  much  upon  Gramineae,  Cyperacese,  &c.) 

1.  R.  rugdsa,  Nutt.  Culm  flattish,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  linear;  spikes 
l'-2'  long,  the  lateral  ones  on  short  clustered  branches  in  the  axils,  often 
partly  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves ;  sterile  flower  neutral ;  lower  glume 
transversely  rugose.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  from  S.  Delaware  (  W.  M.  Canby) 
southward  near  the  coast.  Sept.  -  Oct. 


INDEX. 


***  The  names  of  the  Classes,  Subclasses,  and  the  Latin  names  of  Orders,  are  in  full  capitals  ; 
of  the  Suborders,  Tribes,  &c.,  in  small  capitals  ;  of  the  Genera,  &c.,  as  well  as  popular 
and  synonymes,  in  common  type. 


Abele-tree 

467    Alkanet 

363    ANDROMEDELE 

287 

Abies 

471 

Alligator  Pear 

422    Andropogon 

651 

ABIETINEJB 

468 

Allium 

533    Androsace 

314 

Abutilon 

101 

Allosorus 

660    Anemone 

36 

Acacia 

131,  145 

Allspice,  Wild 

423    Angelica 

192 

Acalypha 

436 

Almond  Family 

146    Angelica-tree 

199 

Acanthus  Family 

338 

Alnus 

460    Angelico 

194 

ACANTHACE.E 

338 

Aloe 

513    ANGIOSPERMJ3 

33 

Acer 

118 

Alopecurus 

608    Anise  Hyssop 

353 

Ace  rates 

397 

Alpine  Azalea 

301    Anisophyllum 

431 

ACERINE.fi 

117 

Alpine  Bistort 

415    ANONACE.E 

50 

Achillea 

265 

Alsine 

91     Antennaria 

269 

Acnida 

413 

ALSINE^E 

87    ANTHEMIDR-B 

220 

Aconitum  (Aconite) 

46 

Alum-root 

169    ANTHEMIS 

265 

Acorus 

478 

Althaea 

99      ANTHOXANTBE.fi 

603 

ACBOGENS 

653 

ALYSSINa* 

63    ANTHOXANTHCM 

643 

Actaea 

47 

Alyssum 

72    Antigramma 

663 

Actinella 

263 

Amaranth 

411    ANTIRRHINE.E 

324 

Actinomeris 

258 

Amaranth  Family 

411  1  ANTIRRHINIDE.E 

324 

Adam-and-Eve 

510 

Amarantus 

411    Antirrhinum 

326 

Adam's  Needle 

535 

AMARANTACE^E 

411     Anychia 

96 

Adder's-mouth 

509 

Amarelloides 

387     Apalanthe 

496 

Adder's-tongue 

533,  672 

AMARYLLIDACE.E 

512    Aphyllon 

323 

Adelia 
Adenocaulon 

402 
227 

Amaryllis 
Amaryllis  Family 

513    Apetalous  Exogenous  PL 
512  1  Apios 

403 
140 

Adenorhachis 

161 

Ambrina 

407    Aplectrum 

510 

Adiantum 

658 

Ambrosia 

250  :  APOCYNACEJE 

392 

Adice 

445 

Amelanchier 

162     Apocynum 

393 

Adlumia 

60 

American  Aloe 

513    Apple 

161 

Adonis 

48 

American  Centaury 

384  !  Apple  of  Peru 

382 

JEschynommene 

134 

American  Columbo 

386  i  AQUIFOLIACE^E 

305 

jEsculus 

117 

American  Cowslip 

314    Aquifolium 

306 

.ZEthusa 

193 

American  Frog's-bit 

495     Aquilegia 

45 

Agathophyton 

408 

American  Ipecac 

150    ARABICS*: 

63 

Agave 

513 

American  Ivy 

113     Arabis 

67 

Agrimonia 

151 

Amianthium 

525    ARACB^E 

475 

Agrimony 

151 

Ammadenia 

92    Aralia 

198 

Agropyron 

637 

Ammannia 

182     ARALIACE.E 

198 

Agrostemma 

90 

Ammophila 

616    Arbor  Vita? 

472 

AGROSTIDEjE 

603 

Amorpha 

130    ARBUTE^E 

287 

Agrostis 

611 

Ampetopsis 

113     Arbutus 

292 

Ailanthus 

110 

Amphicarpaea 

141    Arbutus  (Trailing) 

293 

Aira 

641 

Amphicarpum 

644    Archangelica 

193 

Airopsis 

641 

Amsonia 

393    Archemora 

192 

AjUGOIDEjE 

342 

AMYGDALE^E 

146    Arctostaphyloa 

292 

Alder 

460 

Anacharis 

495  |  Arenaria 

90 

Alder-Buckthorn 

115 

ANACARDIACE^E 

111  ;  Arethusa 

506 

Atehemilla 

151 

ANAGALLIDH.E 

313  •  ARKTHcsE.fi 

497 

Aletris 

515 

Anagallis 

316  i  Argemone 

59 

Alisma 

491 

Anantherix 

398    Arisaema 

475 

ALISMACE^! 

490 

Anchistea 

660    Aristida 

618 

•ALISME.-E 

490 

Andromeda 

295    Aristolochia 

404 

684 


INDEX. 


ARISTOLOCHIACEJS       403     Basswood 

103 

Bladderwort  Family 

317 

Armeria 

312 

liastard  Pennyroyal 

344 

Blazing-Star                  5 

23,  527 

Arnica 

271 

Bastard  Toad-flax 

425 

Blephilia 

352 

Aromatic  Wintergreen         293 

Batodendron 

290 

Blessed  Thistle 

272 

Arrhenantherum 

642 

Batrachium 

40 

Bletia 

509 

Arrow  Aruin 

476 

Batschia 

363 

Blitum  (Elite) 

408 

Arrow-Grass 

491 

Bayberry 

457 

Blood-root 

60 

Arrow-Grass  Family 

490 

Beach  Pea 

139 

Bloodwort  Family 

514 

Arrow-head 

492 

Beak-Rush 

667 

Blue  Beech 

457 

Arrow-wood 

206 

Bean 

140 

Blueberry 

289 

Artemisia 

266 

Bearberry 

292 

Bluebottle 

272 

ARTOCARPEJS 

441 

Beard  Grass 

612,  651 

Blue  Cohosh 

53 

Aruncus 

a  50 

Bear-Grass 

535 

Blue  Curls 

343 

Aruudinaria 

636 

Beard-tongue 

327 

Blue  Flag 

516 

Arundo 

646 

Beaver-Poison 

196 

Blue-Hearts 

333 

Asarum 

403 

Betch 

455 

Bluets 

213 

Asarabacca 

403 

Beech-drops 

322 

Blue-eyed  Grass 

517 

ASCLEPIADACE.E 

394 

Beech-Fern 

663 

Blue  Grass 

600 

ASGLEPIADEjE 

394 

Beet 

405  i  Blue  Joint-Grass 

615 

Asclepias 

394 

Bedstraw 

208 

Blue  Lettuce 

281 

Ascyrum 

83 

Beggar's  Lice 

366 

Blue  Tangle 

289 

Ash 

401 

Beggar-ticks 

261 

Blue-weed 

361 

Ash-leaved  Maple 

119 

Bellflower 

285 

Blysmus 

560 

Asimina 

50 

Bellis 

239 

Blyttia 

613 

ASPARAGINELE 

521 

Bellwort 

628 

Boehmeria 

445 

Asparagus 

5ol 

Bengal  Grass 

650 

Bog-Asphodel 

535 

Aspen 

466 

Benjamin-bush 

423 

Bog-Rush 

537 

ASPIDIE^: 

657 

Bent-Grass 

611 

Boltonia 

238 

Aspidium 

664 

Benzoin 

423 

Bonamia 

376 

A8PLKHIBJB 

656 

BERBERIDACEJ2 

52 

Boneset 

226 

Asplenium 

661 

Berberis 

52 

BORRAGE.E 

360 

Aster 

228 

Berchemia 

114 

Borrage  Family 

360 

Asteranthemum 

630     Bergamot 

351 

BORR  AGIN  ACE  JB 

360 

ASTBBIKBjB 

218     Bermuda  Grass 

•622 

Borrichia 

253 

A8TEROIDE.E 

218 

Berula 

196 

Bottlebrush-Grass 

639 

Astilbe 

167 

Betonica  (Betony) 

358 

Bottle-Grass 

650 

ASTRAGALE^E 

124  i  Betony  (Wood) 

337 

Botrychium 

671 

Astragalus 

132     Betula 

458 

Botryois 

407 

Atamasco  Lily 

513    BETULACE^ 

458 

Bouncing  Bet 

88 

Atheropogon 

621    Bidens 

261 

Bouteloua 

620 

Athyrium 

662    Bigelovia 

245 

Bowman's  root 

150 

Atragerie 

35    Bignonia 

321 

Boxberry 

293 

Atriplex 

409    BIGNONIACE^E 

320 

Box-Elder 

119 

Aurantiaceae 

110    Bignonia  Family 

320 

Box  Family 

430 

Avena 

640    Bilberry 

289 

Boykinia 

169 

AVENE.fi 

606    Bilsted 

174 

Brachychseta 

239 

Avens 

151    Bindweed 

375 

Brachyelytrura 

614 

Avicularia 

417  '  Biotia 

228 

Bracted  Bindweed 

375 

Awlwort 

73  !  Birch  Family 

458 

Brake,  Bracken 

658 

Awned  Wheat-Grass 

618     Birthroot 

523 

Bramble 

156 

Azalea 

299  !  Birthwort 

404 

Brasenia 

55 

Azolla 

677    Birthwort  Family 

403 

Brasiletto  Family 

125 

Bishop's-Cap 

170 

Brassica 

70 

BACCHARIDE^ 

219    Bistorta 

415 

BRASSICE^E 

63 

Baccharis 

247    Bitter-  Cress 

66 

Bread-fruit  Family 

441 

Bald  Cypress 

473  '  Bittersweet 

116,  380 

Bristly  Foxtail-Grass 

649 

Baldwinia 

264 

Bitter-weed 

251 

Briza 

633 

Ballota 

359 

Black  Alder 

307 

Brizopyrum 

628 

Balm 

350    Blackberry 

157 

Brome-  Grass 

634 

Balm  of  Gilead 

467    Blackberry-Lily 

617 

BROMEUACEJE 

515 

Balmony 

327    Black  Bindweed 

418 

Brooklime 

332 

Balsam 

108    Black-Gum-tree 

201 

Brook-weed 

317 

Balsam  Family 

106    Black-Grass 

539 

Broom-Corn 

653 

BALSAMIFLILE 

173    Black  Haw 

206 

Broom-Crowberry 

440 

BALSAMINE^E 

106    Black  Horehound 

360 

Broom-rape 

323 

BAMBUSE^E 

605    Black-Jack 

•       453 

Broom-rape  Family 

322 

Baneberry 

47    Black  Moss 

515 

Bromus 

634 

Baptisia 

142    Black-Mustard 

71 

Brunella 

355 

Barbarea 

69    Black  Oat-Grass 

617 

Brunnichia 

422 

Barberry 

62  i  Black  Snakeroot 

190 

Buchnera 

333 

Barberry  Family 

52    Black  Thorn 

148,  160 

BncHNERBvE 

325 

Barley 

638    Bladder-Fern 

667 

Buckbean 

390 

Barnyard-Grass 

649    Bladder  Ketmia 

102 

Buckthorn 

114 

Barren  Strawberry 

153    Bladder-nut 

117 

Buckthorn  Family 

113 

Bartonia 

184,  389  i  Bladder-nut  Family 

117 

Buckeye 

117 

Basil 

346,349    Bladder-pod 

73 

Buckwheat 

419 

Basil  Thyme 

349    Bladderwort 

318 

Buckwheat  Family 

414 

INDEX. 


G85 


Buffalo-berry 

425 

Cancer-root 

322,323 

Chetone 

327 

Buffalo-nut 

426 

Cane 

636 

ClIKLONEJB 

324 

Bugbane 

48 

CANNABINE^ 

442 

CHENOPODIACE.E 

405 

Bagle-weed 

345 

Cannabis 

446 

Chenopodina 

410 

Bugloss 
Bug-seed 

362 
409 

Caper  Family 
CAPPARIDACE^l 

75 
75 

Chenopodium 
Cherry 

406 
147 

Bulrush 

560 

Capraria 

329 

Chervil 

197 

Bumelia 

308 

CAPRIFOLIACEJE 

202 

Chess 

634 

Bunch-berry 

200 

Caprifolium 

203 

Chestnut 

454 

Bunch-flower 

524 

Capsella 

73 

CHICHORACRS               221, 

275 

Bupleurum 

195 

Carex 

571 

Chickweed 

92 

Burdock 

275 

Cardamine 

66 

Chickweed-Wintergreen 

314 

Bur-Grass 

650 

Cardinal  Flower 

283 

Chimaphila 

303 

Burmannia 

496 

Carduus 

274 

CHINCHONE^B 

208 

BURMANNIACE.E 

496 

GAJHOUOUI 

551 

Chinquapin 

455 

Bur-Marigold 

261 

•Carnation 

88 

Chiogenes 

292 

Burnet 

150 

Carolina  Allspice 

162 

Chionanthus 

401 

Burning-bush 

116 

Carpet-weed 

97 

Chives 

534 

Bur-reed 

481 

CARPINE^ 

450 

CHLORIDES 

604 

Bush-clover 

137 

Carpinus 

457 

Choke-be  rrv 

161 

Bush-Honeysuckle 

205 

Carrion  Flower 

520  '  Chondrilla 

279 

Butter-and-eggs 

326 

Carrot 

191    Chondrosium 

621 

Buttercup 

40 

Carya 

448 

Chrysanthemum 

265 

Butterfly-Pea 

141 

CARYOPHYLLACE^I         87 

Chrysastrum 

239 

Butterfly-weed 
Butternut 

397 
447 

Caryophyllata 
Cashew  Family 

152 
111 

Chrysogonum 
Chrysopsis 

248 
246 

Butter-weed 

271 

Cassandra 

294 

Chrysosplenium 

170 

Butterwort 

320 

Cassena 

306 

ClCHORACRS 

221 

Button-bush 

211 

Cassia 

144 

Cichorium 

275 

Button  Snakeroot 

191,  223 

Cassiope 

295 

Cichory 

275 

Button-weed 

210 

Castanea 

454 

Cicuta 

196 

Buttonwood 

447 

Castilleia 

336 

Cimicifuga 

48 

Catalpa 

321 

CINCHONE.S 

208 

Cabomba 

55 

Catbrier 

518 

Cinna 

612 

CABOMBE.-E 

54    Catchfly 

89    Cinnamon-Fern 

671 

Cacalia 

270    Catgut 

131  ,  Cinque-foil 

153 

CACTACE^J 

184    Cat-mint 

353 

Circaea 

176 

Cactus 

185    Catnip 

353 

Cirsium 

273 

Cactus  Family 

184 

Cat-tail  Family 

480 

Cissus 

113 

Csenotus 

236     Cat-tail  Flag 

480 

CISTACE.E 

80 

C^ESALPINIEjE 

125    Cat's-tail  Grass 

608 

Citrullus 

186 

Cakile 

75    Caulinia 

483 

Cladium 

570 

CAKiLiNEa: 

64 

Caulophyllum 

53 

Cladrastis 

143 

CALAMAGROSTIDE^B 

603 

Ceanothus 

115 

Claytonia 

98 

Calamagrostis 

614 

Cedar 

474 

Clearweed 

445 

Calamintha 

349 

Cedronella 

354 

Cleavers 

208 

Calaminth 

349 

Celandine 

59 

CLEMATIDE.S 

34 

Calamovilfa 

616 

Celandine  Poppy 

59 

Clematis 

35 

Calamus 

478 

CELASTRACE^! 

115 

Clethra 

29t> 

Calico-bush 

298 

Celastrus 

116 

Cliff-brake                    659, 

660 

Calla 

476 

Celtis 

443 

Climbing  Fern 

570 

Calliastrum 

229 

Cenchrus 

650 

Climbing  Fumitory 

60 

Callicarpa 

341 

Centaurea 

272 

Climbing  Hemp-weed 

226 

Callirrhoe 

100 

Centaurella 

389 

Clinopodium 

349 

CALLITRICHACE^! 

427 

Centaury 

385 

Clintonia 

529 

Callitriche 

428 

Centrosema 

141 

Clitoria 

141 

Calluna 

297 

Centunculus 

317 

Clotbur 

251 

Calomelissa 

349    Century-plant 

513 

Cloud-berry 

157 

Calopogon 

508  I  Cephalanthus 

211 

Clover 

12tt 

Caltha 

44    Cephaloxys 

539 

Club-Moss 

673 

CALYCANTHACE^J 

162  '  Cerastium 

93 

Club-Moss  Family 

672 

Calycanthus 

162    Cerasus 

149 

Club-Rush 

560 

Calycanthus  Family 
Calycocarpum 

162    Ceratophyllaceas 
52    Ceratoschoenus 

427 
569 

Cnicus 
Cnidoscolus 

272 
435 

Calypso 

508    Cercis 

143 

Cocculus 

51 

Calystegia 

375    Chserophyllum 

197 

Cockle 

90 

Camassia 

533     Chaetocyperus 

560 

Cocklebur 

251 

Camelina 

73    Chaffseed 

336 

Coffee 

208 

CAMELINEJE 

63    Chaffweed 

274 

Cohosh 

53 

Camellia 

103    Chain-Fern 

660 

Colic-root 

515 

CAMELLIACE^J 

103    Chamaelirium 

527 

Collinsia 

327 

Campanula 

285    Chamomile 

265 

Collinsonia 

350 

CAMPANULACE.E 

285    Charlock 

70 

Colpodium 

610 

Campanula  Family 

285    Cheat-Grass 

634 

Coltsfoot 

227 

Campion 

89    Checkerberry 

293 

Columbine 

45 

Camptosorus 

663    Cheilanthes 

659 

Columbo 

386 

Canary-  Grass 

643    Chelidonium 

59 

Comandra 

425 

686 


INDEX. 


Comaropsis 

153 

Ctenium 

620     Dichronema 

567 

Comarum 

155 

Cuckoo-flower 

66     Dicksonia 

tit>9 

Comfrey 

361 

Cucumber 

186     DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PL.     33 

Commelyna 

546 

Cucumber-tree 

49 

Dictamnus 

110 

COMMELYNACE^E 

546 

Cucumis 

186 

Dielytra 

61 

Compass  Plant 

249 

Cucurbita 

186 

Diervilla 

205 

COMPOSITE 

215 

CUCURBITACEJE 

186 

Digitaria 

645 

Composite  Family 

215     Cudweed 

268 

Digraphis 

643 

Comptouia 

458 

Culver's  Physic 

332 

Dilepyrum 

614 

Cone-flower 

254 

Culver's-root 

332 

Diodia 

210 

CONIFERS 

468 

Cunila 

346 

Dionaea 

83 

Conioselinum 

193 

Cuphea 

184 

Dioscorea 

518 

Conium 

197 

Cup-plant 

249 

DIOSCOREACE^! 

518 

Conobea 

329 

CUPRESSINBLS 

468 

Diospyros 

308 

Conoclinium 

227 

Cupressus 

473 

Diphylleia 

53 

Conopholis 

323 

Cupseed 

52 

Diplachne 

623 

Conostylis 

514 

CUPULIFER^E 

449 

Diplocea 

624 

Convallaria 

530 

Currant 

164 

Diplopappus 

238 

CONVOLVULACE^! 

374 

Cuscuta 

377 

DIPSACE^J 

215 

CoNvoi.vuLEjE 

374 

CUSCUTINELS; 

374 

Dipsacus 

215 

Convolvulus 

375 

Custard-Apple  Family 

50 

Dipteracanthus 

339 

Convolvulus  Family 

374 

Cyanococcus 

291 

Dirca 

424 

Coprosmanthus 

520 

Cycloloma 

406 

Discopleura 

195 

Coptis 

45 

CYNARE^E 

221 

Ditch-Grass 

483 

Coral-berry 

203 

Cynodon 

622 

Ditch  Stone-crop 

171 

Coral  lorhiza 

509 

Cynoglossum 

365 

Dittany 

346 

Coral-root 

509 

Cynthia 

276 

Dock 

419 

Cord  Grass 

619 

CYPERACE^! 

550 

Dockmackie 

207 

Corema 

440 

551 

Dodder 

377 

Coreopsis 

258 

Cyperus 

552 

Dodecatheon 

314 

Corispermum 

409 

Cypress 

473 

Dogbane 

393 

CORNACE^l 

199 

Cypress  Family 

468 

Dogbane  Family 

392 

Corn-cockle 

90 

Cypress-Vine 

374 

Dog's-tail  Grass 

623 

Cornel 

200 

CYPRIPEDIE^ 

498 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

532 

Corn  Salad 

214 

Cypripedium 

511 

Dogwood 

200 

Cornus 

200 

Cystopteris 

667 

Dogwood  Family 

199 

Corpse-Plant 

304 

Door-weed 

417 

Corydalis 

61 

Dactylis 

625 

Double-bristled  Aster 

238 

Corylus 

456 

Dactyloctenium 

622 

Draba 

71 

Cosmanthus 

369 

Daffodil 

512 

Dracocephalum 

353 

Cotton-Grass 

565 

Daisy 

239 

Dragon-Arum 

475 

Cotton-Rose 

269 

Dalea 

129 

Dragon-head 

353 

Cotton-Thistle 

274 

Dalibarda                     153,  156 

Dragon-root 

476 

Cotton-wood 

467 

Dandelion 

280 

Drop-seed  Grass 

610,  613 

Couch-Grass 

637 

Dangleberry 

289 

Drosera 

82 

Cowbane 

192 

Danthonia 

639 

DROSERACE^J 

82 

Cowberry 

290 

Daphne 

424 

DRYADE.S 

147 

Cow-Herb 

88 

Darnel 

637 

Dryas 

151 

Cow-Parsnip 

191 

Dasystoma 

335 

Diyopteris 

664 

Cowslip 

313 

Date  Plum 

308 

Dubrueilia 

445 

Cowslips 

44 

Datura 

383 

Duck's-meat 

478 

Cow-wheat 

338 

Daucus 

191 

Duckweed 

478 

Crab-Apple 

161 

DAVALLIE.B 

657 

Duckweed  Family 

478 

Crab-Grass 

622,  646 

Day-flower 

546 

Dulichium 

556 

Cranberry 

289 

Day-Lily 

535 

Dupontia 

624 

Cranberry-tree 

207 

Dead-Nettie 

359 

Dutchman's  Breeches 

61 

Crane-fly  Orchis 

508 

Decodon 

183 

Dutchman's  Pipe 

404 

Cranesbill 

107 

Deerberry 

290 

Dwarf  Dandelion 

275 

Crantzia 

190 

Deer  Grass 

181 

Dyer's  Green-weed 

126 

CRASSULACE^! 

171 

Delphinium 

45 

Dyer's  Rocket 

76 

Crataegus 

159 

Dennstaedtia 

669 

Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld 

76 

Creeping  Snowberry 

292 

Dentaria 

65 

Dysodia 

262 

Crocus 

516 

Deschampsia 

641 

Crossopetalum 

387 

Desmanthus 

145 

Eatonia 

625 

Crotalaria 

126 

Desmodium 

134 

EBENACE^l 

307 

Croton 

437 

Dewberry 

157 

Ebony  Family 

307 

Crotonopsis 

439 

Devil's-bit 

527 

Echinacea 

253 

Crowberry 

440 

Devil-wood 

401 

Echinochloa 

649 

Crowberry  Family 

440 

Deyeuxia 

615 

Echinocystis 

186 

Crowfoot 

40 

Dianthera 

338 

Echinodorus 

492 

Crowfoot  Family 

34 

Dianthus 

88 

Echinospermum 

365 

Crownbeard 

262 

Diapensia 

373 

Echium 

361 

CRUCIFERJ: 

62 

DlAPENSIEJB 

370 

Eclipta 

252 

Crypsis 

609 

Diarrhena 

624 

Eel-grass 

483,  496 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  PL.      653 

Dicentra 

61 

Egg-plant 

380 

Cryptogramme 

660     Dichondra 

377 

Egyptian  Grass 

622 

Cryptotaenia 

197      DlCHONDRKE 

374 

EL.3EAGNACEJ2 

424 

INDEX. 


687 


Elseagnus                             425 

Fagua 

455 

Foxtail  Grass 

608,  649 

ELATINACE.E                     86 

Fall  Dandelion 

276 

Fragaria 

155 

Elatine                                    86 

False  Acacia 

131 

Frangula 

115 

Elder                                     205 

False  Asphodel  • 

627 

Frasera 

386 

Elecampane                         246 

False  Beech-drops 

305 

i'KAXINE.B 

400 

Eleocharis                             557 

False  Bugbane 

39 

Fraxinella 

110 

Eleogenus                             558 

False  Dandelion 

280 

Fraxinus 

401 

Elephantopus                       222 

False  Dragon-head 

354 

French  Marigold 

262 

Elephant's-foot                    222 

False  Flax 

73 

French  Mulberry 

341 

Ellisia                                   368 

False  Foxglove 

335 

Fringed  Polygala 

122 

Elm                                       442 

False  Goatsbeard 

167 

Fringe-tree 

401 

Elm  Family                          441 

False  Golden-rod 

239 

Froelichia 

414 

Elodea                             86,  495 

False  Gromwell 

362 

Frog's-bit  Family 

494 

Elodes                                     86 

False  Hellebore 

525 

Frost-weed 

80 

Eleusine                                622 

False  Honeysuckle 

299 

Fuirena 

556 

Elymus                                 639 

False  Indigo                130, 

142 

Fumaria 

62 

EMPETRACE^                  440 

False  Lettuce 

281 

FUMARIACE.E 

60 

Em  pet  rum                             440 

False  Loosestrife 

180 

Fumitory 

62 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS  475 

False  Mallow 

100 

Fumitory  Family 

60 

Enchanter's  Nightshade      176 

False  Mermaid 

108 

Enemion                                 44 

False  Mistletoe 

426 

GALACINE^E 

305 

Engelmannia                        438 

False  Mitre-wort 

170 

Galactia 

142 

Enslenia                               398 

False  Nettle 

445 

Galanthus 

512 

Epigsea                                 293 

False  Pimpernel 

330 

Galax 

305 

Epilobium                             177 

False  Red-top 

629 

Galax  Family 

305 

Epipactis                              506 

False  Solomon's  Seal 

530 

GALEGE.S: 

124 

Epiphegus                            322 

False  Spikenard 

530 

Galeopsis 

357 

EQUISETACE^J                 653 

False  Water-Dropwort 

192 

Galingale 

552 

Equisetum                            653 

Farkle-berry 

290 

Galinsoga 

264 

Eragrostis                             631 

Featherfoil 

317 

Gall-of-the-Earth 

278 

Erechthites                           269 

Feather  Geranium 

407 

Galium 

208 

Erianthus                             651 

Feather  Grass 

617 

Gama-Grass 

650 

ERICACEAE                        286 

Fedia 

214 

Garden  Nasturtium 

105 

ERICKE                                287 

Ferns 

655 

Garget 

405 

ERICINRS                             287 

Fescue-Grass 

633 

Garlic 

533 

Erigenia                                198 

Festuca 

633 

Gaultheria 

293 

Erigeridium                    '      237 

FESTUCINES 

604 

Gaura 

176 

Erigeron                               236 

Fetid  Horehound 

359 

Gaylussacia 

288 

ERIOGONEJ3                                   414 

Fetid  Marigold 

262 

Geiseleria 

438 

Eriocaulon                            549 

Fever-bush 

423 

Gelsemium 

391 

ERIOCAULONACE^E        549 

Feverfew 

266 

Genista 

126 

Eriophorum                          565 

Fever-wort 

205 

GENIST&B 

123 

Erodium                               108 

Fig  Family 

441 

Gentian 

387 

Erophila                                72 

Figwort 

326 

Gentiana 

387 

Ervum                                  139 

Figwort  Family 

324 

GENTIANACE^! 

384 

Eryngium                             190 

Filago 

269 

GENTIANE^E 

384 

Eryngo                                 190 

Filbert 

456 

Gentian  Family 

384 

Erythraea                              385 

FILICES 

655 

GERANIACE^E 

105 

Erythronium                        532 

Fimbristylis 

566 

GERAXIE.S 

105 

Erysinura                                 69 

Finger-Grass 

646 

Geranium 

107 

ESCALLONIE^B                              163 

Fiorin  Grass 

612 

Geranium  Family 

105 

Eubotrys                               294 

Fir 

471 

Gerardia 

334 

Eulophus                              198 

Fire-Pink 

89 

GERARDIE.S 

325 

Euonymus                             116 

Fireweed 

269 

Germander 

343 

EupATORiAcas                    217 

Five-finger 

153 

Geum 

151 

EUPATORIES                                   218 

Flax 

104 

Giant  Hyssop 

352 

Eupatorium                          224 

Flax  Family 

104 

Gill 

353 

Euphorbia                            430 

Fleabane 

236 

Gillenia 

150 

EUPHORBIACE^!             430 

Floating  Heart 

390 

Ginseng 

198,  199 

Euphrasia                            336 

Floarkea 

108 

Ginseng  Family 

'198 

EUPHRASIES                        325 

Flower-de-Luce 

516 

Girasole 

258 

Euphrosyne                          250 

Flowering  Fern 

670 

Glade  Mallow 

100 

Eurhynchospora                   568 

FLOWERING  PLANTS 

33 

Gladiolus 

516 

Euthamia                             245 

Flowering  Wintergreen 

122 

Glasswort 

409 

Eutoca                                  369 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS 

653 

Glaucium 

60 

Eutriana                               621 

Fly-catch  Grass 

607 

Glaux 

316 

Euvaccinium                        290 

Fly-poison 

526 

Glechoma 

353 

Euxolus                                412 

Fool's-Parsley 

193 

Gleditschia 

145 

Evening  Primrose                178 

Forestiera 

402 

Globe-flower 

44 

Evening  Primrose  Family  176 

FORESTIERES 

400 

Glyceria 

.   626 

Everlasting                   268,  269 

Forget-me-not 

364 

Glycyrrhiza 

133 

Everlasting  Pea                   139 

Forked  Chickweed 

96 

GNAPHALINES 

220 

Evolvulus                             376 

Forsteronia 

393 

Gnaphalium 

268 

EXOGENOUS  PLANTS       83 

Fothergilla 

173 

Goafs-Beard 

150 

Eyebright           ,                 336 

Four-o'clock  Family 

404 

Goat's  Rue 

131 

** 

Fowl-meadow  Grass    627, 

629 

Golden  Aster 

246 

Fagopyrum                          419 

Foxglove 

335 

Golden-club 

477 

688 


INDEX. 


Golden-  rod 

239    Hedge  Bindweed 

375    Horse-Mint 

351 

Golden  Saxifrage 

170    Hedgehog-Grass 

650 

Horse-Nettle 

381 

Gold-thread 

45     Hedge-Hyssop 

329 

Horseradish 

65 

GONOLOBB^B 

394     Hedge-Mustard 

70 

Horse-Sugar 

310 

Gonolobus 

399     Hedge-Nettle 

358 

Horsetail 

653 

Good-King-Henry 

408  '  HEDYSARELE 

124 

Horsetail  Family 

653 

Goodyera 

503     Hedysarum 

134 

Hottonia 

317 

Gooseberry 

164  '  HELENIEJB 

220 

HOTTONIE^E 

313 

Goosefoot 

406    Helenium 

263 

Hound's-Tongue 

365 

Goosefoot  Family 

405  '  Heleochloa 

628 

Houstonia 

212 

Goose-Grass 

208,  417       H  ELI  ANTHER 

219 

Huckleberry 

288 

Gordonia 

104    Helianthemum 

80 

Hudsonia 

81 

Gourd 

186  I  Helianthus 

255 

Humulus 

446 

Gourd  Family 

186 

HELIOPHYTUM 

366 

Huntsman's  Cup 

58 

GKAMINJiJE 

602 

Heliopsis 

253 

Hydrangea 

165 

Grape 

112 

HELIOTROPES 

361 

HYDRANGIE.E 

163 

Grape-Hyacinth 
Graphephorum 

534 
624 

Heliotropium  (Heliotrope)  366 
Hellebore                                45 

Hydrastis 
HYDROCHARIDACE.E 

47 
494 

Grass  of  Parnassus 

166 

Helleborus 

45 

Hydrocharis 

495 

Grass  of  the  Andes 

642 

Helonias 

526 

Hydrocotyle 

189 

Grass-  wrack 

483 

Helosciadium 

196 

Hydrolea 

370 

Gratiola 

329 

Hemerocallis 

535 

HVDROLES 

367 

GRATIOLE.S 

324 

Hemianthus 

330 

Hydropeltis 

55 

Great  Laurel 

300 

Hemicarpha 

556 

HYDRO  PHYLLACE^) 

367 

Greek  Valerian 

371 

Hemlock 

196,  197 

HYDROPHYLLRS 

367 

Greenbrier 

518 

Hemlock-Parsley 

193 

Hydrophyllum 

367 

Green  Dragon 

426 

Hemlock  Spruce 

471 

HYDROPTERIDES 

676 

Green  Milkweed 

398 

Hemp 

446 

Hymenopappus 

262 

Green  Violet 

76 

Hemp  Family 

442 

Hyoscyamus 

383 

Gromwell 

362 

Hemp-Nettle 

357 

HYPERICACEJE 

83 

Grossularia 

164 

Henbane 

383 

Hypericum 

84 

GROSSULARIEJE 

163 

Hepatica 

38 

Hypobrychia 

182 

Ground  Cherry 

381 

Heracleum 

191 

Hypopeltis 

668 

Ground  Hemlock 

474 

Herb-Robert 

107 

Hypopitys 

304 

Ground  Ivy 

353 

Hercules's  Club 

199 

Hypoxis 

5  3 

Ground  Laurel 

293 

Herd's  Grass 

608,  512 

Hyssop 

346 

Ground-nut 

140,  199 

Herpestts 

329 

Hyssopus 

346 

Ground  Pine 

674 

Hesperis 

68 

Ground  Pink 

373 

Heteranthera 

545 

Ictodes 

477 

Ground  Plum 

132 

Heuchera 

169 

Ilex 

305 

Groundsel 

270 

HIBISCES 

99 

ILLKCEBRE.E 

87 

Groundsel-Tree 

247 

Hibiscus 

102 

Ilysanthes 

330 

Guinea-Corn 

652 

Hickory 

448 

Impatiens 

108 

Gymnandenia 

499 

Hieracium 

277 

Inkberry 

307 

Gyinnocladus 

144 

Highwater-shrub 

250 

Indian  Bean 

321 

Gymnopogon 

621 

Hierochloa 

642 

Indian  Chickweed 

97 

GYMNOSPERME.E 

468 

HlPPOCASTANBjB 

117 

Indian  Cucumber-root 

523 

Gymnostichum  , 

639 

Hippuris 

175 

Indian  Currant 

203 

Gynamblosis 

438 

Hoary  Pea 

131 

Indian  Fig 

185 

Gyromia 

523 

Hobble-bush 

207 

Indian-Grass 

652 

Hog  Pea-nut 

141 

Indian  Heliotrope 

366 

Habenaria 

498 

Hog-weed 

251 

Indian  Hemp 

393 

Hackberry 

443 

Holcus 

642 

Indian  Mallow 

101 

Hackmatack 

472 

Holly 

305 

Indian  Millet 

652 

H^MODORACE^E 

514 

Holly  Family 

305 

Indian  Physic 

150 

Hair-Grass           611, 

614,  641 

Holosteum 

93 

Indian  Pipe 

304 

Halenia 

386 

Holy  Grass 

642 

Indian-pipe  Family 

288 

Halesia 

310 

Honey-Locust 

145 

Indian  Plantain 

270 

HALORAGE^ 

174 

Honeysuckle 

203 

Indian  Poke 

525 

HAMAMELACEJ3 

173 

Honeysuckle  Family 

202 

Indian  Rice 

608 

HAMAMELE.E 

173 

Honewort 

197 

Indian  Tobacco 

283 

Hamamelis 

173 

Honkenya 

92 

Indian  Turnip 

475 

Hamiltonia' 

426 

Hop 

446 

Inula 

246 

Harbinger-of-Spring 

198 

Hopea 

310 

iNULRffi 

218 

Hardhack 

149 

Hop-Hornbeam 

456 

lodanthus 

68 

Harebell 

285 

Hop-tree 

110 

Ipomoea 

375 

Hart's-tongue 

662 

Hordeum 

638 

Iresine 

413 

Hawkbit 

276 

HORDEINE^ 

605 

IRIDACEJE 

515 

Hawk  weed 

277 

Horehound 

357 

Iris 

516 

Hawthorn 

159 

Hornbeam 

457 

Iris  Family 

515 

Hazel-nut 

456 

Horned  Pondweed 

483 

Iron  -weed 

222 

Heal-all 

355 

Horned  Rush 

570 

Iron-wood                     456 

457 

Heart's  Ease 

79 

Horn  Poppy 

60 

Isanthus 

344 

Heather 

997  !  Hornwort 

427 

Isoetes 

675 

Heath  Family 

286     Hoi-se-Balm 

350 

Isolepis 

560 

Hedeoma 

350     Horsechestnut 

117 

Isopyrum 

44 

Hedera 

199     Horse-Gentian 

205 

Itea 

165 

INDEX. 

Iva 

250    Leatherwood 

Ivy 

199 

Leavenworthia 

Ixia 

617 

Lechea 

Lecontia 

Jacob's  Ladder 

371 

Led  urn 

Jagged  Chickweed 

93 

Leek 

J  ame  s  to  wn-  wee  d 

383 

Leersia 

Jasminum 

400 

LEGUMINOSE^! 

Jatropha 

435 

Leiophyllum 

Jeffersonia 

53 

Lemna 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 

258 

LEMNACE^J 

Jerusalem  Oak 

407 

LENTIBULACE2B 

Jerusalem  Sage 

360 

Leontodon 

Jessamine 

400 

Leonurus 

Jewel-weed 

108 

Lepachys 

Joe-Pye  Weed 

225 

LEPIDINE.E 

Jointed  Charlock 

75 

Lepidium 

Joint-Grass 

645 

Lepidauche 

Joint-weed 

417 

Lepigonum 

Jonquil 

612 

Leptandra 

Judas-tree 

143 

Leptanthus 

Juglans 

447 

Leptochloa 

JUGLANDACE^! 

447 

Leptopoda 

JUNCACEjE 

536 

Lepturus 

JUNCAQINBLS 

490 

Lespedeza 

Juncus 

637 

Lettuce 

June-berry 

162 

Leucanthemum 

Juniper 

474 

Leucojum 

Juniperus 

473 

Leucothoe 

Jussiaea 

179 

Lever-wood 

Liatris 

Kalmia 

297 

LIGULIFLOR.& 

Kentucky  Blue-Grass 

630 

Ligusticum 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree 

144 

Ligustrum 

Kidney  Bean 

140 

Lilac 

Kinnikinnik 

200 

LILIACE^J 

Knapweed 

272 

LILIES 

Knawel 

96 

Lilium  (Lily) 

Knotgrass 

417 

Lily  of  the  Valley 

Knotweed 

414 

LIMNANTHE.S 

Koeleria 

625 

Limnanthes  Family 

Kosteletzkya 

102    Limnanthemum 

Krigia 

275 

Limnetis 

Kuhnia 

224 

Limnobium 

Kyllingia 

555 

Limnochloa 

Limosella 

LABIATJ3 

341 

LINAGES 

Labrador  Tea 

300 

Linaria 

Lachnanthes 

514 

Linden 

Lachnocaulon 

550 

Linden  Family 

Lactuca 

280 

Lindera 

Lady's  Mantle 

151 

Lindernia 

Lady's  Slipper 

511 

Linnaea 

Lady's  Thumb 

416 

Linum 

Ladies-Tresses 

504 

Lion's-foot 

Lagenaria 

186 

Liparis 

Lambkill 

298 

Lip-Fern 

Lamb-Lettuce 

214 

Lipocarpha 

Lamium 

359 

Lippia 

Lampsana 

275 

Liquidambar 

Lapithea 

385 

Liquorice 

Laportea 

445 

Liriodendron 

Lappa 

275 

Listera 

Larch 

472 

Lithospermum 

Larix 

472 

Live-for-ever 

Larkspur 

45 

Liver-leaf 

Lastrea 

664 

Lizard's-tail 

Lathyrus 
LAURACILE 

139 
422 

Lizard's-tail  Family 
LOASACE^l 

Laurel 

297 

Loasa  Family 

Laurel  Family 

422 

Lobadium 

Laurestinus 

206 

Lobelia 

Lead-Plant 

130 

LOBELIACE.S! 

Leadwort  Family 

312 

Lobelia  Family 

Leaf-Cup 

247 

Loblolly  Bay 

Leather-Flower 

36 

Locust-tree 

Leather-leaf 

294 

LOGANIACEJ5 

44 

689 


424 
65 

Logania  Family 
Loiseleuria 

391 
301 

81 

Lolium 

637 

476 

LOMKNTAC^B 

64 

300 

Long  Moss 

515 

534 

Lonicera 

203 

607 

IiMiamu 

202 

123 
301 

Loosestrife 
Loosetrife  Family 

183,  315 
182 

478 

Lophanthus 

352 

478 

Lophiola 

514 

317 

Lopseed 

341 

276 

LORANTHACEJE 

426 

359 

Lorinseria 

661 

255 

Lousewort 

337 

63 

Lovage 

194 

74 

Lucerne 

128 

379 

Ludwigia 

180 

95 

Lungwort 

364 

332 

Lupine 

126 

545 

Lupinus 

126 

623 

Luzula 

636 

263 

Lychnis 

90 

637 

Lycium 

382 

137 

Lycopersicum 

380 

280 

LYCOPODIACEJB 

672 

265 

Lycopodium 

673 

612 

Lycopsis 

361 

294 

Lycopus 

345 

456 

Lygodesmia* 

279 

223 

Lygodium 

670 

,275 

Lyonia 

296 

194 

Lysimachia 

315 

400 

LYTHRACEJE 

182 

400 

Lythrum 

183 

620 

622 
532 

Madder  Family 
Macrotys 

208 
48 

530 

Magnolia 

49 

106 

MAGNOLIACE^ 

48 

106 
390 

Magnolia  Family 
Maianthemum 

48 
530 

619 

Maidenhair 

658 

495 

MALAXIDELE 

497 

657 

Mallow 

99 

331 

Mallow  Family 

98 

104 

Malus 

161 

326 

Matva 

99 

103 

MALVACEAE 

98 

103 

Malvastrum 

100 

423 

HALVED 

99 

330 

Mandrake 

54 

202 

Manna-Grass 

626 

104 

Man-of-the-Earth 

375 

278 

Maple 

118 

509 

Maple  Family 

117 

659 

Mare's  Tail 

175 

556 

Mariscus 

455 

340 

M  £Lrrub  1  um, 

357 

174 

Marshallia 

264 

133 

Marsh  Elder 

250 

50 

Marsh-Fleabane 

247 

506 

Marsh  Grass 

619 

362 

Marsh-Mallow 

99 

172 

Marsh-Marigold 

44 

38 

Marsh-Rosemay 

312 

427 

Marsh  St.  John's-wort 

86 

427 

Marsilia 

677 

184 

Marsiliacese 

676 

184 

Martynia 

321 

112 

Maruta 

264 

282 

Marvel  of  Peru 

404 

282 

Masterwort 

191 

282 

Matricaria 

266 

104 

Matrimony-Vine 

'382 

130 

Mayaca 

547 

391 

May-Apple 

54 

690 


INDEX. 


Mayflower 

293 

Monocera 

620 

Nettle-tree 

443 

Maypops 

186 

MONOCOTYLEDONOCS 

New  Jersey  Tea 

115 

May-weed 

264 

PLANTS 

475 

Nicandra 

382 

Meadow  -Beauty 

181 

Monopetalous  Exogenous 

Nicotiana 

383 

Meadow-Grass 

628 

Plants 

202 

Niellia 

149 

Meadow-Parsnip 

194 

Monotropa 

304 

Nigella 

48 

Meadow-Rue 

38 

MONOTROPE.S: 

288 

Nightshade 

380 

Meadow  Soft-Grass 

642 

Montelia 

413 

Nightshade  Family 

380 

Meadow-Sweet 

149 

Moonseed 

51 

Nimble  Will 

614 

Medeola 

523 

Moonseed  Family 

51 

Nine-Bark 

149 

Medicago  (Medick) 

128 

Moonwort 

671 

Nipple-wort 

275 

MELAMPODINEjE 

219 

Moosewood 

424 

Nonesuch 

128 

Melampyrum 

338 

Moose-wood 

119 

Nondo 

194 

MELANTHIE^J 

521 

MORE.E 

441 

Nothoscordum 

534 

Melanthium 

524 

Morning-Glory 

375 

Nuphar 

56 

MELASTOMACEJ3 

181 

Morocarpus 

408 

Nut-Grass 

553 

Melastoma  FamUy 

181 

Morus 

444 

Nut-Rush 

570 

Melica 

626 

Moss  Campion 

90 

NYCTAGINACE^! 

404 

Melic  Grass 

626 

Moss  Pink 

373 

Nymphaea 

56 

Melilotus  (Melilot) 

128 

Motherwort 

359 

NYMPHE^CE.E 

54 

Melissa 

350 

Mountain  Ash 

161 

Nyssa 

201 

Melothria 

187 

Mountain  Holly 

307 

MENISPERMACE-2B 

61 

Mountain  Mint 

346 

Oak 

450 

Menispermum 

61 

Mountain  Rice 

616 

Oakesia 

440 

Mentha 

344 

Mountain  Sorrel 

419 

Oak  Family 

449 

Mentzelia 

184 

Mouse-ear 

364 

Oat 

640 

Menyauthes 

390 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed 

93 

Oat-Grass 

642 

MENYANTHEjE 

384 

Mouse-ear  Cress 

70 

Obeliscaria 

255 

Menziesia 

298 

Mouse-tail 

44 

Obolaria 

389 

Mermaid-weed 

175 

Mud-Plantain 

545 

(Enothera 

178 

Mertensia 

363 

Mudwort 

331 

Oil-nut 

426 

Mexican  Poppy 

59 

Mugwort 

267 

Old  Witch  Grass 

647 

Mexican  Tea 

408 

Muhlenbergia 

613 

OldenJandia 

211 

Mezereum  Family 

424    Mulberry 

444 

Olea 

401 

Micranthemum 

330    Mulgedium 

281 

OLEACE^l 

400 

Microstylis 

509    Mullein 

325 

Oleander 

392 

Mignonette 

76    Mullein-Foxglove 

334 

Oleaster  Family 

424 

Mignonette  Family 

76 

Mullugo 

97 

OLEINE.S 

400 

Mikania 

226 

Muscari 

534 

Olive 

401 

Milfoil 

265 

Muskit  Grass 

620 

Olive  Family 

400 

Milium 

643 

Muskmelon 

186 

ONAGRACE^l 

176 

Milk-Pea 

142 

Musk-Plant 

329 

Oncostvlis 

567 

Milkweed 

394 

Musquash-Root 

196 

Onion 

533 

Milkweed  Family 

394 

Mustard 

62 

Onoclea 

668 

Milkwort 

120 

Mustard  Family 

62 

Onopordon 

274 

Milkwort  Family 

120 

Myosotis 

364 

Onosmodium 

362 

Milk-Vetch 

132 

Myosurus 

44 

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E 

657 

Millet-Grass 

643 

Myrica 

457 

Ophioglossum 

672 

Mimosa  Family 

125 

MYRICACE.E 

457 

OPHRYDE^E 

497 

Mi\i"<i-;,i: 

125 

Myriophyllum 

174 

Oplotheca 

414 

Mimulus 

328 

Opuntia 

185 

Mint 

344 

Nabalus 

278 

Orache 

409 

Mint  Family 

341 

NAIADACEJ3 

482 

Orange  Family 

110 

Mirabilis 

404 

Naias  (Naiad) 

482 

Orange-Grass 

86 

Mist-flower 

227 

Naked-beard  Grass 

621 

Orange-root 

47 

Mistletoe 

426 

Naked  Broom-rape 

323 

Orchard  Grass 

625 

Mistletoe  Family 

426 

Napam 

100 

ORCHIDAC&E 

497 

Mitchella 

211 

Narcissus 

512 

Orchis 

498 

Mitella 

169 

Nardosmia 

227 

Orchis  Family 

497 

Mithridate  Mustard 

74 

Narthecium 

535 

Origanum 

348 

Mitreola 

392 

N  as  turtium 

64 

Oritrophium 

235 

Mitrewort 
Mitre-wort  (False) 

392 
170 

Naumburgia 
Neckweed 

315 
333 

Ornithogalum 
OROBANCHACE^I 

533 
322 

Mocasson  Flower 

511 

Negundo 

119 

Orobanche 

323 

Mock  Bishop-weed 

195 

Nelumbium 

55 

Orontium 

477 

Mocker-nut 

449 

Nelumbo 

5&    Orpine 

172 

Mock-Orange 

166 

Nelumbo  Family 

55  •  Orpine  Family 

171 

Modiola 

101 

NELUMBONEjE 

55  !  Orthomeris 

235 

Moehringia 

91 

Nemopanthes 

307    ORYZE.E 

603 

Mrenchia 

94 

Nemophila 

368    Oryzopsis 

616 

MOLLUGINE^E 

88 

NEOTTIE^E 

497 

Osier 

461 

Monarda 

351 

Nepeta 

353    Osmorrhiza 

197 

MONARDEJE 

342 

NEPETE.E 

342    OSMUNDACE* 

657 

Moueses 

303 

Nephrodium 

664 

Osmunda 

670 

Moneywort 

316 

Nessea 

183 

Ostrich-Fern 

667 

Monkey-flower 

328 

Nettle 

444 

Ostrva 

456 

Monkshood 

46    Nettle  Family 

440  i  Oswego  Tea 

351 

INDEX. 


691 


Otophylla 

335     Persimmon 

308     Plumeless  Thistle                274 

OxAUDE-dB 

106     Perularia 

499  !  Pneumonanthe                      387 

Oxalis 

109     Peruvian  Bark 

208     Poa                                        628 

Ox-eye 

253     Petaloma 

433 

POACE.E                                 603 

Ox-eye  Daisy 

265     Petalostemon 

130 

PODALYRIEjE                                     125 

Oxybaphus 

404     Phacelia 

369 

Podophyllum                           54 

Oxycoccus 

289 

PII^NOGAMOUS  PL. 

33 

Podostemaceaa                       429 

Oxydendrum 

296 

Phalacroloma 

237     Podostemon                          429 

Oxydenia 

623 

PHALARIDE^E 

606 

Pogonia                                507 

Oxyria 

419 

Phalaris 

643 

Poinsettia                             433 

Oxytripolium 

236 

Pharbitis 

375 

Poison  Dogwood                   111 

Oxytropis 

133 

PHASEOLE.B 

125 

Poison  Hemlock                   197 

Phaseolus 

140 

Poison  Ivy                            m 

Pachysandra 

439 

Phegopteris 

663 

Poison  Oak                           111 

Padus 

148 

Phelipasa 

323 

Poison  Sumach                    111 

Pajonia 

48 

Philadelphus 

166 

Pokeweed                             405 

Paepalanthus 

550 

PHLEOIDE.& 

603 

Pokeweed  Family                405 

Painted  Cup 

336 

Phleum 

608 

Polanisia                                 75 

Panax 

199 

Phlomis 

360 

POLEMONIACE^I              370 

Pancratium 

513     Phlox 

371 

POLEMONIKjE                                   370 

PANICEJE 

606 

Phoradendron 

426 

Polemonium                           371 

Panic-Grass 

645 

Phragmites 

636 

Polemonium  Family            370 

Panicum 

645 

Phryma 

341 

Polygala                               120 

Papaver 

58 

PHRYME.E 

339 

POLYGALACE^J                120 

PAPAVERACE^I 

58 

Phyllanthus 

439 

POLYGON  ACE.®               414 

Papaw 

50 

Phyllodoce 

297 

Polygonatum                        531 

PAPILIOSACE^B 

123 

Phyllostachys 

573 

Polygonum                             414 

Pappoose-root 

53 

Physalis 

381 

Polymnia                              247 

Papyrus 
Pardanthus 

552 
517 

Physocarpos 
Physostetna 

149 
354 

Polypetalous  Exogenous  PI.  34 

POLYPODIACEJE                              650 

Parietaria 

446     Phytolacca 

405 

POLYPODIES                        656 

Parnassia 

166     PHYTOLACCACEJE 

405     Polypodium                          658 

Paronychia 

96  |  Picea 

471     Polypody                                658 

Parsley  Family 

187  1  Pickerel-weed 

545 

Polypogon                             612 

Parsley  Piert 

151 

Pickerel-weed  Family 

544 

Polypremum                         391 

Parsnip 

191 

Picrococcus 

290 

Polystichum                           666 

Parthenium 

249     Pieris 

295 

Polytffinia                             191 

Partridge-berry            211, 

293     Pigeon-Berry 

405 

POME.E                                  147 

Partridge  Pea 

144     Pig-nut 

449 

Pomme  Blanche                   129 

PASPALE.S 

606     Pigweed 

406 

Pomme  de  Prairie                129 

Paspalum 

644     Pilea 

445 

Pond  Spice                           423 

Pasque-flower 

36 

Pilinophytum 

438 

Pondweed                              484 

Passiflora 

185 

Pimpernel 

316 

Pondweed  Family                482 

PASSIFLORACE^! 

185     Pine 

469 

Pontederia                             545 

Passion-Flower 

185     Pine-Apple  Family 

515 

PONTEDERIACE^            544 

Passion-Flower  Family 

185     Pine-drops 

303 

Poor  Man's  Weather-glass  316 

Pastinaca 

191 

Pine  Family 

468 

Poplar                             50,  466 

Pavia 

118 

Pine-sap 

304 

Poppy                                     58 

Pea 

139 

Pine-weed 

86 

Poppy  Family                        58 

Pear 

161 

Pinguicula 

320 

Populus                                466 

Pear  Family 

147 

Pink 

88 

Porcupine  Grass                   617 

Pearlwort    • 

94 

Pink  Family 

87 

Portulaca                               97 

Pecan-nut 

448 

Pink-root 

392 

PORTULACACE^!               97 

Pedicularis 

337 

Pinus 

469 

Portuna                                295 

Pelargonium 

106 

Pinweed 

81 

Potamogeton                        484 

Pellaja 

659 

Pinxter-flower 

299 

Potato                                   380 

Pellitory 

446 

Pipe-Vine 

404 

Potentilla                              153 

Peltaudra 

476 

Pipewort 

549 

POTERIE2B                                         147 

Pencil-Flower 

138 

Pipewort  Family 

549 

Poterium                               150 

Pennycress 

73 

Pipsissewa 

303 

Poverty-Grass                      618 

Pennyroyal 

350 

Piptatherum 

617 

Prairie  Clover                      130 

Pentalophus 

363 

Pitcher-  Plants 

67 

Prairie  Dock                        249 

Penthorum 

171 

Planera 

443 

Prickly  Pear                        185 

Pentstemon 

327 

Planer-tree 

443 

Prickly-Poppy                       59 

Peplis 

182 

Plane-tree 

447 

Prim                                     400 

Pepperbush 

296 

Plane-tree  Family 

446 

Primrose                               313 

Peppergrass 

74 

PLANTAGINACEJ3 

310 

Primrose  Family                  313 

Pepperidge 

201 

Plantago 

310 

Primula                                313 

Peppermint 

344 

Plantain 

310 

PRIMULACE^l                  313 

Popper-root 
Pepperwort 

65 
74 

Plantain  Family 
PLATAN  ACE.E 

310 
446 

PRIMULEJE                            313 
Prince's  Feather          412,  415 

Periploca 

400 

Platanthera 

500 

Prince's  Pine                        303 

PERIPLOCE.E 

394 

Platanus 

447 

Prinoides                              306 

Peristylus 

500 

Pleurisy-root 

397 

Prinos                           305,  307 

Periwinkle 

392 

Pluchea 

247 

Privet                                   400 

Persea 

422 

Plum 

147  I  Prosartes                              528 

Persicaria 

415 

PLUMBAGINACE^E 

312  |  Proserpinaca                        175 

692 


INDEX. 


Prunus 

U7 

RHINANTHIDE^E 

324    Sand-Myrtle 

301 

Pseudo-  Polygonella 

417 

Rhinanthus 

337 

Sand-Spurrey 

95 

Psiloearya 

668 

Rhododendron 

299     Sandwort 

90 

Psoralea 

128 

Rhodora 

300    Sanguinaria 

60 

PSORALIEJS 

124 

IVHODOKK.E 

287     Sanguisorba 

150 

1'svilophora 

573 

Rhubarb 

414 

Sanicle 

190 

Ptelea 

110 

Rhus 

111 

Sanicula 

190 

FTKRIDE^ 

656 

Rhynchosia 

142 

SANTALACE^B 

425 

Pteris 

658 

Rhynchospora 

567 

SAPINDACE^} 

116,  117 

Pierospora 

303 

RHYNCHOSPORE& 

551 

Saponaria 

88 

Puccoon 

362 

Ribes 

164 

SAPOTACE^! 

308 

Pulmonaria 

364 

Ribesia 

165 

Sappodilla  Family 

308 

Pulsatilla 

36 

Ribgrass 

310 

Sarothra 

86 

Pulse  Family 

123 

Rice  Cut-Grass 

607 

Sarracenia 

57 

Pumpkin 

186 

Rich-weed 

350,  445 

SARRACENIACE.2E 

57 

Purple  Cone-flower 

253 

Ripplegrass 

311 

Sarsaparilla 

198,  199 

Purslane 

97 

River-weed 

429 

Sassafras 

433 

Purslane  Family 

97 

River-weed  Family 

429 

Satureia 

349 

Putty-root 

510 

Robinia 

130 

SATUREIEJE 

342 

Pycnanthemum 

346 

Rock-  Cress 

67 

SAURURACEJ3 

427 

Pycreus 

552 

Rock  -Rose 

80 

Saururus 

427 

Pyrola 

301 

Rock-Rose  Family 

80 

Savin 

473 

PYROLE.E  (Pyrola  Family)  288    Roman  Wormwood 
Pyrrhopappus                      280    Rosa  (Rose) 
Pyrularia                              426    ROSENS 

251 
158 
147 

Savory 
Saxifraga 
SAXIFRAGACE^! 

349 
167 
163 

Pyrus 

161 

ROSACES 

146 

Saxifrage 

167 

Pyxidanthera 

373 

Rose-Acacia 

131 

SAXIFRAGES 

163 

Rose-Bay 

299 

Saxifrage  Family 

163 

Quak  ing-Grass 

633 

Rose  Family 

146 

Scabious 

215 

Quaiuash 

533 

Rose-Mallow 

102 

Schedonorus 

635 

Quamoclit 

374 

Roseroot 

172 

Scheuchzeria 

491 

Queen  of  the  Prairie 

149 

Rosin-Plant 

248 

Schizjea 

669 

QCERCINE.E 

450 

Rosin-weed 

249 

SCHIZ-EACE^E 

657 

Quercitron 

454 

Roubieva 

408 

Schollera 

545 

Quercua 

450 

Rowan  Tree 

162 

Schrankia 

145 

Queria 

96 

RUBK^! 

147 

Schwalbea 

336 

Quick-  or  Quitch-Grass 

637 

RUBIACE^! 

208 

Schweinitzia 

304 

Quillwort 

675 

Rubus 

156 

Scilla 

533 

Rudbeckia 

254 

SCIRPE^B 

551 

Radish 

75 

Rue 

110 

SCIRPINE.S 

551 

Ragiopteris 

663 

Rue-  Anemone 

38 

.Scirpus 

580 

Ragweed 

250 

Ruellia 

339 

Scleranthus 

96 

Ragwort 

271 

Rumex 

419 

Scleria 

570 

Ram's-head 

511 

Ruppia 

483 

SCLERINRS 

551 

Ramsted 

326 

Rush 

537 

Sclerochloa 

e:s 

RANUNCULACE^E 

34 

Rush  Family 

536 

Sclerolepis 

22-2 

RANUNCULE.S 

34 

Rush-Grass 

609 

Scoke 

405 

Ranunculus 

40 

Ruta 

110 

Scolopendrium 

662 

RAPHANE.S 

64 

Rutabaga 

71 

Scorpion-grass 

364 

Raphanus 

75 

RUTACE^J 

109 

Scotch  Thistle 

274 

Raspberry 

156 

Rye-Grass 

637 

Scouring  Rush 

653 

Rattle-box 

126 

Scrophularia 

326 

Rattlesnak  e-Grass 

627 

Sabbatia 

384 

SCROPHULARIACE.E     32  4 

Rattlesnake's-Master 

191 

SACCHARE.S 

607 

Scutch-Grass 

622 

Rattlesnake-  Plantain 

503 

Sacred  Bean 

55 

Scutellaria 

355 

Rattlesnake-root 

278 

Sage 

350 

Sea  Elite 

410 

Rattlesnake-weed 

277 

Sagina 

94 

Sea  Lavender 

312 

Ray-Grass 

637 

Sagittaria 

492 

Sea  Milk  wort 

316 

Rayless  Golden-rod 

245 

St.  Andrew's  Cross 

83 

Sea  Ox-eye 

253 

Reboulea 

625 

St.  John's-  wort 

84 

Sea  Purslane 

97 

Red  Bay 

422 

St.  John's-wort  Family         83 

Sea  Rocket 

75 

Red-  bud 

143 

St.  Peter's-wort 

83 

Sea  Sand-Reed 

616 

Red  Osier 

200 

SALICACE^l 

461 

Sea  Spear-Grass 

6:>8 

Red-root                        115, 

514 

Salicornia 

409 

Sedge 

571 

Red-top 

612 

Salix 

461 

Sedge  Family 

550 

Reed 

636 

Salsola 

410 

Sedum 

172 

Reed  Bent-Grass 

614 

Saltmarsh-Grass 

620 

Seed-box 

HO 

Reed-mace 

480 

Saltwort 

410 

Selaginella 

674 

Reed  Meadow-Grass 

627 

Salvia 

350 

Self-heal 

355 

Rein-Orchis 

498 

Salvinia 

677 

Senebiera 

74 

Rensseteria 

476 

SAMBUCB^B 

202 

Seneca  Grass 

642 

Reseda 

76 

Sambucus 

205 

Seneca  Snakeroot 

1.52 

RESEDACE^ 

76 

SAMOLE.E 

313 

Senecio 

270 

RHAMNACE^S 

113 

Samolus 

317 

SENECIONE^S 

221 

Rhamnus 

114 

Samphire 

409 

SENECIONIDE^E 

-  -213 

Rheumatism-root 

54 

Sandalwood  Family 

425 

Senna 

144 

Rhexia 

181 

Sand-Grass 

624 

Sensitive  Brier 

145 

INDEX. 


693 


Sensitive  Fern 

668     Southern  Buckthorn 

308 

STRATTOTIDE* 

495 

Sensitive  Joint-  Vetch 

134     Sow  Thistle 

282 

Strawberry 

155 

Sericocarpus 

228     Spanish-Bayonet 

535 

Strawberry  Elite 

408 

Service-berry 

162    Spanish-Needles 

262 

Strawberry  Bush 

116 

Sesame-Grass 

650     Sparganium 

481 

Strawberry  Tomato 

382 

Sesuvium 

97     Spartina 

619 

Streptopus 

528 

Setaria 

649     Spatter-Dock 

56    Striped  Dogwood 

119 

Seymeria 

334     Spear-Gras8 

628 

Struthiopteris 

667 

Shad-bush 

162    Spearmint 

344 

Stuartia 

104 

Shave-Grass 

655 

Spearwort 

41 

Stylipus 

152 

Sheep-berry 

206 

Specularia 

286 

Stylisma 

376 

Shellflower 

327 

Speedwell 

332 

Scylophorum 

59 

Shepherdia 

424 

Spergula 

96 

Stylosanthes 

138 

Shepherd's  Purse 

73 

Spergularia 

95 

STYRACACE.E 

309 

Shield-Fern 

664 

Sperm  acoce 

210 

STYRACRfi 

309 

Shin-leaf 

301 

Spice-bush 

423 

Styrax 

309 

Shooting-Star 

314 

Spiderwort 

547 

Suaeda 

410 

Shrubby  Althaea 

102 

Spiderwort  Family 

546 

Subularia 

73 

Shrubby  Bitter-sweet 

116 

Spigelia 

392 

Succory 

275 

Shrubby  Trefoil 

110 

Spike-Grass 

628,  635 

Sugarberry 

443 

Shrub  Yellow-root 

47 

Spikenard 

199 

Sullivantia 

169 

Sibbaldia 

153 

Spike-Rush 

557 

Sumach 

111 

SlBTHORPIELS 

324 

Spindle-tree 

116 

Summer  Haw 

160 

Sickle-pod 

68 

Spiraea 

140 

Summer  Savory 

349 

Sicyos 

186 

SPIKJSE-E 

146 

Sundew 

82 

Sida 

101 

Spiranthes 

504 

Sundew  Family 

82 

Side-saddle  Flower 

67 

Spirodela 

479 

Sundrops 

179 

Sieversia 

153 

Spleenwort 

661 

Sunflower 

255 

Silene 

88 

Spoonwood 

298 

Supple-Jack 

114 

MLBXU 

87 

Sporobolus 

610 

Swamp  Honeysuckle 

299 

SlLICCLOS^ 

63 

Spotted  Cowbane 

196 

Swamp  Loosestrife 

183 

SlLIQUOS^ 

63 

Spotted  Wintergreen 

303 

Sweet  Bay 

49 

Silkweed 

394 

Spring-Beauty 

98 

Sweet-Brier 

159 

Silphium 

248 

Spruce 

471 

Sweet  Cicely 

197 

Silver-bell  Tree 

310 

Spurge 

430 

Sweet  Clover 

128 

Silver-Berry 

425 

Spurge  Family 

430 

Sweet  Coltsfoot 

227 

Silver-Weed 

155 

Spurge-Nettle 

436 

Sweet-Fern 

458 

Simarubaceae 

111 

Spurred  Butterfly-Pea 

141 

Sweet  Flag 

478 

Sinapis 

70 

Spurred  Gentian 

386 

Sweet-Gale  Family 

457 

SiSYMBRiEvE 

63 

Spurrey 

96 

Sweet-Gum  Tree 

174 

Sisymbrium 

70 

Squash 

186 

Sweet-leaf 

310 

Sisyrinchium 

517 

Squaw-root 

323 

Sweet  Pepperbush 

296 

Sitolobium 

669 

Squaw-weed 

271 

Sweet  Pine-sap 

304 

Sium 

196 

Squill 

533 

Sweet-Scented  Shrub 

162 

Skullcap 

355 

Squirrel  Corn 

61 

Sweet  Vernal-Grass 

643 

Skunk  Cabbage 

477 

Squirrel-tail  Grass 

638 

Sweet-  William 

371 

Sloe 

148 

StACHYDEjE 

343 

Swine-Cress 

74 

Smartweed 

416 

Stachys 

358 

Sycamore 

447 

8MILACE.E 

518 

Stagger-bush 

296 

Syena 

547 

Smilacina 

530 

Staff-tree 

116 

Symphoricarpua 

203 

Smilax 

518 

Staff-tree  Family 

115 

Symphytum 

361 

Smilax  Family 

518 

Staphylea 

117 

Symplocarpus 

477 

Snake-head 

327 

STAPHYLEACE,E 

117 

SYMPLOCINE^B 

309 

Snake-root           190, 

191,  223, 

Statice 

312 

Symplocos 

310 

226,  404 

Star-Cucumber 

186 

Synandra 

354 

Snapdragon 

326 

Star  Flower 

314 

Syndesmon 

38 

Sneeze-weed 

263  '  Star  -grass 

513,  515 

Synthyris 

331 

Sneezewort 

265    Star-of-Bethlehem 

533 

Syringa 

166,  400 

Snowberry 

203     Star-Thistle 

272 

Snowdrop 

310,  512  j  Starwort 

92,228 

Tacamahac 

467 

Snowflake 

512    Steeple-Bush 

149 

Taenidia 

195 

Soapberry  Family 

116  [  Steironema 

315 

Tagetes 

262 

Soapwort 

88     Stellaria 

92 

TAGETINELB 

220 

SOLANACE^J 

380 

STRLLATJB 

208 

Talinum 

9S 

Solanum 

380 

Stenactis 

237 

Tall  Red-top 

624 

Solea 

76 

Stenanthium 

525 

Tamarack 

472 

Solidago 

289 

Stickseed 

365 

Tanacetum 

266 

Solomon's  Seal 

531 

Stillingia 

436 

Tansy 

266 

Sonchus 

282 

Stipa 

617 

Tansy-Mustard 

70 

SOPHORE^B 

125 

STIPK-E 

604 

Tape-grass 

496 

Sorbus 

161 

Stitchwort 

92 

Taraxacum 

280 

Sorghum 

652 

Stone-crop 

172 

TARCHONANTHM 

219 

Sorrel 

419 

Stone-  root 

350 

Tare 

138 

Sorrel  Family 

106 

Btorax 

309 

TAXINE.S 

468 

Sorrel-tree 

296 

Storax  Family 

309 

Taxodium 

473 

Sour-Gumtree 

201 

Storksbill 

108 

Taxus 

474 

.Sour-wood 

296 

Stramonium 

383    Tea-berry 

293 

694 


INDEX. 


Tea-Plant 

103 

Trifolium 

126 

Vernonia                               222 

Tear-thumb 

418 

Triglochin 

491 

VERNONIACE^B                      217 

Teasel 

215 

TKILLIDE^: 

520 

Veronica                               332 

Teasel-Family 

215 

Trillium 

622 

VERONICE^B                           324 

Tecuma 

321 

Triodallus 

286 

Vervain                                339 

Teluiatophace 

479 

Triosteum 

205 

Vervain  Family                   339 

Tephrosia 

131 

Triplasis 

624 

Vesicaria                                73 

TEPHROSI^E 

124 

Triple-awned  Grass 

618     Vetch                                    138 

TERXSTRCEMIACEJ3 

103 

Tripsacum 

650     Vetchling                              139 

Tetragonotheca 

252 

Tripterella 

496     Viburnum                             206 

Tetranthera 

423 

Trisetum 

640     Vicia                                     138 

Teucrium 

343 

Triticum 

637     VICIE.E                                 124 

Thalictrum 

38 

Trotlius 

44 

Vignea                                  574 

Thaspium 

194 

Tropaeolum 

105  |  Vilfa                                      609 

Thermopsis 

679 

Troximon 

276     Vincetoxicum                       399 

Thimbleberry 

157 

Trumpet-Creeper 

321     Vine  Family                         112 

Thin-Grass 

611 

Trumpet-flower 

321 

Viola                                       77 

Thistle 
Thlaspi 

273 
73 

Trumpets 
Trumpet-weed 

58 
225 

VIOLACE.&  (Violet  Fam.)  76 

Violet                                        77 

THLASPIDE^E 

63 

Tsuga 

471 

Viper's  Bugloss                    361 

Thorn 

159 

TDBULIFLORjE 

216 

Virgaurea                             240 

Thorn-Apple 

383 

Tuckermanuia 

440 

Virgilia                                 143 

Thorough-wax 

195 

Tulip-tree 

50 

Virginian  Cowslip                 364 

Thoroughwort 

224 

Tupelo 

201 

Virginian  Creeper               113 

Three-leaved  Nightshade 

522 

TUSSILAGIN&E 

218 

Virginia  Snakeroot              404 

Three-seeded  Mercury 

436 

Tussilago 

227 

Virgin's-Bower                      35 

Three-thorned  Acacia 

145 

Turnip 

71 

Viscum                                 426 

Thrift 

312    Turritta 

68 

VlTACE^l                           112 

Thuja 

472 

Turtle-head 

327 

Vitis                                      112 

Thunbergia 

338 

Twayblade 

506,  509 

Vitis-Idaea                           290 

THYMELEACE^l 

424 

Twig-Rush 

570 

Thymus  (Thyme) 

348 

Twin-flower 

202 

Waahoo                                 116 

Tiarella 

170 

Twin-leaf 

53 

Wake-Robin                  522,  523 

Tickseed 

258 

Twisted  Stalk 

529 

Waldsteinia                          153 

Tickseed  Sunflower 

260 

Typha 

480 

Walking-leaf                        663 

Tick-Trefoil 

134 

TYPHACE^ 

480 

Walnut                                 447 

Tiedemannia 

192 

Walnut  Family                    447 

Tiger-flower 

516 

Udora 

496 

Water  Arum                         476 

Tigridia 

516 

ULMACE^E 

441 

Water  Beech                        457 

Tilia 

103 

Ulmaria 

149 

Water  Chinquepin                 65 

TILIACEJB 

103 

TJlmas 

442 

Wart-Cress                       64,  74 

Tillaja 

171 

UMBELLIFERJE 

187 

Water-Hemlock                    196 

Tillandsia 

515 

Umbrella-Grass 

556 

Water-Hemp                        413 

Timothy 

608 

Umbrella-leaf 

53 

Water  Horehound                345 

Tiniaria 

418 

Umbrella-tree 

49 

Waterleaf                             367 

Tipularia 

508 

Unicorn-plant 

321 

Waterleaf  Family               367 

Tithymalopsis 

433 

Uniola 

635 

Water-Lily                             56 

Tithymalus 

433 

Uralepis 

624 

Water-Lily  Family          54,  55 

Toad-Flax 

326 

Urtica 

444 

Water-Locust                       145 

Tobacco 

383 

URTICACE^I 

440 

Watermelon                          186 

Tofleldia 

527 

URTICE.& 

441 

Water-Nilfoil                        174 

Tomato 

380 

Utricularia 

318 

Water-Nilfoil  Family           174 

Toothache-Grass 

620 

Uvularia 

528 

Water-Nymph                       56 

Toothache-tree 

110 

UVULARIE.E 

521 

Water-Parsnip                     196 

Toothwort 

65 

Water-Pennywort                 189 

Touch-me-not 
Tovaria 

108 
417 

Vaccaria 

VACCINIE^ 

88 
287 

Water-pepper                      416 
Water-Pimpernel                 317 

Tower-Mustard 

69 

Vaccinium 

289,  679  !  Water-Plantain                    491 

Toxicodendron 

111 

Vahlodea 

641     Water-  Plantain  Family       490 

Trachynotia 

619 

Valeriana  (Valerian) 

213     Water-Purslane                    181 

Tradescantia 

547 

VALERIANACE^E 

213     Water-Rice                           608 

Tragia 

437 

Valerianella 

214     Water-Shield  Family             54 

Trailing  Arbutus 

293 

Valerian  Family 

213     Water  Star-grass                  545 

Trautvetteria 

39 

Vallisneria 

496 

Water-Starworts                   427 

Treacle  Mustard 

69 

VALLJSNERIE.& 

495 

Water-Violet                        317 

Tread  -softly 

436 

Vanilla  Grass 

642 

Water-weed                          495 

Tree  of  Heaven 

110 

Vanilla-plant 

224 

Water-Willow                      338 

Trefoil 

126 

Velvet-leaf 

101 

Water-wort                             86 

Trichelostylis 

567 

Venus's  Fly-trap 

83 

Water-wort  Family               86 

Trichochloa 

614 

Venus's  Looking-glass 

286 

Wax-Myrtle                         457 

Trichodium 

611 

Veratrum 

525 

Wax-  work                             116 

Trichophorum 

565 

V  ERBASCE.« 

324 

Wayfaring-tree                     207 

Trichostema 

343 

Verbascum 

325 

Western  Wall-flower             69 

Tricuspis 

623 

Verbena 

339 

Whahoo                                443 

Tridynia 

315 

VERBENACE^ 

339 

Wheat                                   637 

Trientalis 

314 

VERBENE^E 

339 

Whin                                      126 

TBIFOUE^E 

123 

Verbesina 

262 

White  Alder                        296 

INDEX. 


G95 


White  Cedar 

472,  473 

Windsoria 

623 

Xanthium 

251 

White  Daisy 

265 

Winged  Pigweed 

406 

Xerophyllum 

526 

White  Grass 

607 

Winterberry 

307 

Xylosteum 

204 

White  Lettuce 

278 

Winter-Cress 

69 

XYRIDACEJ3 

547 

White  Snakeroot 

226 

Wintergreen 

293,  301 

Xyris 

548 

White  Thorn 

159 

Wire-Grass 

623,  629 

White-topped  Aster 

228 

Wistaria 

131 

Yam 

518 

White-  weed 

265 

Witch-Hazel 

173 

Yam  Family 

618 

Whitlow  Grass 

71 

Witch-Hazel  Family 

173 

Yard-Grass 

622 

Whitlow-wort 

96 

Withe-rod 

206 

Yarrow 

265 

Whortleberry  Family 

287 

Woad-Waxen 

126 

Yaupon 

306 

Wicopy 

424 

Wolfberry 

203 

Yellow-eyed  Grass 

548 

Wild  Allspice 

423 

Wolffia 

480 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family  547 

Wild  Balsam-apple 

186 

Wolfsbane 

46 

Yellow  (False)  Jessamine 

391 

Wild  Bean 

140 

Wood  Betony 

337,  358 

Yellow  Pond-Lily 

56 

Wild  Bergamot 

351 

Woodbine 

113,  203 

Yellow  Puccoon 

47 

Wild  Chamomile 

266 

Wood-  Fern 

664 

Yellow-Rattle 

337 

Wild  Comfrey 

366 

Wood-Grass 

652 

Yellow  Rocket 

69 

Wild  Elder 

199 

Wood-Nettle 

445 

Yellow-wood 

143 

Wild  Ginger 

403 

Wood  Reed-Grass 

612 

Yew 

474 

Wild  Hyacinth 

532 

Wood-Rush 

536 

Yew  Family 

468 

Wild  Liquorice 

209,  210 

Wood-Sage 

343 

Yucca 

535 

Wild  Marjoram 

348 

Woodsia 

668 

Wild  Oat-Grass 

639 

Wood-Sorrel 

109 

Zannichellia 

483 

Wild  Pink 

89 

Woodwardia 

660 

Zanthorhiza 

47 

Wild  Potato-  Vine 

375 

Wool-Grass 

565 

Zanthoxylum 

110 

Wild  Sarsaparilla 

198 

Woolly  Beard-Grass 

651 

Zapania 

340 

Wild  Sensitive-Plant 

144 

Worm-grass 

392 

Zephyranthes 

513 

Willow 

461 

Wormseed 

408 

Zizania 

608 

Willow  Family 

461 

Worm-seed  Mustard 

69 

Zizia 

195 

Willow-herb 

177 

Wormwood 

266 

Zostera 

483 

Wind-flower 

36 

Woundwort 

358 

Zygadenus  (Zygadene) 

524 

EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Genera  of  Cyperaceae  or  Sedges. 

TAB.  I. 

CYPERUS.  —  Small  plant  of  C.  diandrus  (1);  a  spike  magnified  (2);  a  piece  of  the 
rhachis  with  one  scale  enclosing  its  flower  (3);  a  separate  flower  more  mag- 
nified (4).  C.  erythrorhizos,  a  spike  magnified,  the  lower  scales  and  flowers 
have  fallen,  showing  the  little  internal,  scales  of  the  section  Papyrus  (5), 
'  formed  of  the  winged  margins  of  the  joints  of  the  rhachis  detached;  a  sepa- 
rate one  more  enlarged  (6);  a  flower  (7);  an  achenium  (8),  cut  in  two. 
C.  dentatus,  a  piece  of  the  rhachis  of  a  spike  with  lower  part  of  one  scale, 
showing  how  it  is  decurrent  on  the  joint  beneath  (cut  across)  to  form  scale- 
like  wings  (9). 

DULICHIUM.  — Upper  part  of  a  plant  (1);  part  of  a  spike  somewhat  enlarged  (2); 
piece  of  rhachis  and  one  scale  decurrent  on  the  joint  beneath  (3);  magnified 
flower  (4). 

KYLLINGIA.— Plant  of  K.  pumfla  (1);  one-flowered  spike  on  a  piece  of  the  rha- 
chis, enlarged  (2);  the  same  more  enlarged  and  open  (3);  achenium  (4),  and 
section  of  same  magnified  (5). 

TAB.  n 

HEMICARPHA.— Plant  (1),  natural  size;  a  spike  enlarged,  with  its  bract  (2); 
magnified  scale  of  the  same  (3);  a  flower  (5),  with  its  single  stamen  and 
minute  internal  scale,  magnified;  achenium  (6),  magnified. 

LIPOCARPHA.  —  Upper  part  of  plants  with  spikes  (1);  diagram  of  a  flower,  viz.  of 
ovary  between  the  two  internal  scales,  and  single  stamen,  scale  of  the  spike  on 
one  side,  axis  of  the  spike  on  the  other  (2);  scale  of  spike  detached  (3);  a 
flower  with  its  two  inner  scales  (4)5  achenium  magnified  (5). 

FUIRENA.  —  Upper  portion  of  plants  (1);  scale  of  spike  enclosing  a  flower  (2); 
open  scale  of  same  (3);  flower  (4);  one  of  the  scales  and  one  of  the  bristles 
of  the  flower  (5),  achenium  (6),  and  section  of  same  (7). 


TAB.  HI. 

ELEOCHARIS.—  Small  plant  of  E.  olivacea  (1);  the  spike  enlarged  (2);  detached 
scale  (3);  flower  (4);  achenium  and  bristles  (5).  E.  quadrangulata,  spike  (6),; 
a  scale  (7);  flower  (8);  achenium  and  bristles  (9).  E.  tuberculosa;  the 
achenium  with  its  great  tubercle,  and  bristles  (10).% 

SCIRPUS.  — Summit  of  plant  of  small  S.  debilis  (1);  a  spike  (2);  a  scale  of  the 
—  (3),  and  flower  (4);  achenium  with  its  bristles  (5).  S.  (Trichophorum) 


698  EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 

Eriophorum;  a  small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  (6);  a  flower  (7);  a  spike  in 
fruit  (8);  achenium  from  the  same,  with  the  tortuous  bristles  much  length- 
ened (9);  section  of  the  achenium  (10). 

ERIOPHORUM.  — Small  plant  of  E.  alpinum,  in  flower  (1);  spike  (2);  a  scale  (3), 
and  (4)  a  flower  from  the  same;  the  spike  in  fruit,  the  bristles  forming  a 
cottony  tuft  (5);  achenium  and  its  bristles  (6). 

FIMBRISTYLIS.  — Summit  of  a  small  flowering  stem  of  F.  laxa  (1);  a  spike  of 
the  same  (2);  a  detached  scale  (3),  and  (4)  a  flower  of  the  same;  achenium 
(5).  F.  (Trichelostylis)autumnalis;  a  spike,  enlarged  (6);  flower  (7);  acheni- 
um (8),  and  (9)  section  of  the  same. 

TAB.  IV. 

DICHROMENA.  — Head  and  involucre  of  D.  latifolia  (1);  a  scale  from  one  of  the 

spikes  (2),  and  the  same  cut  across  (3);  a  flower  (4);  achenium  with  its 

tubercle  (5). 
RHYNCHOSPORA.— Upper  part  of  flowering  stem  of  R.  Torreyana  (1);  a  spike 

(2);  detached  flower  (3);  achenium  (4)  with  short  bristles  at  its  base;  one 

of  these  bristles  more  magnified  (5). 
R.  (§  PSILOCARYA):  — Part  of  plant  (1),  enlarged  spike  (2),  detached  scale  (3), 

flower  (4),  and  achenium  with  its  beak  (5)  of  R.  (Psilocarya)  scirpoides. 
R.  (§  CERATOSCH(ENUS):— Upper  part  of  fruiting  plant  (1),  detached  spike  (2), 

flower  (3),  and  beaked  achenium  with  its  bristles  (4)  of  R.  ( Ceratoschcenus) 

macrostachya. 

TAB.  Y. 

CLADIUM.  —  Summit  of  a  plant  of  C.  mariscoides  (1);  detached  spike  (2);  same, 
open,  showing  a  staminate  and  a  perfect  flower  (3);  the  nut-like  achenium 
(4),  and  the  longitudinal  section  of  the  same  (5). 

SCLERIA.  —  Summit  of  a  flowering  stem  of  S.  reticularis  (6);  three  spikelets  from 
a  cluster,  the  middle  one  pistillate,  the  lateral  ones  staminate  (7);  staminate 
spikelet  displaying  four  male  flowers,  the  filaments  of  two  of  them  have  lost 
their  anthers  (*8);  pistillate  spikelet  displaying  a  single  pistillate  flower  (9); 
achenium  with  the  3-lobed  double  cup  underneath  (10). 

CAREX.  — Plant  of  C.  pauci flora  (11);  a  staminate  flower  with  its  scale  (12);  scale 
(13),  and  mature  pistillate  flower,  in  its  perigynium  (14);  cross  section  of 
perigynium  and  of  the  contained  achenium  (15);  achenium  on  its  stalk,  style 
and  stigmas  (16).  C.  Steudelii,  upper  part  of  flowering  plant  (17);  the  spike 
enlarged  (18);  a  staminate  flower  and  its  scale  (19);  pistillate  flower  in  its 
perigynium  (20);  the  same  with  half  the  perigynium  cut  away  to  show  the 
contained  achenium  and  style  (21). 

TAB.  VI. 

CAREX. —  C.  trisperma,  upper  part  of  a  stem  in  fruit  (1) ;  enlarged  spike  displayed, 
with  three  staminate  and  two  pistillate  flowers  (2) ;  a  scale  (3)  and  a  ripe  peri- 
gynium (4),  of  the  latter;  with  a  section  of  the  perigynium  near  the  base,  and 
of  the  contained  perigynium  (5).  C.  straminea,  summit  of  a  fruiting  plant  (6) ; 
a  spike  enlarged  (7);  scale  of  a  pistillate  flower  (8) ;  the  winged  perigynium 
and  the  contained  achenium  cut  across  (9);  detached  achenium  with  persist- 
ent style  and  stigmas  (10).  C.  umbellata,  whole  plant  (11);  a  perigynium 
and  its  scale  (12);  cross-section  towards  the  base^  of  perigynium  and  its 
contained  achenium  (13);  detached  achenium  with"  its  persistent  style  and 
stigmas  (14).  C.  bullata;  upper  part  of  plant  in  fruit,  with  one  pistillate  and 
two  staminate  spikes  (15);  one  of  its  staminate  flowers  with  the  scale  (16);  a 
pistillate  scale  (17)  and  mature  perigynium  (18) ;  longitudinal  section  of 
the  latter,  showing  the  achenium  and  its  style  (19),  and  cross  section  of 
the  same  (20). 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES.  699 

Genera  of  Gramineae  or  Grasses. 

TAB.  VII. 

LEERSIA.  —  Panicle  of  L.  oryzoides,  reduced  in  size  (1);  a  branchlet  of  the  same 
with  its  spikelets,  of  the  natural  size  (2);  and  an  open  spikelet  in  flower,  en- 
larged (3). 

ZIZANIA.  — A  staminate  (1)  and  a  pistillate  (2)  flower  or  spikelet  of  Z.  aquatica; 
a  magnified  pistil  with  a  pair  of  squamulae  or  hypogynous  scales  (3);  a  grain 
(4);  and  a  magnified  longitudinal  section  of  the  lower  part  of  the  same,  show- 
ing the  embryo  at  the  outside  of  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

ALOPECURUS.  — Part  of  a  plant  of  A.  geniculatus,  in  flower  (1) ;  a  few  spikelets 
from  the  spike-like  inflorescence,  moderately  magnified  (2);  an  open  spikelet 
in  flower,  more  magnified  (3),  and  the  single  lower  palet  detached  (4). 

PHLEUM.  — A  detached  spikelet  of  P.  pratense,  having  the  flower  with  its  palets 
raised  above  the  glumes,  magnified. 

CRYPSIS.  — Inflorescence  (1)  of  C.  schoenoides;  a  separate  enlarged  spikelet  (2); 
and  the  same  open,  in  flower  (3). 

VILFA.  —An  enlarged  spikelet  of  V.  vaginseflora  (1);  and  the  same  displayed  (2). 
SPOROBOLUS.  —  A  spikelet  of  S.  cryptandrus,  magnified  (1);  the  same  with  the 

flower  open,  the  palets  raised  above  the  glumes  (2;;  and  the  fruit  (3),  more 

magnified,  showing  the  seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle). 
AGROSTIS.  —  Panicle  of  A.  vulgaris  (1);  with  an  enlarged  open  spikelet  of  the 

same:  also  (3)  the  rough  pedicel  and  glumes  of  A.  scabra,  with  the  flower 

separated,  the  latter  having  no  upper  palet. 

TAB.  VHL 

POLYPOGON.  —  Spike-like  contracted  panicle  of  P.  Monspeliensis  (1) ;  an  enlarged 
detached  spikelet,  showing  the  long  awns  to  the  glumes  (2)  j  the  same  open 
in  flower  (3);  and  a  separate  flower  without  the  glumes  (4). 

CINNA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  C.  arundinacea  (1);  and  the  same  open,  display- 
ing the  palets,  the  single  stamen,  and  the  pistil  (2). 

MUHLENBERGIA.  — A  magnified  closed  spikelet  of  M.  sylvatica  (1);  the  same 
with  the  open  flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes  (2).  A  magnified  spikelet  of 
M.  diffusa  (3);  its  minute  and  unequal  glumes  more  magnified  (4);  and  an 
open  spikelet  of  the  same  (5). 

BRACHYELYTRUM.  — A  spikelet  of  B.  aristatum  enlarged  (1);  the  same  dis- 
played (2). 

CAL  AM  AGROSTIS.  — An  open  spikelet  of  C.  Canadensis,  enlarged,  displaying  all 
the  parts  (1);  the  same  with  the  flower  raised  out  of  the  glumes,  showing  the 
hairy  rudiment  behind  the  upper  palet  (2). 

ORYZOPSIS.  —  An  open  magnified  spikelet  of  0.  asperifolia  (1);  and  the  flower  of 
the  same  removed  from  the  glumes  (2).  Notice  the  remarkably  long  squa- 
mulas  or  hypogynous  scales,  which  here  nearly  equal  the  palets  in  length. 

STIPA. —  Glumes  and  flower  (a  little  separated)  of  S.  avenacea,  enlarged. 

ARISTIDA.  — A  spikelet  of  A.  purpurascens,  enlarged. 

TAB.  IX. 

SPARTINA.—  Portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  S.  stricta,  of  the  natural  size  (1);  a 

spikelet  enlarged  (2);  and  the  same  displayed,  the  flower  raised  above  the 

glumes  (3). 
CTENIUM.  — Spike  of  C.  Americanum  (1);  a  single  spikelet  magnified  (2);  and  the 

same  displayed,  the  glumes  separated  (3). 
BOUTELOUA.  —A  portion  of  the  compound  spike,  of  the  natural  size  (1);  and  a 

spikelet  displayed  and  magnified  (2),  the  flowers  raised  out  of  the  glumes. 


700  EXPLANATION    OF   THE   PLATES. 

GYMNOPOGON.  — Inflorescence  of  G.  racemosus,  reduced  in  size  (1);  and  a  mag- 
nified spikelet  with  the  parts  displayed  (2). 

CYNODON.  — Inflorescence,  of  digitate  spikes  (1);  a  spikelet  magnified  and  dis- 
played, showing  a  perfect  flower  and  a  rudiment  (2). 

D  ACT  YLOCTENIUM.  — Inflorescence  of  D.  vEgyptiacum,  of  digitate  spikes  (1); 
one  of  the  spikelets  magnified  (2) ;  the  fruit  magnified  (3),  showing  the  seed 
loose  in  the  thin  pericarp  (utricle);  and  (4)  the  wrinkled  seed  more  magnified. 

ELEUSINE.  —  One  of  the  spikes  from  the  digitate  inflorescence  of  E.  Indica  (1); 
a  magnified  spikelet  (2);  the  same  with  the  flowers  more  displayed  (3);  a 
flower  from  the  last  showing  its  parts  (4);  the  fruit  magnified,  showing  the 
seed  loose  iu  the  utricle  (5);  and  the  wrinkled  seed  detached  (6). 

LEPTOCHLOA.  —  Small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  L.  fascicularis  (1);  one  of 
its  spikelets  displayed  and  magnified  (2) ;  au  open  flower  of  the  same  (3). 


TAB.  X. 

TRICUSPIS.  — Magnified  spikelet  of  T.  seslerioides  (1);  the  same  displayed  and 
the  lowest  flower  open  (2);  back  view  of  the  lower  palets  spread  out '(3). 

GRAPHEPHORUM.—  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  raelicoides,  displayed  (1);  a  part 
of  the  hairy  rhachis  and  one  flower  of  the  same  (2). 

DIARRHENA.  — A  spikelet  of  D.  Americana,  enlarged  (1);  the  grain  and  palets  (2). 
DACTYLIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  glomerata  magnified  and  displayed. 

KCELERIA.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  K.  cristata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes, 
the  three  flowers,  and  a  rudiment  (1);  lower  half  of  a  lower  palet,  partly 
spread  open  (2);  it  is  much  more  folded  and  keeled  in  its  natural  condition. 

EATONIA. —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  E.  obtusata,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes, 
the  two  flowers,  and  a  rudiment. 

MELICA. — A  magnified  spikelet  of  M.  mutica,  expanded,  showing  the  glumes,  two 
perfect  flowers,  and  an  abortive  one. 

GLYCERIA.  —  A  magnified  ppikelet  of  G.  nervata  (1);  a  separate  flower  with  one 
joint  of  the  rhachis  (2);  and  (3)  the  lower  half  of  a  lower  palet,  showing  its 
form  (rounded  on  the  back,  not  keeled.) 

BRIZOPYRUM.  — A  pistillate  spikelet  of  B,  spicatum,  enlarged  (1);  a  flower  from 
the  same  (2);  and  a  flower  from  a  staminate  spikelet  (3). 

POA.  —  Panicle  of  P.  compressa,  reduced  in  size  (1);  a  magnified  spikelet  (2);  a 
separate  flower  more  magnified  (3) ;  a  lower  palet  cut  across  and  somewhat 
outspread  (4). 

ERAGROSTIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  E.  pilosa,  enlarged  (1);  the  same,  from  which 
the  glumes  and  all  of  six  lower  flowers  except  the  upper  palet  have  fallen 
away  (2);  a  magnified  flower,  open  (3);  the  lower  palet  of  the  same  out- 
spread (4). 

BRIZA.  —  A  spikelet  of  B.  media,  enlarged  (1);  a  separate  flower  (2). 

FESTUCA.  — A  spikelet  of  F.  elatior,  enlarged  (1);  a  separate  flower  (2);  lower 
part  of  a  lower  palet,  outspread  (3). 

BROMUS.  —  A  spikelet  of  B.  secalinus,  or  Chess  (1);  and  a  separate  flower, 
enlarged  (2). 

TAB.  XL 

UNIOLA.  —  A  spikelet  of  U.  latifolia,  of  about  the  natural  size  (1);  a  flower,  en- 
larged (2);  empty  lower  palet  of  the  lowest  (sterile)  flower  (3). 

PHRAGMITES.— A  spikelet  of  P.  communis,  enlarged  (1);  one  of  the  perfect 
flowers,  enlarged  (2);  and  the  lowest  flower  (3),  which  has  stamens  only. 

ARUNDINARIA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  macrosperma  (1);  and  a  separate  flower,  mag- 
nified (2). 

LEPTURUS.  —  Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  paniculatus,  enlarged  (1);  and  a  flower 
magnified  (2). 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    PLATES.  701 

LOLIUM.  —  Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  temulentum  (1);  and  a  separate  flower  maz 
nified  (2). 

TRITICUM.— Portion  of  the  spike  of  T.  repens,  or  Couch-Grass,  of  about  the 
natural  size  (1);  a  flower,  magnified  (2). 

HORDEUM.  —  The  three  one-flowered  spikelets  from  one  joint  of  the  spike  of 
H.  jubatum,  with  their  ^awn-like  glumes,  the  lateral  flowers  abortive  and 
neutral  the  middle  one  alone  perfect  (1);  this  perfect  flower  (with  an  awn-like 
rudiment)  open  and  enlarged  (2). 

ELYMUS.  —  The  two  spikelets  of  one  joint  of  the  spike  of  E.  Virginicus,  about  the 
natural  size  (1);  the  glumes  and  the  flowers  of  one  spikelet,  enlarged  and 
displayed  (2);  and  an  open  flower,  more  magnified  (3). 

GYMNOSTICHUM.  — A  spikelet  of  G.  Hystrix  (1),  and  an  expanded  flower,  mag- 

TAB.  XII. 

AIRA.  —  Panicle  of  A.  flexuosa  (1);  a  spikelet,  magnified,  the  parts  displayed  (2); 
and  one  of  the  flowers  detached  and  open  (3). 

DANTHONIA.  — Panicle  of  D.  spicata  (1);  a  spikelet  enlarged  (2);  and  a  separate 
flower  from  the  same  (3). 

TRISETUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  T.  subspicatum,  var.  molle,  expanded  and  magni- 
fied (1);  and  a  separate  open  flower  (2). 

A  VENA.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  striata  displayed  and  magnified  (1);  and  a  separate 
flower  (2). 

ARREN AT HERUM.  — A  spikelet  of  A.    avenaceum,  displayed   and  magnified: 

1,  the  glumes;  2,  the  flowers,  the  lower  one  staminate  only,  the  next  one 

perfect,  and  the  third  a  rudiment. 
HOLCUS.— A  spikelet  of  H.  lanatus  magnified  (1);  the  same  displayed  to  show 

the  two  flowers,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awnless,  the  upper  staminate  and 

awned  (2). 

TAB.  XIH. 

HIEROCHLOA.— A  spikelet  of  H.  borealis,  enlarged  (1);  the  same  displayed,  the 
flowers  separated  from  the  glumes,  the  two  lateral  ones  with  three  stamens 
and  no  pistil;  the  middle  or  terminal  one  with  a  pistil  and  only  two  stam- 
ens (2). 

ANTHOXANTHUM.—  The  spike-like  inflorescence  of  A.  odoratum  (1);  a  spikelet 
magnified  (2);  another  with  the  parts  displayed,  the  flowers  raised  from  the 
glumes,  the  lateral  ones  neutral,  each  of  a  single  and  awned  palet,  the  middle 
one  perfect  and  diandrous  (3). 

PHALARIS.  — A  spikelet  of  P.  arundinacea  enlarged  (1);  the  glumes,  and  the  per- 
fect flower  with  a  hairy  rudiment  on  each  side  of  it  (2). 

MILIUM.  —  Portion  of  the  panicle  of  M.  effusum  (1);  a  closed  spikelet  magni- 
fied (2);  and  the  same  displayed  (3). 

AMPHICARPUM.  —  A  spikelet  from  the  panicle  of  A.  Purshii,  magnified  (1);  the 
same  with  the  parts  displayed  (2);  and  a  radical  (fertile)  spikelet,  en- 
larged (3). 

P  ASP  ALUM  — Inflorescence  of  P.  laeve  (1);  a  closed  spikelet,  enlarged  (2);  the 
same  with  the  parts  displayed  (3). 

P ANI CUM.  —  Part  of  a  spike  of  P.  (Digitaria)  sanguinale  (1);  one  of  its  spikelets 
magnified  (2) ;  the  same  with  the  parts  displayed  (3):  in  this  the  lower  flower 
is  neutral  and  of  a  single  palet.  A  spikelet  of  P.  capillare,  magnified  (4),  and 
the  same  displayed  (5):  the  lower  flower  a  single  palet.  A  spikelet  of  P. 
clandestinum,  magnified  (6),  and  the  same  displayed  (7):  the  lower  neutral, 
of  two  palets.  A  spikelet  of  P.  virgatum,  magnified  (8);  the  same  displayed 
(9):  the  lower  flower  of  two  palets  and  staminate. 

SET  ART  A.  —  A  magnified  spikelet  of  S.  glauca,  with  the  accompanying  cluster  of 
bristles  (1);  the  spikelet  displayed,  showing  the  neutral  lower  flower  of  two 
palets  and  the  perfect  flower  (2). 


702  EXPLANATION    OF    THE    PLATES. 

TAB.  XIV. 

CENCHRUS.  —  Involucre  of  C.  tribuloides,  in  flower,  enlarged  (1);  longitudinal 
section  of  the  same  (2);  a  spikelet  displayed  (3):  the  stigmas  should  belong 
to  the  right-hand  flower:  the  left-hand  or  lower  flower  is  only  staminate. 

TRIPS ACUM.  —  Piece  of  the  spike  (of  the  natural  size),  pistillate  below,  stami- 
nate above  (1);  a  longitudinal  section  of  one  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  (2); 
a  pistillate  spikelet  with  its  parts  displayed  (3)  j  a  staminate  (two-flowered) 
spikelet,  with  its  parts  displayed  (4). 

ERIANTHUS.  —  Part  of  the  hairy  inflorescence  with  two  spikelets  of  E.  alopecu- 
roides,  enlarged  (1);  one  of  the  spikelets  displayed  (2). 

ANDROPOGON.  —  Small  portion  of  the  spike  of  A.  furcatus,  enlarged,  with  one 
fertile  and  awned  spikelet,  and  one  staminate  and  awnless  spikelet  (1);  the 
fertile  spikelet  (2);  and  the  staminate  spikelet  (3)  displayed. 

SORGHUM.  —  A  fertile  spikelet  of  S.  nutans,  enlarged,  with  a  sterile  pedicel  on 
each  side  (1);  the  spikelet  displayed  (2). 


Genera  of  Filices  or  Perns. 
TAB.  XV. 

POLYPOD1UM.— Plant:  piece  of  the  frond  (1):  a  magnified  sporangium  with  its 
£talk,  and  another  bursting  and  discharging  spores,  of  P.  vulgare,  L. 

STRUTHIOPTERIS.  —Pinna  of  the  sterile  frond  (1)  of  S.  Germanica,  Wlttd. ;  por- 
tion of  a  fertile  frond  (2);  a  piece  of  one  pinna  cut  off  to  show  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  rolled  up  (3);  and  a  portion  of  the  last,  magnified,  with  one  side 
unrolled  (4) ;  towards  the  base  of  the  sporangia  all  removed,  to  show  how  the 
fruit-dots  are  borne  each  on  the  middle  of  a  vein. 

PELLE A.  —  Sterile  and  fertile  plants  of  P.  gracilis,  and  a  portion  of  the  fertile 
frond  (1)  enlarged,  with  a  piece  of  the  marginal  indnsium  turned  back  to 
display  the  fruit ;  the  sporangia  are  all  removed  from  the  fruit-bearing  tips  of 
the  two  forks  of  the  lower  vein. 

TAB.  XVI. 

PTERIS.  —  A  pinnule  of  P.  aquilina,  L. ;  and  a  piece  of  one  of  the  lobes,  en- 
larged (2),  the  marginal  indusium  rolled  back  on  one  side,  displaying  the 
fruit;  the  sporangia  all  removed  from  the  lower  part  to  show  the  receptacle 
that  bears  them,  viz.  a  cross  line  connecting  the  tips  of  the  veins. 

ADIANTUM.  —  Piece  of  the  frond  of  A.  pedatum,  L.  (1);  a  pinnule  somewhat 
enlarged  (2);  and  a  piece  of  one  (3)  more  enlarged,  with  the  indusium  of 
one  fruit-dot  turned  back  to  show  the  attachment  of  the  fruit. 

CHEILANTHES.  — Small  plant  of  C.  vestita(l);  and  a  fruit-bearing  pinnule,  en- 
larged (2). 

WOODWARDIA.  — Portion  of  the  sterile  (1)  and  of  the  fertile  frond  (2)  of  W. 
angustifolia ;  a  piece  of  the  latter  enlarged  (3);  piece  of  the  frond  of  W.  Vir- 
ginica  (4);  and  part  of  a  fruiting  lobe  (5),  enlarged. 

TAB.  XVII. 

CAMPTOSORUS.  —  Plant  of  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link. ;  and  a  portion  of  a  frond, 
with  fruit-dots,  enlarged  (1). 

SCOLOPENDR1UM.  —Tip  of  a  fertile  frond  of  S.  vulgare;  and  (2)  a  piece  en- 
larged, with  two  fruit-dots. 

ASPLENLUM.  —  A  pinna  of  A.  thelypteroides,  Michx.  (1);  and  part  of  a  lobe  (2)  in 
fruit,  enlarged. 

DICKSONIA.  —  Pinna  of  D.  punctilobula,  Hook.  (1);  portion  of  a  pinnule  (2),  en- 
larged; and  a  fruit-dot  in  its  cup-shaped  indusium  (3). 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES.  703 

TAB.  XVIH. 

CYSTOPTERIS.  —  Piece  of  the  frond  of  C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  (1);  a  lobe  in  fruit  (2) 
enlarged;  and  a  small  portion  more  magnified  (3),  bearing  a  fruit-dot  with 
its  indusium  thrown  back. 

WOODSIA.  — Small  frond  of  W.  glabella,  R.  Br.  (1);  a  part  of  a  fruiting  pinna  of 
the  same  (2),  magnified;  and  a  separate  indusium  (3),  more  magnified;  a 
piece  of  a  fruitful  pinnule  of  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  (4),  enlarged;  and  a  fruit  with 
the  opened  indusium  beneath  (5),  more  magnified. 

ASPIDIUM.  —  Pinna  of  A.  (Dryopteris)  marginale,  Swartz  (1);  and  a  magnified 
fruiting  portion  (2);  piece  of  A.  (Polystichum)  acrostichoides  (3);  and  a 
small  fruiting  portion  (4),  magnified. 

ONOC LEA.—  Sterile  and  fertile  frond  of  0.  sensibilis,  L. ;  front  view  of  a  fruiting 
contracted  pinnule,  enlarged  (1);  and  the  same  laid  open  and  viewed  from 
the  other  side  (2):  on  one  lobe  the  sporangia  are  removed  from  the  veins. 

TAB.  XIX. 

SCHIZ^A.  —  Plant  of  S.  pusilla,  Pursh.,  of  the  natural  size;  a  fertile  pinna  with 
eleven  sporangia  (1),  magnified;  and  a  separate  sporangium  (2),  more  mag- 
nified. • 

LYGODIUM.  —  Summit  of  frond  of  L.  palmatum,  Swartz  (1),  with  fertile  and 
sterile  divisions;  a  fruiting  lobe  enlarged  (2),  with  two  of  the  lower  scales,  or 
indusia,  removed,  displaying  a  sporangium  under  each ;  and  a  sporangium 
more  magnified  (3). 

OSMUND  A.  —  Small  piece  of  the  frond  of  0.  Claytoniana,  L.  (1),  with  a  fertile  and 
a  sterile  pinna;  a  portion  of  the  fruit  magnified  (2);  and  one  sporangium  more 
magnified  (3). 

BOTRYCH1UM.  — Plant  of  B.  lunarioides,  Swartz;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruit  (1), 
with  six  sporangia,  magnified. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM.  —  Frond  of  0.  vulgatum,  L.;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruiting  spike 
enlarged  (1). 


Genera  of  Equisetaceae,  Lycopodiacese,  &c. 

TAB.  XX. 

EQUISETUM.  — Upper  part  of  fertile  plant  of  E.  limosum,  L.  (1);  one  of  the 
shield-shaped  scales  or  receptacles  of  the  spike,  with  the  six  sporangia  under- 
neath (2),  enlarged;  same  seen  from  below,  discharging  the  spores  (3);  a 
magnified  spore  with  the  club-shaped  filaments  spreading  (4);  and  (5)  the 
same  with  the  filaments  coiled  up. 

LYCOPODIUM.  —  Plant  of  L.  Carolinianum,  L. ;  and  (1)  a  magnified  scale  of  the 
spike  removed,  with  the  sporangium  in  its  axil,  discharging  powdery  spores. 

SELAGINELLA.  — Plant  of  S.  rupestris,  Spring;  part  of  a  fertile  spike,  en- 
larged (1) ;  scale  from  the  upper  part  of  it  (2),  with  its  sporangium,  contain- 
ing innumerable  powdery  spore*;  scale  from  the  base  (3),  with  its  sporangium 
containing  few  large  spores;  and  (4)  three  large  spores. 

ISOETES.  —  Plant  of  I.  lacustris  (1);  sporocarp  containing  the  minute  spores,  cut 
across  (2),  enlarged;  same  divided  lengthwise  (5);  s-porocarp  with  the  large 
spores,  divided  lengthwise  (3);  and  (4)  three  large  spores  more  magnified. 

AZOLLA.  —  Plant  (1);  a  portion  magnified  (2),  with  two  kinds  of  organs;  sterile 
sporocarp,  or  antheridium,  more  magnified  (3);  fertile  sporocarp  more  mag- 
nified (4);  the  same  burst  open,  showing  the  stalked  sporangia  (5);  one  of 
the  latter  more  magnified  (6);  another  bursting  (7);  and  three  spores  (8), 
beset  with  bristles. 

THE   END. 


p  f ° 
jenera  CH  v5ypeTaeeae 


(Tab.  II 


jeuera   of 


b.IV 


J  e  n  e  r  a    o vp  CT*  a c e  ce 


of  s-rasses 


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a.b/VHL 


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J  * 


Sab  XV: 


-  r  r^\ 
euereu  c?j  Ji 


sr«j,.XVir. 


Leneroi  erf  cJuices 


3ob.XV.ni. 


P  p  p        '  i-       .   P     .    ,  ,_ 

u  erierot  or  IiHC(9pe)oiLaoece^  oquisetaceoe  , 

1     "    L'         '  '  ST'-l 


.XX 


m  \ 


fc*h 

•;^ 


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